Publications

transcriptional signatures of ancient floral developmental genetics in avocado (persea americana; lauraceae).	the debate on the origin and evolution of flowers has recently entered the field of developmental genetics, with focus on the design of the ancestral floral regulatory program. flowers can differ dramatically among angiosperm lineages, but in general, male and female reproductive organs surrounded by a sterile perianth of sepals and petals constitute the basic floral structure. however, the basal angiosperm lineages exhibit spectacular diversity in the number, arrangement, and structure of flora ...	2009	19451627
synthesis and field evaluation of the sex pheromone of stenoma catenifer (lepidoptera: elachistidae).	field trials of the sex pheromone of an important and potentially invasive pest of avocados, persea americana miller (lauraceae), stenoma catenifer walsingham (lepidoptera: elachistidae), were carried out in commercial avocado orchards in guatemala. the results indicated that the pheromone consists of a single component, (9z)-9,13-tetradecadien-1-ynal; blends of this compound with a range of ratios of the corresponding alcohol and acetate, or with (6z,9z)-tricosadiene, which was present in phero ...	2009	19736757
electrical signaling, stomatal conductance, aba and ethylene content in avocado trees in response to root hypoxia.	avocado (persea americana mill.) trees are among the most sensitive of fruit tree species to root hypoxia as a result of flooded or poorly drained soil. similar to drought stress, an early physiological response to root hypoxia in avocado is a reduction of stomatal conductance. it has been previously determined in avocado trees that an extracellular electrical signal between the base of stem and leaves is produced and related to reductions in stomatal conductance in response to drought stress. t ...	2009	19649181
comparison of next generation sequencing technologies for transcriptome characterization.	we have developed a simulation approach to help determine the optimal mixture of sequencing methods for most complete and cost effective transcriptome sequencing. we compared simulation results for traditional capillary sequencing with "next generation" (ng) ultra high-throughput technologies. the simulation model was parameterized using mappings of 130,000 cdna sequence reads to the arabidopsis genome (ncbi accession sra008180.19). we also generated 454-gs20 sequences and de novo assemblies for ...	2009	19646272
induction of ethylene in avocado fruit in response to chilling stress on tree.	chilling of avocado fruit (persea americana cv. arad) in the orchard caused a dramatic induction of fruit ripening and a parallel increase in ethylene biosynthesis and receptor genes' expression during shelf life. in-orchard chilling stress stimulated ethylene and co(2) production already in fruit attached to the tree, and these reduced thereafter during 20 degrees c storage. in non-chilled control fruit, ethylene and co(2) production started after 3d at 20 degrees c and exhibited a climacteric ...	2009	19592132
spatial and temporal analysis of textural and biochemical changes of imported avocado cv. hass during fruit ripening.	the ripeness degree of climacteric fruits, such as avocado ( persea americana mill.), can be correlated with rheological properties. however, there remains little information on not only the postharvest changes in texture of avocado fruit from different origins but also the spatial variation within fruit. in addition, the relationship between changes in texture and composition of fatty acids and major nonstructural carbohydrates (nscs) of fruit tissue during ripening is unknown. the texture of d ...	2009	19580285
a novel approach to the rapid assignment of (13)c nmr spectra of major components of vegetable oils such as avocado, mango kernel and macadamia nut oils.	assignment of (13)c nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra of major fatty acid components of south african produced vegetable oils was attempted using a method in which the vegetable oil was spiked with a standard triacylglycerol. this proved to be inadequate and therefore a new rapid and potentially generic graphical linear correlation method is proposed for assignment of the (13)c nmr spectra of major fatty acid components of apricot kernel, avocado pear, grapeseed, macadamia nut, mango kern ...	2009	19544589
the nutritional intake of undergraduates at the university of zimbabwe college of health sciences.	in developing countries the cost of treating disease is much more than prevention and so there is now a lot of interest in understanding nutrition. in this pilot study we selected a cohort of pre-clinical students studying at the college of health sciences in the university of zimbabwe. this study was carried to investigate the gender-based weekly consumption of different food categories amongst university of zimbabwe students. semi-structured questionnaires distributed to 100 undergraduate stud ...	2009	19445103
fatty acids, sterols, and antioxidant activity in minimally processed avocados during refrigerated storage.	avocado ( persea americana mill.) is a good source of bioactive compounds such as monounsaturated fatty acids and sterols. the impact of minimal processing on its health-promoting attributes was investigated. avocados cut into slices or halves were packaged in plastic bags under nitrogen, air, or vacuum and stored at 8 degrees c for 13 days. the stabilities of fatty acids and sterols as well as the effect on antioxidant activity were evaluated. the main fatty acid identified and quantified in av ...	2009	19278228
biochemical analysis of reactive oxygen species production and antioxidative responses in unripe avocado (persea americana mill var hass) fruits in response to wounding.	we analyzed the production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and of detoxifying enzymes and enzymes of the ascorbate (asc) acid cycle in avocado fruit (pesea americana mill cv hass) in response to wounding. the levels of superoxide anion (o(2-), hydroxyl radicals (oh.) and hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) increased at 15 min and 2 and 15 h post-wounding. peroxidase (pod) activity had increased to high levels 24 h after wounding; in contrast, catalase and superoxide dismutase (sod) levels hat decrease ...	2009	19234667
the role of the embryo and ethylene in avocado fruit mesocarp discoloration.	chilling injury (ci) symptoms in avocado (persea americana mill.) fruit, expressed as mesocarp discoloration, were found to be associated with embryo growth and ethylene production during cold storage. in cvs ettinger and arad most mesocarp discoloration was located close to the base of the seed and was induced by ethylene treatment in seeded avocado fruit. however, ethylene did not increase mesocarp discoloration in seedless fruit stored at 5 degrees c. application of ethylene to whole fruit in ...	2009	19196750
de novo synthesis and degradation of lx and v cycle pigments during shade and sun acclimation in avocado leaves.	the photoprotective role of the universal violaxanthin cycle that interconverts violaxanthin (v), antheraxanthin (a), and zeaxanthin (z) is well established, but functions of the analogous conversions of lutein-5,6-epoxide (lx) and lutein (l) in the selectively occurring lx cycle are still unclear. we investigated carotenoid pools in lx-rich leaves of avocado (persea americana) during sun or shade acclimation at different developmental stages. during sun exposure of mature shade leaves, an unusu ...	2009	19060099
anti-helicobacter pylori activity of plants used in mexican traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders.	helicobacter pylori is the major etiological agent of chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer disease and is linked to gastric carcinoma. treatment to eradicate the bacteria failed in many cases, mainly due to antibiotic resistance, hence the necessity of developing better therapeutic regimens. mexico has an enormous unexplored potential of medicinal plants. this work evaluates the in vitro anti-h. pylori activity of 53 plants used in mexican traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders ...	2009	19162157
chemical composition, toxicity and larvicidal and antifungal activities of persea americana (avocado) seed extracts.	the present study had the aim of testing the hexane and methanol extracts of avocado seeds, in order to determine their toxicity towards artemia salina, evaluate their larvicidal activity towards aedes aegypti and investigate their in vitro antifungal potential against strains of candida spp, cryptococcus neoformans and malassezia pachydermatis through the microdilution technique. in toxicity tests on artemia salina, the hexane and methanol extracts from avocado seeds showed lc50 values of 2.37 ...	2009	19448924
effect of aqueous extracts of alligator pear seed (persea americana mill) on blood glucose and histopathology of pancreas in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.	effects of aqueous extract of alligator pear seed on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated in 6 groups of rats (5 rats per group). test groups were made diabetic with intra-peritoneal injection of alloxan and treated with 300 mg and 600 mg/kg body weight of alligator pear seed extract. two non-diabetic groups were also administered with 300 mg and 600 mg/kg body weight extract. the levels of blood glucose were examined in all 6 experimental groups. in diabetic rats, blood gl ...	2009	19553173
rapid molecular identification of armored scale insects (hemiptera: diaspididae) on mexican 'hass' avocado.	'hass' avocado, persea americana mill., fruit imported into california from mexico are infested with high levels of armored scale insects (hemiptera: diaspididae), constituting several species. the paucity and delicate nature of morphological characters traditionally used to diagnose armored scales often require careful preparation of slide-mounted specimens and expert knowledge of the group, for their accurate identification. here, we present a simple, quick, and accurate means to identify armo ...	2009	19886461
acute and sub-acute toxicological assessment of the aqueous seed extract of persea americana mill (lauraceae) in rats.	the aqueous seed extract of persea americana mill (lauraceae) is used by herbalists in nigeria for the management of hypertension. as part of our on-going scientific evaluation of the extract, we designed the present study to assess its acute and sub-acute toxicity profiles in rats. experiments were conducted to determine the oral median lethal dose (ld(50)) and other gross toxicological manifestations on acute basis. in the sub-acute experiments, the animals were administered 2.5 g/kg (p.o) per ...	2009	20606779
host status of avocado ('hass') to ceratitis capitata, ceratitis rosa, and ceratitis cosyra (diptera: tephritidae) in south africa.	ceratitis capitata (wiedemann), ceratitis rosa karsch, and ceratitis cosyra (walker) (diptera: tephritidae) are pests potentially associated with avocado (persea americana mill.) in south africa. the aim of the study was to determine the host status of 'hass' avocado to these tephritid pests over 4 yr. unpunctured harvested avocado was exposed to fruit flies in the laboratory under no-choice conditions for 24 h. in field studies, each species was exposed for 48 h under no-choice conditions to av ...	2009	19736756
high levels of exotic armored scales on imported avocados raise concerns regarding usda-aphis' phytosanitary risk assessment.	between 1914 and 2007, a quarantine protected california avocado, persea americana mill., groves from pests that might be introduced into the state along with fresh, imported avocados. soon after mexican avocados were first allowed entry on 1 february 2007, live specimens of several species of armored scales (hemiptera: diaspididae) not believed to be present in california were detected on 'hass' avocados entering the state from mexico. initially, the california department of food and agricultur ...	2009	19610397
biology and host associations of redbay ambrosia beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae), exotic vector of laurel wilt killing redbay trees in the southeastern united states.	the redbay ambrosia beetle, xyleborus glabratus eichhoff (coleoptera: curculionidae: scolytinae), and its fungal symbiont, raffaelea sp., are new introductions to the southeastern united states responsible for the wilt of mature redbay, persea borbonia (l.) spreng., trees. in 2006 and 2007, we investigated the seasonal flight activity of x. glabratus, its host associations, and population levels at eight locations in south carolina and georgia where infestations ranged from very recent to at lea ...	2008	18767737
effects of persea americana mill (lauraceae) ["avocado"] ethanolic leaf extract on blood glucose and kidney function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and on kidney cell lines of the proximal (llcpk1) and distal tubules (mdbk).	extracts of persea americana mill (lauraceae) ("avocado") have been traditionally used to treat hypertension and diabetes mellitus. accordingly, we studied the hypoglycaemic and renal function effects of p. americana leaf ethanolic extracts (pae) in stz-induced diabetic rats. oral glucose tolerance responses to various doses of pae were monitored in fasted rats following a glucose load. rats treated with deionized water or standard hypoglycaemic drugs acted as untreated and treated positive cont ...	2008	18389095
wound healing activity of persea americana (avocado) fruit: a preclinical study on rats.	avocado (persea americana) oil is rich in nutrient waxes, proteins and minerals, as well as vitamins a, d and e. it is an excellent source of enrichment for dry, damaged or chapped skin. this study aimed to evaluate the wound-healing activity of fruit extract of persea americana in rats.	2008	18376654
multi-factor regulation of pectate lyase secretion by colletotrichum gloeosporioides pathogenic on avocado fruits.	tissue alkalinization during colletotrichum gloeosporioides attack enhances the expression of pelb, which encodes pectate lyase (pl), and pl secretion, which is considered essential for full virulence. we studied the regulation of pl secretion by manipulation of c. gloeosporioides pelb. pelb was down-regulated by knocking out pac1, which encodes the pacc transcription factor that regulates gene products with ph-sensitive activities. we functionally characterized a pacc gene homologue, pac1, from ...	2008	18705870
lipid and fatty acid composition of mesocarp and seed of avocado fruits harvested at northern range in japan.	the lipid and fatty acid composition of the mesocarp and seed of avocado fruit grown and harvested in japan, which is located at the northern range of the avacado, was investigated and compared to an imported avocado purchased commercially. the potential of the avocado mesocarp as an agricultural product in japan was also explored. total lipids (tl) accounted for approximately 20% of the mesocarp. further analysis showed that the neutral lipid (nl) fraction accounted for at least 95% of the tl, ...	2008	18838831
development of a rapid method for the sequential extraction and subsequent quantification of fatty acids and sugars from avocado mesocarp tissue.	methods devised for oil extraction from avocado (persea americana mill.) mesocarp (e.g., soxhlet) are usually lengthy and require operation at high temperature. moreover, methods for extracting sugars from avocado tissue (e.g., 80% ethanol, v/v) do not allow for lipids to be easily measured from the same sample. this study describes a new simple method that enabled sequential extraction and subsequent quantification of both fatty acids and sugars from the same avocado mesocarp tissue sample. fre ...	2008	18680299
short- and long-term modulation of the lutein epoxide and violaxanthin cycles in two species of the lauraceae: sweet bay laurel (laurus nobilis l.) and avocado (persea americana mill.).	short- and long-term responses of the violaxanthin (v) and lutein epoxide (lx) cycles were studied in two species of lauraceae: sweet bay laurel (laurus nobilis l.) and avocado (persea americana l.). the lx content exceeded the v content in shade leaves of both species. both lx and v were de-epoxidised on illumination, but only v was fully restored by epoxidation in low light. violaxanthin was preferentially de-epoxidised in low light in l. nobilis. this suggests that lx accumulates with leaf ag ...	2008	18426476
lepidoptera and associated parasitoids attacking hass and non-hass avocados in guatemala.	a 5-mo survey for fruit feeding lepidoptera attacking hass and non-hass avocados (persea americana miller [lauraceae]) was conducted in guatemala from 1 november 2006 to 1 april 2007. in total, 6,740 fruit were collected from 22 different areas in guatemala. eight species of lepidoptera, of which at least two are species new to science, were reared from avocado fruit. reared lepidoptera were amorbia santamaria phillips and powell, cryptaspasma sp. nr. lugubris, euxoa sorella schaus, histura n. s ...	2008	18767741
bioecology of stenoma catenifer (lepidoptera: elachistidae) and associated larval parasitoids reared from hass avocados in guatemala.	a 10-wk study of the avocado seed-feeding moth stenoma catenifer walsingham (lepidoptera: elachistidae), was conducted in a commercial 'hass' avocado (persea americana miller [lauraceae]) orchard in guatemala. up to 45% of fruit in the orchard were damaged by larval s. catenifer. larval-to-adult survivorship for 1,881 s. catenifer larvae in hass fruit was 37%, and adult sex ratio was 51% female. four species of larval parasitoid were reared from field-collected s. catenifer larvae. the most comm ...	2008	18613567
persea americana (avocado): bringing ancient flowers to fruit in the genomics era.	the avocado (persea americana) is a major crop commodity worldwide. moreover, avocado, a paleopolyploid, is an evolutionary "outpost" among flowering plants, representing a basal lineage (the magnoliid clade) near the origin of the flowering plants themselves. following centuries of selective breeding, avocado germplasm has been characterized at the level of microsatellite and rflp markers. nonetheless, little is known beyond these general diversity estimates, and much work remains to be done to ...	2008	18348249
nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium in wild avocado (persea americana mill.).	resequencing studies provide the ultimate resolution of genetic diversity because they identify all mutations in a gene that are present within the sampled individuals. we report a resequencing study of persea americana, a subtropical tree species native to meso- and central america and the progenitor of cultivated avocado. the sample includes 21 wild accessions from mexico, costa rica, ecuador, and the dominican republic. estimated levels of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium (l ...	2008	18343895
chemopreventive characteristics of avocado fruit.	phytochemicals are recognized as playing an important role in cancer prevention by fruits and vegetables. the avocado is a widely grown and consumed fruit that is high in nutrients and low in calories, sodium, and fats. studies have shown that phytochemicals extracted from the avocado fruit selectively induce cell cycle arrest, inhibit growth, and induce apoptosis in precancerous and cancer cell lines. our recent studies indicate that phytochemicals extracted with chloroform from avocado fruits ...	2007	17582784
simultaneous analysis of glycolipids and phospholids molecular species in avocado (persea americana mill) fruit.	the molecular species of phospholipids (pls) and glycolipids (gls) were simultaneously characterized in the pulp and almond of the avocado fruit (persea americana mill) of four varieties by means of high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. in the pulp, the predominant species of monoglycosyldiglycerides (mgd) were m/z 796.6 (oleic/linolenic and linoleic/linoleic acids) and m/z 800.4 (stearic/linoleic and oleic/oleic acids). one of the main ...	2007	17074356
infusions of portuguese medicinal plants: dependence of final antioxidant capacity and phenol content on extraction features.	aqueous extracts of most medicinal plants traditionally employed in portugal (at the ratio of 1 g plant: 110 ml water) have been assayed for total antioxidant capacity and phenol content, in order to elucidate their claimed medicinal features.	2007	20836172
[genitalia of three species of heilipus germar (coleoptera: curculionidae) that damage avocado fruits (persea americana mill.) in mexico and costa rica].	the male and female genitaliae of three species of the genus heilipus germar (h. lauri boheman, h. pittieri barber and h. trifasciatus fabricius) that damage avocado fruits (persea americana mill.) in mexico and costa rica are described and illustrated. the aedeagus, spiculum gastrale, styli of 8th sternite are different in each one of the three species studied and can be used for specific identification.	2007	18246266
cardiovascular effects of persea americana mill (lauraceae) (avocado) aqueous leaf extract in experimental animals.	the cardiovascular effects of persea americana mill (lauraceae) aqueous leaf extract (pae) have been investigated in some experimental animal paradigms. the effects of pae on myocardial contractile performance was evaluated on guinea pig isolated atrial muscle strips, while the vasodilatory effects of the plant extract were examined on isolated portal veins and thoracic aortic rings of healthy normal wistar rats in vitro. the hypotensive (antihypertensive) effect of the plant extract was examine ...	2007	17497042
[high-density lipoproteins (hdl) size and composition are modified in the rat by a diet supplemented with "hass" avocado (persea americana miller)].	to determine the effects of dietary avocado on hdl structure and their associated enzyme, paraoxonase 1 (pon1).	2007	17500188
hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic potential of persea americana leaf extracts.	the effect of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of persea americana on plasma glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl-chol), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl-chol) in rats was investigated. albino rats were fed a diet containing 20% groundnut oil, 0.5% cholesterol, and 0.25% cholic acid to induce hypercholesterolemia. they were then treated daily with aqueous or methanolic extract of p. americana leaf (10 mg/kg of body weight) for 8 weeks. there were ...	2007	17651074
analyses of avocado (persea americana) nectar properties and their perception by honey bees (apis mellifera).	honey bees are important avocado pollinators. however, due to the low attractiveness of flowers, pollination is often inadequate. previous work has revealed that avocado honey is relatively unattractive to honey bees when compared with honey from competing flowers. we characterized avocado honey and nectar with respect to their odor, color, and composition of sugars, phenolic compounds, and minerals. furthermore, we tested how honey bees perceive these parameters, using the proboscis extension r ...	2006	16902825
anticonvulsant effect of persea americana mill (lauraceae) (avocado) leaf aqueous extract in mice.	various morphological parts of persea americana mill (lauraceae) (avocado) are widely used in african traditional medicines for the treatment, management and/or control of a variety of human ailments, including childhood convulsions and epilepsy. this study examined the anticonvulsant effect of the plant's leaf aqueous extract (pae, 50-800 mg/kg i.p.) against pentylenetetrazole (ptz)-, picrotoxin (pct)- and bicuculline (bcl)-induced seizures in mice. phenobarbitone and diazepam were used as refe ...	2006	16775810
ethnomedicines used in trinidad and tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus.	this paper is based on ethnobotanical interviews conducted from 1996-2000 in trinidad and tobago with thirty male and female respondents.	2006	17040567
effect of ammonia production by colletotrichum gloeosporioides on pelb activation, pectate lyase secretion, and fruit pathogenicity.	the accumulation of ammonia and associated tissue alkalinization predispose avocado fruit to attack by colletotrichum gloeosporioides. secretion of ammonia by c. gloeosporioides in the presence of kno3 was induced by decreasing the ph from 7.0 to 4.0. when the fungus was grown at ph 4.0 or 6.0 in the absence of a nitrogen source, ammonia did not accumulate, and neither pelb (encoding pectate lyase) transcription nor pectate lyase secretion was detected. under these nitrogen starvation conditions ...	2006	16461646
[vertical distribution, damage and cultural control of stenoma catenifer walsingham (lepidoptera: elachistidae) in avocado grove].	stenoma catenifer walsingham is the major pest in avocado groves (persea americana mill.) in the neotropical region. management has been difficult for many reasons related to the reduced knowledge on its bioecology and the avocado growing systems. the goal of this work was to study the vertical distribution of s. catenifer in avocado plants, the gagging effect of infested fruit on its survival, and the losses caused. the experiments were conducted in a commercial grove located at the são tomás d ...	2006	17061802
widespread genome duplications throughout the history of flowering plants.	genomic comparisons provide evidence for ancient genome-wide duplications in a diverse array of animals and plants. we developed a birth-death model to identify evidence for genome duplication in est data, and applied a mixture model to estimate the age distribution of paralogous pairs identified in est sets for species representing the basal-most extant flowering plant lineages. we found evidence for episodes of ancient genome-wide duplications in the basal angiosperm lineages including nuphar ...	2006	16702410
phylogenetic diversification of glycogen synthase kinase 3/shaggy-like kinase genes in plants.	the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (gsk3)/shaggy-like kinases (gsks) are non-receptor serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in a variety of biological processes. in contrast to the two members of the gsk3 family in mammals, plants appear to have a much larger set of divergent gsk genes. plant gsks are encoded by a multigene family; analysis of the arabidopsis genome revealed the existence of 10 gsk genes that fall into four major groups. here we characterized the structure of arabidopsi ...	2006	16504046
pigments in avocado tissue and oil.	pigments are important contributors to the appearance and healthful properties of both avocado fruits and the oils extracted from these fruits. this study determined carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment concentrations in the skin and three sections of the flesh (outer dark green, middle pale green, and inner yellow flesh-nearest the seed) and anthocyanin concentrations in the skin of hass avocado during ripening at 20 degrees c. pigments were extracted from frozen tissue with acetone and measured ...	2006	17177553
persea gratissima (avocado) sterols decrease uvb induced proinflammatory mediators.		2006	12392006
microsatellite markers in avocado (persea americana mill.): genealogical relationships among cultivated avocado genotypes.	twenty-five microsatellite markers uniquely differentiated 35 avocado cultivars and two wild relatives. average heterozygosity was high (60.7%), ranging from 32% in p. steyermarkii to 84% in fuerte and bacon. in a subset of 15 cultivars, heterozygosity averaged 63.5% for microsatellites, compared to 41.8% for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps). a neighbor-joining tree, according to average shared allele distances, consisted of three clusters likely corresponding to the botanical r ...	2006	14557394
resveratrol treatment controls microbial flora, prolongs shelf life, and preserves nutritional quality of fruit.	resveratrol is known as a grapevine secondary metabolite with fungicide activity. its exogenous application on harvested grapes resulted in the reduction of microbial flora growth, and consequently, prolonged shelf life, without affecting the nutritional quality of the fruit. resveratrol treatment also resulted in being effective on fruit that normally does not accumulate such metabolites as, for example, tomatoes, apples, avocado pears, and peppers. as a result, all treated fruits maintained th ...	2005	15740035
carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil.	dietary lipids are hypothesized to be an important factor for carotenoid bioavailability. however, most carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables are low in lipids. the objective of this study was to assess whether the addition of avocado fruit as a lipid source enhances carotenoid absorption in humans. healthy subjects (n = 11/study) were recruited for 2 crossover, postprandial studies. the effect of avocado addition (150 g) to salsa on lycopene and beta-carotene absorption was examined in study 1, ...	2005	15735074
inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by an avocado extract: role of lipid-soluble bioactive substances.	although the avocado is known as a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids, there has been far less attention given to its content of other bioactive substances including carotenoids, which might contribute to cancer preventive properties similar to those attributed to other fruits and vegetables. the yellow-green color of the avocado prompted us to study the carotenoid content of this fruit using established methods in our laboratory. the california hass avocado (persea americana mill.) was ...	2005	15629237
vasorelaxant action of aqueous extract of the leaves of persea americana on isolated thoracic rat aorta.	the present study investigated the vasorelaxant action of the aqueous leaves extract of persea americana on isolated rat aorta. the results showed that the extract produced significant vasorelaxation and that the effect is dependent on the synthesis or release of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (edrfs) as well as the release of prostanoid. the extract also reduced vasoconstriction probably by inhibiting ca2+ influx through calcium channels.	2005	15990249
metabolism of the flavonoid epicatechin by laccase of colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its effect on pathogenicity on avocado fruits.	abstract during avocado fruit ripening, decreasing levels of the flavonoid epicatechin have been reported to modulate the metabolism of preformed antifungal compounds and the activation of quiescent colletotrichum gloeosporioides infections. epicatechin levels decreased as well when c. gloeosporioides was grown in the presence of epicatechin in culture. extracts of laccase enzyme obtained from decayed tissue and culture media fully metabolized the epicatechin substrate within 4 and 20 h, respect ...	2005	18943366
diurnal and seasonal variations in leaf hydraulic conductance in evergreen and deciduous trees.	we studied changes in the hydraulic conductance of leaves (k(leaf)) between dawn and dusk during the growth period (july) and at midday at the beginning of autumn in four tree species. the main objectives of the study were to check the extent of diurnal and seasonal changes in k(leaf) and the relationships between k(leaf), irradiance and leaf gas exchange. two evergreen (aleurites moluccana and persea americana) and two deciduous trees (platanus orientalis and quercus rubra) were studied. leaf h ...	2005	15687099
trypanocidal constituents in plants 5. evaluation of some mexican plants for their trypanocidal activity and active constituents in the seeds of persea americana.	crude extracts of mexican medicinal plants were screened for trypanocidal activity against trypanosoma cruzi, which is the etiological agent for chagas' disease, one of the most serious protozoan diseases in latin america. there were 71 kinds of methanolic and other organic extracts from 65 plants, which were newly examined by a preliminary screening test to observe immobilization of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of t. cruzi in vitro. the meoh extract of seeds of persea americana (avocado) s ...	2005	15997123
study on anti-diabetic activities of crude methanolic extracts of loranthus micranthus (linn.) sourced from five different host trees.	the hypoglycaemic and anti-hyperglycemic activities of dried leaves of loranthus micranthus (linn.) (loranthaceae), parasitic on persea americana, baphia nitda, kola acuminata, pentaclethra macrophylla, azadirchta indica, were evaluated in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated (intraperitoneally) with 200 mg/kg of the respective methanolic extracts of loranthus micranthus (linn.), glibenclamide (positive control), and ...	2004	15507325
nonhost status of commercial persea americana 'hass' to anastrepha ludens, anastrepha obliqua, anastrepha serpentina, and anastrepha striata (diptera: tephritidae) in mexico.	the objective of this study was to determine the host status in mexico of commercially cultivated and marketed avocado, persea americana (mill.), 'hass' to anastrepha ludens (loew), anastrepha obliqua (macquart), anastrepha serpentina (wiedemann), and anastrepha striata (schiner) (diptera: tephritidae). experiments in michoacán, mexico, were carried out in six orchards located at three altitudes above sea level during two times (august-october 2001 and april-june 2002). they included choice ('ha ...	2004	15154448
expression of delta(12) fatty acid desaturase during the induced accumulation of the antifungal diene in avocado fruits.	summary the preformed (z,z)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene (afd) is the most active antifungal compound in avocado; it affects the quiescence of colletotrichum gloeosporioides in unripe fruit. one of the genes encoding delta(12) fatty acid desaturase (avfad12) was hypothesized to take part in the biosynthesis of afd, and its expression pattern and enzymatic activity were determined in relation to the content of afd. using avfad12-3 as a probe, high levels of expression were dete ...	2004	20565631
evaluation of phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of leaf extract of tapinanthus sessilifolius (p. beauv) van tiegh.	leaf extracts of t. sessilifolius growing on five different host plants (psidium guajava, citrus lemon, vernonia amygdalina, persea americana and jatropa curcas) were evaluated for antimicrobial activity of the plant. powdered leaves of t. sessilifolius collected from each host plant was divided into two portions. one portion was used for aqueous infusion and the other portion was successively extracted with hexane, ethylacetate and methanol. infusion of aqueous extract of powdered leaves did no ...	2004	15233306
two glucosylated abscisic acid derivates from avocado seeds (persea americana mill. lauraceae cv. hass).	phytochemical investigation of avocado seed material (persea americana mill., lauraceae) resulted in the isolation of two glucosylated abscisic acid derivates. one of these was not known as a natural product and can be regarded as a potential 'missing link' in abscisic acid metabolism in plants. after fractionation by high-speed countercurrent chromatography, and multiple steps of column chromatography, structures were elucidated by 1d-, 2d-nmr, electrospray-ms to be the novel beta-d-glucoside o ...	2004	15081301
xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase impact plant hormone homeostasis and affect fruit size in 'hass' avocado.	the contribution of xanthine dehydrogenase (xdh, ec 1.1.1.204) to fruit size was investigated using the normal and small-fruit variants of persea americana mill. cv. 'hass'. inhibition of xdh by treatment of normal fruit, in the linear phase of growth (phase ii), with allopurinol (allo) arrested fruit growth. adenine (ade), a less effective inhibitor of this enzyme, also arrested fruit growth when applied in phase ii and slowed fruit growth when applied in phase iii. a time-course study on the a ...	2004	15015080
effect of a novel oil extraction method on avocado (persea americana mill) pulp microstructure.	avocado (persea americana mill) is an oil-rich fruit, the pulp containing up to 33% of the oil. it is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, and has nutritional properties similar to olive oil. however, there is no widespread commercial method for oil recovery from avocado pulp. the aim of this study is to contribute to the limited knowledge about the micro- and ultrastructure of avocado. it presents a micro- and ultrastructural study of avocado pulp before and after three different oil recovery m ...	2004	15675146
integrating gene flow, crop biology, and farm management in on-farm conservation of avocado (persea americana, lauraceae).	maintaining crop diversity on farms where cultivars can evolve is a conservation goal, but few tools are available to assess the long-term maintenance of genetic diversity on farms. one important issue for on-farm conservation is gene flow from crops with a narrow genetic base into related populations that are genetically diverse. in a case study of avocado (persea americana var. americana) in one of its centers of diversity (san jerónimo, costa rica), we used 10 dna microsatellite markers in a ...	2003	21653337
methyl de-esterification as a major factor regulating the extent of pectin depolymerization during fruit ripening: a comparison of the action of avocado (persea americana) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) polygalacturonases.	pectinmethylesterase (pme, ec 3.2.1.11) and polygalacturonase (pg, ec 3.2.1.15) are known to operate in tandem to degrade methylesterified polyuronides. in this study, pgs purified from tomato and avocado fruit were compared in terms of their capacity to hydrolyze water-soluble polyuronides from avocado before and following enzymic or chemical de-esterification. when assayed using polygalacturonic acid or polyuronides from avocado fruit, the activity of pg from tomato fruit was 3-4 times higher ...	2003	12872489
effect of different extraction methods on fatty acids, volatile compounds, and physical and chemical properties of avocado (persea americana mill.) oil.	because mexico is the number one producer of avocados in the world, this fruit has potential as a source for oil extraction. it is appropriate to further investigate the detailed changes that the oil undergoes when different extraction methods are applied. this research paper presents the study of the physical and chemical changes, the fatty acids profile, the trans fatty acid content, and the identification of volatile compounds of the oils from avocado pulp (persea americana mill.), obtained b ...	2003	12670159
determination by near-infrared spectroscopy of perseitol used as a marker for the botanical origin of avocado (persea americana mill.) honey.	this paper reports the application of near-infrared (nir) reflectance spectroscopy to determine the concentration in honey of perseitol, a sugar that is specific to avocado honey. reference values for perseitol were obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis in 109 honey samples. although the average concentration of perseitol in honey samples was only 0.48%, accurate prediction equations were successfully developed. the regression model of modified partial least squares was sup ...	2002	12207462
identification of a hard surface contact-induced gene in colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia as a sterol glycosyl transferase, a novel fungal virulence factor.	hard surface contact has been known to be necessary to induce infection structure (appressorium) formation in many phytopathogenic fungi. however, the molecular basis of this requirement is unknown. we have used a differential display approach to clone some of the genes induced in the conidia by hard surface contact. we report that one of the genes induced by hard-surface contact of the conidia of colletotrichum gloeosporioides, chip6, encodes a protein with homology to sterol glycosyl transfera ...	2002	12000454
behavior of listeria monocytogenes in avocado pulp and processed guacamole.	the potential ability of listeria monocytogenes to grow or survive in avocado pulp (ap) and processed guacamole (pg) stored at 22, 4 to 7, and -18 degrees c was studied. both products were obtained from a factory in michoacan, mexico. pg consisted of ap mixed with dehydrated vegetables, antioxidants, and preservatives. populations of l monocytogenes in ap stored at 22 degrees c increased from 2 to 6 and 9 log cfu/g after 24 and 48 h, respectively. at 4 to 7 degrees c, the growth rate of l monocy ...	2002	12430696
the analysis of fruit protection mechanisms provided by reduced-pathogenicity mutants of colletotrichum gloeosporioides obtained by restriction enzyme mediated integration.	abstract colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important postharvest pathogen that attacks ripe avocado fruit. two reduced-pathogenicity mutants, cg-m-142 and cg-m-1150, previously obtained by restriction enzyme mediated integration, were used for the sequential analysis of the induction of biocontrol in avocado fruit. plant biochemical indicators, such as h(+)-atpase activity and levels of reactive oxygen species, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, epicatechin, and an antifungal diene, were investigat ...	2002	18944245
analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of persea americana mill (lauraceae).	the aqueous extract of persea americana leaves produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both phases of formalin pain test in mice, a reduction in mouse writhing induced by acetic acid and an elevation of pain threshold in the hot plate test in mice. the extract also produced a dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. the results obtained indicate that the extract possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.	2002	12165331
defatted avocado pulp reduces body weight and total hepatic fat but increases plasma cholesterol in male rats fed diets with cholesterol.	the potential use of avocado as a fiber source was evaluated. the total dietary fiber content of fresh avocado fruit of the ettinger variety was 5.2 g/100 g. approximately 75% was insoluble, and 25% soluble. the water-holding capacity of dry defatted avocado pulp was similar to that of cellulose, and trypsin inhibitors were not detected. the dietary and metabolic consequences of the avocado pulp were studied in male rats fed normal and hypercholesterolemic diets. rats consumed semipurified diets ...	2002	12097685
flow injection spectrophotometric determination of isoproterenol using an avocado (persea americana) crude extract immobilized on controlled-pore silica reactor.	an enzymatic reactor was constructed by the immobilization of polyphenol oxidase (ppo) from avocado (persea americana) crude extract in an inorganic support of controlled pore silica (cps), after a previous step of silanization. this inorganic support has been used as an excellent carrier to immobilize this enzyme and the enzymatic reactor was used in a flow injection system for the determination of isoproterenol in pharmaceutical products. the procedure is based on the oxidation reaction of thi ...	2002	18968613
fatty acid content of selected seed oils.	fatty acid content of selected seed oils from world-wide edible fruits, ceratonia ciliqua (carob) from caesalpiniaceae family, diospyros kaki (persimmon) from ebenaceae family, zizyphus jujuba (jujube) from rhamnaceae family, and persea gratissima (avocado pear) from lauraceae family, were determined by capillary gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (gc-ms) to find new natural sources for essential fatty acids. among the seed oils analyzed, ceratonia ciliqua has been found to have the highest e ...	2002	15277087
biological screening of selected medicinal panamanian plants by radioligand-binding techniques.	nineteen plants from the republic of panama were selected by their traditional uses in the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular, mental and feeding disorders and 149 extracts were screened using radioligand-receptor-binding assays. the methanol:dicloromethane extracts of the bark and leaves of anacardium occidentale l., the leaves of begonia urophylla hook., the roots of bocconia frutescens l., the stems and leaves of cecropia cf.obtusifolia bertol., the branches of clusia coclensis standl. ...	2001	11292241
chronoamperometric determination of paracetamol using an avocado tissue (persea americana) biosensor.	a biosensor based on vaseline/graphite modified with avocado tissue (persea americana) as the source of polyphenol oxidase was developed and used for the chronoamperometric determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations. this enzyme catalyses the oxidation of paracetamol to n-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine whose electrochemical reduction back to paracetamol was obtained at a potential of -0.12 v. after addition of paracetamol reference solutions in glass cell and stirring for 60 s for t ...	2001	18968415
liver injury suppressing compounds from avocado (persea americana).	to evaluate the protective activity of fruits against liver injury, 22 different fruits were fed to rats with liver damage caused by d-galactosamine, a powerful liver toxin. as measured by changes in the levels of plasma alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate aminotransferase (ast), avocado showed extraordinarily potent liver injury suppressing activity. five active compounds were isolated and their structures determined. these were all fatty acid derivatives, of which three, namely, (2e,5 ...	2001	11368579
[study of the anti-icteric and hepatoprotective activity of persea gratissima gaertner (lauraceae) seeds ].	the lyophilisat of persea gratissima gaertner almonds was administered in various quantities to eighty four rats divided in three groups of twenty eight. in the first group (negative reference group), each animal was forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water on a daily basis, in the second group (positive reference group), the rats were forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water per day, after they were intoxicated with 0,3 ml of carbon tetrachloride under cutaneous injection, in the third group (experim ...	2001	15773170
development of colletotrichum gloeosporioides restriction enzyme-mediated integration mutants as biocontrol agents against anthracnose disease in avocado fruits.	abstract reduced-pathogenicity mutants of the avocado fruit pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolate cg-14 (teleomorph: glomerella cingulata) were generated by insertional mutagenesis by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) transformation. following seven transformations, 3,500 hygromycin-resistant isolates were subjected to a virulence assay by inoculation on mesocarp and pericarp of cv. fuerte avocado fruits. fourteen isolates showed a reduced degree of virulence relative comp ...	2001	18944387
colletotrichum gloeosporioides pelb is an important virulence factor in avocado fruit-fungus interaction.	colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important pathogen of tropical and subtropical fruits. the c. gloeosporioides pelb gene was disrupted in the fungus via homologous recombination. three independent isolates, gd-14, gd-23, and gd-29, did not produce or secrete pectate lyase b (plb) and exhibited 25% lower pectate lyase (pl) and pectin lyase (pnl) activities and 15% higher polygalacturonase (pg) activity than the wild type. the plb mutants exhibited no growth reduction on glucose, na polypectat ...	2001	11497471
purification and catalytic properties of polygalacturonase isoforms from ripe avocado (persea americana) fruit mesocarp.	endo-polygalacturonase (pg; ec 3.2.1.15) was recovered from the cell walls of avocado mesocarp (persea americana mill cv. lula) tissue and purified by sequential ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. two isoforms (s-i and s-ii) were recovered, exhibiting molecular masses of about 41 kd on size exclusion media and about 48 (s-i) and 46 (s-ii) kda as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). both isoforms exhibited maximum activity at ph 6.0 agai ...	2001	12060298
acetyl-coa carboxylase inhibitors from avocado (persea americana mill) fruits.	a methanol extract of avocado fruits showed potent inhibitory activity against acetyl-coa carboxylase, a key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis. the active principles were isolated and identified as (5e,12z,15z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-5,12,15-trienyl (1), (2r,12z,15z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-12,15-dienyl (2), (2r,4r)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-enyl (3) and (2r,4r)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-ynyl (4) acetates by instrumental analyses. the ic50 of the compounds were 4.0 x 10(-6), 4.9 x 10(-6), 9 ...	2001	11515553
the pathway of biosynthesis of abscisic acid in vascular plants: a review of the present state of knowledge of aba biosynthesis.	the pathway of biosynthesis of abscisic acid (aba) can be considered to comprise three stages: (i) early reactions in which small phosphorylated intermediates are assembled as precursors of (ii) intermediate reactions which begin with the formation of the uncyclized c40 carotenoid phytoene and end with the cleavage of 9'-cis-neoxanthin (iii) to form xanthoxal, the c15 skeleton of aba. the final phase comprising c15 intermediates is not yet completely defined, but the evidence suggests that xanth ...	2001	11432933
avocado fruit is a rich source of beta-sitosterol.		2001	11320941
inhibition by (+)-persenone [corrected] a-related compounds of nitric oxide and superoxide generation from inflammatory leukocytes.	we have previously reported that persenone a, isolated from avocado fruit, is an effective inhibitor of both nitric oxide (no) and superoxide (o2-) generation in cell culture systems. in this study, we have prepared four persenone a-related compounds and examined their inhibition of no and o2- generation from inflammatory leukocytes. some structural importance in persenone a to attenuate free radical generation is discussed.	2000	11193427
characterization of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family and the regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis in avocado.	avocado (persea americana mill. cv lula) is a climacteric fruit that exhibits a rise in ethylene as the fruit ripens. this rise in ethylene is followed by an increase in abscisic acid (aba), with the highest level occurring just after the peak in ethylene production. aba is synthesized from the cleavage of carotenoid precursors. the cleavage of carotenoid precursors produces xanthoxin, which can subsequently be converted into aba via aba-aldehyde. indirect evidence indicates that the cleavage re ...	2000	10982448
non-invasive photoacoustic spectroscopic determination of relative endogenous nitric oxide and ethylene content stoichiometry during the ripening of strawberries fragaria anannasa (duch.) and avocados persea americana (mill.).	employing non-invasive photoacoustic spectrometry, emissions of nitric oxide (no) and ethylene in post-harvest strawberries and avocados were monitored. a clear-cut stoichiometric relationship was found between the two gases: unripe fruit manifesting high no and low ethylene levels-the converse in ripe fruit. findings are discussed in the light of putative control of ethylene-promoted fruit senescence by endogenous no.	2000	10944162
towards reconciliation of structure with function in plasmodesmata-who is the gatekeeper?	whilst the structure of higher plant plasmodesmata was first described by robards (1963. desmotubule-a plasmodesmatal substructure. nature 218, 784), and despite many subsequent intensive investigations, there is still much that remains unclear relating to their ultrastructure and functioning in higher plants. we have examined chemically fixed plant material, and suggest that the conformational changes seen in plasmodesmatal substructure, particularly the deposition of electron-dense extra-plasm ...	2000	10838030
constituents of the flowers of persea gratissima.	the flowers of persea gratissima yielded an acylated flavonol 3-o-trans-p-coumaroylkaempferol (1), in addition to quercetin 3-o-rhamnoside (2) and isorhamnetin 3-o-glucoside (3).	2000	11449484
ph regulation of pectate lyase secretion modulates the attack of colletotrichum gloeosporioides on avocado fruits.	growth of colletotrichum gloeosporioides in pectolytic enzyme-inducing medium (peim) increased the ph of the medium from 3. 8 to 6.5. pectate lyase (pl) secretion was detected when the ph reached 5.8, and the level of secretion increased up to ph 6.5. pl gene (pel) transcript production began at ph 5.0 and increased up to ph 5.7. pl secretion was never detected when the ph of the inducing medium was lower than 5.8 or when c. gloeosporioides hyphae were transferred from pl-secreting conditions at ...	2000	10698767
novel nitric oxide and superoxide generation inhibitors, persenone a and b, from avocado fruit.	one known, (2r)-(12z,15z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-12,15-dien+ ++-1-yl acetate (1), and two novel compounds, persenone a (2) and b (3), have been isolated from avocado fruit (persea americana p. mill), as inhibitors of superoxide (o(2)(-)) and nitric oxide (no) generation in cell culture systems. they showed marked inhibitory activities toward no generation induced by lipopolysaccharide in combination with interferon-gamma in mouse macrophage raw 264.7 cells. their inhibitory potencies of no gen ...	2000	10820058
antifungal compounds from idioblast cells isolated from avocado fruits.	(e,z,z)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-5,12,15-triene was isolated from avocado, persea americana mill., idioblast cells. it inhibited spore germination of the fungal pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides. full characterization is also reported for two additional compounds that have been described and partially characterized previously.	2000	10872209
expression of pectate lyase from colletotrichum gloesosporioides in c. magna promotes pathogenicity.	to test the contribution of pectate lyase (pl) to promoting fungal pathogenicity, a pectate lyase gene (pel) from the avocado pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides, isolate cg-14, was expressed in c. magna isolate l-2.5, a pathogen of cucurbits that causes minor symptoms in watermelon seedlings and avocado fruits. isolate l-2.5 was transformed with ppcph-1 containing hph-b as a selectable marker and the 4.1-kb genomic pel clone. southern hybridization, with the 4.1-kb genomic pel clone or 2.13 ...	2000	10939261
steady-state kinetic mechanism of recombinant avocado acc oxidase: initial velocity and inhibitor studies.	the gaseous plant hormone ethylene modulates a wide range of biological processes, including fruit ripening. it is synthesized by the ascorbate-dependent oxidation of 1-aminocyclopropyl-1-carboxylate (acc), a reaction catalyzed by acc oxidase. recombinant avocado (persea americana) acc oxidase was expressed in escherichia coli and purified in milligram quantities, resulting in high levels of acc oxidase protein and enzyme activity. an optimized assay for the purified enzyme was developed that ta ...	2000	10978157
early events during quiescent infection development by colletotrichum gloeosporioides in unripe avocado fruits.	inoculation of avocado pericarp tissue with colletotrichum gloeospori-oides and treatment of avocado cell cultures with the cell wall elicitor of c. gloeosporioidesboth increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ros). however, whereas the production of ros could be detected within minutes in avocado cell suspensions, it was detected only after 2 h following inoculation of pericarp tissue. protein kinase inhibitors such as k-252a and staurosporine and the phosphatase inhibitor microcyst ...	2000	18944563
plant activation of aromatic amines mediated by cytochromes p450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases.	to know the mechanisms involved in the activation of promutagenic aromatic amines mediated by plants, we used persea americana s117 system (s117) for the activation of 2-aminofluorene (2-af) and m-phenylenediamine (m-pda) in ames assays. in these assays, the effect of the diphenylene iodonium (dpi), an inhibitor of flavin-containing monooxygenases (fmos), of the 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-abt), an inhibitor of cytochromes p450 (cyt-p450s) and of the methimazole, a high-affinity substrate for fmos, ...	2000	11027970
determination of avocado and mango fruit properties by ultrasonic technique.	a nondestructive ultrasonic measurement system was developed for the assessment of some transmission parameters which might have quantitative relations with the maturity, firmness and other quality-related properties of avocado and mango fruits. the system utilizes a set of low-frequency probes arranged to measure the ultrasonic signal transmitted and received over a short distance across the peel. the attenuation of the ultrasonic waves, transmitted through the peel and the attached fruit tissu ...	2000	10829759
survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the united states for 1994.	previous reports of crop losses to plant-parasitic nematodes have relied on published results of survey data based on certain commodities, including tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybean. reports on crop-loss assessment by land-grant universities and many commodity groups generally are no longer available, with the exception of the university of georgia, the beltwide cotton conference, and selected groups concerned with soybean. the society of nematologists extension committee contacted extensio ...	1999	19270925
[neutralization of the hemorrhagic effect induced by bothrops asper (serpentes: viperidae) venom with tropical plant extracts].	organic extracts representing 48 species included in 30 families of costa rican tropical plants were evaluated for their ability to neutralize hemorrhagic activity induced by the venom of the snake bothrops asper. a bioassay in mice was used, based on intradermal injection of either venom or venom-extract mixtures followed by the measurement of hemorrhagic areas. total inhibition of hemorrhage was observed with the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of bursera simaruba, clusia torresi ...	1999	10883329
characterization of avocado (persea americana mill.) varieties of low oil content.	several avocado varieties of low oil content (6.73-8.07%) from venezuela (booth 1, booth 7, ceniap 2, figueroa, guacara morado, luiz de queiroz, princesa, quebrada seca, santa clara, santa cruz, taylor, and tonnage) were characterized for pulp oil and moisture; weight (whole fruit, seed, pulp, and peel); length, width, and fruit shape; peel characteristics (roughness, color, and hand peeling); and ripeness time. oil plus moisture percentages were between 87.62 and 93.71. pulp percentage of quebr ...	1999	10552549
class i endochitinase containing a hevein domain is the causative allergen in latex-associated avocado allergy.	in the medical literature immunoglobulin (ig)e-mediated sensitization to avocado is rarely reported. on the other hand, more than 50% of subjects having ige-mediated natural rubber latex allergy are sensitized to avocado fruit as demonstrated by skin-prick testing and/or specific ige measurements and about 10-20% report hypersensitivity reactions after ingesting avocado.	1999	10231327
identification of hevein (hev b 6.02) in hevea latex as a major cross-reacting allergen with avocado fruit in patients with latex allergy.	recent studies demonstrated that allergy to natural rubber latex is frequently associated with hypersensitivity to avocado fruit. the responsible cross-sensitizing allergen has not been identified.	1998	9768591