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mode of action and safety of lactosporin, a novel antimicrobial protein produced by bacillus coagulans atcc 7050.to determine the mechanism of action of antimicrobial protein, lactosporin, against gardnerella vaginalis and to evaluate its safety in vitro.201222737982
[possible role of enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis in the etiology of infectious vaginitis].vaginitis is a common gynecologic disorder. it is due to several causes, some even unknown. bacteroides fragilis is the most important anaerobe in clinical bacteriology, some strains of this group are notable for being enterotoxigenic and they have been associated with intestinal and extraintestinal syndromes. they have recently been isolated from patients with vaginitis. the purpose of this study was to investigate a possible association of enterotoxigenic b. fragilis with infectious vaginitis. ...201222524106
insights into the crispr/cas system of gardnerella vaginalis.gardnerella vaginalis is identified as the predominant colonist of the vaginal tracts of women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (bv). g. vaginalis can be isolated from healthy women, and an asymptomatic bv state is also recognised. the association of g. vaginalis with different clinical phenotypes could be explained by different cytotoxicity of the strains, presumably based on disparate gene content. the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to shaping the genomes of g. vaginalis is acknowl ...201223259527
phase i randomized safety study of twice daily dosing of acidform vaginal gel: candidate antimicrobial contraceptive.acidform gel, an acid-buffering product that inactivates spermatozoa, may be an effective topical non-hormonal contraceptive. this study was designed to evaluate the safety of vaginal dosing and effects of acidform on mucosal immune mediators, antimicrobial properties of genital secretions, and vaginal microbiota.201223056520
extravaginal reservoirs of vaginal bacteria as risk factors for incident bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis (bv) represents shifts in microbiota from lactobacillus spp. to diverse anaerobes. although antibiotics relieve symptoms and temporarily eradicate bv-associated bacteria (bvab), bv usually recurs. we investigated the role of extravaginal bvab reservoirs in recurrence.201222448002
[bacterial vaginosis. treatment of the relapse].bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. bacterial vaginosis is an ecological disorder that ensues when normal lactobacilli are replaced by large numbers of gardnerella vaginalis, prevotella sp., bacteroides sp., mobiluncus sp. and m. hominis. numerous studies have consistently shown that bv at 12-24 weeks are associated with increased risks of preterm birth (ptb), preterm rupture of the membranes, chorioamnionitis, fetal infection and cerebral palsy. ...201223236675
[microscopic examination of vaginal discharge specimens for trichomonas vaginalis and other micro-organisms in 18-45 age group women].trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoon that causes trichomoniasis which is characterised by a foamy yellowish odorous discharge and superficial defects and necrotic ulcers in vaginal mucosa. trichomoniasis is transmitted from human to human by sexual contact and can be seen in almost every part of the world. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of trichomonas vaginalis in 18-45 years age group women with vaginal discharge complaints who applied to the gynaecology outpatient clinic ...201223169165
susceptibility of gardnerella vaginalis biofilms to natural antimicrobials subtilosin, ε-poly-l-lysine, and lauramide arginine ethyl ester.bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection associated with numerous gynecological and obstetric complications. this condition is characterized by the presence of thick adherent vaginal biofilms, composed mainly of gardnerella vaginalis. this organism is thought to be the primary aetiological cause of the infection paving the way for various opportunists to colonize the niche. previously, we reported that the natural antimicrobials subtilosin, ε-poly-l-lysine, and lauramide arginine ethyl ...201223024575
gardnerella vaginalis as a rare cause of prosthetic joint infection.we describe a septic loosening of a hip prosthesis in a 71-year-old woman caused by gardnerella vaginalis. infection was confirmed by culture and molecular identification of this bacterium. the patient was treated by a one-step exchange of prosthesis and antibiotic therapy combining trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and rifampin, with favorable evolution.201222993177
resolution and characterization of distinct cpn60-based subgroups of gardnerella vaginalis in the vaginal microbiota.bacterial vaginosis (bv), characterized by a shift of the vaginal microbiota from a lactobacillus-dominated community to a dense biofilm containing a complex mixture of organisms, is an important risk factor in poor reproductive health outcomes. the nugent score, based on gram stain, is used to diagnose bv and gardnerella vaginalis abundance in the sample is one factor determining nugent score. a high nugent score is indicative of bv but does not always correspond to the presence of clinical sym ...201222900080
retrocyclin inhibits gardnerella vaginalis biofilm formation and toxin activity.retrocyclins are cyclic antimicrobial peptides that have been shown to be both broadly active and safe in animal models. rc-101, a synthetic retrocyclin, targets important human pathogens and is a candidate vaginal microbicide. its activity against microbes associated with bacterial vaginosis is unknown.201222855857
bacteremia of gardnerella vaginalis after endometrial ablation. 201222752597
comparative genomic analyses of 17 clinical isolates of gardnerella vaginalis provide evidence of multiple genetically isolated clades consistent with subspeciation into genovars.gardnerella vaginalis is associated with a spectrum of clinical conditions, suggesting high degrees of genetic heterogeneity among stains. seventeen g. vaginalis isolates were subjected to a battery of comparative genomic analyses to determine their level of relatedness. for each measure, the degree of difference among the g. vaginalis strains was the highest observed among 23 pathogenic bacterial species for which at least eight genomes are available. genome sizes ranged from 1.491 to 1.716 mb; ...201222609915
characteristics of lactobacillus and gardnerella vaginalis from women with or without bacterial vaginosis and their relationships in gnotobiotic mice.the objectives of the present study were to evaluate in vitro the production of antagonistic compounds against gardnerella vaginalis by lactobacillus strains isolated from women with or without bacterial vaginosis (bv), and to select one of the better lactobacillus producers of such a substance to be tested in vivo using a gnotobiotic animal model challenged with one of the more sensitive g. vaginalis isolates. a total of 24 isolates from women with and without bv were identified as g. vaginalis ...201222539000
inguinal syndrome secondary to prevotella bivia after accidental bite in orogenital sex.the authors report a case of an inguinal bubo in a young man caused by an anaerobe, prevotella bivia, which was acquired during oral sexual intercourse. as far as the authors know, this is the first reported case of a sexually transmitted infection by prevotella. prevotella spp. inhabit the oral cavity and are highly prevalent in bacterial vaginosis, a polymicrobial syndrome resulting from replacement of the normal vaginal lactobacillus spp. flora by high concentrations of anaerobic microorganis ...201222375046
altered vaginal microbiota are associated with perinatal mother-to-child transmission of hiv in african women from burkina faso.mother-to-child transmission (mtct) of hiv remains a significant problem in resource-limited settings, despite the advent of antiretroviral therapies. because perturbations in vaginal microbial communities are associated with sexual transmission of hiv, we determined whether perinatal mtct is associated with the vaginal microbiotas of hiv-infected mothers.201222343176
genetic and biochemical diversity of gardnerella vaginalis strains isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.gardnerella vaginalis is considered a substantial player in the progression of bacterial vaginosis (bv). we analysed 17 g. vaginalis strains isolated from the genital tract of women diagnosed with bv to establish a potential link between genotypes/biotypes and the expression of virulence factors, vaginolysin (vly) and sialidase, which are assumed to play a substantial role in the pathogenesis of bv. amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis revealed two g. vaginalis genotypes. gardnerella vag ...201222309200
The species-specific mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A.Aims: To elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin against the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Methods and Results: Subtilosin was purified from a culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The minimal inhibitory concentration of subtilosin against L. monocytogenes Scott A was determined by broth microdilution method. The effect of subtilosin on the transmembrane electrical potential (??) and pH gradient (?pH), and its ability to induce ...201222040458
the microbiota of the vagina and its influence on women's health and disease.abstract:: explorations of the vaginal microbiota (vmb) began over 150 years ago. using light microscopy and bacterial cultures, the concept of normal versus abnormal microbiota in women began to emerge. the latter became known by the term "bacterial vaginosis" (bv). bv microbiota is dominated by gardnerella vaginalis and includes a number of anaerobic organisms. in contrast, normal flora is dominated by various lactobacilli. bv microbiota is associated with vaginal discharge, poor pregnancy out ...201222143133
the microbiota of the human genitourinary tract: trying to see the forest through the trees.based on traditional microbiological methods, namely cultivation and microscopic analyses, the vaginal microbiota (vmb) has been defined as healthy when it is predominated by hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacillus spp., most prominently lactobacillis crispatus. similarly, the vmb has been defined as bacterial vaginosis (bv) when it is predominated by gardnerella vaginalis as well as a number of other anaerobic bacterial species. bv is associated with a distinct vaginal discharge syndrome, poo ...201223303991
development and validation of a semiquantitative, multitarget pcr assay for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.quantitative pcr assays were developed for 4 organisms reported previously to be useful positive indicators for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (bv)--atopobium vaginae, bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium 2 (bvab-2), gardnerella vaginalis, and megasphaera-1--and a single organism (lactobacillus crispatus) that has been implicated as a negative indicator for bv. vaginal samples (n = 169), classified as positive (n = 108) or negative (n = 61) for bv based on a combination of the nugent g ...201222535982
influence of menstruation on the microbiota of healthy women's labia minora as analyzed using a 16s rrna gene-based clone library method.the aim of this study was to determine the influence of menstruation on the bacterial population of healthy japanese women's vulvas, especially the labia minora. labia minora swabs were obtained from 10 premenopausal, nonpregnant japanese women at premenstruation and on day 2 of menstruation. vaginal swabs were also obtained from 3 out of the 10 women. no significant difference was found in the average bacterial cell count between the menstruation and premenstruation samples. molecular analysis ...201121266747
Diagnosis of vaginal discharge by wet mount microscopy: a simple and underrated method.Vaginal discharge is highly variable in quality and quantity among different individuals, and even in the same individual during different periods of life. Vaginal discharge is most commonly caused by infection with sexually transmitted organisms or increased colonization by different facultative pathogenic microorganisms (i.e., Gardnerella vaginalis). Noninfectious causes of vaginal discharge are quite rare (10% noninfectious as compared to 90% infectious causes). Most common in women with a va ...201121851750
generation of recombinant single-chain antibodies neutralizing the cytolytic activity of vaginolysin, the main virulence factor of gardnerella vaginalis.gardnerella vaginalis is identified as the predominant colonist of the vaginal tract in women with bacterial vaginosis. vaginolysin (vly) is a protein toxin released by g. vaginalis. vly possesses cytolytic activity and is considered as a main virulence factor of g. vaginalis. inhibition of vly-mediated cell lysis by antibodies may have important physiological relevance.201122047084
[short - term combined 5-nitroimidazole treatment in vaginal dysbacteriosis with dominant anaerobic species].the aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of short-term, combined 5-nitroimidazole treatment in vaginal dysbacteriosis with dominant anaerobic species. the presence of infection was proven by microscopic examination of vaginal fluid (nugent, modified by ison-hay-keane scale), microbiological culture, and by clinical symptoms (amsel). 179 patients were included in our study. clinical and microbiological examinations were performed prior to the treatment and at the end of the study ...201121916313
[evaluation of efficacy of ketoconazole 800 mg-clindamycin 100 mg tablets vaginal against ketoconazole 800 mg- clindamycin 100 mg vaginal capsules in candida vaginitis and vaginosis].pharmaceutical forms (presentations) influence treatment compliance and therefore the effectiveness. here we present the results in the relief of vaginitis and vaginosis with two different dosage forms.201121966787
exploring the diversity of gardnerella vaginalis in the genitourinary tract microbiota of monogamous couples through subtle nucleotide variation.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is an enigmatic disease of unknown origin that affects a large percentage of women. the vaginal microbiota of women with bv is associated with serious sequelae, including abnormal pregnancies. the etiology of bv is not fully understood, however, it has been suggested that it is transmissible, and that g. vaginalis may be an etiological agent. studies using enzymatic assays to define g. vaginalis biotypes, as well as more recent genomic comparisons of g. vaginalis isolate ...201122046340
multiplex detection of bacteria in complex clinical and environmental samples using oligonucleotide-coupled fluorescent microspheres.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a recurring polymicrobial syndrome that is characterized by a change in the "normal" microbiota from lactobacillus-dominated to a microbiota dominated by a number of bacterial species, including gardnerella vaginalis, atopobium vaginae, and others. this condition is associated with a range of negative health outcomes, including hiv acquisition, and it can be difficult to manage clinically. furthermore, diagnosis of bv has relied on the use of gram stains of vaginal sw ...201122041586
effect of sexual activity on vaginal colonization with hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli and gardnerella vaginalis.bacterial vaginosis is associated with sexual activity, but mechanisms for this association are unclear.201122082725
Elucidation of the Molecular Mechanisms of Action of the Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Subtilosin Against the Bacterial Vaginosis-associated Pathogen Gardnerella vaginalis.Subtilosin A is a 35-amino acid long cyclical peptide produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that has potent antimicrobial activity against a variety of human pathogens, including the bacterial vaginosis-related Gardnerella vaginalis. The specific mode of action of subtilosin against G. vaginalis was elucidated by studying its effects on the proton motive force's (PMF) components: transmembrane electric potential (??), transmembrane pH gradient (?pH), and intracellular ATP levels. The addition o ...201121949544
characteristics of patients with subchorionic hematomas in the second trimester.aim:  the aim of this study was to investigate the etiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with subchorionic hematoma. methods:  a case-controlled study was performed to compare characteristics of patients and controls. via ultrasound examination, 47 pregnant patients were found to have subchorionic hematomas and 1075 had no evidence of subchorionic hematomas (controls). in the second trimester, patients were compared with regard to endocervical chlamydia trachomatis and other vaginal ...201121995561
bacterial vaginosis: what is physiological in vaginal bacteriology? an update and opinion.bacterial vaginosis (bv) was originally described as a sexually transmitted infection caused by a single microbe. the prevailing concept describes bv as a polymicrobial coitus-associated disease of uncertain origin. in this overview the natural history of bv as a monobacterial and polymicrobial entity is examined with respect to the physiological concept of bv in relation to sexual behavior before and after introduction of the hormonal contraceptive pill. bacterial vaginosis, characterized by lo ...201121916857
evidence for gardnerella vaginalis uptake and internalization by squamous vaginal epithelial cells: implications for the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis (bv), a common condition seen in premenopausal women, is associated with preterm labor, pelvic inflammatory disease, and delivery of low birth weight infants. gardnerella vaginalis is the predominant bacterial species associated with bv, although its exact role in the pathology of bv is unknown. using immunofluorescence, confocal and transmission electron microscopy, we found that vk2 vaginal epithelial cells take up g. vaginalis after exposure to the bacteria. confocal micro ...201122227318
[antibiotic resistance of gardnerella vaginalis isolated from cases of bacterial vaginosis].gardnerella vaginalis is one of the dominant etiological factors related to bacterial vaginosis. literature offers a growing number of reports revealing there appear gardnerella vaginalis strains increasingly resistant to metronidazole.201122384625
damage to oviduct organ cultures by gardnerella vaginalis.gardnerella vaginalis is a gram-variable coccobacillus found in the lower genital tract, particularly of women. very large numbers are found in the vagina in bacterial vaginosis. the pathogenicity of g. vaginalis was studied using fallopian tubes and bovine oviducts in organ culture. whole organisms, whether piliated or not, from broth cultures caused the cilia on ciliated cells in the mucosa of either human or bovine oviducts to stop beating within 3 days or less. cilia on control tissues kept ...201121410801
the prevalence of urogenital micro-organisms detected by a multiplex pcr-reverse line blot assay in women attending three sexual health clinics in sydney, australia.this study used a previously described multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot (mpcr/rlb) assay to assess the prevalence and distribution of 14 urogenital pathogens or putative pathogens, namely neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, trichomonas vaginalis, gardnerella vaginalis, ureaplasma parvum, ureaplasma urealyticum, neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and human adenoviru ...201121415210
gardnerella vaginalis comprises three distinct genotypes of which only two produce sialidase.sialidase and the presence of gardnerella vaginalis have been proposed as biomarkers for bacterial vaginosis. sialidase has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. we genotyped g vaginalis isolates, assessed the presence and diversity of sialidase-encoding genes, and determined the production of sialidase.201121444061
hiv-infected women of burkina faso: a "reservoir" of mycoplasma infection.the objective of this work was to assess the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (bv) and genital mycoplasma colonization in 251 hiv-positive compared to 200 hiv-negative women at the maternal and child health (mch) service of saint camille medical center  ouagadougou (burkina faso).201121444986
[effect of combined therapy using complex of natural cytokines and antimicrobial peptides in urogenital infections caused by chlamydia and mycoplasma].to study efficacy of complex therapy of urogenital infections caused by chlamydia and mycoplasma using immunomodulator superlimph.201121446174
disruption of urogenital biofilms by lactobacilli.the process that changes a relatively sparse vaginal microbiota of healthy women into a dense biofilm of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria is poorly understood. likewise, the reverse step whereby an aberrant biofilm is displaced and returns to a healthy lactobacilli dominated microbiota is unclear. in order to study these phenomena, in vitro experiments were performed to examine the structure of biofilms associated with aerobic vaginosis, urinary tract infections, and bacterial vagi ...201121497071
strong correspondence in bacterial loads between the vagina and rectum of pregnant women.we sampled the vagina and rectum in 71 pregnant women and bacterial loads of lactobacillus crispatus, l. jensenii, l. gasseri, l. iners, gardnerella vaginalis and atopobium vaginae were determined by culture and quantitative pcr (qpcr). culture and qpcr results differed substantially with regard to the evaluation of vaginal and rectal occurrence of the six species tested. the vaginal-rectal prevalence of l. crispatus, l. jensenii, l. gasseri, l. iners, g. vaginalis and a. vaginae as established ...201121513795
male urethral pap smears and peniscopy examination and polymerase chain reaction human papillomavirus correlation.the aims of this study were to determine hpv in a male population and its correlation with penile gross inspection and urethral pap smears. fifty male volunteers were included in the study; all of them were sexual partners of women with evidence of hpv-related cervical diseases. urethral pap smear features and polymerase chain reaction (pcr; hpv detection) of urethral samples were correlated. statistical analyses were conducted to identify variables associated with high and low-risk hpv types. m ...201121538947
biotypes and virulence factors of gardnerella vaginalis isolated from cases of bacterial vaginosis.the present study was conducted to correlate the biotypes of gardnerella vaginalis strains isolated from cases of bacterial vaginosis and their virulence factors. thirty-two strains of g. vaginalis isolated from cases of bacterial vaginosis were biotyped. adherence to vaginal epithelial cells, biofilm production, surface hydrophobicity, phospholipase c and protease activity were tested on these isolates. biotype 1 was the most prevalent (8; 25%), followed by biotype 2 (7; 21.9%) and biotypes 5 a ...201121654113
lactobacillus johnsonii hy7042 ameliorates gardnerella vaginalis-induced vaginosis by killing gardnerella vaginalis and inhibiting nf-?b activation.hydrogen peroxide-producing lactic acid bacteria (lab) were isolated from women's vaginas and their anti-inflammatory effects against gardnerella vaginalis-induced vaginosis were examined in ß-estradiol-immunosuppressed mice. oral and intravaginal treatment with five labs significantly decreased viable g. vaginalis numbers in vaginal cavities and myeloperoxidase activity in mouse vaginal tissues. of the labs examined, lactobacillus johnsonii hy7042 (lj) most potently inhibited g. vaginalis-induc ...201121798373
self-collected vaginal swabs for the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of atopobium vaginae and gardnerella vaginalis and the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.the aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using self-collected vaginal specimens for the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays of bacterial vaginosis (bv)-associated bacteria versus practitioner-collected swabs. a cross-sectional study included 190 pregnant women enrolled before 20 weeks' gestation from september 2008 to november 2009. self- and practitioner-collected swabs were taken during the same prenatal visit for each woman, qpcr assays performed for e ...201121789604
intravaginal microbial flora by the 16s rrna gene sequencing.objective: conventional diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis contains some controversial points. to understand accurately the relationship between clinical stages and the microbiotas, the intravaginal microbial flora was analyzed by the clone library method. study design: vaginal fluid samples from 31 patients were examined. lactobacillary grade, nugent score, culture-based method, and clone library analysis using the 16srrna gene sequencing were performed and were compared with each other. results: ...201121783170
zinc lactate and sapindin act synergistically with lactocin 160 against gardnerella vaginalis.lactocin 160 is a vaginal probiotic-derived bacteriocin shown to selectively inhibit the growth of gardenerella vaginalis and some other pathogens commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis. the natural origin of this peptide, its safety, and selective antimicrobial properties make it a promising candidate for successful treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial vaginosis (bv). this study evaluated interactions between lactocin 160 and four other natural antimicrobials in the ability to inhibit g ...201121779311
in vitro secretion profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines il-1ß, tnf-a, il-6, and of human beta-defensins (hbd)-1, hbd-2, and hbd-3 from human chorioamniotic membranes after selective stimulation with gardnerella vaginalis.citation zaga-clavellina v, martha rv-m, flores-espinosa p. in vitro secretion profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines il-1ß, tnf-a, il-6, and of human beta-defensins (hbd)-1, hbd-2, and hbd-3 from human chorioamniotic membranes after selective stimulation with gardnerella vaginalis. am j reprod immunol 2011. problem: preterm labor associated with infection is a major clinical condition; in this work, we analyze the response of human chorioamniotic membranes stimulated with gardnerella vaginalis. ...201121752147
organism diversity between women with and without bacterial vaginosis as determined by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16s rrna gene sequence.aims:ôçé the aim of this study was to characterize the different structures of microbial communities between 20 healthy women and 17 bacterial vaginosis (bv)-positive women of reproductive age using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). material and methods:ôçé vaginal samples from 17ôçâbv-positive and 20ôçâbv-negative women were subjected to dna extraction, and amplified with eubacterial 16s rrna gene-specific primers via polymerase chain reaction. the polymerase chain reaction produc ...201121676075
the genital econiche: focus on microbiota and bacterial vaginosis.ecological and evolutionary forces shaping the normal and abnormal microflora of the genital econiche are discussed, in particular those related to bacterial vaginosis, which worldwide is the most common vaginal infection, with numerous obstetrical and gynecological complications, including acquisition and transmission of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections (stis). characterized by a heavy overgrowth of gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobes with no signs of inflammation, bacterial ...201121824165
artemisia princeps pamp. essential oil and its constituents eucalyptol and +¦-terpineol ameliorate bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis in mice by inhibiting bacterial growth and nf-+¦b activation.to investigate the inhibitory effects of artemisia princeps pamp. (family asteraceae) essential oil (apeo) and its main constituents against bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis, their antimicrobial activities against gardnerella vaginalis and candida albicans in vitro and their anti-inflammatory effects against g. vaginalis-induced vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis were examined in mice. apeo and its constituents eucalyptol and +¦-terpineol were found to inhibit microbe growths ...201121830186
[the role of infection in preterm birth.]intrauterine infection could be responsible for 25% up to 40% of preterm births. this relationship was initially demonstrated using animal models, inducing their abortion by injecting bacteria or endotoxins. in human research, examination of amniocentesis fluid showed the anteriority of infection over labor induction, and the existence of a subclinical latency phase between these two phenomena. the ascending route is preponderant, and four stages can be distinguished: cervical and vaginal infect ...201122192232
production in yeast of pseudotype virus-like particles harboring functionally active antibody fragments neutralizing the cytolytic activity of vaginolysin.abstract:201122171920
[bacterial vaginosis in 2011: a lot of questions remain].bacterial vaginosis is one of the most frequent vaginal affections. it results from a deep imbalance of the vaginal ecosystem whose mechanisms remain mysterious, even if recent progress were accomplished in their comprehension: if the flora implied in the bacterial vaginosis is recognized like polymorphic, it appears that gardnerella vaginalis plays a major part with two genomically different forms: a commensal form (slightly adhesive to the epithelial cells), and a pathogenic one (strongly adhe ...201122197267
Effects of bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and sexual intercourse on vaginal colonization with the probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05.Several fastidious bacteria have been associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), but their role in lactobacilli recolonization failure is unknown. We studied the effect of 7 BV-associated bacterial species and 2 Lactobacillus species on vaginal colonization with Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 (LACTIN-V).201121992977
Characterization of low molecular weight antimicrobial peptide from human female reproductive tract.Background & objectives: The mechanisms that protect female upper genital tract from ascending infection by microbes present in vagina are only partially understood. It is expected that epithelial cells in mucosal surfaces and their secretions directly interfere with microbial colonization and invasion. This study was aimed to demonstrate the expression of 2 kDa antimicrobial peptide which was identified and purified from female genital tract tissues using chromatographic techniques. Methods: L ...201122199108
The complex vaginal flora of West African women with bacterial vaginosis.The spectrum of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) has recently expanded through taxonomic changes and the use of molecular methods. These methods have yet to be used in large-scale epidemiological studies in Africa where BV is highly prevalent.201121949860
prevalence of clue cells suggestive for gardnerella vaginalis in population-based cervical screening in the public versus private health care in maringá, paraná, brazil.to determine the prevalence of clue cells suggestive for gardnerella vaginalis in population-based cervical screening in the public (sus) versus private (rp) health care utilization in maringá, paraná, brazil.201120221621
[an unusual endometritis].we report a case of pyometra without any related risk factor. this leads to a severe septic shock. evolution was successful because of quick surgical management. we report literature management of such infection. although pyometra is an uncommon disease, it should be kept in mind as delayed management may lead to fatal outcome.201120926206
prevalence of genital mycoplasma, ureaplasma, gardnerella, and human papillomavirus in japanese men with urethritis, and risk factors for detection of urethral human papillomavirus infection.to analyze the risk factors for hpv infection in the urethra, we examined the prevalence of various microorganisms, for example neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, ureaplasma parvum, gardnerella vaginalis, and human papillomavirus (hpv) in japanese male patients with urethritis, and investigated their sexual backgrounds. rubbed samples obtained from the distal urethra and questionnaires regarding sexual activity and dem ...201121213011
subtle perturbations of genital microflora alter mucosal immunity among low-risk pregnant women.alteration in the vaginal flora has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. the objective of this study was to examine the impact of changes in individual microflora on genital immunity among low-risk pregnant women in early pregnancy.201121306340
in vitro activity of nifuratel on vaginal bacteria: could it be a good candidate for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis?bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a shift of the physiological flora to a diverse spectrum of bacteria, where gardnerella vaginalis and atopobium vaginae are the most important markers. in this study, the antimicrobial activity of nifuratel against g. vaginalis, a. vaginae, and lactobacilli was compared with that of the two currently used antibiotics metronidazole and clindamycin. results suggest that nifuratel has a better spectrum of activity, being highly active against g. vaginalis and ...201121321147
the aetiology of bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common vaginal infection among women of childbearing age. this condition is notorious for causing severe complications related to the reproductive health of women. five decades of intense research established many risk factors for acquisition of bv; however, because of the complexity of bv and lack of a reliable animal model for this condition, its exact aetiology remains elusive. in this manuscript, we use a historical perspective to critically review the de ...201121332897
comparison of affirm vpiii and papanicolaou tests in the detection of infectious vaginitis.to compare the affirm vpiii molecular test (becton dickinson, burlington, nc) with morphologic identification used in routine papanicolaou (pap) test screening in the detection and identification of candida species, trichomonas vaginalis, and gardnerella vaginalis, we identified 431 cases with a concomitant pap test and affirm vpiii assay performed from the archives of a large academic institution. the study population consisted of women ranging in age from 17 to 79 years (mean and median ages, ...201121350100
vaginal flora changes on pap smears after insertion of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device.the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (lng-ius) combines a uterine foreign body and the continuous release of low-dose levonorgestrel for contraception. its influence on the rate of vulvovaginal infections and flora disturbance is insufficiently known, but important for contraceptive advice in women, especially those who develop recurrent vaginosis or candida vulvovaginitis.201021397094
diagnosis of vulvovaginitis: comparison of clinical and microbiological diagnosis.the purpose of the present study was to compare the current diagnostic clinical and laboratory approaches to women with vulvovaginal discharge complaint. the secondary outcomes were to determine the prevalence of infections in our setting and to look for the relation between vulvovaginal infections and predisposing factors if present.201020461391
antagonism and synergism in gardnerella vaginalis strains isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.antagonistic and synergistic substances are important for interactions between micro-organisms associated with human body surfaces, either in healthy or in diseased conditions. in the present study, such compounds produced by gardnerella vaginalis strains isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis (bv) were detected in vitro and the antagonistic ones were partially characterized. among 11 g. vaginalis strains tested, all showed antagonistic activity against at least one of the 22 indicator bac ...201020466841
response of gardnerella vaginalis biofilm to 5 days of moxifloxacin treatment.polymicrobial communities are often recalcitrant to antibiotics. we tested whether the polymicrobial gardnerella vaginalis biofilm can be eradicated with moxifloxacin. twenty women with bacterial vaginosis were treated with 400 mg moxifloxacin for 5 days. the changes in the occurrence and proportions of gardnerella, atopobium and lactobacillus spp. were assessed using fish. the bacterial biofilm was investigated using desquamated epithelial cells of spontaneously voided urine and sections of vag ...201020955467
gardnerella biofilm involves females and males and is transmitted sexually.to study the incidence and distribution of adherent gardnerella vaginalis.201021051845
tinidazole in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the commonest cause of vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. oral metronidazole has long been established as an effective therapy in the treatment of bv. however, adverse effects due to metronidazole are frequent and this may lead to problems with adherence to a 7-day course of treatment and subsequently result in treatment failure. oral tinidazole has been used to treat bacterial vaginosis for over 25 years but in a number of different dosage regimens. plac ...201021072275
bacterial species present in the lower male genital tract: a five-year retrospective study.to identify bacterial species present in the lower genital tract of males and to investigate the relationship with semen quality.201021091298
gardnerella vaginalis septicaemia with pyelonephritis, infective endocarditis and septic emboli in the kidney and brain of an adult male.gardnerella vaginalis is typically associated with bacterial vaginosis in women. however, balanitis, urethritis, urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteraemia have also been described in men. here we report a case of g. vaginalis septicaemia with infective endocarditis and septic emboli in the kidney and brain of an adult male.201021097741
inerolysin, a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin produced by lactobacillus iners.lactobacillus iners is a common constituent of the human vaginal microbiota. this species was only recently characterized due to its fastidious growth requirements and has been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. here we present the identification and molecular characterization of a protein toxin produced by l. iners. the l. iners genome encodes an open reading frame with significant primary sequence similarity to intermedilysin (ily; 69.2% similarity) and vag ...201021169489
inhibitory activity of thymol on native and mature gardnerella vaginalis biofilms: in vitro study.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most frequent diagnosis made in women with lower genital tract symptoms. it has recently been observed that 90 % of subjects with bv show the growth of bacteria in the form of biofilms as against only 10% without bv, and that gardnerella vaginalis was the predominant species. the propensity of g. vaginalis to form biofilm is clinically relevant because this form of growth allows it to tolerate higher concentrations of certain antibiotics, thus increasing the possi ...201021175040
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against vaginolysin: mapping of a region critical for its cytolytic activity.vaginolysin (vly) is a protein toxin released by gardnerella vaginalis. vly belongs to the group of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs). we have generated a panel of novel monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against vly. for the generation of mabs, we have used recombinant vly expressed in escherichia coli. the functional activity of recombinant vly was confirmed by an in vitro hemolytic assay using human erythrocytes. the mabs raised against recombinant vly were reactive with vly from g. vaginalis ...201020298711
[clinical and microbiological profile of women with bacterial vaginosis].to study the clinical and microbiological profile of women with bacterial vaginosis participating in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, which compared the vaginal use of preparations from red pepper tree and metronidazole for the treatment of genital discharge.201020305946
correlation of trichomonas vaginalis to bacterial vaginosis: a laboratory-based study.this study aimed to define the occurrence of different organisms causing vulvovaginitis; to evaluate different laboratory methods used for diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis (t. vaginalis); and to evaluate the direct score system and clue cell method compared with culture for diagnosis of bacterial and t. vaginalis vaginosis.201020351456
the epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour.bacterial vaginosis (bv) has been most consistently linked to sexual behaviour, and the epidemiological profile of bv mirrors that of established sexually transmitted infections (stis). it remains a matter of debate however whether bv pathogenesis does actually involve sexual transmission of pathogenic micro-organisms from men to women. we therefore made a critical appraisal of the literature on bv in relation to sexual behaviour.201020353563
[evaluation of microbiological diagnostics in urogenital infections in postmenopausal women].to establish the percentage of infections in postmenopausal women with urinary symptoms which can be confirmed by microbiological analysis, the most common causative agents and whether the urethra and vagina in patients with cystitis are concurrently colonized by pathogenic microorganisms.201020387726
gardnerella, trichomonas vaginalis, candida, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum in the genital discharge of symptomatic fertile and asymptomatic infertile women.this study aimed to establish the different prevalence of the microorganisms investigated in the two groups considered: fertile women with symptoms and asymptomatic women with infertility problems. the data from women (n= 952) investigated for two years for quality of genital discharge and the presence of gardnerella vaginalis, trichomonas vaginalis, candida species, streptococcus agalactiae, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyiticum and chlamydia trachomatis were retrospectively analyzed. in ...201020402416
temporal variability of human vaginal bacteria and relationship with bacterial vaginosis.little is known about short-term bacterial fluctuations in the human vagina. this study used pcr to assess the variability in concentrations of key vaginal bacteria in healthy women and the immediate response to antibiotic treatment in women with bacterial vaginosis (bv).201020419168
drawing the line between commensal and pathogenic gardnerella vaginalis through genome analysis and virulence studies.worldwide, bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common vaginal disorder. it is associated with risk for preterm birth and hiv infection. the etiology of the condition has been debated for nearly half a century and the lack of knowledge about its cause and progression has stymied efforts to improve therapy and prevention. gardnerella vaginalis was originally identified as the causative agent, but subsequent findings that it is commonly isolated from seemingly healthy women cast doubt on this clai ...201020540756
chronic vulvitis in pre-pubertal girls.pre-pubertal girls with inflammatory chronic vulval disease excluding lichen sclerosus are often described as having 'non-specific vulvovaginitis'. the aim of this retrospective case series was to determine the aetiology of chronic vulvovaginitis in pre-pubertal (tanner stage 1) girls, with particular reference to candidiasis. a chart review recorded and compared the characteristics of 38 girls and 68 post-menarchal adolescents and pre-menopausal women with chronic vulvitis. nineteen (50%) of th ...201020546218
an antimicrobial investigation of plants used traditionally in southern africa to treat sexually transmitted infections.eighteen plants were assessed for antimicrobial activity against pathogens associated with prevalent urogenital/sexually transmitted infections. plant selection was based on information obtained from the ethnobotanical literature.201020561928
dissimilarity in the occurrence of bifidobacteriaceae in vaginal and perianal microbiota in women with bacterial vaginosis.recent data point at the similarity between the perianal and vaginal microflora in terms of lactobacillus species involved. bacterial vaginosis, the most common perturbation of the vaginal microflora involving primarily overgrowth of gardnerella vaginalis, has also been suggested to involve a recto-vaginal pathway. we addressed this issue with regard to bacteria of the bifidobacteriaceae family. in particular, we investigated the putative concordance of the presence of g. vaginalis and a series ...201020620215
efficacy of vaginal probiotic capsules for recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.we assessed the effectiveness of vaginal probiotic capsules for recurrent bacterial vaginosis (bv) prevention.201020659602
cholesterol-dependent cytolysins.the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) are part of a large family of pore-forming proteins that include the human proteins perforin and the complement membrane attack complex. the activity of all family members is focused on membranes, but the proteins are themselves involved in a diverse range of phenomena. an overview of some of these phenomena is provided here, along with an historical perspective of cdcs themselves and how our understanding of their mechanism of action has developed ove ...201020687480
deep sequencing of the vaginal microbiota of women with hiv.women living with hiv and co-infected with bacterial vaginosis (bv) are at higher risk for transmitting hiv to a partner or newborn. it is poorly understood which bacterial communities constitute bv or the normal vaginal microbiota among this population and how the microbiota associated with bv responds to antibiotic treatment.201020711427
diagnosis and management of bacterial vaginosis and other types of abnormal vaginal bacterial flora: a review.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge. it is characterised by an overgrowth of predominantly anaerobic organisms (gardnerella vaginalis, prevotella spp., peptostreptocci, mobiluncus spp.) in the vagina leading to a replacement of lactobacilli and an increase in vaginal ph. bv can arise and remit spontaneously, but often presents as a chronic or recurrent disease. bv is found most often in women of childbearing age, but may also be encountered in menopausal wome ...201020723268
diagnostic accuracy of quantitative real-time pcr assay versus clinical and gram stain identification of bacterial vaginosis.the purpose of this investigation was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay in diagnosing bacterial vaginosis versus the standard methods, the amsel criteria and the nugent score. the amsel criteria, the nugent score, and results from the molecular tool were obtained independently from vaginal samples of 163 pregnant women who reported abnormal vaginal symptoms before 20 weeks gestation. to determine the performance of the molecular ...201020814710
comparative genomics of gardnerella vaginalis strains reveals substantial differences in metabolic and virulence potential.gardnerella vaginalis is described as a common vaginal bacterial species whose presence correlates strongly with bacterial vaginosis (bv). here we report the genome sequencing and comparative analyses of three strains of g. vaginalis. strains 317 (atcc 14019) and 594 (atcc 14018) were isolated from the vaginal tracts of women with symptomatic bv, while strain 409-05 was isolated from a healthy, asymptomatic individual with a nugent score of 9.201020865041
detection of sexually transmitted infection and human papillomavirus in negative cytology by multiplex-pcr.the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (hpv) and 15 species that cause sexually transmitted infections (stis) in negative cytology. in addition, we compared the diagnostic performance of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with widely available techniques used to detect hpv.201020920170
in vitro activity of secnidazole against atopobium vaginae, an anaerobic pathogen involved in bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobial syndrome. the most important marker for bacterial vaginosis is the presence of gardnerella vaginalis and atopobium vaginae. in this study, the in vitro susceptibilities to metronidazole and secnidazole of 16 strains of a. vaginae were tested with the agar dilution method. we observed an mic range for metronidazole of 4-64 mg/l (mic(50), 8 mg/l; mic(90), 32 mg/l) and an mic range for secnidazole of 4-128 mg/l (mic(50), 16 mg/l; mic(90), 64 mg/l). according t ...201019548924
changes in genital anatomy and microbiology in girls between age 6 and age 12 years: a longitudinal study.to study changes in genital anatomy and occurrence of human papillomavirus and gardnerella vaginalis in girls resulting from growth and development.201019643638
inflammatory events as detected in cervical smears and squamous intraepithelial lesions.the dutch cytological coding system, kopac, enables to code for eight inflammatory events, that is koilocytosis (related to human papillomavirus (hpv)), trichomonas, dysbacteriosis [related to bacterial vaginosis (bv)], candida, gardnerella, actinomyces, chlamydia, and non-specific inflammation (leucocytosis). this study presents an analysis of 1,008,879 smears. of each smear, the age of the woman and the reason for smear taking (screening or indication) was available. the cytoscores (per mille) ...201019795485
analysis of adherence, biofilm formation and cytotoxicity suggests a greater virulence potential of gardnerella vaginalis relative to other bacterial-vaginosis-associated anaerobes.worldwide, bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common vaginal disorder in women of childbearing age. bv is characterized by a dramatic shift in the vaginal microflora, involving a relative decrease in lactobacilli, and a proliferation of anaerobes. in most cases of bv, the predominant bacterial species found is gardnerella vaginalis. however, pure cultures of g. vaginalis do not always result in bv, and asymptomatic women are sometimes colonized with low numbers of g. vaginalis. thus, there is ...201019910411
in vitro inhibitory activity of human vaginal lactobacilli against pathogenic bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis in kenyan women.lactobacilli have been shown to inhibit in vitro growth of many pathogens and have been used as probiotics to treat a broad range of gastrointestinal and/or vaginal disorders. we sought to determine the in vitro inhibitory potential of lactobacilli of vaginal origin to some bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (bv), to characterize the inhibitory substances produced by these lactobacilli and to assess h2o2 production. vaginal specimens were obtained by swabbing the lateral vaginal walls ...201019925874
glycerol monolaurate inhibits candida and gardnerella vaginalis in vitro and in vivo but not lactobacillus.we investigated the effects of glycerol monolaurate (gml) on lactobacillus, candida, and gardnerella vaginalis human vaginal microflora. our previous work demonstrated that 6 months of gml treatment vaginally does not alter lactobacillus counts in monkeys. candida and g. vaginalis are commonly associated with vaginal infections in women, many becoming chronic or recurrent. in vitro growth inhibition studies determined the effects of gml (0 to 500 microg/ml) against multiple candida species and g ...201020008774
high vaginal concentrations of atopobium vaginae and gardnerella vaginalis in women undergoing preterm labor.to estimate the relationship between vaginal quantification of the main microorganisms related with bacterial vaginosis and the risk of preterm delivery among women with preterm labor.201020027045
metronidazole is still the drug of choice for treatment of anaerobic infections.metronidazole has been used for the treatment of infections for >45 years and is still successfully used for the treatment of trichomoniasis, amoebiasis, and giardiasis. anaerobic bacterial infections caused by bacteroides species, fusobacteria, and clostridia respond favorably to metronidazole therapy. good clinical results in the treatment of vaginosis due to gardnerella vaginalis have also been reported. rates of resistance to metronidazole are still generally low; however, several studies ha ...201020067388
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