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fatty acid-and retinol-binding protein, mj-far-1 induces tomato host susceptibility to root-knot nematodes.plant-parasitic nematodes produce at least one structurally unique class of small helix-rich retinol- and fatty-acid-binding proteins that have no counterparts in their plant hosts. herein we describe a protein of the plant-parasitic root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica, which is a member of the nematode-specific fatty-acid- and retinol-binding (mj-far-1) family of proteins. the mj-far-1 mrna was detected through m. javanica pre-parasitic j2s, migratory and sedentary parasitic stages by quant ...201323717636
ectopic expression of atpad4 broadens resistance of soybean to soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes.the gene encoding pad4 (phytoalexin-deficient4) is required in arabidopsis for expression of several genes involved in the defense response to pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola. atpad4 (arabidopsis thaliana pad4) encodes a lipase-like protein that plays a regulatory role mediating salicylic acid signaling.201323617694
a 4-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-aminothiazole: microwave assisted synthesis, spectral, thermal, xrd and biological studies.a 4-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-aminothiazole (cpat) has been synthesized by reacting o-chloroacetophenone, iodine and thiourea under microwave irradiation as a green chemistry approach. the reactions proceed selectively and within a couple of minutes giving high yields of the products. the compound was characterized by elemental, spectral (uv-visible, ir, nmr and gc-ms), xrd and thermal analyses. the tg curve of the compound was analyzed to calculate various kinetic parameters (n, e, z, δs and δg) by us ...201323860403
evaluation of cover crops with potential for use in anaerobic soil disinfestation (asd) for susceptibility to three species of meloidogyne.several cover crops with potential for use in tropical and subtropical regions were assessed for susceptibility to three common species of root-knot nematode, meloidogyne arenaria, m. incognita, and m. javanica. crops were selected based on potential use as organic amendments in anaerobic soil disinfestation (asd) applications. nematode juvenile (j2) numbers in soil and roots, egg production, and host plant root galling were evaluated on arugula (eruca sativa, cv. nemat), cowpea (vigna unguicula ...201324379486
nematotoxicity of drupacine and a cephalotaxus alkaloid preparation against the plant-parasitic nematodes meloidogyne incognita and bursaphelenchus xylophilus.species of cephalotaxus (the plum yews) produce nematotoxic compounds of unknown identity. consequently, bioassay-guided fractionation was employed to identify the compound(s) in cephalotaxus fortunei twigs and leaves with activity against plant-parasitic nematodes.201323785026
altered sucrose synthase and invertase expression affects the local and systemic sugar metabolism of nematode-infected arabidopsis thaliana plants.sedentary endoparasitic nematodes of plants induce highly specific feeding cells in the root central cylinder. from these, the obligate parasites withdraw all required nutrients. the feeding cells were described as sink tissues in the plant's circulation system that are supplied with phloem-derived solutes such as sugars. currently, there are several publications describing mechanisms of sugar import into the feeding cells. however, sugar processing has not been studied so far. thus, in the pres ...201324187419
nematicidal activity of the essential oil of rhododendron anthopogonoides aerial parts and its constituent compounds against meloidogyne incognita.hydrodistilled essential oil from rhododendron anthopogonoides maxim. (ericaceae) aerial parts was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). a total of 42 compounds, accounting for 95.48% of the total oil, were identified. the main constituents of the essential oil were benzyl acetone (34.41%), nerolidol (10.19%), 1,4-cineole (8.41%), beta-caryophyllene (5.63%), gamma-elemene (5.10%), and spathulenol (3.06%). four constituents were isolated from the essential oil based on fractio ...201324066516
enhanced levels of plant cell cycle inhibitors hamper root-knot nematode-induced feeding site development.root-knot nematodes (rkn) are highly specialized, obligatory plant parasites. these animals reprogram root cells to form large, multinucleate, and metabolically active feeding cells (giant cells) that provide a continuous nutrient supply during 3-6 weeks of the nematode's life. the establishment and maintenance of physiologically fully functional giant cells are necessary for the survival of these nematodes. as such, giant cells may be useful targets for applying strategies to reduce damage caus ...201324056043
nematicidal activity of mint aqueous extracts against the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.the nematicidal activity and chemical characterization of aqueous extracts and essential oils of three mint species, namely, mentha × piperita , mentha spicata , and mentha pulegium , were investigated. the phytochemical analysis of the essential oils was performed by means of gc-ms, whereas the aqueous extracts were analyzed by lc-ms. the most abundant terpenes were isomenthone, menthone, menthol, pulegone, and carvone, and the water extracts yielded mainly chlorogenic acid, salvianolic acid b, ...201324050256
solanum torvum responses to the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.solanum torvum sw is worldwide employed as rootstock for eggplant cultivation because of its vigour and resistance/tolerance to the most serious soil-borne diseases as bacterial, fungal wilts and root-knot nematodes. the little information on solanum torvum (hereafter torvum) resistance mechanisms, is mostly attributable to the lack of genomic tools (e.g. dedicated microarray) as well as to the paucity of database information limiting high-throughput expression studies in torvum.201323937585
the effect of transitional organic production practices on soilborne pests of tomato in a simulated microplot study.the perceived risk of pest resurgence upon transition from conventional to organic-based farming systems remains a critical obstacle to expanding organic vegetable production, particularly where chemical fumigants have provided soilborne pest and disease control. microplots were used to study the effects of soil amendments and cropping sequences applied over a 2-year transitional period from conventional to organic tomato (solanum lycopersicum) cultivation on the incidence of bacterial wilt caus ...201323837543
morphological and morphometrical characterization of meloidogyne incognita from different host plants in four districts of punjab, india.the population of m. incognita, the root knot nematode (rkn) was found infesting five different host plants (okra, banana, sunflower, bottle gourd, and brinjal) out of 24 examined from four districts of punjab, india (gurdaspur, ludhiana, patiala, and hoshiarpur). morphological and morphometrical characterization indicated that in the case of mature female, the characters of body length and width, neck length, ratio 'a', anus to tail terminus (att), interphasmid distance (ipd), and perineal patt ...201323833327
effects of soil compaction and meloidogyne incognita on cotton root architecture and plant growth.the effects of a soil hardpan and meloidogyne incognita on cotton root architecture and plant growth were evaluated in microplots in 2010 and 2011. soil was infested with m. incognita at four different levels with or without a hardpan. the presence of a hardpan resulted in increased plant height, number of main stem nodes, and root fresh weight for cotton seedlings both years. meloidogyne incognita decreased height and number of nodes for seedlings in 2010. nematode infestation increased seedlin ...201323833326
isolation of nematicidal triterpenoid saponins from pulsatilla koreana root and their activities against meloidogyne incognita.pulsatilla koreana, a species endemic to korea, is an important herb used in traditional medicine to treat amoebic dysentery and malaria. in the present study, 23 oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins 1-23 and eight lupane-type triterpenoid saponins 24-31 were isolated from the roots of p. koreana. their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. the methanol extract and isolated compounds were next assessed for nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode (meloidogyne i ...201323698044
validation of reference genes aiming accurate normalization of qpcr data in soybean upon nematode parasitism and insect attack.soybean pathogens and pests reduce grain production worldwide. biotic interaction cause extensive changes in plant gene expression profile and the data produced by functional genomics studies need validation, usually done by quantitative pcr. nevertheless, this technique relies on accurate normalization which, in turn, depends upon the proper selection of stable reference genes for each experimental condition. to date, only a few studies were performed to validate reference genes in soybean subj ...201323668315
transcriptional changes of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita in response to arabidopsis thaliana root signals.root-knot nematodes are obligate parasites that invade roots and induce the formation of specialized feeding structures. although physiological and molecular changes inside the root leading to feeding site formation have been studied, very little is known about the molecular events preceding root penetration by nematodes. in order to investigate the influence of root exudates on nematode gene expression before plant invasion and to identify new genes potentially involved in parasitism, sterile r ...201323593446
penetration, post-penetration development, and reproduction of meloidogyne incognita on cucumis melo var. texanus.cucumis melo var. texanus, a wild melon commonly found in the southern united states and two accessions, burleson co. and mx 1230, expressed resistance to meloidogyne incognita in preliminary experiments. to characterize the mechanism of resistance, we evaluated root penetration, post-penetration development, reproduction, and emigration of m. incognita on these two accessions of c. melo var. texanus. additionally, we evaluated 22 accessions of c. melo var. texanus for their reaction against m. ...201323589661
the relationship between environmental variables and response of cotton to nematicides.nematicide/irrigation rate trials were conducted in texas (tx) in 2009 and 2010 in cotton grown at three irrigation rates, where irrigation rate (base (b), b - 33%, b + 33%) was the main plot and treatment (untreated check, aldicarb, and nematicide seed treatment (nst) and nst + aldicarb) were the subplots. aldicarb improved cotton lint yield with the base (medium) irrigation rate over the untreated check, but not at the b - 33% and b + 33% irrigation rates. in a second evaluation, 20 tests cond ...201323589654
ectopic expression of kip-related proteins restrains root-knot nematode-feeding site expansion.the development of nematode feeding sites induced by root-knot nematodes involves the synchronized activation of cell cycle processes such as acytokinetic mitoses and dna amplification. a number of key cell cycle genes are reported to be critical for nematode feeding site development. however, it remains unknown whether plant cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors such as the arabidopsis interactor/inhibitor of cdk (ick)/kip-related protein (krp) family are involved in nematode feeding site de ...201323574394
chemical composition and nematicidal activity of essential oil of agastache rugosa against meloidogyne incognita.the aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition and nematicidal activity of essential oil of agastache rugosa flowering aerial parts against the root knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita, and to isolate and identify any nematicidal constituents from the essential oil. the essential oil of a. rugosa aerial parts was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gc-fid and gc-ms. a total of 37 components of the essential oil were identified, with the principal compounds being me ...201323571530
a new nematicidal compound produced by streptomyces albogriseolus ha10002.strain ha10002 was isolated from mangrove sediment collected from dongzhaigang mangrove reserve in hainan, china. it was selected with potent nematicidal activity and was identified as streptomyces albogriseolus. by bioassay-guided fractionation, a new active component a22-1(s1) against root-knot nematodes was separated from its fermentation broth. on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with the data from correlative literature, the structure of s1 was established to be 6'-methyl- ...201323444037
potent nematicidal activity of phthalaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and cinnamic aldehyde against meloidogyne incognita.the nematicidal activity of selected aromatic aldehydes was tested against the root knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. the most active aldehyde was phthalaldehyde (1) with an ec(50) value of 11 ± 6 mg/l followed by salicylaldehyde (2) and cinnamic aldehyde (3) with ec(50) values of 11 ± 1 and 12 ± 5 mg/l, respectively. on the other hand, structurally related aldehydes such as 2-methoxybenzaldehyde (21), 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, and vanillin (23) were not active at the concentration of 1000 m ...201323379671
the amino acid permeases aap3 and aap6 are involved in root-knot nematode parasitism of arabidopsis.the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita, is an obligate parasite which depends entirely on the host plant for its nutrition. root-knot nematodes induce the formation of a highly specialized feeding site consisting of several giant cells surrounded by a network of vascular tissues. nutrients, including amino acids and sugars, are transferred apoplastically from the vascular tissues to the feeding site. using arabidopsis thaliana lacking the vascular-expressed amino acid permeases (aap) aap3 ...201323194341
utility of host delivered rnai of two fmrf amide like peptides, flp-14 and flp-18, for the management of root knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita.root knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita, is an obligate sedentary endoparasite that infects a large number of crop species and causes substantial yield losses. non-chemical based control strategies for these nematodes are gaining importance. in the present study, we have demonstrated the significance of two fmrfamide like peptide genes (flp-14 and flp-18) for infection and development of resistance to m. incognita through host-derived rnai. the study demonstrated both in vitro and in planta va ...201324223228
identification of novel target genes for safer and more specific control of root-knot nematodes from a pan-genome mining.root-knot nematodes are globally the most aggressive and damaging plant-parasitic nematodes. chemical nematicides have so far constituted the most efficient control measures against these agricultural pests. because of their toxicity for the environment and danger for human health, these nematicides have now been banned from use. consequently, new and more specific control means, safe for the environment and human health, are urgently needed to avoid worldwide proliferation of these devastating ...201324204279
histopathological response of lens culinaris roots towards root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognito.lens culinaris (lentil) is an important pulse crop. the yield of the crop is reduced if grown in root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita) infested field. meloidogyne incognita caused infection in primary and the secondary roots leading to the anomalies in the affected part of the root. the study revealed that the second stage juveniles (j2) of meloidogyne incognita entered the growing roots and their branches inter and intracellularly. the immediate response was hypertrophy and hyperplasia in ...201324498798
the arabidopsis f-box/kelch-repeat protein at2g44130 is upregulated in giant cells and promotes nematode susceptibility.we report that the f-box/kelch-repeat protein at2g44130 is specifically induced by the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita during the initial stages of the initiation and maintenance of the feeding site. in addition, we show that the expression of this gene promotes susceptibility of infection because knocking down the f-box gene (at2g44130) drastically reduces nematode attraction to and infection of roots. in contrast, f-box overexpressing (oe) lines had a hypersusceptible phenotype, with ...201323075039
[modulation of plant resistance to diseases by water-soluble chitosan].low-molecular-weight water-soluble chitosan with a molecular weight of 5 kda obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of native crab chitosan was shown to display an elicitor activity by inducing the local and systemic resistance of solanumi tuberosum potato and lycopesicon esculentum tomato to phytophthora infestans and nematodes, respectively. chitosan induced the accumulation of phytoalexins in tissues of host plants, decreased the total content and changed the composition of free sterols producin ...201311234398
site-specific management of meloidogyne chitwoodi in idaho potatoes using 1,3-dichloropropene; approach, experiences, and economics.fumigation for nematode management in irrigated potato production systems of idaho is widely practiced. soil injection is the only labeled application method for 1,3-dichloropropene that is conventionally applied on a whole-field basis. plant-parasitic nematode species exhibit spatially variable population densities that provide an opportunity to practice site-specific fumigation to reduce chemical usage and production costs. during 2002 to 2008, 62 fields intended for commercial potato producti ...201324115785
transcriptional analysis through rna sequencing of giant cells induced by meloidogyne graminicola in rice roots.one of the reasons for the progressive yield decline observed in aerobic rice production is the rapid build-up of populations of the rice root knot nematode meloidogyne graminicola. these nematodes induce specialized feeding cells inside root tissue, called giant cells. by injecting effectors in and sipping metabolites out of these cells, they reprogramme normal cell development and deprive the plant of its nutrients. in this research we have studied the transcriptome of giant cells in rice, aft ...201323881398
identification of neuropeptides, flp-1 and flp-12 targeting neuromuscular system of rice root knot nematode (rrkn) meloidogyne graminicola.root-knot nematodes (rkns), meloidogyne spp, are found in all temperate and tropical areas, and are among the most damaging plant pathogens worldwide. m. graminincola is an economically important root parasite on upland, lowland and deepwater rice. fmrfamide-like peptides (flps) play significant role as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the nervous system and proposed as one of the important targets for the plant parasitic nematode management. therefore, for the first time, we have cloned ...201323520432
brassinosteroids suppress rice defense against root-knot nematodes through antagonism with the jasmonate pathway.the importance of phytohormone balance is increasingly recognized as central to the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. next to their well-known developmental role, brassinosteroids (br) were recently found to be involved in plant innate immunity. in this study, we examined the role of br in rice (oryza sativa) innate immunity during infection with the root-knot nematode meloidogyne graminicola, and we studied the inter-relationship with the jasmonate (ja) pathway. exogenous epibrassinolide ...201323194343
segregation and mapping in the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla of quantitatively inherited traits affecting parasitism.the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla can reproduce on a wide range of crop species but there is variability in host range and pathogenicity both within and between isolates. the inbred strain vw9 causes galling but does not reproduce on solanum bulbocastanum clone sb22 whereas strain vw8 causes little galling and reproduces poorly on this host. comparison of reproduction on sb22 of nematode f2 lines generated from hybrids between strains vw8 and vw9 revealed that, whereas over half the lines ...201323758293
a gene encoding a peptide with similarity to the plant ida signaling peptide (atida) is expressed most abundantly in the root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita) soon after root infection.small peptides play important roles in intercellular signaling. inflorescence deficient in abscission (ida) is an arabidopsis mutant that does not abscise (shed) its flower petals. the ida gene encodes a small, secreted peptide that putatively binds to two redundant receptor-like kinases (haesa and haesa-like2) that initiate a signal transduction pathway. we identified ida-like (idl) genes in the genomic sequence for meloidogyne incognita and meloidogyne hapla. no orthologous sequences were foun ...201323538028
the 8d05 parasitism gene of meloidogyne incognita is required for successful infection of host roots.parasitism genes encode effector proteins that are secreted through the stylet of root-knot nematodes to dramatically modify selected plant cells into giant-cells for feeding. the mi8d05 parasitism gene previously identified was confirmed to encode a novel protein of 382 amino acids that had only one database homolog identified on contig 2374 within the meloidogyne hapla genome. mi8d05 expression peaked in m. incognita parasitic second-stage juveniles within host roots and its encoded protein wa ...201323294405
activity of chalcones derived from 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde against meloidogyne exigua and in silico interaction of one chalcone with a putative caffeic acid 3-o-methyltransferase from meloidogyne incognita.meloidogyne exigua is a parasitic nematode of plants that causes great losses to coffee farmers. in an effort to develop parasitic controls, 154 chalcones were synthesized and screened for activity against this nematode. the best results were obtained with (2e)-1-(4'-nitrophenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (6) with a 50% lethal concentration (lc50) of 171 μg/ml against m. exigua second-stage juveniles, in comparison to the commercially-available nematicide carbofuran which had an ...201324140596
ethylene signaling pathway modulates attractiveness of host roots to the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla.infective juveniles of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla are attracted to the zone of elongation of roots where they invade the host but little is known about what directs the nematode to this region of the root. we found that arabidopsis roots exposed to an ethylene (et)-synthesis inhibitor attracted significantly more nematodes than control roots and that et-overproducing mutants were less attractive. arabidopsis seedlings with et-insensitive mutations were generally more attractive whe ...201322712507
solution nmr studies of the plant peptide hormone cep inform function.the c-terminally encoded peptide (cep) family of regulatory peptides controls root development in vascular plants. here, we present the first nmr structures of cep. we show that root-knot nematode (rkn: meloidogyne spp.) also encodes cep, presumably to mimic plant cep as part of their stereotypic, parasitic interaction with vascular plants. molecular dynamics simulations of plant- and nematode-encoded cep displaying known posttranslational modifications (ptm) provided insight into the structural ...201324211833
not to be suppressed? rethinking the host response at a root-parasite interface.root-knot nematodes are highly efficient plant parasites that establish permanent feeding sites within host roots. the initiation of this feeding site is critical for parasitic success and requires an interaction with multiple signaling pathways involved in plant development and environmental response. resistance against root-knot nematodes is relatively rare amongst their broad host range and they remain a major threat to agriculture. the development of effective and sustainable control strateg ...201324157203
[effects of adding straw carbon source to root knot nematode diseased soil on soil microbial biomass and protozoa abundance].a field experiment with successive planting of tomato was conducted to study the effects of adding different amounts of winter wheat straw (2.08 g x kg(-1), 1n; 4.16 g x kg(-1), 2n; and 8.32 g x kg(-1), 4n) to the soil seriously suffered from root knot nematode disease on the soil microbial biomass and protozoa abundance. adding straw carbon source had significant effects on the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon (mbc) and microbial biomass nitrogen (mbn) and the abundance of soil protozo ...201324066551
genome-wide analysis of the hsp20 gene family in soybean: comprehensive sequence, genomic organization and expression profile analysis under abiotic and biotic stresses.the hsp20 genes are associated with stress caused by hs and other abiotic factors, but have recently been found to be associated with the response to biotic stresses. these genes represent the most abundant class among the hsps in plants, but little is known about this gene family in soybean. because of their apparent multifunctionality, these proteins are promising targets for developing crop varieties that are better adapted to biotic and abiotic stresses. thus, in the present study an in sili ...201323985061
phloem development in nematode-induced feeding sites: the implications of auxin and cytokinin.sedentary plant parasitic nematodes such as root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes induce giant cells or syncytia, respectively, in their host plant's roots. these highly specialized structures serve as feeding sites from which exclusively the nematodes withdraw nutrients. while giant cells are symplastically isolated and obtain assimilates by transporter-mediated processes syncytia are massively connected to the phloem by plasmodesmata. to support the feeding sites and the nematode during their ...201323847644
molecular and biochemical characterization of the β-1,4-endoglucanase gene mj-eng-3 in the root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica.this study describes the molecular and biochemical characterization of the β-1,4-endoglucanase gene (mj-eng-3) from the root knot nematode meloidogyne javanica. a 2156-bp genomic dna sequence of mj-eng-3 containing six introns was obtained. mj-eng-3 was localized in the subventral esophageal glands of m. javanica juveniles by in situ hybridization. real-time rt-pcr assay showed that the highest transcriptional level of mj-eng-3 occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and this high expr ...201323747693
transcription profile of soybean-root-knot nematode interaction reveals a key role of phythormones in the resistance reaction.root-knot nematodes (rkn- meloidogyne genus) present extensive challenges to soybean crop. the soybean line (pi 595099) is known to be resistant against specific strains and races of nematode species, thus its differential gene expression analysis can lead to a comprehensive gene expression profiling in the incompatible soybean-rkn interaction. even though many disease resistance genes have been studied, little has been reported about phytohormone crosstalk on modulation of ros signaling during ...201323663436
an insight into critical endocycle genes for plant-parasitic nematode feeding sites establishment.root-knot and cyst nematodes are biotrophic parasites that invade the root apex of host plants and migrate toward the vascular cylinder where they cause the differentiation of root cells into galls (or root-knots) containing hypertrophied multinucleated giant-feeding cells, or syncytia, respectively. the precise molecular mechanisms that drive the formation of such unique nematode feeding sites are still far-off from being completely understood. the diverse gene expression changes occurring with ...201323518580
influence of soil environments on nematicidal activity of fluensulfone against meloidogyne javanica.fluensulfone, a fluoroalkenyl group nematicide, has proved to be very effective in controlling root-knot nematodes, meloidogyne spp. the authors evaluated some soil environmental factors that might affect its nematicidal activity.201323456999
the use of fluorescent reporter protein tagging to study the interaction between root-knot nematodes and soft rot enterobacteriaceae.the study of plant parasitic nematodes such as meloidogyne spp. and their interactions with phytopathogenic bacteria remains underexplored. one of the challenges towards establishing such interactions is the dependence on symptom development as a measure of interaction. in this study, mcherry was employed as a reporter protein to investigate the interaction between the soft rot enterobacteriaceae (sre) pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (pcb) and root-knot nematode (m. incognita). pe ...201323347004
effect of films on 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin emission, soil concentration, and root-knot nematode control in a raised bed.soil fumigation is an important component of u.s. agriculture, but excessive emissions can be problematic. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of agricultural films (e.g., tarps) on soil fumigant atmospheric emissions and spatiotemporal distributions in soil, soil temperature, and plant pathogen control in the field using plastic films with various permeabilities and thermal properties. a reduced rate of 70% inline (60.8% 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-d) and 33.3% chloropicrin (c ...201323343207
the root-knot nematode calreticulin mi-crt is a key effector in plant defense suppression.root-knot nematodes (rkn) are obligate biotrophic parasites that settle close to the vascular tissues in roots, where they induce the differentiation of specialized feeding cells and maintain a compatible interaction for 3 to 8 weeks. transcriptome analyses of the plant response to parasitic infection have shown that plant defenses are strictly controlled during the interaction. this suggests that, similar to other pathogens, rkn secrete effectors that suppress host defenses. we show here that m ...201322857385
manipulation of plant cells by cyst and root-knot nematode effectors.a key feature of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes is the release of effector proteins from their esophageal gland cells through their stylets into host roots. these proteinaceous stylet secretions have been shown to be crucial for successful parasitism by mediating the transition of normal root cells into specialized feeding sites and by negating plant defenses. recent technical advances of purifying mrna from esophageal gland cells of plant-parasitic nematodes coupled with emerging sequencin ...201322809272
a novel effector protein, mj-nulg1a, targeted to giant cell nuclei plays a role in meloidogyne javanica parasitism.secretory effector proteins expressed within the esophageal glands of root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) are thought to play key roles in nematode invasion of host roots and in formation of feeding sites necessary for nematodes to complete their life cycle. in this study, a novel effector protein gene designated as mj-nulg1a, which is expressed specifically within the dorsal gland of meloidogyne javanica, was isolated through suppression subtractive hybridization. southern blotting and blast ...201322757624
on the species status of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne ulmi palmisano & ambrogioni, 2000 (nematoda, meloidogynidae).the root-knot nematode meloidogyne ulmi is synonymised with meloidogyne mali based on morphological and morphometric similarities, common hosts, as well as biochemical similarities at both protein and dna levels. m. mali was first described in japan on malus prunifolia borkh.; and m. ulmi in italy on ulmus chenmoui w.c. cheng. morphological and morphometric studies of their holo- and paratypes revealed important similarities in the major characters as well as some general variability in a few ot ...201324363598
[photosynthetic pigments of tomato under conditions of biotic stress and effects of furostanol glycosides].adaptogenic effect of furostanol glycosides (fg) on biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments in tomato plants (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) were studied under conditions of biotic stress caused by root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita kofoid et white). treatment of plants with 5 x 10(-4) m fg was accompanied by an increase in the rate of biosynthesis of pigments (particularly, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), which was observed against the background of a decrease in the relative contributio ...201314714485
caprx, a coffea arabica gene encoding a putative class iii peroxidase induced by root-knot nematode infection.class iii peroxidases (prxs) are enzymes involved in a multitude of physiological and stress-related processes in plants. here, we report on the characterization of a putative peroxidase-encoding gene from coffea arabica (caprx) that is expressed in early stages of root-knot nematode (rkn) infection. caprx showed enhanced expression in coffee roots inoculated with rkn (at 12 h post-inoculation), but no significant difference in expression was observed between susceptible and resistant plants. as ...201222682563
landscape context and scale differentially impact coffee leaf rust, coffee berry borer, and coffee root-knot nematodes.crop pest and disease incidences at plot scale vary as a result of landscape effects. two main effects can be distinguished. first, landscape context provides habitats of variable quality for pests, pathogens, and beneficial and vector organisms. second, the movements of these organisms are dependent on the connectivity status of the landscape. most of the studies focus on indirect effects of landscape context on pest abundance through their predators and parasitoids, and only a few on direct ef ...201222611856
high and low throughput screens with root-knot nematodes meloidogyne spp.root-knot nematodes (genus meloidogyne) are obligate plant parasites. they are extremely polyphagous and considered one of the most economically important plant parasitic nematodes. the microscopic second-stage juvenile (j2), molted once in the egg, is the infective stage. the j2s hatch from the eggs, move freely in the soil within a film of water, and locate root tips of suitable plant species. after penetrating the plant root, they migrate towards the vascular cylinder where they establish a f ...201222434014
accurate mass spectrometry based protein quantification via shared peptides.in mass spectrometry-based protein quantification, peptides that are shared across different protein sequences are often discarded as being uninformative with respect to each of the parent proteins. we investigate the use of shared peptides which are ubiquitous (~50% of peptides) in mass spectrometric data-sets for accurate protein identification and quantification. different from existing approaches, we show how shared peptides can help compute the relative amounts of the proteins that contain ...201222414154
nematicidal activity of (e,e)-2,4-decadienal and (e)-2-decenal from ailanthus altissima against meloidogyne javanica.methanol extracts of various plant parts of ailanthus altissima were tested against the root knot nematode meloidogyne javanica . extracts of bark (abe), wood (awe), roots (are), and leaves (ale) from a. altissima were investigated against freshly hatched second-stage juveniles (j(2)). awe was the most active extract, with ec(50/3d) of 58.9 mg/l, while ale, are, and abe did not show nematicidal activity. the chemical composition of the extracts of a. altissima was determined by gas chromatograph ...201222224661
transcriptome analysis of resistant soybean roots infected by meloidogyne javanica.soybean is an important crop for brazilian agribusiness. however, many factors can limit its production, especially root-knot nematode infection. studies on the mechanisms employed by the resistant soybean genotypes to prevent infection by these nematodes are of great interest for breeders. for these reasons, the aim of this work is to characterize the transcriptome of soybean line pi 595099-meloidogyne javanica interaction through expression analysis. two cdna libraries were obtained using a po ...201222802712
identification of markers tightly linked to tomato yellow leaf curl disease and root-knot nematode resistance by multiplex pcr.seven different commercial f₁ hybrids and two f₂ populations were evaluated by multiplex pcr to identify plants that are homozygous or heterozygous for ty-1 and mi, which confer resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl disease and root-knot nematode, respectively. the ty-1 and mi markers were amplified by pcr and identified by digestion of the amplicons with the taqi enzyme. the hybrids e13 and 288 were found to be ty/ty heterozygous plants with 398-, 303-, and 95-bp bands, and b08, 314, 198, and a ...201222869069
a sequence-anchored linkage map of the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne hapla reveals exceptionally high genome-wide recombination.root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) cause major yield losses to many of the world's crops, but efforts to understand how these pests recognize and interact with their hosts have been hampered by a lack of genetic resources. starting with progeny of a cross between inbred strains (vw8 and vw9) of meloidogyne hapla that differed in host range and behavioral traits, we exploited the novel, facultative meiotic parthenogenic reproductive mode of this species to produce a genetic linkage map. molec ...201222870404
on the species status of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne mayaguensis rammah & hirschmann, 1988.holo- and paratypes of the root-knot nematodes meloidogyne mayaguensis rammah & hirschmann, 1988 and meloidogyne enterolobii yang & eisenback, 1983 were morphometrically and morphologically compared. all observed female, male and second-stage juvenile morphometrical and morphological characters are identical for the two studied species. additionally, contradictions between the original species descriptions were unravelled.the present study of holo- and paratypes confirms the taxonomical status o ...201222539912
comparative proteomic study between tuberous roots of light orange- and purple-fleshed sweetpotato cultivars.this study compares the differences in proteomes expressed in tuberous roots of a light orange-fleshed sweetpotato (ipomoea batatas (l.) lam. cultivar yulmi) and a purple-fleshed sweetpotato cultivar (shinjami). more than 370 protein spots were reproducibly detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in which 35 spots were up-regulated (yulmi vs. shinjami) or uniquely expressed (only yulmi or shinjami) in either of the two cultivars. of these 35 protein spots, 23 were expressed in yulmi and ...201222794925
the map-1 gene family in root-knot nematodes, meloidogyne spp.: a set of taxonomically restricted genes specific to clonal species.taxonomically restricted genes (trgs), i.e., genes that are restricted to a limited subset of phylogenetically related organisms, may be important in adaptation. in parasitic organisms, trg-encoded proteins are possible determinants of the specificity of host-parasite interactions. in the root-knot nematode (rkn) meloidogyne incognita, the map-1 gene family encodes expansin-like proteins that are secreted into plant tissues during parasitism, thought to act as effectors to promote successful roo ...201222719916
whole-mount confocal imaging of nuclei in giant feeding cells induced by root-knot nematodes in arabidopsis.• excellent visualization of nuclei was obtained here using a whole-mount procedure adapted to provide high-resolution images of large, irregularly shaped nuclei. the procedure is based on tissue clearing, and fluorescent staining of nuclear dna with the dye propidium iodide. • the method developed for standard confocal imaging was applied to large multicellular root swellings, named galls, induced in plant hosts by the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. • here, we performed a functional ...201222616777
a root-knot nematode-secreted protein is injected into giant cells and targeted to the nuclei.root-knot nematodes (rkns) are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts over a period of several weeks and induce the differentiation of root cells into specialized feeding cells. nematode effectors synthesized in the oesophageal glands and injected into the plant tissue through the syringe-like stylet certainly play a central role in these processes. in a search for nematode effectors, we used comparative genomics on expressed sequence tag (est) datasets t ...201222540860
bioefficacy evaluation of controlled release formulations based on amphiphilic nano-polymer of carbofuran against meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato.in the present investigation, the bioefficacy of developed carbofuran formulations, with peg-600 (7a, cp1) & peg-900 (7b, cp2) @ 5, 10 and 20 ppm, along with commercial formulation of carbofuran 3g (cp0) were evaluated against the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato (cv. pusa ruby) in pot and field conditions. the bioefficacy data indicated that the formulations developed by utilizing polymers having peg - 900 (7b) as hydrophilic segment were effective even at 14 days post ...201222494375
rapid and highly sensitive detection of single nematode via direct maldi mass spectrometry.for the first time, we demonstrate the feasibility for the use of maldi-tof ms for rapid, direct and sensitive detection of single adult root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita and their second stage juvenile (j(2)). we have proposed simple pretreatment protocols and have demonstrated that the crushed and washed nematodes yielded better spectra. we also report the differentiation between the harmless and harmful stages of the nematode based on mass spectrometric profiling. peaks at m/z 4350, 4 ...201222483896
nematicidal fluorescent pseudomonads for the in vitro and in vivo suppression of root knot (meloidogyne incognita) of capsicum annuum l.considerable attention has been paid to plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr), especially the fluorescent group of pseudomonas species, as the best alternatives to chemicals for facilitating ecofriendly biological control of soil- and seedborne microorganisms. on the basis of their novel plant-growth-promoting attributes, two rhizobacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa vp1 and vp2 selected out of over 63 isolates from the rhizosphere of chilli (capsicum annuum) were identified as potential candid ...201222411906
effect of abamectin on root-knot nematodes and tomato yield.tomato growers in shandong province, china, commonly face heavy root-knot nematode infestations. current methods of control include cadusafos and methyl bromide (mebr), but alternative methods are required because of the high toxicity of these pesticides and the ecological risk of their use. therefore, abamectin soil applications were evaluated for their potential to control soil nematodes in a series of laboratory tests, greenhouse pot experiments and field trials.201222395950
plant genes involved in harbouring symbiotic rhizobia or pathogenic nematodes.the establishment and development of plant-microorganism interactions involve impressive transcriptomic reprogramming of target plant genes. the symbiont (sinorhizobium meliloti) and the root knot-nematode pathogen (meloidogyne incognita) induce the formation of new root organs, the nodule and the gall, respectively. using laser-assisted microdissection, we specifically monitored, at the cell level, medicago gene expression in nodule zone ii cells, which are preparing to receive rhizobia, and in ...201222360638
differential expression of antioxidant enzymes and pr-proteins in compatible and incompatible interactions of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita.this study aimed to evaluated the resistance and susceptibility of 10 cowpea cultivars to meloidogyne incognita in field studies and to analyze the kinetics of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanases and cystein proteinase inhibitors in the root system of two contrasting cowpea cultivars after inoculation with m. incognita. the cultivars ce-31 and frade preto were highly resistant; ce-28, ce-01, ce-315, ce-237, were very resistant; ce-70 and ce-216 wer ...201222153251
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect both penetration and further life stage development of root-knot nematodes in tomato.the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita poses a worldwide threat to agriculture, with an increasing demand for alternative control options since most common nematicides are being withdrawn due to environmental concerns. the biocontrol potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) against plant-parasitic nematodes has been demonstrated, but the modes of action remain to be unraveled. in this study, m. incognita penetration of second-stage juveniles at 4, 8 and 12 days after inoculation was ...201222147206
systemic nematicidal activity of fluensulfone against the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita on pepper.fluensulfone, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, has proved to be very effective in controlling root-knot nematodes, meloidogyne spp., by soil application. the systemic activity of this compound against m. incognita on peppers via soil drenching and foliar spray was evaluated.201221842527
nematotoxic phenolic compounds from melia azedarach against meloidogyne incognita.in the present study, evaluated was the paralysis activity of whole italian and algerian melia azedarach, commonly known as chinaberry, fruits and parts (seeds, wood, and kernels) against meloidogyne incognita second stage juveniles (j(2)). the paralysis activity was evaluated in vitro after 1 h and 1 day immersion periods of nematodes in test solutions. phenolic constituent components of the extracts were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, whi ...201223136941
rkn lethal db: a database for the identification of root knot nematode (meloidogyne spp.) candidate lethal genes.root knot nematode (rkn; meloidogyne spp.) is one of the most devastating parasites that infect the roots of hundreds of plant species. rkn cannot live independently from their hosts and are the biggest contributors to the loss of the world's primary foods. rnai gene silencing studies have demonstrated that there are fewer galls and galls are smaller when rnai constructs targeted to silence certain rkn genes are expressed in plant roots. we conducted a comparative genomics analysis, comparing rk ...201223144556
lysinibacillus mangiferahumi sp. nov., a new bacterium producing nematicidal volatiles.a gram-positive bacterium, designated m-gx18(t), was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of mango (guangxi province, china). the isolate produced nematicidal volatile compounds with activities against the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. the organism was motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, spore-forming and rod shaped. the predominant menaquinone was mk-7 and the major cellular fatty acid profiles were iso-c(15:0), anteiso-c(15:0) and iso-c(16:0). the dna g+c content was 38.9%. a phy ...201222367102
influence of inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) on tomato plant growth and nematode reproduction under greenhouse conditions.numerous species of soil bacteria which flourish in the rhizosphere of plants or around plant tissues stimulate plant growth and reduce nematode population by antagonistic behavior. these bacteria are collectively known as pgpr (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria). the effects of six isolates of pgpr pseudomonas putida, pseudomonas fluorescens, serratia marcescens, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus, were studied on tomato plant growth and root knot nematode repr ...201223961220
(homo)glutathione deficiency impairs root-knot nematode development in medicago truncatula.root-knot nematodes (rkn) are obligatory plant parasitic worms that establish and maintain an intimate relationship with their host plants. during a compatible interaction, rkn induce the redifferentiation of root cells into multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells essential for nematode growth and reproduction. these metabolically active feeding cells constitute the exclusive source of nutrients for the nematode. detailed analysis of glutathione (gsh) and homoglutathione (hgsh) metabolism de ...201222241996
bacterial mixture from greenhouse soil as a biocontrol agent against root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita, on oriental melon.the biological control efficacy of a greenhouse soil bacterial mixture of lactobacillus farraginis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis strains with antinematode activity was evaluated against the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita. two control groups planted in soil drenched with sterile distilled water or treated with the broadspectrum carbamate pesticide carbofuran were used for comparison. the results suggest that the bacterial mixture is effective as a biocontrol agent against ...201222297227
evaluation of protocol for assessing the reaction of rice and wheat germplasm to infection by meloidogyne graminicola.root-knot nematode (meloidogyne graminicola), an important and widespread pathogen, causes high yield losses in rice with limited information on wheat and on efficient management. absence of uniform screening protocols is contributing to slow progress of host resistance development. to develop an efficient screening protocol, several greenhouse studies were conducted, and effects of incubation period, inoculum level, inoculation method, seedling age, and their interactions on root-galling severi ...201223481227
identification of candidate effector genes in the transcriptome of the rice root knot nematode meloidogyne graminicola.plant-parasitic nematodes secrete so-called effectors into their host plant which are able to suppress the plant's defence responses, alter plant signalling pathways and, in the case of root knot nematodes, induce the formation of giant cells. putative effectors have been successfully identified by genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics approaches. in this study, we investigated the transcriptome of the rice root knot nematode meloidogyne graminicola by 454 sequencing of second-stage juveniles ...201223279209
relationship of resistance to meloidogyne chitwoodi (race 2) and m. hapla in alfalfa.in the pacific northwest, alfalfa (medicago sativa) is host to two species of root-knot nematodes, including race 2 of the columbia root-knot nematode (meloidogyne chitwoodi) and the northern root-knot nematode (meloidogyne hapla). in addition to the damage caused to alfalfa itself by m. hapla, alfalfa's host status to both species leaves large numbers of nematodes available to damage rotation crops, of which potato is the most important. a nematode-resistant alfalfa germplasm release, w12sr2w1, ...201223483826
variable rate application of nematicides on cotton fields: a promising site-specific management strategy.field tests were conducted to determine if differences in response to nematicide application (i.e., root-knot nematode (rkn) populations, cotton yield, and profitability) occurred among rkn management zones (mz). the mz were delineated using fuzzy clustering of five terrain (tr) and edaphic (ed) field features related to soil texture: apparent soil electrical conductivity shallow (eca-shallow) and deep (eca-deep), elevation (el), slope (sl), and changes in bare soil reflectance. zones with lowes ...201223482903
predicting damage of meloidogyne incognita on watermelon.quantitative growth response of watermelon (citrullus lanatus) sensitive to meloidogyne incognita is poorly understood. determination of soil population densities of second-stage juveniles (j2) of m. incognita with baermann funnel extraction often is inaccurate at low soil temperatures. in greenhouse experiments, three sandy soils were inoculated with dilution series of population densities of eggs or j2 of m. incognita and planted in small containers to watermelon 'royal sweet' or subjected to ...201223482631
description of a unique, complex feeding socket caused by the putative primitive root-knot nematode, meloidogyne kikuyensis.meloidogyne kikuyensis produces unique galls that form on one side of the root resembling nitrogen-fixing nodules that are produced on legumes in response to infection by rhizobium and related bacteria. the gall caused by this root-knot nematode is made up of a complex feeding socket composed of several giant cells that are ramified with xylem vessels extending perpendicular from the vascular cylinder. the anterior portion of the second-stage juvenile, which develops into an adult, plugs into th ...201223482409
susceptibility of several common subtropical weeds to meloidogyne arenaria, m. incognita, and m. javanica.experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to assess root galling and egg production of three root-knot nematode species, meloidogyne arenaria, m. incognita, and m. javanica, on several weeds common to florida agricultural land. weeds evaluated were amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge), eleusine indica (goosegrass), portulaca oleracea (common purslane), and solanum americanum (american black nightshade). additionally, although it is recommended as a co ...201223482324
characterization of a root-knot nematode population of meloidogyne arenaria from tupungato (mendoza, argentina).root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) are polyphagous plant parasites of global importance. successful host infection depends on the particular interaction between a specific nematode species and race and a specific plant species and cultivar. accurate diagnosis of nematode species is relevant to effective agricultural management; and benefits further from understanding the variability within a single nematode species. here, we described a population of m. arenaria race 2 from mendoza (argentin ...201223481918
the ma gene for complete-spectrum resistance to meloidogyne species in prunus is a tnl with a huge repeated c-terminal post-lrr region.root-knot nematode (rkn) meloidogyne species are major polyphagous pests of most crops worldwide, and cultivars with durable resistance are urgently needed because of nematicide bans. the ma gene from the myrobalan plum (prunus cerasifera) confers complete-spectrum, heat-stable, and high-level resistance to rkn, which is remarkable in comparison with the mi-1 gene from tomato (solanum lycopersicum), the sole rkn resistance gene cloned. we report here the positional cloning and the functional val ...201121482634
analysis of gene expression in soybean (glycine max) roots in response to the root knot nematode meloidogyne incognita using microarrays and kegg pathways.root-knot nematodes are sedentary endoparasites that can infect more than 3000 plant species. root-knot nematodes cause an estimated $100 billion annual loss worldwide. for successful establishment of the root-knot nematode in its host plant, it causes dramatic morphological and physiological changes in plant cells. the expression of some plant genes is altered by the nematode as it establishes its feeding site.201121569240
a proteomic study of in-root interactions between chickpea pathogens: the root-knot nematode meloidogyne artiellia and the soil-borne fungus fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5.fusarium wilt caused by the fungus fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (foc) is the main soil-borne disease limiting chickpea production. management of this disease is achieved mainly by the use of resistant cultivars. however, co-infection of a foc-resistant plant by the fungus and the root-knot nematode meloidogyne artiellia (ma) causes breakdown of the resistance and thus limits its efficacy in the control of fusarium wilt. in this work we aimed to reveal key aspects of chickpea:foc:ma interact ...201121640211
the purl gene of bacillus subtilis is associated with nematicidal activity.parasitic nematodes of plants are important plant pathogens that represent a significant financial burden on agriculture. this study evaluated the efficacy of bacillus spp. as nematode biocontrol agents and identified bacillus genes associated with nematicidal activity. culture by products of bacillus subtilis strains okb105 and 69 and bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains fzb42 and b3 were used to treat aphelenchoides besseyi, ditylenchus destructor, bursaphelenchus xylophilus and meloidogyne java ...201121671997
[controlling effect of antagonist bioorganic fertilizer on tomato root-knot nematode].indoor in vitro culture experiment and greenhouse pot experiment were conducted to evaluate the capabilities of three bacterial strains xz-173 (bacillus amyloliquefaciens), sl-25 (b. gibsonii), and ks-62 (paenibacillus polymyxa) that can hydrolyze collagen protein in controlling tomato root-knot nematode. in the in vitro culture experiment, suspensions of xz-173, sl-25, and ks-62 induced a mortality rate of 75.9%, 66.7%, and 50.0% to the second-stage junior nematode within 24 h, and decreased th ...201121774329
suppression of the root-knot nematode [meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & white) chitwood] on tomato by dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) have potential for the biocontrol of soil-borne diseases. the objectives of this study were to quantify the interactions between am fungi [glomus versiforme (karsten) berch and glomus mosseae (nicol. & gerd.) gerdemann & trappe] and pgpr [bacillus polymyxa (prazmowski) mace and bacillus sp.] during colonization of roots and rhizosphere of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill) plants (cultivar jinguan), and to deter ...201121755407
the mitochondrial genome of the soybean cyst nematode, heterodera glycines.we sequenced the entire coding region of the mitochondrial genome of heterodera glycines. the sequence obtained comprised 14.9 kb, with pcr evidence indicating that the entire genome comprised a single, circular molecule of approximately 21-22 kb. the genome is the most t-rich nematode mitochondrial genome reported to date, with t representing over half of all nucleotides on the coding strand. the genome also contains the highest number of poly(t) tracts so far reported (to our knowledge), with ...201121745140
nematicidal activity of fervenulin isolated from a nematicidal actinomycete, streptomyces sp. cmu-mh021, on meloidogyne incognita.an isolate of the actinomycete, streptomyces sp. cmu-mh021 produced secondary metabolites that inhibited egg hatch and increased juvenile mortality of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne incognita in vitro. 16s rdna gene sequencing showed that the isolate sequence was 99% identical to streptomyces roseoverticillatus. the culture filtrates form different culture media were tested for nematocidal activity. the maximal activity against m. incognita was obtained by using modified basal (mb) medium. t ...201121841897
[mixed infection caused by meloidogyne and pathogenic fungi on siraitia grosvenorii].to study the mixed infection caused by meloidogyne and pathogenic fungi on siraitia grosvenorii,the result can provide basis for controltion.201121818963
transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing arabidopsis npr1 show enhanced resistance to root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita.abstract: in arabidopsis, non-expressor of pathogenesis related genes-1, npr1 has been shown to be a positive regulator of the salicylic acid controlled systemic acquired resistance pathway and modulates the cross talk between sa and ja signaling. transgenic plants expressing atnpr1 constitutively exhibited resistance against pathogens as well as herbivory. in the present study, tobacco transgenic plants expressing atnpr1 were studied further for their response to infection by the sedentary endo ...201121722410
the jasmonate pathway is a key player in systemically induced defense against root knot nematodes in rice.complex defense signaling pathways, controlled by different hormones, are involved in the reaction of plants to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stress factors. we studied the ability of salicylic acid, jasmonate (ja), and ethylene (et) to induce systemic defense in rice (oryza sativa) against the root knot nematode meloidogyne graminicola. exogenous et (ethephon) and ja (methyl jasmonate) supply on the shoots induced a strong systemic defense response in the roots, exemplified by a major up-r ...201121715672
anticholinesterasic, nematostatic and anthelmintic activities of pyridinic and pyrazinic compounds.in the search for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as a potential target for the discovery of anthelmintic drugs, a series of 27 pyridinic and pyrazinic compounds have been designed on the basis of molecular hybridization of two known ache inhibitors, namely, tacrine and (-)-3-o-acetylspectaline, and on the concept of isosterism. the synthesized compounds generally presented moderate anticholinesterasic activities when compared with the positive control physostigmine, but one compound (ethyl 2-[( ...201121728957
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