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a taqman-based multiplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi.with the global program for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis continuing to make strides towards disease eradication, many locations endemic for the causative parasites of lymphatic filariasis are realizing a substantial decrease in levels of infection and rates of disease transmission. however, with measures of disease continuing to decline, the need for time-saving and economical molecular diagnostic assays capable of detecting low levels of parasite presence is increasing. this need is ...201323669148
whole-cell patch-clamp recording of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in adult brugia malayi muscle.lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease caused by clade iii parasites like brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti. current recommended treatment regimen for this disease relies on albendazole, ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine, none of which targets the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in these parasitic nematodes. our aim therefore has been to develop adult b. malayi for electrophysiological recordings to aid in characterizing the ion channels in this parasite as anthelmintic target sit ...201323562945
predicted binding of certain antifilarial compounds with glutathione-s-transferase of human filariids.: glutathione-s-transferase is a major phase-ii detoxification enzyme in parasitic helminthes. previous research highlights the importance of gsts in the establishment of chronic infections in cytotoxic microenvironments. filarial nematodes depend on these detoxification enzymes for their survival in the host. gst plays an important role in filariasis and other diseases. gst from w.bancrofti and b.malayi are very much different from human gst. this structural difference makes gst potential chemo ...201323516334
nematode asparaginyl-trna synthetase resolves intestinal inflammation in mice with t-cell transfer colitis.the therapeutic effects of a controlled parasitic nematode infection on the course of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) have been demonstrated in both animal and human models. however, the inability of individual well-characterized nematode proteins to recreate these beneficial effects has limited the application of component immunotherapy to human disease. the nematodes that cause chronic human lymphatic filariasis, brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti, are among the parasites that induce immu ...201323254300
mammographic parasitic calcifications in south west nigeria: prospective and descriptive study.lymphatic filariasis caused by nematode parasite wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi is endemic in the tropics. in nigeria, 25% of the population is infected. lymph edema and elephantiasis are the predominant manifestations. its infrequent manifestation is in the breast. this paper discusses the epidemiology, reviews literature, imaging options and mammographic appearances of these parasitic nematodes.201324255732
large extracellular loop of tetraspanin as a potential vaccine candidate for filariasis.lymphatic filariasis affects nearly 120 million people worldwide and mass preventive chemotherapy is currently used as a strategy to control this infection. this has substantially reduced the incidence of the infection in several parts of the world. however, a prophylactic vaccine would be more effective in preventing future infections and will supplement the mass chemotherapy efforts. unfortunately, there is no licensed vaccine available currently to prevent this infection. molecules expressed ...201324146990
tropical pulmonary eosinophilia--a review.tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (tpe) is a syndrome of wheezing, fever and eosiniphilia seen predominantly in the indian subcontinent and other tropical areas. its etiological link with wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi has been well established. the pathogenesis is due to an exaggerated immune response to the filarial antigens which includes type i, type iii and type iv reactions with eosinophils playing a pivotal role. peripheral blood eosinophilia is usually striking with levels over 300 ...201324135173
molecular characterization and evaluation of onchocerca volvulus-secreted larval acidic protein 1 (slap1) as a putative vaccine candidate on endemic population of lymphatic filariasis.filarial parasites infected nearly 160 million of the global population with onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, and further, a billion of people are estimated to be at risk of infection, rendering them among the most prevalent infectious agents in the world today. given the complexity of their life cycle and the immune evasion mechanisms of these organisms, development of a vaccine remains to be a long-term challenge. though a number of immunodominant antigens have been characterized, the ...201323828189
role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing filarial arm cysts.filariasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas and is endemic in regions of india. lymphatic filariasis in india is caused mainly by two species of nematodes: wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi, which invade the human lymphatic system. we report two cases of superficial cystic lesions of the upper limb revealed on fine needle aspiration (fna) to be clinically unsuspected filariasis. despite similar aetiologies, both cases revealed variations in aspirate nature, smear morphology an ...201323687368
neurological manifestations of filarial infections.filarial infections cause a huge public health burden wherever they are endemic. these filaria may locate anywhere in the human body. their manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms, except the most common ones, are rarely investigated systematically. their neurological manifestations, however, are being increasingly recognized particularly with onchocerciasis or loa loa infections, wuchereria bancrofti, or mansonella perstans. the risk of developing these manifestations may also increase in case ...201323829914
[updated inventory of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) of the island of la réunion, indian ocean].a literature analysis coupled with new entomological surveys conducted between 2009 and 2012 led to changes in the list of mosquito species present on the island of la réunion. using morphological criteria, orthopodomyia arboricollis is replaced by or. reunionensis. on the basis of morphometrical and genetic criteria, culex univittatus is replaced by cx. neavei. cx. poicilipes, which was already reported missing 40 years ago, has not been found again. anopheles arabiensis is confirmed as the onl ...201323681758
impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among kenyan children living in a schistosoma haematobium-endemic area.we measured prevalence of schistosoma haematobium, wuchereria bancrofti, plasmodium falciparum, hookworm, and other geohelminths among school-aged children in four endemic villages in kwale county, kenya and explored the relationship between multiparasite burden, undernutrition, and anemia. in 2009-2010 surveys, cross-sectional data were obtained for 2,030 children 5-18 years old. infections were most prevalent for s. haematobium (25-62%), hookworm (11-28%), and falciparum malaria (8-24%). over ...201323324217
low density microfilaraemia as a causative agent in a case of unexplained ascitis of suspicious nature.it is estimated that 120 million people worldwide are affected by filariasis. in the south east and south asian region, wuchereria bancrofti is the most prevalent parasite causing filariais in 99.4 % of cases. in the present case the parasite was a cause of unexplained ascitis in a young female whose previous cytological report was suspicious in nature. extensive physical and radiological assesment was not able to determine the cause of ascitis. repeat cytological examinantion revealed a few mic ...201323998087
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti infection using urine samples and its application in bangladesh.in sri lanka, urine elisa showed high sensitivity and specificity in detecting filaria-specific igg4. it also produced much higher positive rates than antigen tests in prevalence studies with young children. in this study, we have confirmed the usefulness of urine elisa in the field of bangladesh. the elisa detected 89 of 105 (85%) ict antigen test positive subjects in endemic areas. with both ict and microfilaria positives, the sensitivity was 97% (30/31). all of 104 ict negative people in a no ...201323988626
a practical strategy for responding to a case of lymphatic filariasis post-elimination in pacific islands.lymphatic filariasis (lf) due to wuchereria bancrofti is being eliminated from oceania under the pacific elimination of lymphatic filariasis programme. lf was endemic in solomon islands but in the 2010-2020 strategic plan of the global programme to eliminate lf, solomon islands was listed as non-endemic for lf. in countries now declared free of lf an important question is what monitoring strategy should be used to detect any residual foci of lf?201323890320
microfilariasis of the breast mimicking malignancy.we report a 65-year-old female who presented with a 3.5×3 cm retro-areolar lump of the right breast with associated right axillary lymphadenopathy, mimicking breast cancer. mammography showed a well-defined mass in the central quadrant of the right breast. fine needle aspiration cytology from the breast lump demonstrated many microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti.201323878490
population genetics of the filarial worm wuchereria bancrofti in a post-treatment region of papua new guinea: insights into diversity and life history.wuchereria bancrofti (wb) is the primary causative agent of lymphatic filariasis (lf). our studies of lf in papua new guinea (png) have shown that it is possible to reduce the prevalence of wb in humans and mosquitoes through mass drug administration (mda; diethylcarbamazine with/without ivermectin). while mdas in the dreikikir region through 1998 significantly reduced prevalence of wb infection, parasites continue to be transmitted in the area.201323875043
mass drug administration for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis--port-au-prince, haiti, 2011-2012.lymphatic filariasis (lf), also known as elephantiasis, results from mosquito-borne infection with filarial worm parasites, predominantly wuchereria bancrofti, and can lead to severe disfigurement from lymphedema and hydrocele. the world health organization (who) has called for the elimination of lf using the strategy of annual mass drug administration (mda). who defines adequate mda coverage (the percentage of all residents of an endemic area who swallow the drugs) as ≥65%. by late 2011, all ar ...201323760187
rapid wuchereria bancrofti-specific antigen wb123-based igg4 immunoassays as tools for surveillance following mass drug administration programs on lymphatic filariasis.the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis has an urgent need for rapid assays to detect ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis (lf) following multiple rounds of mass drug administration (mda). current who guidelines support using the antigen card immunochromatographic test (ict), which detects active filarial infection but does not detect early exposure to lf. recent studies found that antibody-based assays better serve this function. in the present study, two tests, a rapid i ...201323740923
survey of bancroftian filariasis infection in humans and culex mosquitoes in the western brazilian amazon region: implications for transmission and control.the aim of this work was to identify possible lymphatic filariasis foci in the western brazilian amazonian that could be established from the reports of rachou in the 1950s. the study was conducted in three cities of the western brazilian amazon region - porto velho and guajará-mirim (state of rondônia) and humaitá (state of amazonas).201323740057
socio-environmental variables and transmission risk of lymphatic filariasis in central and northern mozambique.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is endemic in mozambique, where it is caused by wuchereria bancrofti with culex quinquefasciatus as the main vector. it affects approximately 10% of the population (2 million) with about 16 million at risk. prevalence rates in 40 out of 65 districts that together comprise the four endemic provinces niassa, cabo delgado, nampula and zambezia were analysed with the aim of elucidating the socio-environmental variables influencing the transmission. the levels of prevalence ...201323733300
role of persistent processus vaginalis in hydroceles found in a tropical population.lymphatic obstruction by wuchereria bancrofti is thought to be the mechanism for development of tropical hydrocele in men and for elephantiasis, mostly in women. hydrocele prevalence is used to determine the effectiveness of para site eradication programs.201323706855
population ecology of mosquitoes and the status of bancroftian filariasis in el dakahlia governorate, the nile delta, egypt.mosquitoes were surveyed (oct. 2010 & apr. - oct. 2011) in some localities representing 13 centers of el-dakahlia governorate. six mosquito species were collected: culex pipiens, cx. antennatus, cx. perexiguus, ochlerotatus detritus, anopheles pharoensis and an. tenebrosus. culex pipiens was predominating (ca 79% larvae, 51% adults). culex antennatus and cx. perexiguus were also common. of the four types of the breeding habitats, the drainage canals were the most productive (53.4% larvae). for t ...201323697019
monitoring and evaluation of lymphatic filariasis interventions: an improved pcr-based pool screening method for high throughput wuchereria bancrofti detection using dried blood spots.effective diagnostic tools are necessary to monitor and evaluate interruption of lymphatic filariasis (lf) transmission. accurate detection of wuchereria bancrofti (wb) microfilaria (mf) is essential to measure the impact of community treatment programmes. pcr-based assays are specific, highly sensitive tools allowing the detection of wuchereria bancrofti dna in human blood samples. however, current protocols describing the pool screening approach, use samples of less than 60 μl of blood, which ...201323597068
susceptibility status of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) populations to the chemical insecticide temephos in pernambuco, brazil.culex quinquefasciatus is the vector of many agents of human diseases, including wuchereria bancrofti, the parasite that causes bancroftian filariasis, an endemic disease in pernambuco state, brazil. although temephos is not currently used to control c. quinquefasciatus, the species might be under a selection process from incidental exposure to this compound. this study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility status of c. quinquefasciatus to temephos, using bioassays, and to investigate its putativ ...201323576326
lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in andaman and nicobar islands, india: drug coverage and compliance post eight rounds of mda.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is endemic in the andaman and nicobar islands, including the lone foci for a diurnally sub-periodic form of wuchereria bancrofti in the nancowry group of islands. a programme to eliminate lf was launched in 2004 by the directorate of health services, andaman and nicobar administration which involved a single annual mass drug administration (mda) using diethylcarbamazine (dec) with albendazole. so far, eight rounds of mda have been implemented through the public health c ...201323550201
effect of diethylcarbamazine (dec) on prostaglandin levels in wuchereria bancrofti infected microfilaraemics.diethylcarbamazine (dec) interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism for the clearance of microfilariae in wuchereria bancrofti infected individuals. in this study, we have quantified the plasma concentrations of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) and 6-keto-pgf1α, the end products of arachidonic acid metabolic pathway in microfilaraemics (dec treated and untreated), and normal healthy individuals at pre- and 3,9,12,36, and 72 h of post-dec treatment. we have also determined the microfilariae counts at pre ...201323525692
effects of midgut bacteria and two protease inhibitors on the transmission of wuchereria bancrofti by the mosquito vector, culex pipiens.laboratory investigations were carried out to study the effect of two protease inhibitors on the transmission of w. bancrofti filarial by culex pipiens and to study the susceptibility interaction between filaria and protease inhibitors. the results obtained revealed that, infection rates were variable among untreated and treated symbiotic and aposymbiotic cx. pipiens females resulted from third instar larvae treated with e-64 and edta. the survival rate was variable among untreated and treated s ...201324260833
effects of midgut bacteria and two protease inhibitors on the reproductive potential and midgut enzymes of culex pipiens infected with wuchereria bancrofti.laboratory investigations were carried out to asses the effect of some proteases inhibitors on the reproductive potential of culex pipiens females resulted from larvae treated with different protease inhibitors. the fecundity and engorgement of symbiotic and aposymbiotic c. pipiens females were significantly reduced. the blood meal digestion period increased significantly. on the other hand, enzyme band with molecular weight of 40 kda which may be cysteine protease was detected in untreated symb ...201324260832
microfilaria in breast aspiration--an uncommon finding.filariasis is a major public health problem in many tropics and subtropics of africa, western pacific and parts of the americas, affecting over 83 countries. it is also a public health problem in india. a large majority of the cases found in india are attributed to infection by wuchereria bancrofti which mainly affects the lymph nodes and the lymphatic channels. breast is an unusual site for filariasis. in the present case report the patient presented with a gradually increasing breast lump, cli ...201324260821
filarial abscess in the submandibular region.filariasis is a parasitic infectious disease caused by filarial nematode worms. these worms mainly dwell in subcutaneous tissues and lymphatics of the human host, with a predilection for lower limbs, retroperitoneal tissues, spermatic cord, and epididymis. oral or perioral involvement of the filarial nematode is rare. this case report describes a filarial abscess in the right submandibular region. fine needle aspiration cytology of the abscess revealed the presence of microfilaria of wuchereria ...201324250107
lymphatic filariasis in papua new guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011.lymphatic filariasis (lf) caused by wuchereria bancrofti is present at high prevalence in some parts of papua new guinea. however, there has been no rigorous data-based representative assessment of nationwide prevalence of lf. the lf programme has been daunted by the scope of the problem, and progress on mass drug administration (mda) has been slow and lacking in resources.201323311302
evaluation of gravid traps for the collection of culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis in tanzania.although several studies have suggested that gravid traps might be useful for collection of mosquitoes, particularly culex quinquefasciatus, to monitor transmission of the nematode wuchereria bancrofti (xenomonitoring), there has not been a study to see which of the currently available gravid traps is most effective in endemic areas. the present study evaluated the comparative efficacy for collection of cx quinquefasciatus of four commercially available gravid traps: the cdc, frommer updraft, re ...201323222942
a double-blind controlled field trial of doxycycline and albendazole in combination for the treatment of bancroftian filariasis in india.in a placebo controlled field trial, the effects of doxycycline (200mg/day) for 23 days followed by doxycycline (200mg/day) in combination with albendazole (abz) (400mg/day) for 7 days on depletion of wolbachia endobacteria from wuchereria bancrofti and microfilaricidal activity were studied in 68 patients (34 males and 34 females) from west bengal, india. the drugs in combination (i.e., doxycycline+abz) provided the best efficacy by totally eliminating the circulating microfilaria (mf) (in 42% ...201323123345
molecular modeling, dynamics, and an insight into the structural inhibition of cofactor independent phosphoglycerate mutase isoform 1 from wuchereria bancrofti using cheminformatics and mutational studies.phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the interconversion between 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. they exist in two unrelated forms, that is either cofactor (2,3-diphosphoglycerate) dependent or cofactor-independent. these two enzymes have no similarity in amino acid sequence, tertiary structure, and in catalytic mechanism. wuchereria bancrofti (wb) contains the cofactor-independent form, whereas other organisms can possess the dependent form o ...201322908983
use of a simple dna extraction method for high-throughput detection of filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti in the vector mosquitoes.molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis is the detection of filarial dna in mosquitoes by pcr and a useful tool for monitoring transmission. dna extraction coupled with pcr allows rapid detection of the presence or absence of the filarial parasite in vector mosquitoes compared to traditional method of manual dissection of the mosquito and observation for parasite under a microscope. a tris-edta (te) buffer-based boiling method of dna extraction developed earlier by us was employed and explored fo ...201222777703
impact of insecticide treated mosquito nets and low dose monthly diethylcarbamazine on lymphatic filariasis infection between 1999 and 2004 in two endemic communities of north-eastern tanzania.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is among the poverty related neglected tropical diseases earmarked for elimination using mass drug administration (mda) strategy. additional use of insecticide treated mosquito nets (itns) might enhance elimination of lf infection. between august 1998 and july 1999, all individuals aged 8 months from magoda and mpapayu villages in north-eastern tanzania, were administered with monthly low dose diethylcarbamazine (dec) at a dosage of 50mg in children aged < 15 years and ...201226591753
molecular mimicry between cockroach and helminth glutathione s-transferases promotes cross-reactivity and cross-sensitization.the extensive similarities between helminth proteins and allergens are thought to contribute to helminth-driven allergic sensitization.201222541242
parasitological, serological and clinical evidence for high prevalence of podoconiosis (non-filarial elephantiasis) in midakegn district, central ethiopia.to determine whether the elephantiasis in midakegn district, central ethiopia, is filarial or non-filarial (podoconiosis) using serological, parasitological and clinical examinations, and to estimate its prevalence.201222487446
incidental detection of filaria in fine-needle aspirates: a cytologic study of 14 clinically unsuspected cases at different sites.filariasis is a major health problem in tropical countries like india. detection of microfilariae or adult worm or egg in fnac is very unusual despite the high incidence of this parasite in endemic zone. the aim of this study was to document the value of fine-needle aspiration cytology (fnac) in diagnosis of filaria at all possible sites presenting as mass or swelling. fourteen patients (nine males and five females) in the age range of 14-61 years were subjected to fnac. fna from swellings was d ...201222431316
using the ad12-ict rapid-format test to detect wuchereria bancrofti circulating antigens in comparison to og4c3-elisa and nucleopore membrane filtration and microscopy techniques.lymphatic filariasis (lf) continues to be a major source of permanent disability and an impediment to socio-economic development in 73 countries where more than 1 billion people are at risk and over 120 millions are infected. the global drive to eliminate lf necessitates an increasing demand for valid, reliable and rapid diagnostic tests. this study aimed to assess the performance of the ad12 rapid format immunochromatographic test (ict) to detect wuchereria bancrofti circulating antigens, again ...201222392137
predictive value of the eosinophil counts in the biological diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in french polynesia.lymphatic filariasis is common in many tropical and subtropical areas and is a major public health issue in south pacific islands. in endemic areas, most infected individuals are asymptomatic but may harbor microfilariae or filarial antigens in their peripheral blood. microscopy remains the reference diagnostic tool for the identification of microfilariae but is weakly sensitive. the diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti infection was dramatically altered by the development of filarial antigen tests ...201223116705
lymphatic filariasis among the yakurr people of cross river state, nigeria.in order to initiate a disease elimination programme for lymphatic filariasis based on mass drug administration, a proper understanding of the geographical distribution and degree of risk is essential.201222992226
antibody to the filarial antigen wb123 reflects reduced transmission and decreased exposure in children born following single mass drug administration (mda).antibody (ab) to the wuchereria bancrofti (wb) infective larval (l3) antigen wb123, using a luciferase immunoprecipitation system (lips) assay, has been shown to be a species-specific, early marker of infection developed for potential use as a surveillance tool following transmission interruption post mass drug administration. to examine its usefulness in a single filarial-endemic island assessed at two time points with markedly different levels of transmission, ab to wb123 was measured in sera ...201223236533
filariasis attenuates anemia and proinflammatory responses associated with clinical malaria: a matched prospective study in children and young adults.wuchereria bancrofti (wb) and mansonella perstans (mp) are blood-borne filarial parasites that are endemic in many countries of africa, including mali. the geographic distribution of wb and mp overlaps considerably with that of malaria, and coinfection is common. although chronic filarial infection has been shown to alter immune responses to malaria parasites, its effect on clinical and immunologic responses in acute malaria is unknown.201223133692
identification of wb123 as an early and specific marker of wuchereria bancrofti infection.the current antibody tests used for monitoring in lymphatic filariasis (lf) elimination programs suffer from poor specificity because of the considerable geographical overlap with other filarial infections such as loa loa (ll), onchocerca volvulus (ov), and mansonella perstans (mp).201223236529
molecular and functional characterization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) homolog of human from lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti.the ability of nematode parasites to survive in a highly complex immune system involves diverse strategies including production of a variety of host immune modulators. various parasite-associated surface antigens or excretory and secretory products may possibly play a role in the host-parasite interactions and successful survival of parasite in their respective host. one among these molecules is a human cytokine homolog, macrophage migration inhibitory factor-1 (mif-1) in various parasites. we i ...201222875393
longitudinal monitoring of the development of antifilarial antibodies and acquisition of wuchereria bancrofti in a highly endemic area of haiti.antifilarial antibody testing has been established as a sensitive and specific method of diagnosing lymphatic filariasis. however, the development of serological responses to specific filarial antigens and their relationship to acquisition of infection is poorly understood. in order to evaluate whether the development of antigen specific antifilarial antibodies precedes microfilaremia and antigenemia, we compared the antibody responses of serum samples collected between 1990 and 1999 from a coho ...201223236534
lymphoscintigraphy in unilateral lower limb and scrotal lymphedema caused by filariasis.lymphedema is the edema that results from chronic lymphatic insufficiency. lymphatic filariasis is caused by the filarial nematodes wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori. lymphatic filariasis is common in tropical and subtropical regions. early diagnosis and prompt therapy can be implemented using lymphoscintigraphy. our patient is a 15-year-old boy presenting with a 3-month history of hydrocele. the patient was referred to us to rule out any lower limb lymphatic obstruction as ...201223222136
susceptibility of wolbachia, an endosymbiont of brugia malayi microfilariae, to doxycycline determined by quantitative pcr assay.lymphatic filariasis, caused by filarial nematodes, is a mosquito-borne disease that affects over 120 million people in the tropics and subtropics. the disease is caused mainly by wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. fertile adult female worms release offsprings (microfilariae) into the host blood circulatory system. transmission-blocking agents as well as antimicrobial agents have been used to reduce microfilarial density in human and animal reservoir hosts. doxycycline and rifampicin have a ...201223077805
recombinant trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase of brugia malayi cross-reacts with human wuchereria bancrofti immune sera and engenders a robust protective outcome in mice.trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase of brugia malayi (bm-tpp) represents an attractive vaccine candidate because it is present in all the major life stages of parasite, but is absent in mammals. we have previously cloned, purified and biochemically characterized bm-tpp. in the present study, we investigated the cross-reactivity of recombinant bm-tpp (r-bm-tpp) with the sera of human bancroftian patients belonging to different disease categories. in silico study using bioinformatics tool demonstrat ...201222981601
morphological variations in microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti in cytology smears: a morphometric study of 32 cases.microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti has been described in many cytological specimens, where typical blood film morphology has been used for evaluation. however, these studies have not documented the morphological variations in microfilaria in cytological smears. in the present study, cytological findings in 32 clinically unsuspected cases of filariasis were reviewed with emphasis on morphological details and image morphometric measurements.201222846330
characterization of cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase isoform-1 (wb-ipgm) gene: a drug and diagnostic target from human lymphatic filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti.the inter-conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate during glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in filarial nematodes, is catalyzed by a co-factor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase (ipgm). the gene encoding ipgm isoform-1 was amplified from wuchereria bancrofti, the major causative agent of human lymphatic filariasis. partial genomic dna (gdna) fragment of the gene was also amplified from periodic and sub-periodic forms of w. bancrofti and brugia malayi and sequenced. the wb-ipgm isofo ...201222386851
the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the filarial nematode wuchereria bancrofti from three geographic isolates provides evidence of complex demographic history.mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences have enabled comparison of population genetics and evolution for numerous free-living and parasitic nematodes. here we define the complete mt genome of wuchereria bancrofti through analysis of isolates from papua new guinea, india and west africa. sequences were assembled for each isolate and annotated with reference to the mt genome sequence for brugia malayi. the length of the w. bancrofti mt genome is approximately 13,637 nucleotides, contains 2 ribosomal r ...201222326389
comparing the mitochondrial genomes of wolbachia-dependent and independent filarial nematode species.many species of filarial nematodes depend on wolbachia endobacteria to carry out their life cycle. other species are naturally wolbachia-free. the biological mechanisms underpinning wolbachia-dependence and independence in filarial nematodes are not known. previous studies have indicated that wolbachia have an impact on mitochondrial gene expression, which may suggest a role in energy metabolism. if wolbachia can supplement host energy metabolism, reduced mitochondrial function in infected filar ...201222530989
altered circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases and inhibitors associated with elevated type 2 cytokines in lymphatic filarial disease.infection with wuchereria bancrofti can cause severe disease characterized by subcutaneous fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are a family of enzymes governing extracellular remodeling by regulating cellular homeostasis, inflammation, and tissue reorganization, while tissue-inhibitors of metalloproteinases (timps) are endogenous regulators of mmps. homeostatic as well as inflammation-induced balance between mmps and timps is considered critical in medi ...201222679524
urban lymphatic filariasis.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a disabling and disfiguring disease resulting from a mosquito-borne parasitic infection. it is a major public health problem in many countries with a warm climate. research and control activities have mainly focused on lf in rural areas where it also has its major impact. however, with rapid and unplanned growth of cities in the developing world, there is a need also to consider lf transmission and control in urban settings. here, we review currently available knowle ...201223239094
change in composition of the anopheles gambiae complex and its possible implications for the transmission of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in north-eastern tanzania.a dramatic decline in the incidence of malaria due to plasmodium falciparum infection in coastal east africa has recently been reported to be paralleled (or even preceded) by an equally dramatic decline in malaria vector density, despite absence of organized vector control. as part of investigations into possible causes for the change in vector population density, the present study analysed the anopheles gambiae s.l. sibling species composition in north-eastern tanzania.201222681999
inter and intra-specific diversity of parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis.lymphatic filariasis is caused by three closely related nematode parasites: wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori. these species have many ecological variants that differ in several aspects of their biology such as mosquito vector species, host range, periodicity, and morphology. although the genome of b. malayi (the first genome sequenced from a parasitic nematode) has been available for more than five years, very little is known about genetic variability among the lymphatic dwe ...201223201850
diversity and transmission competence in lymphatic filariasis vectors in west africa, and the implications for accelerated elimination of anopheles-transmitted filariasis.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is targeted for elimination by the global programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (gpelf). the strategy adopted is based on the density dependent phenomenon of facilitation, which hypothesizes that in an area where the vector species transmitting wuchereria bancrofti are anopheles mosquitoes, it is feasible to eliminate lf using mass drug administration (mda) because of the inability of anopheles species to transmit low-density microfilaraemia. even though ...201223151383
insecticide resistance in culex quinquefasciatus from zanzibar: implications for vector control programmes.zanzibar has a long history of lymphatic filariasis (lf) caused by the filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti, and transmitted by the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus say. the lf programme in zanzibar has successfully implemented mass drug administration (mda) to interrupt transmission, and is now in the elimination phase. monitoring infections in mosquitoes, and assessing the potential role of interventions such as vector control, is important in case the disease re-emerges as a public health pr ...201222520274
plasmodium knowlesi and wuchereria bancrofti: their vectors and challenges for the future.malaria and filariasis still continue to pose public health problems in developing countries of the tropics. although plans are in progress for the elimination of both these parasitic vector borne diseases, we are now faced with a daunting challenge as we have a fifth species, plasmodium knowlesi a simian malaria parasite affecting humans. similarly in peninsular malaysia, filariasis was mainly due to brugia malayi. however, we now see cases of wuchereria bancrofti in immigrant workers coming in ...201222557977
diagnosis of brugian filariasis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.in this study we developed and evaluated a brugia hha i repeat loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the rapid detection of brugia genomic dna. amplification was detected using turbidity or fluorescence as readouts. reactions generated a turbidity threshold value or a clear visual positive within 30 minutes using purified genomic dna equivalent to one microfilaria. similar results were obtained using dna isolated from blood samples containing b. malayi microfilariae. amplificat ...201223272258
mansonia africana and mansonia uniformis are vectors in the transmission of wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis in ghana.recent data from ghana indicates that after seven rounds of annual mass drug administration (mda) there is still sustained transmission albeit at low levels in certain areas where anopheles melas, an. gambiae s.s., mansonia and culex species are the main biting mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus are the known vectors in ghana and a recent report indicated that an. melas could transmit at low level microfilaraemia. however, because an. melas is not found everywhere there was the ...201222564488
cloning and characterization of high mobility group box protein 1 (hmgb1) of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi.a human homologue of high mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) protein was cloned and characterized from the human filarial parasites wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. sequence analysis showed that w. bancrofti hmgb1 (wbhmgb1) and b. malayi hmgb1 (bmhmgb1) proteins share 99 % sequence identity. filarial hmgb1 showed typical architectural sequence characteristics of hmgb family of proteins and consisted of only a single hmg box domain that had significant sequence similarity to the pro-inflammatory ...201222402610
elevated adaptive immune responses are associated with latent infections of wuchereria bancrofti.in order to guarantee the fulfillment of their complex lifecycle, adult filarial nematodes release millions of microfilariae (mf), which are taken up by mosquito vectors. the current strategy to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem focuses upon interrupting this transmission through annual mass drug administration (mda). it remains unclear however, how many rounds of mda are required to achieve low enough levels of mf to cease transmission. interestingly, with the developmen ...201222509424
reactive oxygen species production and brugia pahangi survivorship in aedes polynesiensis with artificial wolbachia infection types.heterologous transinfection with the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia has been shown previously to induce pathogen interference phenotypes in mosquito hosts. here we examine an artificially infected strain of aedes polynesiensis, the primary vector of wuchereria bancrofti, which is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis (lf) throughout much of the south pacific. embryonic microinjection was used to transfer the walbb infection from aedes albopictus into an aposymbiotic strain of ae. polyne ...201223236284
population genetic structure of aedes polynesiensis in the society islands of french polynesia: implications for control using a wolbachia-based autocidal strategy.aedes polynesiensis is the primary vector of wuchereria bancrofti in the south pacific and an important vector of dengue virus. an improved understanding of the mosquito population genetics is needed for insight into the population dynamics and dispersal, which can aid in understanding the epidemiology of disease transmission and control of the vector. in light of the potential release of a wolbachia infected strain for vector control, our objectives were to investigate the microgeographical and ...201222531297
introduction to the symposium global perspective on the culex pipiens complex in the 21st century: the interrelationship of culex pipiens, quinquefasciatus, molestus and others.mosquitoes in the culex pipiens complex, including culex pipiens, cx. quinquefasciatus, and cx. molestus, are important pest species and vectors of human and animal diseases throughout the world's tropical, temperate, and holarctic regions. diseases transmitted by member of the pipiens complex include: st. louis encephalitis and west nile virus in north america, west nile virus on several other continents, rift valley fever in africa, lymphatic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti in the tr ...201223401940
filamentation temperature-sensitive protein z (ftsz) of wolbachia, endosymbiont of wuchereria bancrofti: a potential target for anti-filarial chemotherapy.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a leading cause of morbidity in the tropical world. it is caused by the filarial parasites wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori and transmitted by vector mosquitoes. currently a programme for the elimination of lf, global programme for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (gpelf), is underway with the strategy of mass administration of single dose of diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin, in combination with an anthelmintic drug, albendazole. however, anti ...201223262214
lymphatic filariasis mapping by immunochromatographic test cards and baseline microfilaria survey prior to mass drug administration in sierra leone.abstract: background: national mapping of lymphatic filariasis (lf) was conducted using immunochromatographic tests (ict) in 2005 to determine endemicity and geographic spread of the disease. a baseline microfilaria survey was then conducted to determine lf prevalence and microfilaria intensity. methods: in 2005 1,982 persons of 15 years and over from 14 health districts were selected and fingertip blood samples were tested with ict cards. in 2007-8 blood samples were taken between 10 p.m. a ...201222236419
multiple filarial species microfilaraemia: a comparative study of areas with endemic and sporadic onchocerciasis.the study was aimed at determining the pattern of co-occurrence of species of microfilaraemia between onchocerciasis endemic and sporadic populations.201122297280
cloning and sequence analysis of partial genomic dna coding for htra-type serine protease of wolbachia from human lymphatic filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti.periplasmic serine proteases of htra type of wolbachia have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of filarial disease.201123508470
efficacy of home-based lymphoedema management in reducing acute attacks in subjects with lymphatic filariasis in burkina faso.one of the two main goals of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (lf) is to provide care for those suffering from the devastating clinical manifestations of this filarial infection. among the 120 million infected people worldwide, up to 16 million have lymphoedema. the who strategy for managing lymphoedema is based on rigorous skin hygiene, exercise, antibiotics and antifungals when indicated. the aim is to reduce acute attacks of adenolymphangitis and cellulitis responsible f ...201121470557
a rare case of reversible acquired aa-type renal amyloidosis in a chronic filariasis patient receiving antifilarial therapy.lymphatic filariasis is a major health problem in india with a large number of patients tending to be asymptomatic. in the southeast and south asian regions, wuchereria bancrofti is the most prevalent parasite, causing filariasis in 99.4% of cases. while kidney involvement is a rare event in chronic filariasis, this case is unique because aa-type renal amyloidosis occurs in chronic w. bancrofti infection. we present here a unique case of lymphatic filariasis. the patient, a 25-year-old male who ...201121519822
filariasis in an infant with b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a rare enigma.filariasis, a tropical parasitic infection, is a common public health problem in the indian sub-continent. occurrence of filariasis with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) is unusual, particularly in infants, since filariasis has a long incubation period of about 1 year. though, there are case reports of leishmaniasis, malaria and other vector borne diseases seen in association with leukemias, filariasis co-existing with all has not been documented to the best of our knowledge. we report an inci ...201123543795
biochemical studies on glutathione s-transferase from the bovine filarial worm setaria digitata.setaria digitata is a filarial worm of the cattle used as a model system for antifilarial drug screening, due to its similarity to the human filarial parasites wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. since filarial glutathione s-transferase (gst) is a good biochemical target for antifilarial drug development, a study has been undertaken for the biochemical characterization of gst from s. digitata. cytosolic fraction was separated from the crude s.digitata worm homogenate by ultracentrifugation a ...201121207063
bancroftian elephantiasis in nilphamari, bangladesh.the parasitic nematodes wuchereria bancrofti, causes a dreadful disease in humans known as lymphatic filariasis, which afflicts more than 250 million people in tropical countries. twelve districts with about 20 million people are endemic out of 64 districts in bangladesh affecting more on northern districts. this study was done in the nilphamari, kisorgonj and sayedpur thana under nilphamari district, which is the most endemic for filariasis. in the present study, nineteen unions were investigat ...201121240161
characterization of the dmae-modified juvenile excretory-secretory protein juv-p120 of litomosoides sigmodontis.juv-p120 is an excretory-secretory 160 kda glycoprotein of juvenile female litomosoides sigmodontis and exhibits features typical for mucins. 50% of its molecular mass is attributed to posttranslational modifications with the unusual substituent dimethylaminoethanol (dmae). by that juv-p120 corresponds to the surface proteins of the microfilarial sheath, shp3 and shp3a. the secreted protein consists of 697 amino acids, organized in two different domains of repeat elements separated by a stretch ...201121241743
diurnally subperiodic filariasis in india-prospects of elimination: precept to action?the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the andaman and nicobar islands provides unique opportunities and challenges at the same time. since these islands are remote, are sparsely populated, and have poor transport networks, mass drug administration programs are likely to be difficult to implement. diurnally subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti vectored by downsiomyia nivea was considered for the scope of vector control options. considering the bioecology of this mosquito, vector control includin ...201121286754
description of the parasite wucheria bancrofti microfilariae identified in follicular fluid following transvaginal oocyte retrieval.this case study presents an unusual finding of filarial infection within follicular fluid obtained during an in vitro fertilization (ivf) oocyte retrieval procedure.201121287402
filarial worms reduce plasmodium infectivity in mosquitoes.co-occurrence of malaria and filarial worm parasites has been reported, but little is known about the interaction between filarial worm and malaria parasites with the same anopheles vector. herein, we present data evaluating the interaction between wuchereria bancrofti and anopheles punctulatus in papua new guinea (png). our field studies in png demonstrated that an. punctulatus utilizes the melanization immune response as a natural mechanism of filarial worm resistance against invading w. bancr ...201121347449
tirandamycins from streptomyces sp. 17944 inhibiting the parasite brugia malayi asparagine trna synthetase.lymphatic filariasis is caused by the parasitic nematodes brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti, and asparaginyl-trna synthetase (asnrs) is considered an excellent antifilarial target. the discovery of three new tirandamycins (tams), tam e (1), f (2), and g (3), along with tam a (4) and b (5), from streptomyces sp. 17944 was reported. remarkably, 5 selectively inhibits the b. malayi asnrs and efficiently kills the adult b. malayi parasite, representing a new lead scaffold to discover and develo ...201121405052
influence of anti-filarial chemotherapy strategies on the genetic structure of wuchereria bancrofti populations.lymphatic filarial (lf) parasites have been under anti-filarial drug pressure for more than half a century. currently, annual mass drug administration (mda) of diethylcarbamazine (dec) or ivermectin in combination with albendazole (alb) have been used globally to eliminate lf. long-term chemotherapies exert significant pressure on the genetic structure of parasitic populations. we investigated the genetic variation among 210 wuchereria bancrofti populations that were under three different chemot ...201121537687
effect of annual mass administration of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in five villages in south india.annual mass drug administration (mda) is the recommended strategy for lymphatic filariasis (lf) elimination. we assessed the effect of six rounds of mass administration of diethylcarbamazine (dec) and albendazole (alb) on microfilaria (mf) prevalence and intensity and vector infection and infectivity rates and circulating filarial antigenaemia (cfa) in a group of five villages in south india, endemic for culex-transmitted bancroftian filariasis. during different rounds of mda, 60-70% of the elig ...201121601901
stage-specific proteomic expression patterns of the human filarial parasite brugia malayi and its endosymbiont wolbachia.global proteomic analyses of pathogens have thus far been limited to unicellular organisms (e.g., protozoa and bacteria). proteomic analyses of most eukaryotic pathogens (e.g., helminths) have been restricted to specific organs, specific stages, or secretomes. we report here a large-scale proteomic characterization of almost all the major mammalian stages of brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, resulting in the identification of more than 62% of the products predicted from t ...201121606368
a laboratory-based surveillance system for wuchereria bancrofti in togo: a practical model for resource-poor settings.abstract. one goal of the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (gaelf) is interruption of disease transmission through annual mass drug administration (mda) in areas where lf prevalence is greater than 1%. after mdas are completed, the world health organization (who) recommends a period of passive surveillance before final certification of lf elimination is achieved. guidelines for such a surveillance system have yet to be developed. this paper describes a surveillance system launche ...201121633038
geographical distribution and relative abundance of culicine mosquitoes in relation to transmission of lymphatic filariasis in el menoufia governorate, egypt.culicine mosquito were surveyed in el menoufia governorate (october to november 2008 and april to may 2009) in villages representing eight districts. six species were reported: culex (culex) pipiens linnaeus, cx. (cx) perexiguus theobald, cx. (cx.) antennatus (becker), aedes (ochlerotatus) caspius (pallas), aedes (ochlerotatus) detritus (haliday) and culiseta (allotheobaldia) longiareolata (macquart). cx. pipiens, the main filariasis vector was the commonest or predominating species (ca. 47% adu ...201121634247
clinical, parasitological and social studies on wuchereria bancrofti in egypt.this study was conducted on patients attending al-hussein university hospital and mansura university hospitals. sheets were filled out on each patient (age, residence, occupation, family similar condition, travelling, disease duration, symptoms suggesting acute dermatolymphangitis attacks, frequency and duration. they were 25 lymphoedema patients and 8 controls (17 males & 16 females) and subjected to clinical and parasitological examinations. according to residence, five patients were from giza ...201121634252
acquired alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.background & objectives : observation of an increased frequency of an intermediate deficiency of serum alpha1-antitrypsin (a1-at) in patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (tpe) was earlier reported. though the possibility of existence of an acquired deficiency was suggested, without phenotyping a hereditary a1-at deficiency in tpe could not totally be ruled out. in this study, we have done pi (protease inhibitor) phenotyping to investigate the possibility of association of any heterozygo ...201121808138
expression and characterization of cu/zn superoxide dismutase from wuchereria bancrofti.the cu/zn superoxide dismutase gene from wuchereria bancrofti (cu/zn wbsod) was isolated by pcr using degeneracy primers. the complete cu/zn wbsod consisted of 1,032 nucleotides containing 4 exons (477 nucleotides) and 3 introns. the molecular phylogenetic analysis of the cu/zn wbsod gene in comparison with those from other organisms revealed that the gene was classified in the same clade to those of filarial brugia malayi and brugia pahangi (bootstrap value at 90). the nucleotide and deduced am ...201121796387
progress toward elimination of lymphatic filariasis --- togo, 2000--2009.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a disabling, mosquito-borne disease of humans caused by the parasitic filarial nematodes wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, and brugia timori. in 2000, the global program to eliminate lf (gpelf) was established with the objective of eliminating lf as a public health problem by 2020. at that time, 80 countries had ongoing transmission, with an estimated 1.34 billion persons at risk for infection and 120 million infected. this report describes the lf elimination prog ...201121796097
ultrasonographic visualisation of live wuchereria bancrofti adult worms in situ. 201121789875
recombinant wolbachia surface protein (wsp)-induced t cell responses in wuchereria bancrofti infections.human lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating parasitic disease characterized by downregulation of the host's immune response in asymptomatic carriers along with profound hyperreactivity in chronic patients apart from putatively immune endemic normals. the endosymbiont wolbachia, a bacterium of filarial nematodes has received much attention as possible chemotherapeutic target and its involvement in disease pathogenesis. the role of recombinant wolbachia surface protein (rwsp), one of the most abu ...201121786068
filarial dance-sonographic sign of filarial infection.a 17-year-old boy presented with a 3-month history of swelling and vague pain in the scrotum. us revealed multiple anechoic cyst-like lesions in the body of left epididymis. these cysts showed tubular echogenic internal structures with peculiar twirling motion. this was recognised as the sonographic filarial dance-sign of live adult filarial worms. the boy subsequently underwent needle aspiration of the lesion, which microscopically demonstrated microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti. our report i ...201121773794
multiple insecticide resistance/susceptibility status of culex quinquefasciatus, principal vector of bancroftian filariasis from filaria endemic areas of northern india.to understand the insecticide resistance status of culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) (cx. quinquefasciatus) to deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, permethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, ddt and malathion in filarial endemic areas of uttar pradesh, india.201121771692
reduction in acute filariasis morbidity during a mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in papua new guinea.acute painful swelling of the extremities and scrotum are debilitating clinical manifestations of wuchereria bancrofti infection. the ongoing global program to eliminate filariasis using mass drug administration is expected to decrease this and other forms of filarial morbidity in the future by preventing establishment of new infections as a consequence of eliminating transmission by the mosquito vector. we examined whether mass treatment with anti-filarial drugs has a more immediate health bene ...201121765964
the impact of mass drug administration and long-lasting insecticidal net distribution on wuchereria bancrofti infection in humans and mosquitoes: an observational study in northern uganda.abstract: background: lymphatic filariasis (lf) in uganda is caused by wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. the mainstay of elimination has been annual mass drug administration (mda) with ivermectin and albendazole, targeted to endemic districts, but has been sporadic and incomplete in coverage. vector control could potentially contribute to reducing w. bancrofti transmission, speeding up progress towards elimination. to establish whether the use of long-lasting insecti ...201121756371
mapping of wuchereria bancrofti infection in children and adolescents in an endemic area of brazil.a parasitological survey was conducted among children and adolescents in the municipality of jaboat+úo dos guararapes, brazil to describe the occurrence and spatial distribution of lymphatic filariasis. microfilaraemia was investigated through the thick smear technique, using 50++l of capillary blood that was collected at night. the spatial analysis used a digital base map of the municipality, divided into districts, which were classified as hypoendemic, mesoendemic or hyperendemic. 8670 childre ...201121726520
plasmodium falciparum and helminth coinfections among schoolchildren in relation to agro-ecosystems in mvomero district, tanzania.in sub-saharan africa, some individuals infected with malaria are also infected with helminths. however, the magnitude and distribution of such coinfections in relation to eco-systems remains poorly defined. this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of plasmodium falciparum and helminth coinfections among schoolchildren in relation to agro-ecosystems in mvomero district, tanzania.201121741929
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