Publications

violaxanthin de-epoxidase disulphides and their role in activity and thermal stability.	violaxanthin de-epoxidase (vde) catalyses the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin at the lumen side of the thylakoids during exposure to intense light. vde consists of a cysteine-rich n-terminal domain, a lipocalin-like domain and a negatively charged c-terminal domain. that the cysteines are important for the activity of vde is well known, but in what way is less understood. in this study, wild-type spinach vde was expressed in e. coli as inclusion bodies, refolded and purified to give a h ...	2015	25764016
multifactorial effects of ambient temperature, precipitation, farm management, and environmental factors determine the level of generic escherichia coli contamination on preharvested spinach.	a repeated cross-sectional study was conducted to identify farm management, environment, weather, and landscape factors that predict the count of generic escherichia coli on spinach at the preharvest level. e. coli was enumerated for 955 spinach samples collected on 12 farms in texas and colorado between 2010 and 2012. farm management and environmental characteristics were surveyed using a questionnaire. weather and landscape data were obtained from national resources information databases. a tw ...	2015	25636850
crystal diagnostics multipath system™.	the crystal diagnostics multipath system™ provides rapid detection of escherichia coli o157 in fresh raw ground beef, raw beeftrim, and spinach. the crystal diagnostics system combines patented liquid crystal technology with antibody-coated paramagnetic microspheres to selectively capture and detect e. coli o157 in food matrixes. this is the only liquid crystal-based biosensor commercially available for the detection of pathogens. the crystal diagnostics system expeditiously provides the sensiti ...	2015	25632437
using spinach aptamer to correlate mrna and protein levels in escherichia coli.	in vivo gene expression measurements have traditionally relied on fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (gfp) with the help of high-sensitivity equipment such as flow cytometers. however, fluorescent proteins report only on the protein level inside the cell without giving direct information about messenger rna (mrna) production. in 2011, an aptamer termed spinach was presented that acts as an rna mimic of gfp when produced in escherichia coli and mammalian cells. it was later sh ...	2015	25605386
real-time pathogen monitoring during enrichment: a novel nanotechnology-based approach to food safety testing.	we describe a new approach for the real-time detection and identification of pathogens in food and environmental samples undergoing culture. surface enhanced raman scattering (sers) nanoparticles are combined with a novel homogeneous immunoassay to allow sensitive detection of pathogens in complex samples such as stomached food without the need for wash steps or extensive sample preparation. sers-labeled immunoassay reagents are present in the cultural enrichment vessel, and the signal is monito ...	2015	25590258
folate content in fresh-cut vegetable packed products by 96-well microtiter plate microbiological assay.	ready-to-eat foods have nowadays become a significant portion of the diet. accordingly, nutritional composition of these food categories should be well-known, in particular its folate content. however, there is a broad lack of folate data in food composition tables and databases. a total of 21 fresh-cut vegetable and fruit packed products were analysed for total folate (tf) content using a validated method that relies on the folate-dependent growth of chloramphenicol-resistant lactobacillus case ...	2015	25236228
application of viability pcr to discriminate the infectivity of hepatitis a virus in food samples.	transmitted through the fecal-oral route, the hepatitis a virus (hav) is acquired primarily through close personal contact and foodborne transmission. hav detection in food is mainly carried out by quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr). the discrimination of infectious and inactivated viruses remains a key obstacle when using rt-qpcr to quantify enteric viruses in food samples. initially, viability dyes, propidium monoazide (pma) and ethidium monoazide (ema), were evaluated for the detection and quantif ...	2015	25720326
thermal inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus in spinach.	leafy vegetables have been recognized as important vehicles for the transmission of foodborne viral pathogens. to control hepatitis a viral foodborne illness outbreaks associated with mildly heated (e.g., blanched) leafy vegetables such as spinach, generation of adequate thermal processes is important both for consumers and the food industry. therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the thermal inactivation behavior of hepatitis a virus (hav) in spinach, and provide insights on ...	2015	25462934
determination of the thermal inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, and escherichia coli o157:h7 and non-o157 in buffer and a spinach homogenate.	produce has been associated with a rising number of foodborne illness outbreaks. while much produce is consumed raw, some is treated with mild heat, such as blanching or cooking. the objectives of this research were to compare the thermal inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7, and non-o157 stec in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs; ph 7.2) and a spinach homogenate and to provide an estimate of the safety of mild h ...	2015	26219359
pathogen enrichment device (ped) enables one-step growth, enrichment and separation of pathogen from food matrices for detection using bioanalytical platforms.	the bottleneck for accurate detection of foodborne pathogens is separation of target analytes from complex food matrices. currently used sample preparation methods are cumbersome, arduous and lengthy; thus, a user-friendly system is desirable. a hand-held sample preparation system designated pathogen enrichment device (ped) was built that contains a growth chamber, filters, and an ion exchange cartridge to deliver bacteria directly onto the detection platforms. escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonel ...	2015	26211638
spatial and temporal factors associated with an increased prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in spinach fields in new york state.	while rain and irrigation events have been associated with an increased prevalence of foodborne pathogens in produce production environments, quantitative data are needed to determine the effects of various spatial and temporal factors on the risk of produce contamination following these events. this study was performed to quantify these effects and to determine the impact of rain and irrigation events on the detection frequency and diversity of listeria species (including l. monocytogenes) and ...	2015	26116668
combination treatment of chlorine dioxide gas and aerosolized sanitizer for inactivating foodborne pathogens on spinach leaves and tomatoes.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide (clo2) gas and aerosolized sanitizer, when applied alone or in combination, on the survival of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto spinach leaves and tomato surfaces. spinach leaves and tomatoes were inoculated with a cocktail of three strains each of the three foodborne pathogens. clo2 gas (5 or 10 ppmv) and aerosolized peracetic acid (paa) (80 ppm) w ...	2015	26001524
combining spinach-tagged rna and gene localization to image gene expression in live yeast.	although many factors required for the formation of export-competent mrnps have been described, an integrative view of the spatiotemporal coordinated cascade leading mrnps from their site of transcription to their site of nuclear exit, at a single cell level, is still partially missing due to technological limitations. here we report that the rna spinach aptamer is a powerful tool for mrna imaging in live s. cerevisiae with high spatial-temporal resolution and no perturbation of the mrna biogene ...	2015	26582123
prediction of protein targets of kinetin using in silico and in vitro methods: a case study on spinach seed germination mechanism.	kinetin, a cytokinin which promotes seed germination by inhibiting the action of abscisic acid, is an important molecule known to trigger various molecular mechanisms by interacting with an array of proteins shown from experimental observations in various model organisms. we report here the prediction of most probable protein targets of kinetin from spinach proteome using in silico approaches. inverse docking and ligand-based similarity search was performed using kinetin as molecule. the former ...	2015	26101551
a method for red-violet pigments extraction from fruits of malabar spinach (basella rubra) with enhanced antioxidant potential under fermentation.	basella rubra fruit juice with a total soluble solids content of 5 to 9 (0)brix was fermented using the wine yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. an 87.5 % of conversion of fermentable sugar was achieved. the tss ((0)brix) reduced from 0.60 (0)brix to 0.17 (0)brix (71.67 % decrease in tss) upon performing fermentation of fruit juice water extract with saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 2. there was 8 folds reduction in pigment quality as evidenced from fermentation. besides, the potential increase of ph ...	2015	25892806
synthesis and biological evaluation of n-alkoxyphenyl-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides.	a series of fifteen new n-alkoxyphenylanilides of 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid was prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against staphylococcus aureus, three methicillin-resistant s. aureus strains, mycobacterium tuberculosis h37ra and m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. some of the tested compounds showed antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity against the tested strains comparable with or higher than that of the standards ...	2015	26023938
synthesis and biological evaluation of n-alkyl-3-(alkylamino)-pyrazine-2-carboxamides.	a series of n-alkyl-3-(alkylamino)pyrazine-2-carboxamides and their n-alkyl-3-chloropyrazine-2-carboxamide precursors were prepared. all compounds were characterized by analytical methods and tested for antimicrobial and antiviral activity. the antimycobacterial mic values against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv of the most effective compounds, 3-(hexylamino)-, 3-(heptylamino)- and 3-(octylamino)-n-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxamides 14‒16, was 25 μg/ml. the compounds inhibited photosystem 2 photosy ...	2015	26007174
inhibition of bacterial pathogens in medium and on spinach leaf surfaces using plant-derived antimicrobials loaded in surfactant micelles.	encapsulation of hydrophobic plant essential oil components (eoc) into surfactant micelles can assist the decontamination of fresh produce surfaces from bacterial pathogens during postharvest washing. loading of eugenol and carvacrol into surfactant micelles of polysorbate 20 (tween 20), surfynol® 485w, sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), and cytoguard® la 20 (cg20) was determined by identification of the eoc/surfactant-specific maximum additive concentration (mac). rheological behavior of dilute eoc- ...	2015	26444985
survival of salmonella enterica in dried turkey manure and persistence on spinach leaves.	concerns about the microbiological safety of fresh produce have attracted attention in the past three decades due to multiple foodborne outbreaks. animal manure contaminated with enteric pathogens has been identified as an important preharvest pathogen source. this study investigated the survival of salmonella enterica in dust particles of dehydrated turkey manure and how association with manure dust may enhance the survival of salmonellae on leafy greens in the field. the survival of a cocktail ...	2015	26408127
effect of vegetable wastage and energy in ostrich chick diet on performance and hematology.	this study evaluated the effects of different levels of dietary vegetable wastage and energy on ostrich chick performance and hematology. twenty-four ostrich chicks (blue and black african breed) were allocated to eight treatments. the diet in treatments t1 to t4 had 2,500 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, while treatments t5 to t8 had 2,700 kcal/kg. each treatment had 0, 10, 20, and 30% of vegetable wastage. vegetable wastage included parsley (petroselinum crispum, 51.3 %), cress (lepidium sativ ...	2015	25877259
determination of sulphur in various vegetables by solid sampling high-resolution electrothermal molecular absorption spectrometry.	sulphur was determined in various vegetables via molecular absorption of carbon monosulphide (cs) at 258.056 nm using a solid sampling high resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer (ss hr-cs etaas). samples were dried, ground and directly introduced into the ruthenium coated graphite furnace as 0.05 to 0.50mg. all determinations were performed using palladium+citric acid modifier and applying a pyrolysis temperature of 1000 °c and a volatilisation temperature of ...	2015	25442545
statistical characteristics of selected elements in vegetables from kosovo.	zinc, copper, iron, chromium and cobalt are essential elements for human health, showing toxicity only in high concentrations, while lead and cadmium are extremely toxic even as traces. therefore, it is important to monitor the contents of toxic metals in vegetables. large number of vegetables is grown and used in nutrition, in kosovo. the concentrations of selected elements in vegetables (radish, onion, garlic and spinach) from kosovo were determined using icp-oes method. oral intake of metals ...	2015	26024749
identification of interactions between abscisic acid and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.	abscisic acid ((+)-aba) is a phytohormone involved in the modulation of developmental processes and stress responses in plants. a chemical proteomics approach using an aba mimetic probe was combined with in vitro assays, isothermal titration calorimetry (itc), x-ray crystallography and in silico modelling to identify putative (+)-aba binding-proteins in crude extracts of arabidopsis thaliana. ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) was identified as a putative aba-binding prote ...	2015	26197050
modeling of the redox state dynamics in photosystem ii of chlorella pyrenoidosa chick cells and leaves of spinach and arabidopsis thaliana from single flash-induced fluorescence quantum yield changes on the 100 ns-10 s time scale.	the time courses of the photosystem ii (psii) redox states were analyzed with a model scheme supposing a fraction of 11-25 % semiquinone (with reduced [formula: see text]) rcs in the dark. patterns of single flash-induced transient fluorescence yield (sfitfy) measured for leaves (spinach and arabidopsis (a.) thaliana) and the thermophilic alga chlorella (c.) pyrenoidosa chick (steffen et al. biochemistry 44:3123-3132, 2005; belyaeva et al. photosynth res 98:105-119, 2008, plant physiol biochem 7 ...	2015	26049407
exploiting single-molecule transcript sequencing for eukaryotic gene prediction.	we develop a method to predict and validate gene models using pacbio single-molecule, real-time (smrt) cdna reads. ninety-eight percent of full-insert smrt reads span complete open reading frames. gene model validation using smrt reads is developed as automated process. optimized training and prediction settings and mrna-seq noise reduction of assisting illumina reads results in increased gene prediction sensitivity and precision. additionally, we present an improved gene set for sugar beet (bet ...	2015	26328666
accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of dehradun, india with reference to human health risk.	the present study on accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables viz. beta vulgaris, phaseolus vulgaris, spinacea oleracea, and brassica oleracea var. botrytis grown in the wastewater-irrigated soil near the bindal river, dehradun, has shown the maximum accumulation of metals for pb (196.91 ± 8.13 mg/kg), cu (36.75 ± 6.19 mg/kg), zn (305.54 ± 14.30 mg/kg), ni (125.48 ± 5.97 mg/kg), cd (29.58 ± 4.26 mg/kg), and cr (93.06 ± 3.25 mg/kg) in agricultural soil irrigated with wastewater. the enrichm ...	2015	26092239
multi-locus tree and species tree approaches toward resolving a complex clade of downy mildews (straminipila, oomycota), including pathogens of beet and spinach.	accurate species determination of plant pathogens is a prerequisite for their control and quarantine, and further for assessing their potential threat to crops. the family peronosporaceae (straminipila; oomycota) consists of obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause downy mildew disease on angiosperms, including a large number of cultivated plants. in the largest downy mildew genus peronospora, a phylogenetically complex clade includes the economically important downy mildew pathogens of spinach ...	2015	25772799
fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) analysis, chlorophyll content and antioxidant properties of native and defatted foliage of green leafy vegetables.	ftir analysis for five selected green leafy vegetables (glvs) viz., hibiscus cannabinus l., (kenaf), h. sabdariffa l., (roselle), basella alba l., (vine spinach), b. rubra l. (malabar spinach) and rumex vesicarius l., (sorrel) confirmed the presence of free alcohol, intermolecular bonded alcohol, intramolecular bonded alcohol, alkane, aromatic compounds, imine or oxime or ketone or alkene, phenol and amine stretching. the chlorophyll content was higher in native leaves of b. alba (2.96 g/kg) tha ...	2015	26604386
of the importance of a leaf: the ethnobotany of sarma in turkey and the balkans.	sarma - cooked leaves rolled around a filling made from rice and/or minced meat, possibly vegetables and seasoning plants - represents one of the most widespread feasting dishes of the middle eastern and south-eastern european cuisines. although cabbage and grape vine sarma is well-known worldwide, the use of alternative plant leaves remains largely unexplored. the aim of this research was to document all of the botanical taxa whose leaves are used for preparing sarma in the folk cuisines of tur ...	2015	25890379
monograph of coccinia (cucurbitaceae).	this monograph deals with all 95 names described in the cucurbitaceae genus coccinia and recognizes 25 species. taxonomic novelties are cocciniaadoensisvar.aurantiaca (c.jeffrey) holstein, stat. nov., cocciniasessilifoliavar.variifolia (a.meeuse) holstein, stat. nov., and cocciniaadoensisvar.jeffreyana holstein, var. nov. for the 25 species 3157 collections were examined, of which 2024 were georeferenced to produce distribution maps. all species are distributed in sub-saharan africa with one spe ...	2015	26312043
comparative analysis of super-shedder strains of escherichia coli o157:h7 reveals distinctive genomic features and a strongly aggregative adherent phenotype on bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells.	shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7 (o157) are significant foodborne pathogens and pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. the major reservoirs of o157 are asymptomatic cattle which harbor the organism in the terminal recto-anal junction (raj). some colonized animals, referred to as "super-shedders" (ss), are known to shed o157 in exceptionally large numbers (>104 cfu/g of feces). recent studies suggest that ss cattle play a major role in the prevalence and transmission of o ...	2015	25664460
biogas production from vietnamese animal manure, plant residues and organic waste: influence of biomass composition on methane yield.	anaerobic digestion is an efficient and renewable energy technology that can produce biogas from a variety of biomasses such as animal manure, food waste and plant residues. in developing countries this technology is widely used for the production of biogas using local biomasses, but there is little information about the value of these biomasses for energy production. this study was therefore carried out with the objective of estimating the biogas production potential of typical vietnamese bioma ...	2015	25557826
contribution to the traditional uses of medicinal plants of turgutlu (manisa--turkey).	the aim of this study is to document and describe important ethnobotanical features of 14 villages of turgutlu (manisa - turkey).	2015	26494509
strain differences in fitness of escherichia coli o157:h7 to resist protozoan predation and survival in soil.	escherichia coli o157:h7 (eco157) associated with the 2006 spinach outbreak appears to have persisted as the organism was isolated, three months after the outbreak, from environmental samples in the produce production areas of the central coast of california. survival in harsh environments may be linked to the inherent fitness characteristics of eco157. this study evaluated the comparative fitness of outbreak-related clinical and environmental strains to resist protozoan predation and survive in ...	2014	25019377
naphthoquinone spiroketals and organic extracts from the endophytic fungus edenia gomezpompae as potential herbicides.	from the fermentation mycelium of the endophytic fungus edenia gomezpompae were obtained several phytotoxic compounds including two new members of the naphthoquinone spiroketal family, namely, palmarumycin eg1 (1) and preussomerin eg4 (4). in addition, preussomerins eg1-eg3 (7-9) and palmarumycins cp19 (2), cp17 (3), and cp2 (6), as well as ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (5), were obtained. compounds 2, 3, and 5 are new to this species. the structures of palmarumycins cp19 (2) and cp17 (3) w ...	2014	24689520
a new endornavirus species infecting malabar spinach (basella alba l.).	a putative new endornavirus was isolated from malabar spinach (basella alba). the viral dsrna consisted of 14,027 nt with a single orf that coded for a polyprotein of 4,508 aa. the genome organization was similar to that of four other endornaviruses. conserved domains for helicase-1, capsular synthase, udp-glucose-glycosyltransferase (ugt), and rdrp were detected. infected plants were phenotypically undistinguishable from healthy ones. the name basella alba endornavirus is proposed for the virus ...	2014	24122112
coupling spore traps and quantitative pcr assays for detection of the downy mildew pathogens of spinach (peronospora effusa) and beet (p. schachtii).	downy mildew of spinach (spinacia oleracea), caused by peronospora effusa, is a production constraint on production worldwide, including in california, where the majority of u.s. spinach is grown. the aim of this study was to develop a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay for detection of airborne inoculum of p. effusa in california. among oomycete ribosomal dna (rdna) sequences examined for assay development, the highest nucleotide sequence identity was observed between ...	2014	24964150
the genome of the recently domesticated crop plant sugar beet (beta vulgaris).	sugar beet (beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) is an important crop of temperate climates which provides nearly 30% of the world's annual sugar production and is a source for bioethanol and animal feed. the species belongs to the order of caryophylalles, is diploid with 2n = 18 chromosomes, has an estimated genome size of 714-758 megabases and shares an ancient genome triplication with other eudicot plants. leafy beets have been cultivated since roman times, but sugar beet is one of the most recently ...	2014	24352233
[concentrations of mercury in ambient air in wastewater irrigated area of tianjin city and its accumulation in leafy vegetables].	gaseous hg can evaporate and enter the plants through the stomata of plat leaves, which will cause a serious threat to local food safety and human health. for the risk assessment, this study aimed to characterize atmospheric mercury (hg) as well as its accumulation in 5 leafy vegetables (spinach, edible amaranth, rape, lettuce, allium tuberosum) from sewage-irrigated area of tianjin city. bio-monitoring sites were located in paddy (wastewater irrigation for 30 a), vegetables (wastewater irrigati ...	2014	25639114
a novel p700 redox kinetics probe for rapid, non-intrusive and whole-tissue determination of photosystem ii functionality, and the stoichiometry of the two photosystems in vivo.	we sought a rapid, non-intrusive, whole-tissue measure of the functional photosystem ii (ps ii) content in leaves. summation of electrons, delivered by a single-turnover flash to p700(+) (oxidized ps i primary donor) in continuous background far-red light, gave a parameter s in absorbance units after taking into account an experimentally determined basal electron flux that affects p700 redox kinetics. s was linearly correlated with the functional ps ii content measured by the o(2) yield per sing ...	2014	24862879
association between photosynthesis and contrasting features of minor veins in leaves of summer annuals loading phloem via symplastic versus apoplastic routes.	foliar vascular anatomy and photosynthesis were evaluated for a number of summer annual species that either load sugars into the phloem via a symplastic route (cucumis sativus l. cv. straight eight; cucurbita pepo l. cv. italian zucchini romanesco; citrullus lanatus l. cv. faerie hybrid; cucurbita pepo l. cv. autumn gold) or an apoplastic route (nicotiana tabacum l.; solanum lycopersicum l. cv. brandywine; gossypium hirsutum l.; helianthus annuus l. cv. soraya), as well as winter annual apoplast ...	2014	24450755
leaf anatomical and photosynthetic acclimation to cool temperature and high light in two winter versus two summer annuals.	acclimation of foliar features to cool temperature and high light was characterized in winter (spinacia oleracea l. cv. giant nobel; arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynhold col-0 and ecotypes from sweden and italy) versus summer (helianthus annuus l. cv. soraya; cucurbita pepo l. cv. italian zucchini romanesco) annuals. significant relationships existed among leaf dry mass per area, photosynthesis, leaf thickness and palisade mesophyll thickness. while the acclimatory response of the summer annuals t ...	2014	24450735
molecular characterization of two glutathione peroxidase genes of panax ginseng and their expression analysis against environmental stresses.	glutathione peroxidases (gpxs) are a group of enzymes that protect cells against oxidative damage generated by reactive oxygen species (ros). gpx catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) or organic hydroperoxides to water or alcohols by reduced glutathione. the presence of gpxs in plants has been reported by several groups, but the roles of individual members of this family in a single plant species have not been studied. two gpx cdnas were isolated and characterized from the embryoge ...	2014	24269671
omega-3 and omega-6 content of medicinal foods for depressed patients: implications from the iranian traditional medicine.	considering the increasing prevalence of depression in modern societies and the positive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on depression, this study aims to investigate the omega-3 and omega-6 content of various foodstuffs, prescribed or prohibited by iranian traditional medicine (itm).	2014	25068136
food-based strategies for depression management from iranian traditional medicine resources.	considering the increasing prevalence of depression in contemporary societies, general tendency for safer treatments with fewer side effects has recently been a subject of interest.	2014	24719737
deodorization of garlic breath volatiles by food and food components.	the ability of foods and beverages to reduce allyl methyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, allyl mercaptan, and allyl methyl sulfide on human breath after consumption of raw garlic was examined. the treatments were consumed immediately following raw garlic consumption for breath measurements, or were blended with garlic prior to headspace measurements. measurements were done using a selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometer. chlorophyllin treatment demonstrated no deodorization in comparison to the ...	2014	24592995
molecular approaches toward targeted cancer prevention with some food plants and their products: inflammatory and other signal pathways.	in recent years, there has been growing interest in cancer prevention by food plants and their products. although several plant parts have potentials for chemoprevention and other therapeutic use, their molecular mechanisms of action are not always well understood. extensive research has identified several molecular targets that can potentially be used for the prevention and/or treatment of cancer. in this review, we accumulate evidences of modulating abilities of some dietary plants and their p ...	2014	24377653
a practical approach to minimize the interaction of dietary vitamin k with warfarin.	the many interactions between warfarin and other drugs and foods generate great challenges for clinicians and patients in maintaining stable anitcoagulation. interactions due to variable vitamin k content of different dietary items influence the therapy of nearly all patients on warfarin. unfortunately, there is no widely acceptable, patient-friendly strategy for managing such interactions. in this contribution, we propose a practical approach to managing this troublesome interaction, consisting ...	2014	24383939
determination of cadmium, lead and zinc in vegetables in jaipur (india).	an atomic absorption spectroscopic method was used for the determination of lead, cadmium and zinc in vegetables grown in and around jaipur food stuffs irrigated with industrial waste water. vegetable samples were collected after maturity, and analyzed, such as spinach (spinacia oleracea), ladyfinger (abelmoschus esulentus), pepper mint (menthe pipereta), brinjal (solanum melongena), coriander (coriandrum sativum), cauliflower (brassica oleracea), onion (allium cepa), radish (raphanus sativus), ...	2014	26445755
effect of edta washing of metal polluted garden soils. part ii: can remediated soil be used as a plant substrate?	in a field experiment on metal contaminated and edta-remediated soil we studied plant performance, mycorrhizal associations and prospects of potential re-use of remediated soil as a garden substrate. two experimental plots of 4 × 1 × 0.3 m were filled, one with remediated and the other with original contaminated soil. selected cultivars were rotated over the course of 16months. pb, zn, cd and micronutrient plant uptake was measured and their phytoaccessibility was analyzed by the dtpa method. pl ...	2014	24342493
inhibition of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on spinach and identification of antimicrobial substances produced by a commercial lactic acid bacteria food safety intervention.	the microbiological safety of fresh produce is of concern for the u.s. food supply. members of the lactic acid bacteria (lab) have been reported to antagonize pathogens by competing for nutrients and by secretion of substances with antimicrobial activity, including organic acids, peroxides, and antimicrobial polypeptides. the objectives of this research were to: (i) determine the capacity of a commercial lab food antimicrobial to inhibit escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on spinac ...	2014	24290643
efficient chimeric plant promoters derived from plant infecting viral promoter sequences.	in the present study, we developed a set of three chimeric/hybrid promoters namely fsgt-pflt, pflt-uas-2x and msgt-pflt incorporating different important domains of figwort mosaic virus sub-genomic transcript promoter (fsgt, -270 to -60), mirabilis mosaic virus sub-genomic transcript promoter (msgt, -306 to -125) and peanut chlorotic streak caulimovirus full-length transcript promoter (pflt-, -353 to +24 and pflt-uas, -353 to -49). we demonstrated that these chimeric/hybrid promoters can drive t ...	2014	24178585
n-substituted 5-amino-6-methylpyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles: microwave-assisted synthesis and biological properties.	in this work a series of 15 n-benzylamine substituted 5-amino-6-methyl-pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles was prepared by the aminodehalogenation reactions using microwave assisted synthesis with experimentally set and proven conditions. this approach for the aminodehalogenation reaction was chosen due to its higher yields and shorter reaction times. the products of this reaction were characterized by ir, nmr and other analytical data. the compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal a ...	2014	24402198
engineering cellulosic bioreactors by template assisted dna shuffling and in vitro recombination (tadsir).	the current study focuses on development of a bioreactor engineering strategy based on exploitation of the arabidopsis thaliana genome. chimeric a. thaliana glycosyl hydrolase (gh) gene libraries were assembled using a novel directed evolution strategy (tadsir: template assisted dna shuffling and in vitro recombination) that promotes dna recombination by reassembly of dna fragments on unique gene templates. tadsir was modeled using a set of algorithms designed to simulate dna interactions based ...	2014	24950479
development and quality evaluation of value added instant rab mixes.	rab is a traditional rajasthani preparation prepared by boiling maize grits and or flour in buttermilk for 2-3 h. it is sour in taste with curd and cumin seed flavour and has thick soup like consistency. two instant mixes of rab were developed using two types of curds prepared from two different culture combination (i) s. lactis + s. thermophilus + s. diacetylactis and (ii) l. bulgaricus + s. diacetylactis. processed greengram dhal and spinach leaves powder were added to the mixes for their valu ...	2014	24876647
infrared sensor-based aerosol sanitization system for controlling escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes on fresh produce.	an economical aerosol sanitization system was developed based on sensor technology for minimizing sanitizer usage, while maintaining bactericidal efficacy. aerosol intensity in a system chamber was controlled by a position-sensitive device and its infrared value range. the effectiveness of the infrared sensor-based aerosolization (isa) system to inactivate escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes on spinach leaf surfaces was compared with conventional aerosoli ...	2014	24853521
colonization of plants by human pathogenic bacteria in the course of organic vegetable production.	in recent years, increasing numbers of outbreaks caused by the consumption of vegetables contaminated with human pathogenic bacteria were reported. the application of organic fertilizers during vegetable production is one of the possible reasons for contamination with those pathogens. in this study laboratory experiments in axenic and soil systems following common practices in organic farming were conducted to identify the minimal dose needed for bacterial colonization of plants and to identify ...	2014	24829562
evaluation of the thermo scientific suretect listeria monocytogenes assay.	the thermo scientific suretect listeria monocytogenes assay is a new real-time pcr assay for the detection of listeria monocytogenes in food and environmental samples. this assay was validated using the aoac research institute (aoac-ri) performance tested methods program in comparison to the reference method detailed in international organization for standardization 11290-1:1996, including amendment 1:2004 with the following foods and food contact surfaces: smoked salmon, processed cheese, fresh ...	2014	24672870
in-situ fluorescent immunomagnetic multiplex detection of foodborne pathogens in very low numbers.	consumption of foods contaminated with pathogenic bacteria is a major public health concern. foods contain microorganisms, the overwhelming majority of which are nonpathogenic, some are responsible for food spoilage, and some cause serious illness leading to death or a variety of diseases in humans. the key challenge in food safety is to rapidly screen foods to determine the presence of pathogens so that appropriate intervention protocols can be pursued. a simple fluorometric immunological metho ...	2014	24583684
preparation and biological properties of ring-substituted naphthalene-1-carboxanilides.	in this study, a series of twenty-two ring-substituted naphthalene-1-carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized carboxanilides was performed against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. n-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(3-methoxy-phenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(3-methylphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(4-methylphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide and n-(3-fluorophenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide showed against m. avium s ...	2014	25036151
a ph-dependent kinetic model of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from multiple organisms.	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase is a flavoenzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of reduced lipoyl substrates with the reduction of nad(+) to nadh. in vivo, the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase component (e3) is associated with the pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and glycine dehydrogenase complexes. the pyruvate dehydrogenase (pdh) complex connects the glycolytic flux to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is central to the regulation of primary metabolism. regulation of pdh via regulation of the e ...	2014	25517164
programmable folding of fusion rna in vivo and in vitro driven by prna 3wj motif of phi29 dna packaging motor.	misfolding and associated loss of function are common problems in constructing fusion rna complexes due to changes in energy landscape and the nearest-neighbor principle. here we report the incorporation and application of the prna-3wj motif of the phi29 dna packaging motor into fusion rna with controllable and predictable folding. the motif included three discontinuous ∼18 nucleotide (nt) fragments, displayed a distinct low folding energy (shu d et al., nature nanotechnology, 2011, 6:658-667), ...	2014	24084081
thermal inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in spinach and measurement of its uncertainty.	leafy greens, including spinach, have potential for human norovirus transmission through improper handling and/or contact with contaminated water. inactivation of norovirus prior to consumption is essential to protect public health. because of the inability to propagate human noroviruses in vitro, murine norovirus (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) have been used as surrogates to model human norovirus behavior under laboratory conditions. the objectives of this study were to determine therm ...	2014	24490922
broccoli: rapid selection of an rna mimic of green fluorescent protein by fluorescence-based selection and directed evolution.	genetically encoded fluorescent ribonucleic acids (rnas) have diverse applications, including imaging rna trafficking and as a component of rna-based sensors that exhibit fluorescence upon binding small molecules in live cells. these rnas include the spinach and spinach2 aptamers, which bind and activate the fluorescence of fluorophores similar to that found in green fluorescent protein. although additional highly fluorescent rna-fluorophore complexes would extend the utility of this technology, ...	2014	25337688
escherichia coli common pilus (ecp) targets arabinosyl residues in plant cell walls to mediate adhesion to fresh produce plants.	outbreaks of verotoxigenic escherichia coli are often associated with fresh produce. however, the molecular basis to adherence is unknown beyond ionic lipid-flagellum interactions in plant cell membranes. we demonstrate that arabinans present in different constituents of plant cell walls are targeted for adherence by e. coli common pilus (ecp; or meningitis-associated and temperature-regulated (mat) fimbriae) for e. coli serotypes o157:h7 and o18:k1:h7. l-arabinose is a common constituent of pla ...	2014	25320086
effect of gamma radiation on the reduction of salmonella strains, listeria monocytogenes, and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli and sensory evaluation of minimally processed spinach (tetragonia expansa).	this study evaluated the effects of irradiation on the reduction of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), salmonella strains, and listeria monocytogenes, as well as on the sensory characteristics of minimally processed spinach. spinach samples were inoculated with a cocktail of three strains each of stec, salmonella strains, and l. monocytogenes, separately, and were exposed to gamma radiation doses of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 kgy. samples that were exposed to 0.0, 1.0, and 1.5 kg ...	2014	25285495
circular code motifs in the ribosome decoding center.	a translation (framing) code based on the circular code was proposed in michel (2012) with the identification of x circular code motifs (x motifs shortly) in the bacterial rrna of thermus thermophilus, in particular in the ribosome decoding center. three classes of x motifs are now identified in the rrnas of bacteria escherichia coli and thermus thermophilus, archaea pyrococcus furiosus, nuclear eukaryotes saccharomyces cerevisiae, triticum aestivum and homo sapiens, and chloroplast spinacia ole ...	2014	25215650
immunomagnetic separation and visual fluorescence detection of e. coli o157 using aoac approved sas molecular tests.	the sas molecular tests method for the detection of e. coli o157 in various food matrixes has been certified by the aoac research institute and designated performance tested method no. 031203. the current method modification includes the optional immunomagnetic separation (ims) to enrich the bacteria as well as optional visual fluorescence readout without the use of a turbidimeter. the following study was conducted to validate the proposed modifications against the u.s. department of agriculture ...	2014	25145140
sas molecular tests salmonella detection kit. performance tested method 021202.	the sas molecular tests salmonella detection method, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method, performed as well as or better than the u.s. department of agriculture-food safety inspection service microbiology laboratory guidebook and the u.s. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual reference methods for ground beef, beef trim, ground turkey, chicken carcass rinses, bagged mixed lettuce, and fresh spinach. the ground beef (30% fat, 25 g test portion), poultry matrix ...	2014	25051629
sas molecular tests escherichia coli o157 detection kit. performance tested method 031203.	the sas molecular tests escherichia coli o157 detection method, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method, performed as well as or better than the u.s. department of agriculture, food safety inspection service microbiology laboratory guidebook and the u.s. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual reference methods for ground beef, beef trim, bagged mixed lettuce, and fresh spinach. ground beef (30% fat, 25 g test portion) was validated for 7-8 h enrichment, leafy gree ...	2014	25051628
method for enhancement of plant redox-related protein expression and its application for in vitro reduction of chloroplastic thioredoxins.	plant redox-related proteins were overexpressed using a genetic codon substitution downstream of the translation initiation codon. this method significantly improved recombinant protein expression levels of arabidopsis chloroplastic thioredoxins and cytosolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph)-dependent thioredoxin reductase (e.c. 1.8.1.9) in escherichia coli. using these proteins, the in vitro chloroplastic thioredoxins-reduction system was reconstituted in an nadph-dependent m ...	2014	25017253
mechanistic studies on formation of the dinitrosyl iron complex of the [2fe-2s] cluster of soxr protein.	the transcriptional activation of soxr in escherichia coli occurs through direct modification of the [2fe-2s] by nitric oxide (no) to form a dinitrosyl iron complex (dnic). here, we investigated the reactions of no with [2fe-2s] clusters of soxr; the results were compared with those obtained for spinach ferredoxin (fd). uv-visible absorption and esr spectra of soxr upon treatment with an no donor showed the formation of dnic of soxr efficiently, whereas those of fd exhibited small changes. upon ...	2014	24747116
escherichia coli ric is able to donate iron to iron-sulfur clusters.	escherichia coli ric (repair of iron centers) is a diiron protein previously reported to be involved in the repair of iron-sulfur proteins damaged by oxidative or nitrosative stresses, and proposed to act as an iron donor. this possible role of ric was now examined specifically by evaluating its ability to donate iron ions to apo-iron-sulfur proteins, determining the iron binding constants and assessing the lability of its iron ions. we show, by uv-visible, epr and resonance raman spectroscopies ...	2014	24740378
soluble expression of spinach psbc gene in escherichia coli and in vitro reconstitution of cp43 coupled with chlorophyll a only.	cp43 is a chlorophyll a (chl a) and β-carotene (β-car) binding protein encoded by psbc gene. in this study, psbc gene isolated from spinach was expressed in escherichia coli in soluble state. after lysis of the cells, the apoproteins purified by nickel affinity chromatography were examined by sds-page and western-blot. next, reconstitution experiment was carried out in vitro and the formation of stable pigment-protein complex was analyzed by partially denaturing electrophoresis. after purifying ...	2014	24675567
detection of five shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli genes with multiplex pcr.	escherichia coli serogroup o157 is the pathogen most commonly associated with foodborne disease outbreaks, but epidemiological studies suggest that non-o157 shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) is a major player as well. the ten most clinically relevant stecs belong to serogroups o26, o103, o111, o145, o157, o91, o113, o128, o45, and o121; but emerging strains, such as o104:h4 that was identified with the 2011 german outbreak, could become more prevalent in the future. a 75-min conventional mult ...	2014	24549195
farm management, environment, and weather factors jointly affect the probability of spinach contamination by generic escherichia coli at the preharvest stage.	the national resources information (nri) databases provide underutilized information on the local farm conditions that may predict microbial contamination of leafy greens at preharvest. our objective was to identify nri weather and landscape factors affecting spinach contamination with generic escherichia coli individually and jointly with farm management and environmental factors. for each of the 955 georeferenced spinach samples (including 63 positive samples) collected between 2010 and 2012 o ...	2014	24509926
using spinach-based sensors for fluorescence imaging of intracellular metabolites and proteins in living bacteria.	genetically encoded fluorescent sensors can be valuable tools for studying the abundance and flux of molecules in living cells. we recently developed a novel class of sensors composed of rnas that can be used to detect diverse small molecules and untagged proteins. these sensors are based on spinach, an rna mimic of gfp, and they have successfully been used to image several metabolites and proteins in living bacteria. here we discuss the generation and optimization of these spinach-based sensors ...	2014	24356773
regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of various steroids at the 16α position of the d ring by the streptomyces griseus cytochrome p450 cyp154c3.	cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (p450s), which constitute a superfamily of heme-containing proteins, catalyze the direct oxidation of a variety of compounds in a regio- and stereospecific manner; therefore, they are promising catalysts for use in the oxyfunctionalization of chemicals. in the course of our comprehensive substrate screening for all 27 putative p450s encoded by the streptomyces griseus genome, we found that escherichia coli cells producing an s. griseus p450 (cyp154c3), which was fu ...	2014	24334658
flagella interact with ionic plant lipids to mediate adherence of pathogenic escherichia coli to fresh produce plants.	bacterial attachment to plant and animal surfaces is generally thought to constitute the initial step in colonization, requiring adherence factors such as flagella and fimbriae. we describe the molecular mechanism underpinning flagella-mediated adherence to plant tissue for the foodborne pathogen, enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli. escherichia coli h7 flagella interacted with a sulphated carbohydrate (carrageenan) on a glycan array, which occurred in a dose-dependent manner. adherence of e. co ...	2014	24148193
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) in fresh produce--a food safety dilemma.	produce contains high levels of mixed microflora, including coliforms and escherichia coli, but occasionally pathogens may also be present. enterotoxigenic e. coli and shigatoxin-producing e. coli (stec) have been isolated from various produce types, especially spinach. the presence of stec in produce is easily detected by pcr for the shiga toxin (stx) gene, stx, but this is insufficient for risk analysis. stec comprises hundreds of serotypes that include known pathogenic serotypes and strains t ...	2014	26104197
the spinach rna aptamer as a characterization tool for synthetic biology.	characterization of genetic control elements is essential for the predictable engineering of synthetic biology systems. the current standard for in vivo characterization of control elements is through the use of fluorescent reporter proteins such as green fluorescent protein (gfp). gene expression, however, involves not only protein production but also the production of mrna. here, we present the use of the spinach aptamer sequence, an rna mimic of gfp, as a tool to characterize mrna expression ...	2014	23991760
biosensor for selective detection of e. coli in spinach using the strong affinity of derivatized mannose with fimbrial lectin.	escherichia coli (e. coli) contamination in foods and water resources represents a major threat for human health and the environment. this work exploits the strong affinity of mannose-containing oligosaccharides with the fimbrial lectin of e. coli to design novel biosensors. modified carbohydrate ligands were synthesized by introducing phenyl residues and aliphatic chains to mannose via reductive amination in order to increase both the affinity and selectivity to e. coli compared to other pathog ...	2014	24906084
revisiting the classification of curtoviruses based on genome-wide pairwise identity.	members of the genus curtovirus (family geminiviridae) are important pathogens of many wild and cultivated plant species. until recently, relatively few full curtovirus genomes have been characterised. however, with the 19 full genome sequences now available in public databases, we revisit the proposed curtovirus species and strain classification criteria. using pairwise identities coupled with phylogenetic evidence, revised species and strain demarcation guidelines have been instituted. specifi ...	2014	24463952
establishment of three new genera in the family geminiviridae: becurtovirus, eragrovirus and turncurtovirus.	the family geminiviridae includes plant-infecting circular single-stranded dna viruses that have geminate particle morphology. members of this family infect both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and have a nearly global distribution. with the advent of new molecular tools and low-cost sequencing, there has been a significant increase in the discovery of new geminiviruses in various cultivated and non-cultivated plants. in this communication, we highlight the establishment of three new ...	2014	24658781
e88, a new cyclic-di-gmp class i riboswitch aptamer from clostridium tetani, has a similar fold to the prototypical class i riboswitch, vc2, but differentially binds to c-di-gmp analogs.	c-di-gmp has emerged as a ubiquitous second messenger, which regulates the transition between sessile and motile lifestyles and virulence factor expression in many pathogenic bacteria using both rna riboswitches and protein effectors. we recently showed that two additional class i c-di-gmp riboswitch aptamers (ct-e88 and cb-17b) bind c-di-gmp with nanomolar affinity, and that ct-e88 rna binds 2'-f-c-di-gmp 422 times less tightly than class i vc2 rna. based on sequence comparison, it was conclude ...	2014	24430255
ectopic expression of mir156 represses nodulation and causes morphological and developmental changes in lotus japonicus.	the effects of microrna156 overexpression on general plant architecture, branching, flowering time and nodulation were investigated in the model legume, lotus japonicus. we cloned an mir156 homolog, ljmir156a, from l. japonicus, and investigated its squamosa promoter binding protein like (spl) genes and its biological function at enhancing vegetative biomass yield, extending flowering time, and its impact on nodulation. thirteen potential targets for ljmir156 were identified in vitro and their e ...	2014	25293935
biofilm formation by enteric pathogens and its role in plant colonization and persistence.	the significant increase in foodborne outbreaks caused by contaminated fresh produce, such as alfalfa sprouts, lettuce, melons, tomatoes and spinach, during the last 30 years stimulated investigation of the mechanisms of persistence of human pathogens on plants. emerging evidence suggests that salmonella enterica and escherichia coli, which cause the vast majority of fresh produce outbreaks, are able to adhere to and to form biofilms on plants leading to persistence and resistance to disinfectio ...	2014	25351039
an optimized method for the extraction of bacterial mrna from plant roots infected with escherichia coli o157:h7.	analysis of microbial gene expression during host colonization provides valuable information on the nature of interaction, beneficial or pathogenic, and the adaptive processes involved. isolation of bacterial mrna for in planta analysis can be challenging where host nucleic acid may dominate the preparation, or inhibitory compounds affect downstream analysis, e.g., quantitative reverse transcriptase pcr (qpcr), microarray, or rna-seq. the goal of this work was to optimize the isolation of bacter ...	2014	25018749
bacteriological quality of vegetables from organic and conventional production in different areas of korea.	foods grown in organic production systems have been described as representing an increased risk to public health compared with foods from conventional production. leafy vegetables (spinach, romaine lettuce, and green sesame leaves) grown in organic and conventional systems were collected from various areas in korea and examined using standard culture methods to compare the microbiological quality of the produce grown in the two agricultural systems. the 354 samples of these leafy vegetables were ...	2014	25198606
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content.	grapes produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading phytopathogens. these metabolites include numerous phenolic compounds that are also active against human pathogens. grapes are used to produce a variety of wines, grape juices, and raisins. grape pomace, seeds, and skins, the remains of the grapes that are a byproduct of winemaking, also contain numerous bioactive compounds that differ from those found in grapes and wines. this overview surveys an ...	2014	24945318
comparison of strand-specific transcriptomes of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 edl933 (ehec) under eleven different environmental conditions including radish sprouts and cattle feces.	multiple infection sources for enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 (ehec) are known, including animal products, fruit and vegetables. the ecology of this pathogen outside its human host is largely unknown and one third of its annotated genes are still hypothetical. to identify genetic determinants expressed under a variety of environmental factors, we applied strand-specific rna-sequencing, comparing the solid and illumina systems.	2014	24885796
a comparison of the retention of pathogenic escherichia coli o157 by sprouts, leaves and fruits.	the retention (binding to or association with the plant) of escherichia coli by cut leaves and fruits after vigorous water washing was compared with that by sprouts. retention by fruits and leaves was similar but differed from retention by sprouts in rate, effect of wounding and requirement for poly-β,1-6-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine. escherichia coli was retained by cut ends of lettuce leaves within 5 min while more than 1 h was required for retention by the intact epidermis of leaves and fruits, and ...	2014	25351040
discovery and characterization of the first archaeal dihydromethanopterin reductase, an iron-sulfur flavoprotein from methanosarcina mazei.	the microbial production of methane by methanogenic archaea is dependent on the synthesis of the pterin-containing cofactor tetrahydromethanopterin (h4mpt). the enzyme catalyzing the last step of h4mpt biosynthesis (dihydromethanopterin reductase) has not previously been identified in methane-producing microorganisms. previous complementation studies with the methylotrophic bacterium methylobacterium extorquens have indicated that an uncharacterized archaeal-flavoprotein-like flavoprotein (afpa) ...	2014	23995635
laser optical sensor, a label-free on-plate salmonella enterica colony detection tool.	we investigated the application capabilities of a laser optical sensor, bardot (bacterial rapid detection using optical scatter technology) to generate differentiating scatter patterns for the 20 most frequently reported serovars of salmonella enterica. initially, the study tested the classification ability of bardot by using six salmonella serovars grown on brain heart infusion, brilliant green, xylose lysine deoxycholate, and xylose lysine tergitol 4 (xlt4) agar plates. highly accurate discrim ...	2014	24496794
localization and synthesis of prenylquinones in isolated outer and inner envelope membranes from spinach chloroplasts.	the prenylquinone content and biosynthetic capabilities of membrane fractions enriched in outer and inner envelope membranes from spinach chloroplasts were analyzed. both envelope membranes contain prenylquinones, and in almost similar amounts (on a protein basis). however, the outer envelope membrane contains more alpha-tocopherol than the inner one although this prenylquinone is the major one in both fractions. on the contrary, plastoquinone-9 is present in higher amounts in the inner envelope ...	2014	3985624
electron paramagnetic resonance signal ii in spinach chloroplasts. ii. alternative spectral forms and inhibitor effects on kinetics of signal ii in flashing light.		2014	4360258
effect of alpha-tocopherol on reconstitution of photosystem i in heptane-extracted spinach chloroplasts.		2014	4154780
spectrophotometric studies on alkaline isomerization of spinach ferredoxin.	the gross protein structure, the microenvironment of the iron-sulfur cluster, and the effect of neutral salts on the molecular structure of spinach ferredoxin were studied by cd and absorption spectroscopy in the alkaline ph range. in the ph range of 7-11, the existence of reversible isomerization which consisted of at least two proton dissociation processes was indicated by the statical cd and absorption spectra. the cd changes in the visible and far-uv regions were dramatic upon elevation of t ...	2014	4077848
photosynthesis-related infrared light transmission changes in spinach leaf segments.	the time courses of infrared light transmission changes and fluorescence induced by light in spinach leaf segments were measured. the illumination by red light exhibited a complex wave pattern. the transmission approached the baseline after repeating decreases and increases. illumination by far-red light decreased the transmission. one of the differences between the two responses was the difference between the two amplitudes of the first increasing component. the component in the red light respo ...	2014	4051506
principal component analysis for a better understanding of the herbicidal effectivity of some benzonitriles.	to gain more insight in mode of action of ten different 4-hydroxy-benzonitrile derivatives, their biological activities in eight bioassays, and their lipophilicity and adsorptivity determined by thin-layer chromatography in nine different systems were subjected to principal component analysis. four background components explained about 90% of total variance. only three of eight biological activities, the inhibition of the 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol reduction by spinach and wheat chloroplasts ...	2014	4029599