Publications

identification of novel loci associated with gastrointestinal parasite resistance in a red maasai x dorper backcross population.	gastrointestinal (gi) parasitic infection is the main health constraint for small ruminant production, causing loss of weight and/or death. red maasai sheep have adapted to a tropical environment where extreme parasite exposure is a constant, especially with highly pathogenic haemonchus contortus. this breed has been reported to be resistant to gastrointestinal parasite infection, hence it is considered an invaluable resource to study associations between host genetics and resistance. the aim of ...	2015	25867089
the haemonchus contortus kinome--a resource for fundamental molecular investigations and drug discovery.	protein kinases regulate a plethora of essential signalling and other biological pathways in all eukaryotic organisms, but very little is known about them in most parasitic nematodes.	2015	26644012
inhibition of haemonchus contortus larval development by fungal lectins.	lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are involved in fundamental intra- and extracellular biological processes. they occur ubiquitously in nature and are especially abundant in plants and fungi. it has been well established that certain higher fungi produce lectins in their fruiting bodies and/or sclerotia as a part of their natural resistance against free-living fungivorous nematodes and other pests. despite relatively high diversity of the glycan structures in nature, many of the gly ...	2015	26283415
activity of ivermectin long-acting injectable (ivomec(®) gold) in first-season grazing cattle exposed to natural challenge conditions in germany.	the persistent activity of ivermectin long-acting injection (ivm lai; ivomec® gold, merial; 3.15% ivermectin w/v) against nematode infections of cattle was evaluated under natural challenge conditions. seventy nematode-free brown swiss calves were blocked by pre-treatment bodyweight and allocated randomly to seven groups of 10 animals each: saline (control) at 1 ml/50 kg bodyweight once on day 0 or ivm lai at 1 ml/50 kg bodyweight (630 mcg ivm/kg) on either days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35. after ho ...	2015	25280515
efficacy of clonostachys rosea and duddingtonia flagrans in reducing the haemonchus contortus infective larvae.	the biocontrol is proven effective in reducing in vitro and in situ free-living stages of major gastrointestinal helminths, allowing progress in reducing losses by parasitism, maximizing production, and productivity. this study aimed at evaluating the predatory activity of fungal isolates of duddingtonia flagrans and clonostachys rosea species and its association on infective larvae (l3) of h. contortus in microplots formed by grasses and maintained in a protected environment. all groups were ad ...	2015	26504809
fungal antagonism assessment of predatory species and producers metabolites and their effectiveness on haemonchus contortus infective larvae.	the objective of this study was to assess antagonism of nematophagous fungi and species producers metabolites and their effectiveness on haemonchus contortus infective larvae (l3). assay a assesses the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effect on the production of spores of fungal isolates of the species duddingtonia flagrans, clonostachys rosea, trichoderma esau, and arthrobotrys musiformis; assay b evaluates in vitro the effect of intercropping of these isolates grown in 2% water-agar (2% ...	2015	26504791
development of a multiplex fluorescence immunological assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against cooperia oncophora, dictyocaulus viviparus and fasciola hepatica in cattle.	a major constraint for the effective control and management of helminth parasites is the lack of rapid, high-throughput, routine diagnostic tests to assess the health status of individual animals and herds and to identify the parasite species responsible for these helminthoses. the capability of a multiplex platform for the simultaneous detection of three pasture associated parasite species was evaluated and compared to existing elisas.	2015	26084663
cross antigenicity of immunodominant polypeptides of somatic antigen of oesophagostomum columbianum with other helminths by western blotting.	oesophagostomum columbianum in small ruminants in india is found as mixed infection commonly in sheep and goat. haemonchus contortus, an abomasal nematode is found as concurrent infection with it. eggs of haemonchus and o. columbianum cannot be easily distinguished. diagnosis of o. columbianum may only be possible if a non-cross antigenic polypeptide was available for immunodiagnosis.	2015	27047030
mapping and modelling helminth infections in ruminants in europe: experience from gloworm.	mapping and modelling helminth infections in cattle and sheep in europe through advanced geospatial research was one of the main task of gloworm, a three year project (2012-2014) funded under the european commission's (ec) seventh framework programme (fp7). liver flukes as fasciola hepatica and gastrointestinal nematodes, such as haemonchus contortus were chosen for the project since these parasites constitute a major cause of lost productivity in small and large ruminants. the output of the glo ...	2015	25826306
evaluation of the role of galectins in parasite immunity.	galectin-11 and galectin-14 are ruminant galectins involved in parasitic infections. although their roles in parasite immunity are still being elucidated, its appears that their functions are parasite specific. in gastrointestinal infections with the nematode haemonchus contortus, both galectin-11 and galectin-14 appear to be protective. however, in a chronic infection of liver fluke, fasciola hepatica, these galectins may aid parasite survival. this chapter discusses the methods designed to stu ...	2015	25253154
pathomorphological and microbiological studies in sheep with special emphasis on gastrointestinal tract disorders.	the present study was envisaged to elucidate the pathomorphological and microbiological aspects of gastrointestinal tract (git) disorders of sheep/lambs.	2015	27047191
vaccination of lambs with the recombinant protein rhc23 elicits significant protection against haemonchus contortus challenge.	gene encoding a somatic protein of haemonchus contortus (hc23) known to confer significant protection against experimental haemonchosis has been cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic system. a cdna library of h. contortus using the vector λ zap ii was obtained. full-length gene was amplified, cloned and expressed in escherichia coli bl21. the recombinant protein was purified in ni-nta column. recombinant protein (rhc23) had 203 aminoacids and a molecular mass of 24.15 kda. recombinant protein (1 ...	2015	25997645
molecular and biochemical characterisation of abomasal nematode parasites teladorsagia circumcincta and haemonchus contortus phosphofructokinases and their recognition by the immune host.	full length cdnas encoding phosphofructokinase (pfk) were cloned from teladorsagia circumcincta (tcpfk) and haemonchus contortus (hcpfk). tcpfk (2361 bp) and hcpfk (2367 bp) cdna encoded 787 and 789 amino acid proteins respectively. the predicted amino acid sequences showed 98% similarity with each other and 70% with a caenorhabditis elegans pfk. substrate binding sites were completely conserved in both proteins. soluble n-terminal his-tagged pfk proteins were expressed in escherichia coli strai ...	2015	25662436
effect of tanniferous leaf meal based multi-nutrient blocks on feed intake, hematological profile, immune response, and body weight changes in haemonchus contortus infected goats.	the aim was to assess the effect of multi nutrient block (mnb) supplementation with and without tanniferous leaf meal mixture on feed intake, hematological profile, immune response, and body weight changes of goats that were experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus.	2015	27047137
in vitro and in vivo nematocidal activity of allium sativum and tagetes erecta extracts against haemonchus contortus.	in the mexican ethno-medicine, a number of plants have shown a successful anthelmintic activity. this fact could be crucial to identify possible green anti-parasitic strategies against nematodes affecting animal production. this research evaluated the in vitro and in vivo nematocidal effects of two single and combined plant extracts: bulbs of allium sativum (n-hexane) and flowers of tagetes erecta (acetone). the in vivo assay evaluated the administration of extracts either individually or combin ...	2015	26809911
immunomodulatory effects of adult haemonchus contortus excretory/secretory products on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.	the levels of expression of surface molecules and release of cytokines and chemokines of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were determined after their exposure to adult h. contortus excretory/secretory (es) products or a combination of es products and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps). worm products provoked a weak response and only partial maturation of the dendritic cells, consistent with the hyporesponsiveness and more tolerogenic immune environment present in parasitized animals and hu ...	2015	26457886
galectins and collectinis expression are increased in haemonchus contortus-infected corriedale sheep.	galectins and collectins are proteins classified in the lectin family that have the ability to recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens. studies on cattle have demonstrated high expression of these proteins during infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. the aim of this study was to investigate whether the level of haemonchus contortus infection would alter the expression of galectins (gal11 and gal14) and collectins (spa and cgn) in sheep. twelve corriedale sheep exposed to natu ...	2015	26444062
anthelmintic activity of cymbopogon citratus against haemonchus contortus.	parasitic nematodes are of major economic importance in livestock. an alternative for the control of parasites is phytotherapy. this study evaluated the efficacy of cymbopogon citratus decoction (ccd), c. citratus essential oil (cceo) and citral against haemonchus contortus using in vitro egg hatch test (eht) and larval development test (ldt) and an in vivo test using a meriones unguiculatus (gerbil) model. the effect of 800 mg/kg cceo was evaluated in gerbils that had been artificially infected ...	2015	26444058
oxidative stress by haemonchus contortus in lambs: influence of treatment with zinc edetate.	the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of zinc edetate on the oxidative stress of lambs infected by haemonchus contortus. twenty-four lambs were allocated into four groups: group i--uninfected animals; group ii--uninfected animals treated subcutaneously with zinc edetate; group iii--animals infected by h. contortus and group iv--animals infected and treated. the oxidative stress index (osi) and the eggs per gram of feces (epg) were assessed after 10, 17, 24, 31 and 38 days post-i ...	2015	26412513
proteolytic activity of extracellular products from arthrobotrys musiformis and their effect in vitro against haemonchus contortus infective larvae.	arthrobotrys musiformis is a nematophagous fungus with potential for the biological control of haemonchus contortus larvae. this study aimed to identify and demonstrate the proteolytic activity of extracellular products from a musiformis cultured in a liquid medium against h contortus infective larvae. a musiformis was cultured on a solid medium and further grown in a liquid medium, which was then processed through ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. the proteolytic activity ...	2015	26392902
the effects of diet and corticosteroid-induced immune suppression during infection by haemonchus contortus in lambs.	to evaluate the effects of diet and corticosteroid-induced immune suppression during infection by haemonchus contortus, 28 lambs were allocated to one of four groups treated as follows: group basal diet - normal; group basal diet - immune-suppressed; group supplemented diet - normal; and group supplemented diet - immune-suppressed. the basal diet contained cynodon dactylon (cv. coast cross) hay with 82 g crude protein (cp)/kg dry matter (dm), which was provided to the lambs in all groups ad libi ...	2015	26391820
dried, ground banana plant leaves (musa spp.) for the control of haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus colubriformis infections in sheep.	to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of musa spp. leaves, 12 animals were artificially infected with haemonchus contortus, and another 12 animals were infected with trichostrongylus colubriformis. then, both treatment groups were offered 400 g of dried ground banana plant leaves, and the control animals were offered only 1000 g of coast cross hay. during the trials, the animals received weekly physical examinations. the methods used to evaluate the efficiency of this treatment were packed cell vo ...	2015	26350377
the n-terminal segment of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of haemonchus contortus interacts with complements c1q and c3.	haemonchus contortus, an economically important blood-sucking parasite of sheep and goats, survives the harsh host gut environment by secreting a number of proteins referred as excretory/secretory (es) products. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), a glycolytic enzyme, is one of the components of h. contortus es products. the parasite enzyme binds to complement c3 and inhibits its activity. in this study, the c3-binding activity of the parasite gapdh was mapped to the n-terminal par ...	2015	26332726
reliable reference gene selection for quantitative real time pcr in haemonchus contortus.	the aim of this work was to identify reliable reference genes for expression studies in adult haemonchus contortus. eleven candidate genes were identified and the stability of their expression was assessed in adult males and females of two genetically divergent h. contortus isolates: drug-susceptible (ise) and multi-drug-resistant (wr). five genes with the most stable expression patterns were further assessed for suitability as reference genes in anthelmintic-treated h. contortus adults versus n ...	2015	26255779
macrocyclic lactones and their relationship to the snps related to benzimidazole resistance.	haemonchus contortus is an abomasal nematode of ruminants that is widely present across the world. its ability to cause death of infected animals and rapidly develop anthelmintic resistance makes it a dangerous pathogen. ivermectin (ivm) and moxidectin (mox) are macrocyclic lactones (mls). they have been successfully used to treat parasitic nematodes over the last three decades. a genetic association between ivm selection and single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) on the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene ...	2015	26253426
influence of immunoprotection on genetic variability of cysteine proteinases from haemonchus contortus adult worms.	the limitations associated with the use of anthelmintic drugs in the control of gastrotintestinal nematodosis, such as the emergence of anthelmintic resistance, have stimulated the study of the immunological control of many parasites. in the case of haemonchus contortus, several vaccination trials using native and recombinant antigens have been conducted. a group of antigens with demonstrated immunoprotective value are cathepsin b - like proteolytic enzymes of the cysteine proteinase type. these ...	2015	26241655
the barber's pole worm cap protein superfamily--a basis for fundamental discovery and biotechnology advances.	parasitic worm proteins that belong to the cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related 1 (cap) superfamily are proposed to play key roles in the infection process and the modulation of immune responses in host animals. however, there is limited information on these proteins for most socio-economically important worms. here, we review the cap protein superfamily of haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm), a highly significant parasitic roundworm (order strongylida) of s ...	2015	26239368
in vitro effects of eucalyptus staigeriana nanoemulsion on haemonchus contortus and toxicity in rodents.	strategies for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes have been developed based on the use of numerous alternative methods, including the use of phytotherapy. new formulations of essential oils with anthelmintic activity have been proposed as a means to optimize their biological effects. thus, the objective of this study was to formulate a nanoemulsion to optimize the nematicide effect of eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil (eseo). initially, physico-chemical analyses were performed to verify t ...	2015	26233731
effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cells on haemonchus contortus larval motility in vitro.	the objective of this experiment was to determine effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), derived from parasite-resistant st. croix (stc) and parasite-susceptible suffolk (sf) sheep, on motility of haemonchus contortus l3 stage larvae in vitro. peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 10 lambs of each breed, 5 naïve and 5 which had received a priming infection with h. contortus. larval motility was quantified using a mif nikon sweptfield microscope and nis elements ar ...	2015	26223339
galectin-11: a novel host mediator targeting specific stages of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite, haemonchus contortus.	galectin-11 is released from epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, specifically following infection with gastrointestinal parasites including the highly pathogenic nematode, haemonchus contortus. the function(s) of galectin-11 are currently unknown but seem to be associated with the development of immunity by the host. the aim of the present study was to examine the interaction of galectin-11 with the different parasitic life cycle stages of h. contortus and determine any effects on pa ...	2015	26215057
synergistic inhibition of haemonchus contortus exsheathment by flavonoid monomers and condensed tannins.	this study investigated the separate and combined anthelmintic (ah) effects of different phenolic compounds, including condensed tannins and flavonoids, all of which are known to occur in willow leaves, a potentially valuable dry season feed. a range of contrasting model tannins, which span the whole range of willow tannins, were isolated from tilia flowers, goat willow leaves, black currant leaves and red currant leaves. all together, the tested compounds represented the major tannin types (pro ...	2015	26199861
anthelmintic activity of artemisia vestita wall ex dc. and artemisia maritima l. against haemonchus contortus from sheep.	current study was designed to evaluate in vivo and in vitro anthelmintic activity of artemisia vestita wall ex dc. and artemisia maritima l. against haemonchus contortus in comparison with ivermectin to investigate the effect of plant extracts on survival of infective l3 and adults under in vitro condition. plant extracts were given to h. contortus infected sheep orally and it was infected with l3 stage of h. contortus at dose of 5000 larvae/sheep. total of 25-30 larvae were incubated with plant ...	2015	26194429
[a comparative analysis of various antigenic proteins found in haemonchus contortus--a review].	many innovative researches on the development and introduction of recombinant vaccines against many economically important parasites were carried out in the 20th century. research continues to hold promise with the development of immunological and molecular approaches for control of these parasites and in this regard it has already been seen that blood-sucking parasites such as haemonchus contortus and ostertagia ostertagi are susceptible to control by vaccines containing "novel" or "concealed" ...	2015	26710767
comparative response of the west african dwarf goats to experimental infections with red sokoto and west african dwarf goat isolates of haemonchus contortus.	response of the west african dwarf (wad) goats to two different isolates of haemonchus contortus, the red sokoto (rs) goat isolate (rshc) and the wad goat isolate (wadhc) (isolated from wad goats), was studied by experimental infections of 4-6-month-old male wad goat kids. group 1 and group 2 goats were each infected with 4500 infective larvae (l3) of rshc and wadhc, respectively. group 3 animals served as uninfected control. prepatent period (ppp), faecal egg counts (fec), worm burden (wb), bod ...	2015	26697224
anthelmintic activity of leucaena leucocephala protein extracts on haemonchus contortus.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein extracts obtained from the plant leucaena leucocephala on the nematode parasite haemonchus contortus. the seeds, shell and cotyledon of l. leucocephala were separated and their proteins extracted using a sodium phosphate buffer, and named as te (total seed extract), se (shell extract) and ce (cotyledon extract). soluble protein content, protease, protease inhibitory and chitinase activity assays were performed. exsheathment inhib ...	2015	26689178
protein profiling of haemonchus contortus found in sheep of kashmir valley.	economic losses due to helminth parasites in sheep throughout the world are considerable. haemonchus contortus is a blood sucking intestinal helminth that lives in the abomasum of small ruminants worldwide. this parasite can be devastating to producers as it causes decreased production levels due to clinical signs such as anaemia, edema and death. for isolation of the proteins of the parasite, a well defined methodology was adopted. the abomasae of sheep in which this parasite resides were colle ...	2015	26688626
in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of native plants against haemonchus contortus.	the current study aimed to investigate in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of two medicinally important plants against haemonchus contortus in small ruminants. fruit peel of punica granatum linn. (vern. anar), leaves and roots of berberis lycium royle (vern. sumbal) were tested for their anthelmintic efficacy. methanolic extracts of the test plants from various plant parts were tested for anthelmintic efficacy against the haemonchus contortous using albendazole as a reference standard. the results re ...	2015	26665413
characterization of haemonchus contortus p-glycoprotein-16 and its interaction with the macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics.	anthelmintic resistance in veterinary nematodes, including haemonchus contortus, has become a limitation to maintaining high standards of animal health. resistance in this parasite, to all drug families including the macrocyclic lactones (mls) is a serious issue worldwide. mechanisms of resistance to the mls appear to be complex and to include the elimination of these compounds by abc transporter-like proteins present in nematodes. in order to investigate the potential involvement of abc transpo ...	2015	26657092
early detection of haemonchus contortus infection in sheep using three different faecal occult blood tests.	haemonchus contortus is a blood-sucking parasite causing the presence of faecal occult blood (fob). the objective was to study three different fob tests in order to have a new indicator of h. contortus infection in sheep that could be included in the genetic evaluation system as an alternative selection criterion to faecal worm egg count (fec). a total of 29 corriedale lambs were experimentally infected with 10.000 larvae of h. contortus. stool samples were recorded for fec and fob tests (hexago ...	2015	26623372
screening and analysis of hc-ubq and hc-gst related to desiccation survival of infective haemonchus contortus larvae.	infective haemonchus contortus larvae (l3s) are able to protect themselves from desiccation. to explore the molecular mechanisms of desiccation survival, mrna differential display rt-pcr was used to screen differentially expressed genes in l3s upon desiccation, followed by rnai experiments to define gene functions. in this, 58 differentially expressed transcripts were obtained. among these, the bf-u01a and ch-u02a fragments represent genes with the highest identity percentage in bioinformatic an ...	2015	25913452
comparative immunoprophylactic efficacy of haemonchus contortus recombinant enolase (rhceno) and con a purified native glycoproteins in sheep.	haemonchus contortus is the most economically important blood feeding nematode parasite of sheep and goats all over the world. enolase in helminth parasites is a multi-functional enzyme which involves in glycolysis and host tissue invasion. in this study, the recombinant h. contortus enolase (rhceno) was evaluated for its immunoprophylactic efficacy in sheep along with con a purified native glycoproteins in a vaccine challenge trial. group i and group ii experimental sheep were immunized thrice ...	2015	25913090
vaccination of sheep and cattle against haemonchosis.	vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes are one potential option for the control of parasitic gastroenteritis in ruminants. excretory/secretory (e/s) and hidden antigens are being studied as candidates for vaccines against haemonchus spp., which is a major parasite in cattle and small ruminants that are raised in warm climates. protection has been observed after vaccination with some e/s proteases, particularly cysteine proteases and with some glycans that are abundant on the surfaces and in ...	2015	25891536
seasonal patterns of gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats on two lithuanian farms.	this study investigated seasonal changes in naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infections on two lithuanian goat farms with different parasite control practices.	2015	25881323
transmembrane protein 63a is a partner protein of haemonchus contortus galectin in the regulation of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	hco-gal-m and -f were two isoforms of galectin cloned from male and female haemonchus contortus, respectively, and it was demonstrated that recombinant hco-gal-m and -f could act as immune suppressors. however, little is known about the receptors or binding partners of these galectins in the host. the research of the molecular mechanisms that govern the interactions between these galectins and host molecules will fill a gap in our understanding how parasite galectins interact with host cells.	2015	25879191
relative resistance of menz and washera sheep breeds to artificial infection with haemonchus contortus in the highlands of ethiopia.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the relative resistance of menz and washera sheep breeds to artificial infection with haemonchus contortus. the challenge trial was conducted at the debre berhan agricultural research center in ethiopia. a total of 39 (menz = 21, washera = 18) lambs of about 6 months old were used for the trial. all lambs were initially treated against internal parasite using albendazole and fasinex to free them from internal parasites and kept indoors. h. contortus third-st ...	2015	25868601
in-vitro anthelmintic activity of three bangladeshi plants against paramphistomum cervi and haemonchus contortus.	conventional plant-based therapies act as an important therapeutic tool for the treatment of worm infections all over the world and continuous evaluation of medicinal plants to find new potential lead compounds should be carried out.	2015	25868001
a molecular characterization of the agonist binding site of a nematode cys-loop gaba receptor.	cys-loop gaba receptors represent important targets for human chemotherapeutics and insecticides and are potential targets for novel anthelmintics (nematicides). however, compared with insect and mammalian receptors, little is known regarding the pharmacological characteristics of nematode cys-loop gaba receptors. here we have investigated the agonist binding site of the cys-loop gaba receptor unc-49 (hco-unc-49) from the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus.	2015	25850584
macrocyclic lactones differ in interaction with recombinant p-glycoprotein 9 of the parasitic nematode cylicocylus elongatus and ketoconazole in a yeast growth assay.	macrocyclic lactones (mls) are widely used parasiticides against nematodes and arthropods, but resistance is frequently observed in parasitic nematodes of horses and livestock. reports claiming resistance or decreased susceptibility in human nematodes are increasing. since no target site directed ml resistance mechanisms have been identified, non-specific mechanisms were frequently implicated in ml resistance, including p-glycoproteins (pgps, designated abcb1 in vertebrates). nematode genomes en ...	2015	25849454
integrated assessment of ivermectin pharmacokinetics, efficacy against resistant haemonchus contortus and p-glycoprotein expression in lambs treated at three different dosage levels.	the main goals of the current work were: (a) to assess the ivermectin (ivm) systemic exposure and plasma disposition kinetics after its administration at the recommended dose, x5 and x10 doses to lambs, (b) to compare the clinical efficacy of the same ivm dosages in lambs infected with an ivm-resistant isolate of haemonchus contortus, and (c) to assess the expression of the transporter protein p-glycoprotein (p-gp) in h. contortus recovered at 14 days after administration of the ivm dose regimen ...	2015	25841863
the basic reproduction quotient (q0) as a potential spatial predictor of the seasonality of ovine haemonchosis.	haemonchus contortus is a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of small ruminants, which feeds on blood and causes significant disease and production loss in sheep and goats, especially in warmer parts of the world. the life cycle includes free-living immature stages, which are subject to climatic influences on development, survival and availability, and this species therefore exhibits spatio-temporal heterogeneity in its infection pressure based on the prevailing climate. models that better expla ...	2015	25826315
haemonchus contortus: spatial risk distribution for infection in sheep in europe.	haemonchus contortus is a species of gastrointestinal strongyles of primary concern for sheep. this highly pathogenic, blood-feeding helminth negatively influences animal health, welfare and productivity. in order to elucidate the current scenario in terms of prevalence and intensity of h. contortus infection in sheep farms across europe, a standardized crosssectional survey was conducted in three pilot areas in ireland, switzerland and italy, all part of the eu funded gloworm project. two conse ...	2015	25826314
development of novel valerolactam-benzimidazole hybrids anthelmintic derivatives: diffusion and biotransformation studies in helminth parasites.	in the search for new anthelmintics able to overcome the resistance problem against all available drugs in livestock, the synthesis of novel valerolactam-benzimidazole hybrid compounds was reported. this allowed us to obtain these in vitro and in vivo bioactive compounds using nippostrongylus brasiliensis rat model by integrating physiology-based assays and ex vivo diffusion studies. in order to further study those novel hybrid molecules, haemonchus contortus (a sheep gastrointestinal nematode o ...	2015	25816976
haemonchus contortus resistance to monepantel in sheep.	in a sheep farm in the netherlands with a suspected haemonchus contortus resistance to monepantel (zolvix®, novartis animal health), a fecal egg count reduction test was carried out in two groups of lambs, according to the method of the world association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology. group 1 was the untreated control group, and group 2 was treated with monepantel at the manufacturer's recommended dose rate. efficacy of treatment with monepantel was 0%. larval identification of ...	2015	25770852
decline in faecal worm egg counts in lambs suckling ewes treated with lipophilic anthelmintics: implications for hastening development of anthelmintic resistance.	the aim for this experiment was to look for evidence of milk transfer of anthelmintic actives from ewes to their suckling lambs by reference to lambs' faecal worm egg count (wec). the hypothesis was that wec will decline in lambs suckling ewes treated with anthelmintics known to be lipophilic. one group of lactating border leicester×merino ewes were treated (tx) with a combination of short (2.5mg/kg monepantel) and long-acting (1mg/kg moxidectin long-acting injection and a sustained release of 4 ...	2015	25754351
effects of dietary supplementation with green tea polyphenols on digestion and meat quality in lambs infected with haemonchus contortus.	ujumqin sheep are susceptible to infection by the gastrointestinal nematode haemonchus contortus, which reduces productivity and total meat yield in sheep. thus, the effects of green tea polyphenol (gtp) supplements (0, 2, 4, or 6g of gtp/kg feed) on dietary nutrient digestibility and meat quality in lambs infected with h. contortus were examined; control lambs were not infected. h. contortus infections did not affect digestion but the apparent digestibilities of nutrients were decreased by diet ...	2015	25746574
low cost whole-organism screening of compounds for anthelmintic activity.	due to major problems with drug resistance in parasitic nematodes of animals, there is a substantial need and excellent opportunities to develop new anthelmintics via genomic-guided and/or repurposing approaches. in the present study, we established a practical and cost-effective whole-organism assay for the in vitro-screening of compounds for activity against parasitic stages of the nematode haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm). the assay is based on the use of exsheathed l3 (xl3) and l4 s ...	2015	25746136
haemonchotolerance in west african dwarf goats: contribution to sustainable, anthelmintics-free helminth control in traditionally managed nigerian dwarf goats.	west african dwarf (wad) goats are extremely important in the rural village economy of west africa, but still little is known about their biology, ecology and capacity to cope with gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infections. here, we summarise the history of this breed and explain its economic importance in rural west africa. we review recent work showing that nigerian wad goats are highly trypanotolerant and resist infections with haemonchus contortus more effectively than other breeds of domes ...	2015	25744655
kinetics and anthelmintic efficacy of topical eprinomectin when given orally to goats.	preliminary data suggest that topical eprinomectin in goat shows an individual variation in anthelmintic efficacy when used off-license at a dose rate of 0.5 or 1.0mg/kg bw. as a result, the use of oral administration of topical formulation of eprinomectin tends to develop in dairy goat farms in france. the plasma levels and milk excretion as well as the anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin were determined in goats following oral administration of a topical formulation of the drug at dose rates ...	2015	25744609
two types of galactosylated fucose motifs are present on n-glycans of haemonchus contortus.	n-glycans from the nematode haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm), a parasite of sheep and cattle, were the first to be described to possess up to three fucose residues associated with the n,n'-diacetylchitobiosyl core, two being on the reducing-terminal proximal glcnac and one on the distal core glcnac residue. the assumption was that truncated glycans from this organism with three hexose residues have the composition man3glcnac2fuc1-3. in this study, we have performed hplc and maldi-tof ms/m ...	2015	25740940
a highly conserved, inhibitable astacin metalloprotease from teladorsagia circumcincta is required for cuticle formation and nematode development.	parasitic nematodes cause chronic, debilitating infections in both livestock and humans worldwide, and many have developed multiple resistance to the currently available anthelmintics. the protective collagenous cuticle of these parasites is required for nematode survival and its synthesis has been studied extensively in the free-living nematode, caenorhabditis elegans. the collagen synthesis pathway is a complex, multi-step process involving numerous key enzymes, including the astacin metallopr ...	2015	25736599
persistent challenge with trichostrongylus colubriformis and haemonchus contortus larvae does not affect growth of meat-breed lambs suppressively treated with anthelmintics when grazing.	this experiment tested the hypothesis that persistent challenge with anthelmintic susceptible trichostrongylus colubriformis and haemonchus contortus larvae would not affect growth of grazing, meat-breed lambs when suppressively treated with anthelmintics. the experiment was a 2×2 factorial design using 6-7 months old white suffolk x border leicester/merino (meat-breed) lambs which were either infected with 2000 t. colubriformis and 300 h. contortus l3/week (if) or remained uninfected (uif) for ...	2015	25725548
variability of resistance in black bengal goats naturally infected with haemonchus contortus.	a total 290 black bengal goats (6 buck, 109 doe and 175 kids born from 11 sires) were studied to evaluate the variability of resistance in black bengal goats naturally infected with haemonchus contortus. the variability of resistance in black bengal goat was studied for both genetic and non-genetic factors like village, sex, age dam, sire, dam resistance group and offspring resistance group. male kids have slightly higher resistance than female kids although it was not significant. resistance of ...	2015	25698865
haematobiochemical parameters of goats fed tannin rich psidium guajava and carissa spinarum against haemonchus contortus infection in india.	the antihelminthic properties of tannin-rich plants are being explored as an alternative to chemical drugs to minimise the effects of gastro intestinal nematodes (gin). the present study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the effect of condensed tannins (ct), obtained from regional tanniferous tree leaves, in the haemonchus contortus infected goats on the heamatobiochemical parameters to assess the goat health. twelve adult male goats were randomly divided into three equal groups, namely n ...	2015	25698858
st. croix sheep produce a rapid and greater cellular immune response contributing to reduced establishment of haemonchus contortus.	the objective of this study was to determine breed differences in immune response shortly following haemonchus contortus infection. peripheral and local cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated in 24 st. croix hair lambs and 24 dorset×(finn-rambouillet) wool lambs at 0, 3, 5 and 7 days after infection with 10,000 l3 h. contortus larvae. blood samples taken immediately before harvest revealed no differences in circulating effector cell populations, yet there were significant differenc ...	2015	25698414
comparative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response of single and double intraruminal doses of ivermectin and moxidectin in nematode-infected lambs.	to compare the pharmacokinetics, distribution and efficacy (pharmacodynamic response) of intraruminal ivermectin (ivm) and moxidectin (mxd) administered at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg to naturally nematode-infected lambs, and to determine the ex vivo accumulation of these anthelmintics by haemonchus contortus.	2015	25689407
prevalence of ovine haemonchosis in wukro, ethiopia.	background. haemonchosis caused by haemonchus contortus is a predominant, highly pathogenic, and economically important disease of sheep and goats. objective. assessing the prevalence of haemonchus parasite and its associated risk factors in sheep slaughtered at different restaurants of wukro. methods. cross-sectional study using random sampling from november 2013 to april 2014 in a total of 384 sheep was conducted and spss version 20 software using descriptive statistics was used for data analy ...	2015	25688297
status of benzimidazole resistance in haemonchus contortus of goats from different geographic regions of uttar pradesh, india.	present study was designed to survey the status of benzimidazole (bz) resistance in goat flocks of different agro climatic regions of uttar pradesh (u.p.), india by faecal egg count reduction test (fecrt) and allele specific pcr (as-pcr). faecal egg counts and larval culture were made from representative samples of all regions. the results of the faecal culture and pcr-rflp on beta tubulin isotype-1 gene showed haemonchus contortus was predominant species. fecrt results showed bz resistance prev ...	2015	25680901
relative expression analysis of il-5 and il-6 genes in tropical sheep breed pelibuey infected with haemonchus contortus.	haemonchus contortus is a parasitic nematode of pelibuey sheep, a meat breed used in tropical regions. due to anthelmintic problems, the identification of hosts resistant to h. contortus is another option of control. the aim of this study was to analyse the relative expression of il-5 and il-6 genes in pelibuey sheep after h. contortus infection. nineteen lambs infected with h. contortus and three more lambs without infection were studied. the haemonchosis was determined by the number of eggs pe ...	2015	26094646
plants of the cerrado naturally selected by grazing sheep may have potential for inhibiting development of haemonchus contortus larva.	plant species naturally selected by sheep grazing in the cerrado region of brazil were assessed in vitro for activity against haemonchus contortus. one year of observations showed the plant families in the region exhibiting greatest richness to be fabaceae, rubiaceae, malpighiaceae, bignoniaceae, myrtaceae, and annonaceae. nine species commonly selected by grazing sheep showed variation in the selectivity index with respect to the dry and rainy seasons. coproculture was conducted in five replica ...	2015	26085457
in vitro anthelmintic activity of zanthoxylum simulans essential oil against haemonchus contortus.	the need for new anthelmintic agents with low impact on the environment is becoming urgent. phytotherapy is an alternative method to control gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. this study aims to determine the composition of zanthoxylum simulans essential oil (zseo) and evaluate the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal effects of zseo on haemonchus contortus using egg hatch assay, larval development assay (lda), and larval migration inhibition assay (lmia). the chemical composition of zse ...	2015	26073109
anthelmintic activities against haemonchus contortus or trichostrongylus colubriformis from small ruminants are influenced by structural features of condensed tannins.	plants containing condensed tannins (cts) may hold promise as alternatives to synthetic anthelmintic (ah) drugs for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes (gins). however, the structural features that contribute to the ah activities of cts remain elusive. this study probed the relationships between ct structures and their ah activities. eighteen plant resources were selected on the basis of their diverse ct structures. from each plant resource, two ct fractions were isolated and their in vitro a ...	2015	26066999
survey on anthelmintic resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in unorganized goat farms of tamil nadu.	one of the major problems in small ruminant farms is emergence of anthelmintic resistance (ar) to commonly used dewormers. this study investigated ar to gastrointestinal nematodes affecting goats in 27 unorganized farms in three different agro-climatic zones (cauvery delta zone, high altitude zone and high rainfall zone) of tamil nadu, india. two anthelmintics viz., albendazole (az) and levamisole (lev) were used in this study as per the dose recommended by the manufacturer. status of ar was det ...	2015	26064012
anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous extract of butea monosperma (lam.) kuntze against haemonchus contortus of sheep and goats.	infection with haemonchus contortus is one of the most important economic problems in small ruminants worldwide. resistance development by parasites, drug residues in meat, toxicity, non-availability and high cost limit the usefulness of currently used synthetic drugs. therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous extract of seeds of butea monosperma (lam.) kuntze against h. contortus. phytochemical analysis of extract showed high concentration ...	2015	26064000
the prevalence of parasitic infestation of small ruminant farms in perak, malaysia.	helminthiasis due to strongyles such as haemonchus contortus, coccidiosis caused by eimeria sp. and blood parasite diseases such as theileriosis by theileria sp. have been reported to cause severe morbidity and mortality annually in small ruminants in malaysia. the aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of helminthiasis, coccidiosis and theileriosis and to determine the packed cell volume (pcv) value of small ruminants in perak, malaysia. blood and faecal samples were obtained fro ...	2015	26019746
synthesis of photoreactive ivermectin b1a derivatives and their actions on haemonchus and bombyx glutamate-gated chloride channels.	glutamate-gated chloride channels (glucls) are inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors that are present only in invertebrates such as nematodes and insects. these channels are important targets of insecticidal, acaricidal, and anthelmintic macrolides such as avermectins, ivermectin (ivm), and milbemycins. to identify the amino acid residues that interact with ivm in glucls, three ivm b1a derivatives with different photoreactive substitutions at c-13 were synthesized in the present study. these der ...	2015	25987225
effects of third generation p-glycoprotein inhibitors on the sensitivity of drug-resistant and -susceptible isolates of haemonchus contortus to anthelmintics in vitro.	p-glycoproteins (p-gps) play an important role in the sensitivity of nematodes to anthelmintic drugs. they have been implicated in a number of anthelmintic resistances, particularly for macrocyclic lactone drugs. hence, inhibition of nematode p-gps has been suggested as a means of reversing some types of anthelmintic resistance. the present study aimed to investigate the ability of the most-recently developed group of p-gp inhibitors (the so-called 'third generation' of inhibitors) including tar ...	2015	25986327
serum interleukin-4 (il-4) production is associated with lower fecal egg count in parasite-resistant sheep.	the objective of this experiment was to determine serum interleukin-4 (il-4) concentration in response to haemonchus contortus infection in parasite-resistant and -susceptible lambs. st. croix (stc) (resistant) and suffolk/hampshire crossbred (sx) (susceptible) lambs were either not infected (n=5/breed), given a primary inoculation (n=5/breed) or challenged infected with h. contortus (n=5/breed). each inoculum given consisted of 10,000 l3 larvae. blood was collected daily for 14 days and then we ...	2015	25986324
in vitro levamisole selection pressure on larval stages of haemonchus contortus over nine generations gives rise to drug resistance and target site gene expression changes specific to the early larval stages only.	there is some evidence that resistance to levamisole and pyrantel in trichostrongylid nematodes is due to changes in the composition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) which represent the drug target site. altered expression patterns of genes coding for nachr subunits, as well as the presence of truncated versions of several subunits, have been implicated in observed resistances. the studies have mostly compared target sites in worm isolates of very different genetic background, and h ...	2015	25983232
partial protection and abomasal cytokine expression in sheep experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus and pre-treated with taenia hydatigena vesicular concentrate.	the abomasal expression of il-2, il-4, il-6, il-10 and ifnγ in lambs experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus and its relationship to protection induced by a taenia hydatigena larvae vesicular concentrate (thlvc) were evaluated. the lambs that were only infected with h. contortus larvae showed a worm burden greater (p<0.05) than the lambs that received thlvc prior to infection. moreover, the lambs that received thlvc showed a greater (p<0.05) number of blood eosinophils than the lambs t ...	2015	25959643
ivermectin binds to haemonchus contortus tubulins and promotes stability of microtubules.	haemonchus contortus is a nematode of livestock that can cause severe disease and mortality. ivermectin, an anti-parasitic drug that targets glutamate-gated chloride channels, is widely used in humans, livestock, companion animals and agriculture. although an association between genetic changes to β-tubulin and exposure to ivermectin has been previously reported, direct binding between ivermectin and tubulin has not been demonstrated to date. tubulin/microtubules are key targets for many anti-mi ...	2015	25957159
heterologous expression in remodeled c. elegans: a platform for monoaminergic agonist identification and anthelmintic screening.	monoamines, such as 5-ht and tyramine (ta), paralyze both free-living and parasitic nematodes when applied exogenously and serotonergic agonists have been used to clear haemonchus contortus infections in vivo. since nematode cell lines are not available and animal screening options are limited, we have developed a screening platform to identify monoamine receptor agonists. key receptors were expressed heterologously in chimeric, genetically-engineered caenorhabditis elegans, at sites likely to y ...	2015	25928899
genetic evidence for the spread of a benzimidazole resistance mutation across southern india from a single origin in the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus.	it is important to understand how anthelmintic drug resistance mutations arise and spread in order to determine appropriate mitigation strategies. we hypothesised that a molecular genetic study of haemonchus contortus in southern india, a region where resistance may be less advanced than in western europe and north america, might provide some important insights into the origin and spread of anthelmintic resistance. the f200y (tac) isotype-1 β-tubulin benzimidazole resistance mutation is common i ...	2015	26099649
effectiveness evaluation of levamisole, albendazole, ivermectin, and vernonia amygdalina in west african dwarf goats.	anthelmintic drug resistance has led to the search for alternatives in controlling helminth infections. fifty west african dwarf goats without history of anthelmintic treatment were divided equally into five groups. group a was treated with ivermectin injection subcutaneously, group b with levamisole subcutaneously, group c with albendazole orally, and group d with aqueous extract of vernonia amygdalina and group e was untreated control. faecal samples were collected before treatment from each a ...	2015	26579232
leucocyte-derived extracellular trap formation significantly contributes to haemonchus contortus larval entrapment.	polymorphonuclear neutrophil (pmn) and eosinophil extracellular trap (ets) formation has recently been described as an important host effector mechanism against invading pathogens. so far, scarce evidence on metazoan-triggered et formation has been published. we here describe for the first time haemonchus contortus-triggered ets being released by bovine pmn and ovine eosinophils in response to ensheathed and exsheathed third stage larvae (l3).	2015	26610335
host-specificity and morphometrics of female haemonchus contortus, h. placei and h. similis (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) in cattle and sheep from shared pastures in são paulo state, brazil.	to better evaluate the usefulness of female haemonchus specimens for specific identification, we undertook a detailed analysis of the morphology of a collection of worms obtained from cattle and sheep in shared pastures. based on the results, we also more precisely evaluated the host-specificity of haemonchus contortus, h. placei and h. similis occurring sympatrically in a farm located in the western region of são paulo state, brazil. a synlophe analysis was employed to identify the three specie ...	2015	24589375
removal of tapeworm (moniezia spp.) did not increase growth rates of meat-breed lambs in the northern tablelands of nsw.	this experiment tested the hypothesis that growth rates of meat-breed lambs would not be affected by infection with tapeworm (monieza spp.). two experiments, conducted in successive years (2012 and 2013) on a commercial sheep farm on the northern tablelands of nsw, assessed growth rates of meat-breed lambs, between 4 and 6 months of age, following the removal of the cestode, monieza spp. (or commonly referred to as tapeworm). in 2012 and 2013, 93 and 85 lambs respectively were randomly allocated ...	2015	25677979
the emergence of resistance to the benzimidazole anthlemintics in parasitic nematodes of livestock is characterised by multiple independent hard and soft selective sweeps.	anthelmintic resistance is a major problem for the control of parasitic nematodes of livestock and of growing concern for human parasite control. however, there is little understanding of how resistance arises and spreads or of the "genetic signature" of selection for this group of important pathogens. we have investigated these questions in the system for which anthelmintic resistance is most advanced; benzimidazole resistance in the sheep parasites haemonchus contortus and teladorsagia circumc ...	2015	25658086
effect of zinc supplementation on ecto-adenosine deaminase activity in lambs infected by haemonchus contortus: highlights on acute phase of disease.	haemonchus contortus (order strongylida) is a common parasitic nematode infecting small ruminants and causing significant economic losses worldwide. it induces innate and adaptive immune responses, which are essential for the clearance of this nematode from the host. ecto-adenosine deaminase (e-ada) is an enzyme that plays an important role in the immune system, while zinc (zn) has been found playing a critical role in e-ada catalysis. therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of ...	2015	25639494
clinicopathological studies of gastrointestinal tract disorders in sheep with parasitic infection.	this study was envisaged to elucidate the parasitological aspects of gastrointestinal tract (git) disorders of sheep.	2015	27046991
a new enabling proteomics methodology to investigate membrane associated proteins from parasitic nematodes: case study using ivermectin resistant and ivermectin susceptible isolates of caenorhabditis elegans and haemonchus contortus.	the mechanisms involved in anthelmintic resistance (ar) are complex but a greater understanding of ar management is essential for effective and sustainable control of parasitic helminth worms in livestock. current tests to measure ar are time consuming and can be technically problematic, gold standard diagnostics are therefore urgently required to assist in combatting the threat from drug resistant parasites. for anthelmintics such as ivermectin (ivm), target proteins may be present in the cellu ...	2015	25537855
haemonchus contortus p-glycoprotein-2: in situ localisation and characterisation of macrocyclic lactone transport.	haemonchus contortus is a veterinary nematode that infects small ruminants, causing serious decreases in animal production worldwide. effective control through anthelmintic treatment has been compromised by the development of resistance to these drugs, including the macrocyclic lactones. the mechanisms of resistance in h. contortus have yet to be established but may involve efflux of the macrocyclic lactones by nematode atp-binding-cassette transporters such as p-glycoproteins. here we report th ...	2015	25486495
impact of the post-weaning parasitism history on an experimental haemonchus contortus infection in creole goat kids.	gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infections have an important negative impact on small ruminant production. the selection of genotypes resistant to these parasitic infections is a promising alternative control strategy. thus, resistance against gin is an important component of small ruminant breeding schemes, based on phenotypic measurements of resistance in immune mature infected animals. in this study we evaluated both the impact of the post-weaning parasitism history on the response to an expe ...	2015	25468672
storage of gastrointestinal nematode infective larvae for species preservation and experimental infections.	techniques to preserve the infective third-stage larvae (l3) of gastrointestinal nematodes are of considerable interest to preserve rare species and to maintain a stable source for routine experimental infections. this study compares the relative pros and cons of the two most common techniques, cryopreservation and refrigeration by comparing how they influence consequent infection outcome parameters in terms of life-history traits and fitness as a function of time using the gastrointestinal nema ...	2015	25468381
exploring the limitations of pathophysiological indicators used for targeted selective treatment in sheep experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus.	identifying which sheep to treat as part of a targeted selective treatment approach to gastro-intestinal nematode control relies entirely on the efficacy of the indicators. indicators such as famacha© (anaemia), disco (diarrhea) and reductions in weight gains were designed specifically to reflect those sheep experiencing symptomatic consequences of infection. using the gastro-intestinal nematode haemonchus contortus as a model species, this study explored the utility and sensitivity of these ind ...	2015	25466619
effect of sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets on adult female haemonchus contortus in goats.	sericea lespedeza (sl; lespedeza cuneata) is a perennial warm-season forage rich in condensed tannins (ct) that has been reported to have anthelmintic activity against small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes (gin), particularly haemonchus contortus, a highly pathogenic blood-feeder, but the mechanism of action of ct against h. contortus is not clearly understood. an experiment with young goats was designed to study the effect of sl leaf meal pellets on (1) a mature h. contortus infection, and ...	2015	25465738
genetic evidence for hybridisation between haemonchus contortus and haemonchus placei in natural field populations and its implications for interspecies transmission of anthelmintic resistance.	genetic hybridisation between parasitic nematode species has potentially important consequences. it could lead to the introgression of genes between species including those involved in pathogenicity, host specificity, transmission and drug resistance. it could also complicate diagnosis and control. however, there are few compelling examples of its occurrence in parasites in the field. haemonchus contortus and haemonchus placei are two closely related parasitic nematode species that predominantly ...	2015	25449043
monepantel irreversibly binds to and opens haemonchus contortus mptl-1 and caenorhabditis elegans acr-20 receptors.	monepantel is a recently developed anthelmintic with a novel mode of action. parasitic nematodes with reduced sensitivity to monepantel have led to the identification of mptl-1, a ligand-gated ion-channel subunit of the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus, as a potential drug target. homomeric mptl-1 channels reconstituted in xenopus oocytes are gated by µm concentrations of betaine and mm concentrations of choline. measurement of reversal potentials indicated that the channel has a similar ...	2015	25352042
reduction of benzimidazole resistance in established haemonchus contortus populations in goats using a single infection with a benzimidazole-susceptible isolate.	an in vivo study in goats evaluated the effect of superimposing a single artificial infection with a benzimidazole (bz)-susceptible haemonchus contortus isolate upon established h. contortus populations of known bz resistance by measuring the phenotypic bz resistance of eggs collected from faeces before and after re-infection. two h. contortus isolates, one benzimidazole resistant (bzr) and the other susceptible (bzs), were used to infect worm-free goats. eight goats were initially infected with ...	2015	25226395
duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores in nutritional pellets: effect of storage time and conditions on the trapping ability against haemonchus contortus larvae.	the study evaluated the effect of storage time and conditions of nutritional pellets (np) containing duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores on its in vitro trapping ability against haemonchus contortus l3 larvae. the treated batch (200 np) contained 4 × 106 chlamydospores of the fth0-8 strain, whereas the control batch (200 np) was produced without spores. both np batches were exposed to four experimental storage conditions: (t1) shelves (indoors); (t2) refrigeration (4°c); (t3) outdoors under a r ...	2015	23953994
functional characterization of a novel class of morantel-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in nematodes.	acetylcholine receptors are pentameric ligand-gated channels involved in excitatory neuro-transmission in both vertebrates and invertebrates. in nematodes, they represent major targets for cholinergic agonist or antagonist anthelmintic drugs. despite the large diversity of acetylcholine-receptor subunit genes present in nematodes, only a few receptor subtypes have been characterized so far. interestingly, parasitic nematodes affecting human or animal health possess two closely related members of ...	2015	26625142