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matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of clostridium species isolated from saudi arabia.the aim of this study was to identify different clostridium spp. isolated from currency notes from the ha'il region of saudi arabia in september 2014 using maldi-tof-ms. clostridium spp. were identified by bruker maldi-tof-ms and compared with vitek 2. the confirmation of the presence of different clostridium spp. was performed by determining the sequence of the 16s ribosomal rna gene. in this study, 144 clostridium spp. were isolated. among these specimens, maldi-tof-ms could identify 88.8% (12 ...201626991272
efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis caused by a pathogenic strain of clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.the efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne) was investigated in a 35-day floor pen study of 2200 broiler cockerels using a clostridium perfringens (cp) feed inoculum challenge model. treatments consisted of (1) nonmedicated, nonchallenged; (2) nonmedicated, challenged; (3) avilamycin at 15 ppm, challenged; (4) avilamycin at 30 ppm, challenged. avilamycin was administered in the feed from day 7 to day 30 of the study. challenge inoculum was administered on day 14 and ...201626981841
pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut?the ability to correctly recognize the disease necrotic enteritis (ne) is important not only to those involved in control and treatment of the disease at farm level, but it is also critically important to the search for virulence factors, since a fundamental part of that process is the correct assignation of strains of clostridium perfringens with respect to virulence. thus, diagnosticians and investigators need to be able to correctly recognize the lesions of ne. to do this, they must be able t ...201626981703
modelling study to estimate the health burden of foodborne diseases: cases, general practice consultations and hospitalisations in the uk, 2009.to generate estimates of the burden of uk-acquired foodborne disease accounting for uncertainty.201627625054
correlations between pathogen concentration and fecal indicator marker genes in beach environments.the concentrations of several potential pathogens were measured using a microfluidic quantitative pcr (mfqpcr) platform in beach water, sand, and sediment samples collected in duluth, mn. among the 19 pathogen marker genes examined, eaea from escherichia coli and plc from clostridium perfringens were most frequently detected in all samples. in beach water and wastewater samples, positive correlations were observed between quantities of potential pathogens and most of the fecal indicator genetic ...201627595940
effect of carbohydrase and protease on growth performance and gut health of young broilers fed diets containing rye, wheat, and feather meal.an experiment was conducted to characterize a gut health challenge model consisting of a diet containing rye, wheat, and feather meal and a mild mixed-species eimeria challenge, and to evaluate the effect of carbohydrase and protease on growth performance and gut health of young broilers. the study included 4 treatments: negative control, carbohydrase alone, protease alone, and combination of carbohydrase and protease. each test diet was fed to 18 battery pens of broilers with 8 male birds per p ...201627587727
diversity of clostridium perfringens toxin-genotypes from dairy farms.clostridium (c.) perfringens is the causative agent of several diseases in animals and humans, including histotoxic and enteric infections. to gain more insight into the occurrence of its different toxin-genotypes in dairy herds, including those toxin genes previously associated with diseases in cattle or humans, 662 isolates cultivated from feces, rumen content and feed collected from 139 dairy farms were characterized by pcr (detecting cpa, cpb, iap, etx, cpe, and both allelic variants of cpb2 ...201627577792
clostridium perfringens: comparative effects of heat and osmotic stress on non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic strains.clostridium perfringens isolates associated with food poisoning carries a chromosomal cpe gene, while non-foodborne human gastrointestinal disease isolates carry a plasmid cpe gene. the enterotoxigenic strains tested produced vegetative cells and spores with significantly higher resistance than non-enterotoxigenic strains. these results suggest that the vegetative cells and spores have a competitive advantage over non-enterotoxigenic strains. however, no explanation has been provided for the sig ...201627012900
oral immunization of mice against clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin with a lactobacillus casei vector vaccine expressing epsilon toxoid.clostridium perfringens type d infects ruminants and causes the enterotoxemia disease by ε-toxin. a mutated ε-toxin gene lacking toxicity was designed, synthesized, and cloned into the pt1nx vector and electroporated into lactobacillus casei competent cells to yield lc-pt1nx-ε recombinant strain. balb/c mice, immunized orally with this strain, highly induced mucosal, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses and developed a protection against 200 mld/ml of the activated ε-toxin. this study sho ...201627012151
isolation and genotyping of clostridium perfringens from free-living south american coati (nasua nasua).the importance of clostridium perfringens for most wild animal species remains unclear. this study aimed to isolate and genotype c. perfringens in stool samples from free-living south american coati (nasua nasua) in brazil. forty-six free-living n. nasua were trapped and stool samples were collected. two different protocols for c. perfringens isolation were tested: direct plating onto selective agar and pre-enrichment in broth followed by plating in selective agar. clostridium perfringens type a ...201627010297
antibody response to epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens in captive red deer (cervus elaphus) over a 13-month period.deer are sensitive to clostridial diseases, and vaccination with clostridial toxoids is the method of choice to prevent these infections in ruminants. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the serologic responses in red deer (cervus elaphus) over a 13-mo period after vaccination with a multivalent clostridial vaccine, containing an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. antibody production to the clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin component of the vaccine was measured using an indirect enzy ...201627010263
netb and necrotic enteritis: the hole movable story.clostridium perfringens is the primary causative agent of avian necrotic enteritis. our understanding of the pathogenesis of this economically important disease has been enhanced by the discovery of c. perfringens netb toxin, which belongs to the α-haemolysin family of β-pore-forming toxins. in a chicken disease model, the analysis of an isogenic set of strains comprising the wild type, a netb mutant, and its complemented derivative, fulfilled molecular koch's postulates and revealed that netb w ...201627009522
qsar modeling and molecular interaction analysis of natural compounds as potent neuraminidase inhibitors.different qsar models of 40 natural compounds as neuraminidase inhibitors (nis) are developed to comprehend chemical-biological interactions and predict activities against neuraminidase (na) from clostridium perfringens. based on the constitutional, topological and conformational descriptors, r(2) and q(2) values of the obtained sra model are 0.931 and 0.856. the r(2) and q(2) values of the constructed hqsar and almond models are 0.903 and 0.767, 0.904 and 0.511, respectively. based on the pharm ...201627008437
effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. in the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential oils (eo, which contained 25 % thymol and 25 % carvacrol as active components) supplementation on growth performance, gut lesions, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of the broiler chickens infected with c. perfringens. a total of 448 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into ei ...201627006768
perfringolysin o theta toxin as a tool to monitor the distribution and inhomogeneity of cholesterol in cellular membranes.cholesterol is an essential structural component of cellular membranes in eukaryotes. cholesterol in the exofacial leaflet of the plasma membrane is thought to form membrane nanodomains with sphingolipids and specific proteins. additionally, cholesterol is found in the intracellular membranes of endosomes and has crucial functions in membrane trafficking. furthermore, cellular cholesterol homeostasis and regulation of de novo synthesis rely on transport via both vesicular and non-vesicular pathw ...201627005662
immunogenicity of a trivalent recombinant vaccine against clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins in farm ruminants.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic bacterium that produces several toxins. of these, the alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are responsible for causing the most severe c. perfringens-related diseases in farm animals. the best way to control these diseases is through vaccination. however, commercially available vaccines are based on inactivated toxins and have many production drawbacks, which can be overcome through the use of recombinant antigens. in this study, we produced recombinant alpha, ...201627004612
recent breakthroughs have unveiled the many knowledge gaps in clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in chickens: the first international conference on necrotic enteritis in poultry. 201627003036
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin: action, genetics, and translational applications.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is responsible for causing the gastrointestinal symptoms of several c. perfringens food- and nonfood-borne human gastrointestinal diseases. the enterotoxin gene (cpe) is located on either the chromosome (for most c. perfringens type a food poisoning strains) or large conjugative plasmids (for the remaining type a food poisoning and most, if not all, other cpe-producing strains). in all cpe-positive strains, the cpe gene is strongly associated with insert ...201626999202
severe sepsis due to clostridium perfringens bacteremia of urinary origin: a case report and systematic review.clostridium perfringens bacteremia is an uncommon yet serious clinical syndrome that typically arises from a gastrointestinal source. however, clinicians should consider nongastrointestinal sources as well. we present a rare case of c. perfringens bacteremia of urinary origin that required surgical intervention for definitive treatment. a 61-year-old male presented with acute nausea and vomiting, altered mental status, and chronic diarrhea. his physical exam revealed right costovertebral tendern ...201626998370
effects of digestate on soil chemical and microbiological properties: a comparative study with compost and vermicompost.anaerobic digestion has become increasingly popular as an alternative for recycling wastes from different origins. consequently, biogas residues, most of them with unknown chemical and biological composition, accrue in large quantities and their application into soil has become a widespread agricultural practise. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of digestate application on the chemical and microbiological properties of an arable soil in comparison with untreated manure, compost ...201626476314
an epidemiological review of gastrointestinal outbreaks associated with clostridium perfringens, north east of england, 2012-2014.an anecdotal increase in c. perfringens outbreaks was observed in the north east of england during 2012-2014. we describe findings of investigations in order to further understanding of the epidemiology of these outbreaks and inform control measures. all culture-positive (>105 c.f.u./g) outbreaks reported to the north east health protection team from 1 january 2012 to 31 december 2014 were included. epidemiological (attack rate, symptom profile and positive associations with a suspected vehicle ...201626567801
effect of clostridium perfringens infection and antibiotic administration on microbiota in the small intestine of broiler chickens.the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis (ne) is clostridium perfringens (cp), which is an economically significant problem for broiler chicken producers worldwide. traditional use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters to control ne disease have resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in cp strains. identification of probiotic bacteria strains as an alternative to antibiotics for the control of intestinal cp colonization is crucial. two experiments were conducted to determine chan ...201626567176
growth and physiology of clostridium perfringens wild-type and δazoc knockout: an azo dye exposure study.clostridium perfringens, a strictly anaerobic micro-organism and inhabitant of the human intestine, has been shown to produce the azoreductase enzyme azoc, an nad(p)h-dependent flavin oxidoreductase. this enzyme reduces azo dyes to aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic in nature. a significant amount of work has been completed that focuses on the activity of this enzyme; however, few studies have been completed that focus on the physiology of azo dye reduction. dye reduction studies coupled wi ...201626566621
tcpm: a novel relaxase that mediates transfer of large conjugative plasmids from clostridium perfringens.conjugative transfer of toxin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in clostridium perfringens is mediated by the tcp conjugation locus. surprisingly, neither a relaxase gene nor an origin of transfer (orit) has been identified on these plasmids, which are typified by the 47 kb tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3. the tcpm gene (previously called intp) encodes a potential tyrosine recombinase that was postulated to be an atypical relaxase. mutagenesis and complementation studies showed that tcpm w ...201626560080
comparison of vaginal microbial community structure in healthy and endometritis dairy cows by pcr-dgge and real-time pcr.the normal vaginal microflora provides protection against infections of the reproductive tract. previous studies have focused on the isolation and screening of probiotic strains from the vagina of cows; however, the vaginal microflora of postpartum cows is poorly characterized. the present study was conducted to evaluate and characterize the vaginal microflora of healthy postpartum cows in relation to postpartum cows with endometritis by using pcr followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophore ...201626551525
septic arthritis due to clostridium ramosum.clostridium species are anaerobic bacilli that are rarely reported as etiologic agents of infectious arthritis. previous cases of arthritis caused by clostridium ramosum have not been reported. we describe the first 2 cases of c. ramosum arthritis.201626546506
physiological role of fold (methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), fcha (methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase) and fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) from clostridium perfringens in a heterologous model of escherichia coli.most organisms possess bifunctional fold [5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-ch2-thf) dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase] to generate nadph and 10-formyltetrahdrofolate (10-cho-thf) required in various metabolic steps. in addition, some organisms including clostridium perfringens possess another protein, fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase), to synthesize 10-cho-thf. here, we show that unlike the bifunctional fold of escherichia coli (ecofold), and contrary to its annotated bifunctional nature, c ...201626531681
a case of nontraumatic gas gangrene in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is widely used in neuroscience and regenerative medicine research. however, information concerning common marmoset disorders, particularly infectious diseases, is scarce. here, we report a case of a female common marmoset that died suddenly due to gas gangrene. the animal presented with gaseous abdominal distention at postmortem, and clostridium perfringens type a was isolated from several tissues. vacuoles, a gram-positive bacteremia and intravascular hemolysis were observed ...201626156080
claudin-binder c-cpe mutants enhance permeability of insulin across human nasal epithelial cells.intranasal insulin administration has therapeutic potential for alzheimer's disease and in intranasal administration across the nasal mucosa, the paracellular pathway regulated by tight junctions is important. the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) binds the tight junction protein claudin and disrupts the tight junctional barrier without a cytotoxic effect. the c-cpe mutant called c-cpe 194 binds only to claudin-4, whereas the c-cpe 194 mutant called c-cpe m19 bin ...201626036653
changes in microbial community during biohydrogen production using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum.the changes in microbial community structures during fermentative hydrogen production process were investigated by analyzing 16s rdna gene sequences using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum. the experimental results showed that the microbial community structure of untreated sludge was very rich in diversity. after gamma irradiation, lots of species were inhibited, and species with high survival rates under radiation conditions became dominant. after fermentation, clostridium butyrium and a sequ ...201626492174
identification of a bacteria-specific binding protein from the sequenced bacterial genome.novel and specific recognition elements are of central importance in the development of a pathogen detection method. here, we describe a simple method for identifying the cell-wall binding domain (cbd) from a sequenced bacterial genome employing homology search for phage lysin genes. a putative cbd (cpf369_cbd) was identified from a genome of clostridium perfringens type strain atcc 13124, and its function was studied with the cbdgfp fusion protein recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli. fl ...201626528533
detailed characterization of the o-linked glycosylation of the neuropilin-1 c/mam-domain.neuropilins are involved in angiogenesis and neuronal development. the membrane proximal domain of neuropilin-1, called c or mam domain based on its sequence conservation, has been implicated in neuropilin oligomerization required for its function. the c/mam domain of human neuropilin-1 has been recombinantly expressed to allow for investigation of its propensity to engage in molecular interactions with other protein or carbohydrate components on a cell surface. we found that the c/mam domain wa ...201626059692
bioassay-guided chromatographic isolation and identification of antibacterial compounds from artemisia annua l. that inhibit clostridium perfringens growth.clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of necrotic enteritis leading to significant losses in the poultry industry. dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of aerial parts of artemisia annua (asteraceae) exhibited activity against c. perfringens with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of 185 and 270 μg/ml, respectively. bioassay-guided fractionation of the extracts gave several active fractions (mic between 75 and 600 μg/ml). investigations of the most active fractions resulted in the ...201625902977
isolation and characterization of a new [fefe]-hydrogenase from clostridium perfringens.this paper reports the first characterization of an [fefe]-hydrogenase from a clostridium perfringens strain previously isolated in our laboratory from a pilot-scale bio-hydrogen plant that efficiently produces h2 from waste biomasses. on the basis of sequence analysis, the enzyme is a monomer formed by four domains hosting various iron-sulfur centres involved in electron transfer and the catalytic center h-cluster. after recombinant expression in escherichia coli, the purified protein catalyzes ...201625851509
new insights into clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia.epsilon toxin (etx), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, is responsible for diseases that occur mostly in ruminants. etx is produced in the form of an inactive prototoxin that becomes proteolytically-activated by several proteases. a recent ex vivo study using caprine intestinal contents demonstrated that etx prototoxin is processed in a step-wise fashion into a stable, active ∼27 kda band on sds-page. when characterized further by mass spectrometry, the stable ∼27 kda band was sh ...201627321761
incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility to clostridium perfringens in premarket broilers in taiwan.clostridium perfringens infection causes subclinical and clinical necrotic enteritis in poultry flocks, and it is estimated to result in us$2 billion of losses worldwide every year. the aims of this study were to determine the incidence, toxin types, and antimicrobial resistance levels to c. perfringens isolated from premarket, 5-wk-old, clinically healthy broiler chickens in taiwan, and to examine the relationships between intestinal lesions and the numbers of c. perfringens in intestinal conte ...201627309285
clostridium perfringens α-toxin impairs innate immunity via inhibition of neutrophil differentiation.although granulopoiesis is accelerated to suppress bacteria during infection, some bacteria can still cause life-threatening infections, but the mechanism behind this remains unclear. in this study, we found that mature neutrophils in bone marrow cells (bmcs) were decreased in c. perfringens-infected mice and also after injection of virulence factor α-toxin. c. perfringens infection interfered with the replenishment of mature neutrophils in the peripheral circulation and the accumulation of neut ...201627306065
real-time dna amplification and detection system based on a cmos image sensor.in the present study, we developed a polypropylene well-integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (cmos) platform to perform the loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique for real-time dna amplification and detection simultaneously. an amplification-coupled detection system directly measures the photon number changes based on the generation of magnesium pyrophosphate and color changes. the photon number decreases during the amplification process. the cmos image sensor obse ...201627302586
toxin-neutralizing antibodies protect against clostridium perfringens-induced necrosis in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is caused by clostridium perfringens type a. due to the rapid progress and fatal outcome of the disease, vaccination would be of high value. in this study, c. perfringens toxins, either as native toxins or after formaldehyde inactivation, were evaluated as possible vaccine antigens. we determined whether antisera raised in calves against these toxins were able to protect against c. perfringens challenge in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic ent ...201627297520
gene regulation by the virs/virr system in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming rod, clostridium perfringens, is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. c. perfringens produces many secreted toxins and enzymes that are involved in the pathogenesis of gas gangrane and gastrointestinal disease. one of the most important systems regulating the production of these proteins in c. perfringens is the virs/virr-vr-rna signal transduction cascade. the agr system also important fo ...201627296833
occurrence of clostridium perfringens types a, e, and c in fresh fish and its public health significance.fish remains among the most traded of food commodities, and egypt is one of the emerging countries being recognized as an important world fish exporter. clostridium perfringens is an important foodborne pathogen to consider in fish trade, as it has been implicated as the causative organism of two fish outbreaks. the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and toxin diversity of c. perfringens associated with fresh and canned fish and to examine the public health significance o ...201627296604
behavior and inactivation of enterotoxin-positive clostridium perfringens in pork picadillo and tamales filled with pork picadillo under different cooking, storage, and reheating conditions.this study analyzed the behavior of clostridium perfringens in individual ingredients and tamales containing different pathogen concentrations upon exposure to different temperatures and methods of cooking, storage, and reheating. in ground pork, c. perfringens cells were inactivated when exposed to 95°c for 30 min. three lots of picadillo inoculated with 0, 3, and 5 log cfu/g c. perfringens cells, respectively, were exposed to different storage temperatures. at 20°c, cell counts increased 1 log ...201627296420
development and application of a multiplex pcr assay for detection of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-encoding genes cpe and becab.clostridium perfringens causes food-borne gastroenteritis following the consumption of contaminated food by producing c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) in the intestines. recently, we reported a novel enterotoxin, binary enterotoxin of c. perfringens (bec) in c. perfringens isolates, which caused two disease outbreaks in japan. consequently, in the event of food poisoning outbreaks caused by c. perfringens, it is now necessary to screen for both the cpe and becab genes by diagnostic pcr. here, we ...201627291714
the efficacy of na-butyrate encapsulated in palm fat on performance of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis with gene expression analysis.to study the efficacy of na-butyrate encapsulated in palm fat on performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with necrotic enteritis (ne) with the determination of its protective effect against the changes in the gene expression profiles and deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) fragmentation.201627284219
spleen and portal pneumatosis secondary to clostridium perfringens septicemia. 201627276089
uterine perforation with intra-abdominal clostridium perfringens gas gangrene: a rare and fatal infection.background:clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is an extremely rare and fatal infection. necrosis of the myometrium is rarely seen and has only been recorded in 18 cases to date. of these 18 reported cases, only 5 have occurred in nonpregnant women. this article presents the 6th case of myometrium necrosis from c. perfringens.case: a 72-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, presented with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. after examinations, laboratory testing, and several surgical intervention ...201627274183
analysis of the virulence-associated revsr two-component signal transduction system of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes human gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning. early studies showed that virulence was regulated by the virsr two-component signal transduction system. however, our identification of the revr orphan response regulator indicated that more than one system was involved in controlling virulence. to further characterize this virulence-associated regulator, gel mobility shift experiments, coupl ...201627267179
evaluating the performance of a new model for predicting the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked, uncured meat and poultry products under isothermal, heating, and dynamically cooling conditions.clostridium perfringens type a is a significant public health threat and its spores may germinate, outgrow, and multiply during cooling of cooked meats. this study applies a new c. perfringens growth model in the usda integrated pathogen modeling program-dynamic prediction (ipmp dynamic prediction) dynamic prediction to predict the growth from spores of c. perfringens in cooked uncured meat and poultry products using isothermal, dynamic heating, and cooling data reported in the literature. the r ...201627259065
red cell damps and inflammation.intravascular hemolysis, or the destruction of red blood cells in the circulation, can occur in numerous diseases, including the acquired hemolytic anemias, sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia, as well as during some transfusion reactions, preeclampsia and infections, such as those caused by malaria or clostridium perfringens. hemolysis results in the release of large quantities of red cell damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) into the circulation, which, if not neutralized by innate p ...201627251171
effect of encapsulated carvacrol on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.there is an urgent need to control necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by clostridium perfringens in chickens when antibiotics are withdrawn from feed. carvacrol has strong antimicrobial activity and its delivery to the animal intestine can be significantly enhanced after encapsulation. the present study has investigated the potential of encapsulated carvacrol in controlling ne. in general, micro-encapsulation of carvacrol in an alginate-whey protein matrix showed no adverse effect on its antimicrobi ...201627245304
dynamics of intestinal metabolites and morphology in response to necrotic enteritis challenge in broiler chickens.despite the relatively small contribution to metabolizable energy that volatile fatty acids (vfas) provide in chickens, these organic acids have been reported to play beneficial roles in the gastrointestinal tract (git) of birds, for example, inhibition of the growth of some pathogenic bacteria. however, information regarding the dynamics of these metabolites in the git of chickens is still scarce, especially under disease conditions such as necrotic enteritis (ne). here, we investigated the dyn ...201627245303
adhesive and hydrophobic properties of the selected lab isolated from gastrointestinal tract of farming animals.the aim of this study was to determine the degree of adhesion and hydrophobicity of some strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) with proven antagonistic properties against pathogenic bacteria. studies were performed using-lab strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of calves and piglets. these strains exhibited an antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of clostridium perfringens and escherichia coli. cell adhesiveness was examined in relation to the porcine and bovine mucin. o ...201627231726
rna-seq analysis of virr and revr mutants of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens causes toxin-mediated diseases, including gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning in humans. the production of the toxins implicated in gas gangrene, α-toxin and perfringolysin o, is regulated by the virsr two-component regulatory system. in addition, revr, an orphan response regulator, has been shown to affect virulence in the mouse myonecrosis model. revr positively regulates the expression of genes that encode hydrolytic enzymes, including hyaluronida ...201627216822
complement system activation contributes to the ependymal damage induced by microbial neuraminidase.in the rat brain, a single intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase from clostridium perfringens induces ependymal detachment and death. this injury occurs before the infiltration of inflammatory blood cells; some reports implicate the complement system as a cause of these injuries. here, we set out to test the role of complement.201627209022
characterization of a high-affinity sialic acid-specific cbm40 from clostridium perfringens and engineering of a divalent form.cbms (carbohydrate-binding modules) are a class of polypeptides usually associated with carbohydrate-active enzymatic sites. we have characterized a new member of the cbm40 family, coded from a section of the gene nani from clostridium perfringens glycan arrays revealed its preference towards α(2,3)-linked sialosides, which was confirmed and quantified by calorimetric studies. the cbm40 binds to α(2,3)-sialyl-lactose with a kd of ∼30 μm, the highest affinity value for this class of proteins. ins ...201627208171
comparative transcriptomic analysis of clostridium perfringens biofilms and planktonic cells.clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxaemias in animal species. recently, c. perfringens was shown to form biofilms, a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix. however, very little is known on the subject and no information is available on gene expression in c. perfringens biofilms. to gain insights into the differences between free-living c. perfringens cells and those in ...201627207477
conjunctival flora of healthy and diseased eyes of grey seals (halichoerus grypus): implications for treatment.ocular pathology is relatively common in stranded seals admitted to wildlife rehabilitation hospitals. some have pre-existing problems, while others develop eye problems in captivity, and in particular ulcerative keratitis, due to factors such as large prominent eyes, suboptimal water quality, trauma and infighting. despite treatment, corneal ulcerations can rapidly progress to 'melting' ulcers with subsequent rupture of the globe. in this case series, 32 grey seals (halichoerus grypus) had conj ...201627188623
functional analysis of an feob mutant in clostridium perfringens strain 13.bacterial pathogens have adopted numerous mechanisms for acquiring iron from host proteins during an infection, including the direct acquisition of ferric iron from heme-associated proteins or from iron-scavenging siderophores. ferric iron then is transported into the cytosol, where it can be utilized by the bacterial pathogen. under anaerobic conditions bacteria can also transport ferrous iron using the transmembrane complex feoab, but little is known about iron transport systems in anaerobic b ...201627178230
crystal structure of bile salt hydrolase from lactobacillus salivarius.bile salt hydrolase (bsh) is a gut-bacterial enzyme that negatively influences host fat digestion and energy harvesting. the bsh enzyme activity functions as a gateway reaction in the small intestine by the deconjugation of glycine-conjugated or taurine-conjugated bile acids. extensive gut-microbiota studies have suggested that bsh is a key mechanistic microbiome target for the development of novel non-antibiotic food additives to improve animal feed production and for the design of new measures ...201627139829
bench-scale analysis of surrogates for anaerobic digestion processes.frequent monitoring of anaerobic digestion processes for pathogen destruction is both cost and time prohibitive. the use of surrogates to supplement regulatory monitoring may be one solution. to evaluate surrogates, a semi-batch bench-scale anaerobic digester design was tested. bench-scale reactors were operated under mesophilic (36 °c) and thermophilic (53-55 °c) conditions, with a 15 day solids retention time. biosolids from different facilities and during different seasons were examined. usep ...201627131309
predicting outgrowth and inactivation of clostridium perfringens in meat products during low temperature long time heat treatment.with low temperature long time (ltlt) cooking it can take hours for meat to reach a final core temperature above 53°c and germination followed by growth of clostridium perfringens is a concern. available and new growth data in meats including 154 lag times (tlag), 224 maximum specific growth rates (μmax) and 25 maximum population densities (nmax) were used to developed a model to predict growth of c. perfringens during the coming-up time of ltlt cooking. new data were generate in 26 challenge te ...201627127839
the c-terminal domain of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin as a vaccine candidate against bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is caused by clostridium perfringens and leads to sudden death. alpha toxin, together with perfringolysin o, has been identified as the principal toxin involved in the pathogenesis. we assessed the potential of alpha toxin as a vaccine antigen. using an intestinal loop model in calves, we investigated the protection afforded by antisera raised against native alpha toxin or its non-toxic c-terminal fragment against c. perfringens-induced intestinal necrosis. immu ...201627121298
a novel drug delivery system for the human nasal epithelium.the epithelium of upper respiratory tissues such as the human nasal mucosa forms a continuous barrier via tight junctions (tjs). the development of a drug delivery system for use across the nasal mucosa is being reconsidered. in intranasal administration across the nasal mucosa, the paracellular pathway regulated by tjs is extremely important. it is known that the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) binds the tj protein claudin and disrupts the tight junctional bar ...201627116461
specific binding of a mutated fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin to endothelial claudin-5 and its modulation of cerebral vascular permeability.the vertebrate blood-brain barrier (bbb) creates an obstacle for central nervous system-related drug delivery. claudin-5 (cldn5), expressed in large quantities in bbb, plays a vital role in restricting bbb permeability. the c-terminal domain of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (ccpe) has been verified as binding to a subset of claudins (cldns). the cldn5-binding ccpe194-319 variant ccpey306w/s313h was applied in this study to investigate its ability to modulate the permeability of zebrafish l ...201627095710
the interaction of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with receptor claudins.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has significant medical importance due to its involvement in several common human gastrointestinal diseases. this 35 kda single polypeptide toxin consists of two domains: a c-terminal domain involved in receptor binding and an n-terminal domain involved in oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation. the action of cpe starts with its binding to receptors, which include certain members of the claudin tight junction protein family; bound cpe the ...201627090847
analysis of the spore membrane proteome in clostridium perfringens implicates cyanophycin in spore assembly.heat-resistant endospore formation plays an important role in clostridium perfringens-associated foodborne illnesses. the spores allow the bacterium to survive heating during normal cooking processes, followed by germination and outgrowth of the bacterium in contaminated foods. to identify proteins associated with germination and other spore functions, a comparative spore membrane proteome analysis of dormant and germinated spores of c. perfringens strain sm101 was performed by using gel-based p ...201627068591
the cpal system regulates changes of the trans-epithelial resistance of human enterocytes during clostridium perfringens type c infection.clostridium perfringens type c strains produce severe disease in humans and animals including enterotoxaemia and hemorrhagic diarrhea. type c disease is mediated by production of toxins that damage the site of infection inducing loss of bloody fluids. production of type c toxins, such as cpa, pfo, and, cpb is regulated by the c. perfringens agr-like (cpal) quorum sensing (qs) system. the cpal system is also required to recapitulate, in vivo, intestinal signs of c. perfringens type c-induced dise ...201627063897
ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of valnemulin against clostridium perfringens in plasma, the small intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits.the pharmacokinetic (pk) and ex vivo pharmacodynamic (pd) of valnemulin against clostridium perfringens were investigated in plasma, the small intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits following intravenous (iv) or oral administration at 3 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). the postantibiotic effect (pae) and postantibiotic sub-mic effect (pa-sme) of valnemulin against c. perfringens atcc13124 were also determined. the time-kill curves were established in vitro and ex vivo to evaluate the antibacterial acti ...201627060276
clostridium perfringens infection in a febrile patient with severe hemolytic anemia.clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) can cause various infections, including gas gangrene, crepitant cellulitis, and fasciitis. while c. perfringens sepsis is uncommon, it is often rapidly fatal because the alpha toxin of this bacterium induces massive intravascular hemolysis by disrupting red blood cell membranes.201627049736
immunization with a novel clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant retx(y196e)-c confers strong protection in mice.epsilon toxin (etx) is produced by toxinotypes b and d of clostridium perfringens. it can induce lethal enterotoxemia in domestic animals, mainly in sheep, goats and cattle, causing serious economic losses to global animal husbandry. in this study, a novel and stable epsilon toxin mutant retx(y196e)-c, obtained by substituting the 196th tyrosine (y196) with glutamic acid (e) and introducing of 23 amino acids long c-terminal peptide, was determined as a promising recombinant vaccine candidate aga ...201627048879
the details of glycolipid glycan hydrolysis by the structural analysis of a family 123 glycoside hydrolase from clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals whose genome encodes a wide variety of putative carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes that are increasingly being shown to be directed toward the cleavage of host glycans. among these putative enzymes is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 123. here we show that the recombinant enzyme (referred to as cpnga123) encoded by the gene cloned from c. perfringens strain atcc 13124 (locus tag cpf_1473) is a β-n-acetylgalactosaminid ...201627038508
fatal clostridium perfringens sepsis due to emphysematous gastritis and literature review.a 76-year-old female patient was admitted to the level i emergency department of university of szeged with severe abdominal pain and vomiting. the clinical assessment with laboratory tests and radiological investigations confirmed severe sepsis associated with intravascular hemolysis and multiorgan failure and acute pancreatitis. on the abdominal ct, besides of other abnormalities, the presence of gas bubbles in the stomach, small intestines and liver were seen. the gastric alterations pointed t ...201627036998
fluorescently labeled bacteria provide insight on post-mortem microbial transmigration.microbially mediated mechanisms of human decomposition begin immediately after death, and are a driving force for the conversion of a once living organism to a resource of energy and nutrients. little is known about post-mortem microbiology in cadavers, particularly the community structure of microflora residing within the cadaver and the dynamics of these communities during decomposition. recent work suggests these bacterial communities undergo taxa turnover and shifts in community composition ...201627032615
use of allicin as feed additive to enhance vaccination capacity of clostridium perfringens toxoid in rabbits.the present study assessed the efficacy of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) toxoid and/or allicin - as feed additive - in rabbits for preventing or minimizing the severity of infection with locally isolated strain of c. perfringens type a. serum biochemical, immunological and pathological investigations were also done. one hundred rabbits of 6 weeks of age were divided into five equal groups (g1-g5). g1 were kept as normal control. g2 was allocated for c. perfringens type a infection. g3 ...201626973070
transcriptional profile during deoxycholate-induced sporulation in a clostridium perfringens isolate causing foodborne illness.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of foodborne illness (fbi) in humans. vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and produce the major pathogenic factor c. perfringens enterotoxin. although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of fbi, the mechanisms inducing sporulation remain unclear. bile salts were shown previously to induce sporulation, and we confirmed deoxycholate (dca)-induced sporulation in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 cocultured with hu ...201626969700
effects of heat stress on the formation of splenic germinal centres and immunoglobulins in broilers infected by clostridium perfringens type a.avian necrotic enteritis (ne) induced by clostridium perfringens is a disease that affects mainly the first weeks of poultry's life. the pathogenesis of ne is complex and involves the combination of several factors, such as co-infection with different species of coccidia, immunosuppression and stress. stress is one of the main limiting factors in poultry production. although several studies emphasized the effects of stress on immunity, few works analyzed these effects on immunoglobulins and on g ...201626964716
the gut-brain axis interactions during heat stress and avian necrotic enteritis.the gut-brain axis is known to modulate behavioral and immune responses in animals; evidence supporting this modulation in chickens, however, is elusive. here, we analyzed the effects of heat stress and/orclostridium perfringens (cp) infection on behavior, intestinal morphology, brain activity, and corticosterone serum levels in chickens. broilers were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: a naïve group (n), a thioglycolate group (t), a thioglycolate heat-stressed group (t/hs35), an infected gro ...201626957631
the role of host genetic factors and host immunity in necrotic enteritis.the increasing number of legislative restrictions and the voluntary withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters worldwide will continue to impact poultry health and production. the rising incidence of clostridium infections and development of necrotic enteritis (ne) in commercial chickens has been associated with the withdrawal of antibiotics. high-throughput genomic analysis of intestinal tissues from ne-afflicted chickens showed alterations in the local immunity and gut microbiota. therefore, a ...201626957203
effect of yeast-derived products and distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) on growth performance and local innate immune response of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.this study evaluated the effect of yeast-derived products on growth performance, gut lesion score, intestinal population of clostridium perfringens, and local innate immunity of broiler chickens challenged with c. perfringens. one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments providing six replicate pens of 55 birds each per treatment. dietary treatments consisted of control diets without and with c. perfringens challenge, and diets containing bacitracin methylene d ...201626956683
quantitative microbial risk assessment for clostridium perfringens in natural and processed cheeses.this study evaluated the risk of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) foodborne illness from natural and processed cheeses. microbial risk assessment in this study was conducted according to four steps: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. the hazard identification of c. perfringens on cheese was identified through literature, and dose response models were utilized for hazard characterization of the pathogen. for exposure assessment, ...201626954204
heat production and energy efficiency of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne) in poultry is the most important bacterial disease in terms of economic losses. the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an experimental challenge with necrotic enteritis on respiration and heat production in birds pretreated with dietary acylated starch or antibiotics (ab) zinc bacitracin (50 mg/kg) plus salinomycin (60 mg/kg). in total, 48 1-day-old ross 308 male broilers were assigned to floor pens until day 10. on day 11, birds were randomly placed in ...201626953943
association of beta2-positive clostridium perfringens type a with focal duodenal necrosis in egg-laying chickens in the united states.focal duodenal necrosis (fdn) is a poorly understood intestinal disease of egg layers, and has been associated with drops in egg production and decreased egg weights. the etiology of this disease is still unknown, but the condition has been associated with clostridium colinum and clostridium perfringens. in order to investigate the etiology, duodenal samples were taken from hens with fdn. the hens originated from table egg layer farms in three states. the samples were examined by histopathology, ...201626953942
pathology in practice. clostridium perfringens. 201626953912
molecular characterization of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from diseased turkeys in italy.one hundred and six clostridium perfringens field strains, isolated from diseased turkeys in italy between 2006 and 2015, were toxinotyped by polymerase chain reaction. strains were derived from intestines (87), livers (17) and subcutaneous tissues (2). in addition to the four major toxins, strains were also screened for netb toxin, enterotoxin and beta2 toxin encoding genes. the intestinal gross lesions of turkeys with enteric disorders were statistically studied with respect to the presence of ...201626950690
poultry management: a useful tool for the control of necrotic enteritis in poultry.the intestinal ecosystem of poultry has been inevitably changed as a result of the ban of antimicrobial growth promoters. the re-emergence of necrotic enteritis has been the most significant threat for the poultry industry, which, in clinical form, causes high mortality and in subclinical forms, affects growth and feed conversion. it is one of the most common and economically devastating bacterial diseases in modern broiler flocks in terms of performance, welfare and mortality. necrotic enteriti ...201626950433
microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis.an outbreak of necrotic enteritis (ne) is a complex process requiring one or a number of predisposing factors rather than just the presence of pathogenic clostridium perfringens. examples are dietary influences, such as high levels of non-starch polysaccharides and fishmeal, and factors that evoke epithelial cell damage, such as fusarium mycotoxins in feed and eimeria infections. recent studies have shown that different predisposing factors induce similar shifts in the intestinal microbiota comp ...201626950294
genomic diversity of necrotic enteritis-associated strains of clostridium perfringens: a review.the investigation of genomic variation between clostridium perfringens isolates from poultry has been an important tool to enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of strain pathogenicity and the epidemiology of virulent and avirulent strains within the context of necrotic enteritis (ne). the earliest studies used whole genome profiling techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to differentiate isolates and determine their relative levels of relatedness. dna sequencing has been u ...201626949841
vaginal and rectal clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens presence among women in the united states.to characterize the presence of clostridium sordellii and clostridium perfringens in the vagina and rectum, identify correlates of presence, and describe strain diversity and presence of key toxins.201626942366
rearing room affects the non-dominant chicken cecum microbiota, while diet affects the dominant microbiota.the combined effect of environment and diet in shaping the gut microbiota remains largely unknown. this knowledge, however, is important for animal welfare and safe food production. for these reasons, we determined the effect of experimental units on the chicken cecum microbiota for a full factorial experiment where we tested the combined effect of room, diet, and antimicrobial treatment. by illumina deep sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, we found that diet mainly affected the dominant microbiota ...201626942187
timing of predisposing factors is important in necrotic enteritis models.since the ban of antimicrobial growth promotors, the importance of necrotic enteritis in broilers increases. reliable and reproducible infection models are required for pathogenesis studies and product screening. two major predisposing factors in necrotic enteritis models are fishmeal supplementation to feed and eimeria infection. however, many unsolved issues regarding these predisposing factors still exist. therefore, the influence of timepoint of fishmeal administration (onset on day 8 or day ...201626927291
necrotic enteritis predisposing factors in broiler chickens.necrotic enteritis in chickens develops as a result of infection with pathogenic strains of clostridium perfringens and the presence of predisposing factors. predisposing factors include elements that directly change the physical properties of the gut, either damaging the epithelial surface, inducing mucus production, or changing gut transit times; factors that disrupt the gut microbiota; and factors that alter the immune status of birds. in the past research into necrotic enteritis predisposing ...201626926926
mechanism of action of a novel recombinant peptide, mp1102, against clostridium perfringens type c.this work is the first to report the antibacterial characteristics and antibacterial mechanisms of mp1102, which is a variant of nz2114, against pathogenic clostridium perfringens. mp1102 exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against c. perfringens strains cvcc 61, cvcc 1163, and cvcc 2032 at a low minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.91 μm. mp1102 showed anti-c. perfringens activity over a wide ph range of 2.0 and 10.0, high thermal stability from 20 to 80 °c, and remarkable resistance ...201626921181
clostridium perfringens and its arsenal of toxins. 201626917838
beta lactamase producing clostridium perfringens bacteremia in an elderly man with acute pancreatitis.clostridium perfringens bacteremia is associated with adverse outcomes. known risk factors include chronic kidney disease, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal disease. we present a 74-year-old man admitted with confusion, vomiting, and abdominal pain. exam revealed tachycardia, hypotension, lethargy, distended abdomen, and cold extremities. he required intubation and aggressive resuscitation for septic shock. laboratory data showed leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, acute kidney i ...201626904307
diets enriched with cranberry beans alter the microbiota and mitigate colitis severity and associated inflammation.common beans are rich in phenolic compounds and nondigestible fermentable components, which may help alleviate intestinal diseases. we assessed the gut health priming effect of a 20% cranberry bean flour diet from two bean varieties with differing profiles of phenolic compounds [darkening (dc) and nondarkening (ndc) cranberry beans vs. basal diet control (bd)] on critical aspects of gut health in unchallenged mice, and during dextran sodium sulfate (dss)-induced colitis (2% dss wt/vol, 7 days). ...201626878790
an 86-year-old man with acute abdominal pain.an 86-year-old man presented with severe pain in the upper abdomen along with fever. on physical examination, we found an arterial blood pressure of 84/43 mm hg, a heart rate of 80 bpm and a temperature of 38.3°c. the abdomen was painful and peristalsis was absent. empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis was started with amoxicillin/clavulanate and gentamicin. ct scan of the abdomen revealed an emphysematous cholecystitis. percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystostomy was applied. bile cultures r ...201626869625
plasmid characterization and chromosome analysis of two netf+ clostridium perfringens isolates associated with foal and canine necrotizing enteritis.the recent discovery of a novel beta-pore-forming toxin, netf, which is strongly associated with canine and foal necrotizing enteritis should improve our understanding of the role of type a clostridium perfringens associated disease in these animals. the current study presents the complete genome sequence of two netf-positive strains, jfp55 and jfp838, which were recovered from cases of foal necrotizing enteritis and canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, respectively. genome sequencing was done us ...201626859667
a novel hsp70 inhibitor prevents cell intoxication with the actin adp-ribosylating clostridium perfringens iota toxin.hsp70 family proteins are folding helper proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular pathways. members of this family interact with key factors in signal transduction, transcription, cell-cycle control, and stress response. here, we developed the first hsp70 low molecular weight inhibitor specifically targeting the peptide binding site of human hsp70. after demonstrating that the inhibitor modulates the hsp70 function in the cell, we used the inhibitor to show for the first time that the str ...201626839186
netf-positive clostridium perfringens in neonatal foal necrotising enteritis in kentucky. 201626829965
hepatic abscess-associated clostridial bacteraemia presenting with intravascular haemolysis and severe hypertension.clostridium perfringens bacteraemia is a potentially fatal condition, and its early identification is paramount to maximise chances of survival. prompt recognition of intravascular haemolysis, a known complication of c. perfringens bacteraemia, can help guide clinical decision-making before microbiology data becomes available. we present a novel finding of severe hypertension in a fatal case of clostridial bacteraemia with massive haemolysis. a 58-year-old man with no known medical history prese ...201626823354
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