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physiological role of fold (methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), fcha (methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase) and fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase) from clostridium perfringens in a heterologous model of escherichia coli.most organisms possess bifunctional fold [5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-ch2-thf) dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase] to generate nadph and 10-formyltetrahdrofolate (10-cho-thf) required in various metabolic steps. in addition, some organisms including clostridium perfringens possess another protein, fhs (formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase), to synthesize 10-cho-thf. here, we show that unlike the bifunctional fold of escherichia coli (ecofold), and contrary to its annotated bifunctional nature, c ...201626531681
effect of clostridium perfringens infection and antibiotic administration on microbiota in the small intestine of broiler chickens.the etiological agent of necrotic enteritis (ne) is clostridium perfringens (cp), which is an economically significant problem for broiler chicken producers worldwide. traditional use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters to control ne disease have resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in cp strains. identification of probiotic bacteria strains as an alternative to antibiotics for the control of intestinal cp colonization is crucial. two experiments were conducted to determine chan ...201626567176
septic arthritis due to clostridium ramosum.clostridium species are anaerobic bacilli that are rarely reported as etiologic agents of infectious arthritis. previous cases of arthritis caused by clostridium ramosum have not been reported. we describe the first 2 cases of c. ramosum arthritis.201626546506
bioassay-guided chromatographic isolation and identification of antibacterial compounds from artemisia annua l. that inhibit clostridium perfringens growth.clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of necrotic enteritis leading to significant losses in the poultry industry. dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of aerial parts of artemisia annua (asteraceae) exhibited activity against c. perfringens with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of 185 and 270 μg/ml, respectively. bioassay-guided fractionation of the extracts gave several active fractions (mic between 75 and 600 μg/ml). investigations of the most active fractions resulted in the ...201625902977
a case of nontraumatic gas gangrene in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is widely used in neuroscience and regenerative medicine research. however, information concerning common marmoset disorders, particularly infectious diseases, is scarce. here, we report a case of a female common marmoset that died suddenly due to gas gangrene. the animal presented with gaseous abdominal distention at postmortem, and clostridium perfringens type a was isolated from several tissues. vacuoles, a gram-positive bacteremia and intravascular hemolysis were observed ...201626156080
poultry management: a useful tool for the control of necrotic enteritis in poultry.the intestinal ecosystem of poultry has been inevitably changed as a result of the ban of antimicrobial growth promoters. the re-emergence of necrotic enteritis has been the most significant threat for the poultry industry, which, in clinical form, causes high mortality and in subclinical forms, affects growth and feed conversion. it is one of the most common and economically devastating bacterial diseases in modern broiler flocks in terms of performance, welfare and mortality. necrotic enteriti ...201626950433
microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis.an outbreak of necrotic enteritis (ne) is a complex process requiring one or a number of predisposing factors rather than just the presence of pathogenic clostridium perfringens. examples are dietary influences, such as high levels of non-starch polysaccharides and fishmeal, and factors that evoke epithelial cell damage, such as fusarium mycotoxins in feed and eimeria infections. recent studies have shown that different predisposing factors induce similar shifts in the intestinal microbiota comp ...201626950294
pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut?the ability to correctly recognize the disease necrotic enteritis (ne) is important not only to those involved in control and treatment of the disease at farm level, but it is also critically important to the search for virulence factors, since a fundamental part of that process is the correct assignation of strains of clostridium perfringens with respect to virulence. thus, diagnosticians and investigators need to be able to correctly recognize the lesions of ne. to do this, they must be able t ...201626981703
fluorescently labeled bacteria provide insight on post-mortem microbial transmigration.microbially mediated mechanisms of human decomposition begin immediately after death, and are a driving force for the conversion of a once living organism to a resource of energy and nutrients. little is known about post-mortem microbiology in cadavers, particularly the community structure of microflora residing within the cadaver and the dynamics of these communities during decomposition. recent work suggests these bacterial communities undergo taxa turnover and shifts in community composition ...201627032615
presence and characterization of pig group a and c rotaviruses in feces of belgian diarrheic suckling piglets.the importance of group a and c rotaviruses (rva and rvc) in the pathogenesis of diarrhea in belgian suckling pigs is poorly investigated, and it is not known which strains are circulating in the belgian suckling pig population. obtaining better insights in the occurrence of both viral species in the swine population is essential in order to develop accurate diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to protect suckling pigs against diarrhea in a durable manner. in the present study, vi ...201626677793
cloning, characterization, and production of three α-l-fucosidases from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124.α-l-fucosidases are key enzymes for the degradation of intestinal glycans by gut microbes. in this work, three putative α-l-fucosidases (afc1, afc2, and afc3) genes from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124 were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. afc1 had the α-l-fucosidase domain of glycoside hydrolase (gh) 29 family but showed no enzyme activity toward all the substrates examined. the putative acid/base residue of afc1, ser205, was replaced by a glutamic acid which is conserved in gh29-b ...201626663202
changes in microbial community during biohydrogen production using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum.the changes in microbial community structures during fermentative hydrogen production process were investigated by analyzing 16s rdna gene sequences using gamma irradiated sludge as inoculum. the experimental results showed that the microbial community structure of untreated sludge was very rich in diversity. after gamma irradiation, lots of species were inhibited, and species with high survival rates under radiation conditions became dominant. after fermentation, clostridium butyrium and a sequ ...201626492174
use of allicin as feed additive to enhance vaccination capacity of clostridium perfringens toxoid in rabbits.the present study assessed the efficacy of clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) toxoid and/or allicin - as feed additive - in rabbits for preventing or minimizing the severity of infection with locally isolated strain of c. perfringens type a. serum biochemical, immunological and pathological investigations were also done. one hundred rabbits of 6 weeks of age were divided into five equal groups (g1-g5). g1 were kept as normal control. g2 was allocated for c. perfringens type a infection. g3 ...201626973070
transcriptional profile during deoxycholate-induced sporulation in a clostridium perfringens isolate causing foodborne illness.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of foodborne illness (fbi) in humans. vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and produce the major pathogenic factor c. perfringens enterotoxin. although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of fbi, the mechanisms inducing sporulation remain unclear. bile salts were shown previously to induce sporulation, and we confirmed deoxycholate (dca)-induced sporulation in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 cocultured with hu ...201626969700
effects of heat stress on the formation of splenic germinal centres and immunoglobulins in broilers infected by clostridium perfringens type a.avian necrotic enteritis (ne) induced by clostridium perfringens is a disease that affects mainly the first weeks of poultry's life. the pathogenesis of ne is complex and involves the combination of several factors, such as co-infection with different species of coccidia, immunosuppression and stress. stress is one of the main limiting factors in poultry production. although several studies emphasized the effects of stress on immunity, few works analyzed these effects on immunoglobulins and on g ...201626964716
the gut-brain axis interactions during heat stress and avian necrotic enteritis.the gut-brain axis is known to modulate behavioral and immune responses in animals; evidence supporting this modulation in chickens, however, is elusive. here, we analyzed the effects of heat stress and/orclostridium perfringens (cp) infection on behavior, intestinal morphology, brain activity, and corticosterone serum levels in chickens. broilers were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: a naïve group (n), a thioglycolate group (t), a thioglycolate heat-stressed group (t/hs35), an infected gro ...201626957631
the role of host genetic factors and host immunity in necrotic enteritis.the increasing number of legislative restrictions and the voluntary withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters worldwide will continue to impact poultry health and production. the rising incidence of clostridium infections and development of necrotic enteritis (ne) in commercial chickens has been associated with the withdrawal of antibiotics. high-throughput genomic analysis of intestinal tissues from ne-afflicted chickens showed alterations in the local immunity and gut microbiota. therefore, a ...201626957203
effect of yeast-derived products and distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) on growth performance and local innate immune response of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.this study evaluated the effect of yeast-derived products on growth performance, gut lesion score, intestinal population of clostridium perfringens, and local innate immunity of broiler chickens challenged with c. perfringens. one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments providing six replicate pens of 55 birds each per treatment. dietary treatments consisted of control diets without and with c. perfringens challenge, and diets containing bacitracin methylene d ...201626956683
direct dynamic kinetic analysis and computer simulation of growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey during cooling.this research applied a new 1-step methodology to directly construct a tertiary model that describes the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey meat under dynamically cooling conditions. the kinetic parameters of the growth models were determined by numerical analysis and optimization using multiple dynamic growth curves. the models and kinetic parameters were validated using independent growth curves obtained under various cooling conditions. the results showed that the residual err ...201626801359
in vitro fermentation of xylooligosaccharides produced from miscanthus × giganteus by human fecal microbiota.purified xylooligosaccharides from miscanthus × giganteus (m×g xos) were used in an in vitro fermentation experiment inoculated with human fecal microbiota. a commercial xos product and pectin were used as controls. decreases in ph by 2.3, 2.4, and 2.0 units and production of short-chain fatty acids (scfa; acetic acid, 7764.2, 6664.1, and 6387.9 μmol/g; propionic acid, 1006.7, 1089.5, and 661.5 μmol/g; and butyric acid, 955.5, 1252.9, and 917.7 μmol/g) were observed in m×g xos, commercial xos, a ...201626648520
generation and characterization of recombinant bivalent fusion protein r-cpib for immunotherapy against clostridium perfringens beta and iota toxemia.clostridium perfringens beta (cpb) and iota (cpi) toxaemias result in some of the most lethal forms of haemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis and sudden death syndrome affecting especially neonates. while cpb enterotoxemia is one of the most common forms of clostridial enterotoxemia, cpi enterotoxemia though putatively considered to be rare is an emerging cause of concern. the similarities in clinical manifestation, gross and histopathology findings of both types of toxaemias coupled to the infrequ ...201626774054
case-control study of pathogens involved in piglet diarrhea.diarrhea in piglets directly affects commercial swine production. the disease results from the interaction of pathogens with the host immune system and is also affected by management procedures. several pathogenic agents such as campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., group a rotavirus (rv-a), coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), as well as nematode and protozoan parasites, can be associated with disease cas ...201626754836
diets enriched with cranberry beans alter the microbiota and mitigate colitis severity and associated inflammation.common beans are rich in phenolic compounds and nondigestible fermentable components, which may help alleviate intestinal diseases. we assessed the gut health priming effect of a 20% cranberry bean flour diet from two bean varieties with differing profiles of phenolic compounds [darkening (dc) and nondarkening (ndc) cranberry beans vs. basal diet control (bd)] on critical aspects of gut health in unchallenged mice, and during dextran sodium sulfate (dss)-induced colitis (2% dss wt/vol, 7 days). ...201626878790
an 86-year-old man with acute abdominal pain.an 86-year-old man presented with severe pain in the upper abdomen along with fever. on physical examination, we found an arterial blood pressure of 84/43 mm hg, a heart rate of 80 bpm and a temperature of 38.3°c. the abdomen was painful and peristalsis was absent. empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis was started with amoxicillin/clavulanate and gentamicin. ct scan of the abdomen revealed an emphysematous cholecystitis. percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystostomy was applied. bile cultures r ...201626869625
plasmid characterization and chromosome analysis of two netf+ clostridium perfringens isolates associated with foal and canine necrotizing enteritis.the recent discovery of a novel beta-pore-forming toxin, netf, which is strongly associated with canine and foal necrotizing enteritis should improve our understanding of the role of type a clostridium perfringens associated disease in these animals. the current study presents the complete genome sequence of two netf-positive strains, jfp55 and jfp838, which were recovered from cases of foal necrotizing enteritis and canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, respectively. genome sequencing was done us ...201626859667
multidrug resistance in clostridium perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand.clostridium perfringens causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets, thereby affecting commercial swine farming. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterize antimicrobial resistance in c. perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand. a total of 260 rectal swab samples were collected from 13 farms and were subjected to c. perfringens isolation. a total of 148 samples were pcr-positive for c. perfringens toxin genes, from which 122 were recovered. all i ...201626752714
occurrence of human-associated bacteroidetes genetic source tracking markers in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin and comparison to standard and alternative indicators of faecal pollution.this was a detailed investigation of the seasonal occurrence, dynamics, removal and resistance of human-associated genetic bacteroidetes faecal markers (gebam) compared with iso-based standard faecal indicator bacteria (sfib), human-specific viral faecal markers and one human-associated bacteroidetes phage in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin. characteristics of the selected activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) from austria and germany were studied in de ...201626745175
a novel hsp70 inhibitor prevents cell intoxication with the actin adp-ribosylating clostridium perfringens iota toxin.hsp70 family proteins are folding helper proteins involved in a wide variety of cellular pathways. members of this family interact with key factors in signal transduction, transcription, cell-cycle control, and stress response. here, we developed the first hsp70 low molecular weight inhibitor specifically targeting the peptide binding site of human hsp70. after demonstrating that the inhibitor modulates the hsp70 function in the cell, we used the inhibitor to show for the first time that the str ...201626839186
netf-positive clostridium perfringens in neonatal foal necrotising enteritis in kentucky. 201626829965
variable protection against experimental broiler necrotic enteritis after immunization with the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and a non-toxic netb variant.necrotic enteritis toxin b (netb) is a pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been shown to play a key role in avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant costs to the poultry production industry worldwide. the aim of this work was to determine whether immunization with a non-toxic variant of netb (netb w262a) and the c-terminal fragment of c. perfringens alpha-toxin (cpa247-370) would provide protection against experimental necrotic enteritis. immunized birds ...201626743457
bacterial quality and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in edible offal from slaughterhouses in korea.edible offal meats have recently received significant attention worldwide. however, studies evaluating the microbial quality of diverse edible offal and specifically investigating contamination by pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses are rare. our study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality of six kinds of edible offal produced from 11 pigs and 8 cattle slaughterhouses in the republic of korea and the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms such as salmonella, clostridium ...201626735045
implications of decreased nitrite concentrations on clostridium perfringens outgrowth during cooling of ready-to-eat meats.increased popularity of natural and organic processed meats can be attributed to the growing consumer demand for preservative-free foods, including processed meats. to meet this consumer demand, meat processors have begun using celery juice concentrate in place of sodium nitrite to create products labeled as no-nitrate or no-nitrite-added meat products while maintaining the characteristics unique to conventionally cured processed meats. because of flavor limitations, natural cures with celery co ...201626735043
predictive model for growth of staphylococcus aureus on raw pork, ham, and sausage.recent staphylococcus aureus outbreaks linked to meat and poultry products underscore the importance of understanding the growth kinetics of s. aureus in these products at different temperatures. raw pork, ham, and sausage (each 10 ± 0.3 g) were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of s. aureus, resulting in an initial level of ca. 3 log cfu/g. samples were stored isothermally at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°c, and s. aureus was enumerated at appropriate time intervals. the square root mode ...201626735039
hepatic abscess-associated clostridial bacteraemia presenting with intravascular haemolysis and severe hypertension.clostridium perfringens bacteraemia is a potentially fatal condition, and its early identification is paramount to maximise chances of survival. prompt recognition of intravascular haemolysis, a known complication of c. perfringens bacteraemia, can help guide clinical decision-making before microbiology data becomes available. we present a novel finding of severe hypertension in a fatal case of clostridial bacteraemia with massive haemolysis. a 58-year-old man with no known medical history prese ...201626823354
the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens: what we know and what we need to know: a review.this review summarizes advances in understanding the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis of chickens caused by netb-positive clostridium perfringens. the discovery of netb as the essential toxin trigger for the disease was followed by recognition that it forms part of a large plasmid-encoded 42 kb pathogenicity locus (neloc-1). while the locus is critical for toxin production, it likely has additional functions related to colonization and degradation of the mucus barrier, which are essential both ...201626813023
clostridium perfringens delta-toxin induces rapid cell necrosis.clostridium perfringens delta-toxin is a β-pore-forming toxin and a putative pathogenic agent of c. perfringens types b and c. however, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of delta-toxin remains unclear. here, we investigated the mechanisms of cell death induced by delta-toxin in five cell lines (a549, a431, mdck, vero, and caco-2). all cell lines were susceptible to delta-toxin. the toxin caused rapid atp depletion and swelling of the cells. delta-toxin bound and formed oligomers predominantly in pla ...201626807591
effects of digestate on soil chemical and microbiological properties: a comparative study with compost and vermicompost.anaerobic digestion has become increasingly popular as an alternative for recycling wastes from different origins. consequently, biogas residues, most of them with unknown chemical and biological composition, accrue in large quantities and their application into soil has become a widespread agricultural practise. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of digestate application on the chemical and microbiological properties of an arable soil in comparison with untreated manure, compost ...201626476314
evaluation of three full-scale stormwater treatment systems with respect to water yield, pathogen removal efficacy and human health risk from faecal pathogens.in this study, three full-scale, operational stormwater harvesting systems located in melbourne, australia were evaluated with respect to water yields; pathogen removal performance by analysis of native surrogate data (escherichiacoli, somatic coliphages and clostridium perfringens); and potential human health risk associated with exposures to faecal pathogens using quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra). the water yield assessment confirmed variation between design and measured yields. f ...201626615487
diversity of clostridium perfringens isolates from various sources and prevalence of conjugative plasmids.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen, causing food poisoning and other mild to severe infections in humans and animals. some strains of c. perfringens contain conjugative plasmids, which may carry antimicrobial resistance and toxin genes. we studied genomic and plasmid diversity of 145 c. perfringens type a strains isolated from soils, foods, chickens, clinical samples, and domestic animals (porcine, bovine and canine), from different geographic areas in the united states between 199 ...201626608548
integration of an innovative biological treatment with physical or chemical disinfection for wastewater reuse.in the present paper, the effectiveness of a sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (sbbgr) and its integration with different disinfection strategies (uv irradiation, peracetic acid) for producing an effluent suitable for agricultural use was evaluated. the plant treated raw domestic sewage, and its performances were evaluated in terms of the removal efficiency of a wide group of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. the sbbgr resulted really efficient in removing suspended so ...201626584070
an epidemiological review of gastrointestinal outbreaks associated with clostridium perfringens, north east of england, 2012-2014.an anecdotal increase in c. perfringens outbreaks was observed in the north east of england during 2012-2014. we describe findings of investigations in order to further understanding of the epidemiology of these outbreaks and inform control measures. all culture-positive (>105 c.f.u./g) outbreaks reported to the north east health protection team from 1 january 2012 to 31 december 2014 were included. epidemiological (attack rate, symptom profile and positive associations with a suspected vehicle ...201626567801
identification of a bacteria-specific binding protein from the sequenced bacterial genome.novel and specific recognition elements are of central importance in the development of a pathogen detection method. here, we describe a simple method for identifying the cell-wall binding domain (cbd) from a sequenced bacterial genome employing homology search for phage lysin genes. a putative cbd (cpf369_cbd) was identified from a genome of clostridium perfringens type strain atcc 13124, and its function was studied with the cbdgfp fusion protein recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli. fl ...201626528533
incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility to clostridium perfringens in premarket broilers in taiwan.clostridium perfringens infection causes subclinical and clinical necrotic enteritis in poultry flocks, and it is estimated to result in us$2 billion of losses worldwide every year. the aims of this study were to determine the incidence, toxin types, and antimicrobial resistance levels to c. perfringens isolated from premarket, 5-wk-old, clinically healthy broiler chickens in taiwan, and to examine the relationships between intestinal lesions and the numbers of c. perfringens in intestinal conte ...201627309285
modelling study to estimate the health burden of foodborne diseases: cases, general practice consultations and hospitalisations in the uk, 2009.to generate estimates of the burden of uk-acquired foodborne disease accounting for uncertainty.201627625054
spleen and portal pneumatosis secondary to clostridium perfringens septicemia. 201627276089
uterine perforation with intra-abdominal clostridium perfringens gas gangrene: a rare and fatal infection.background:clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is an extremely rare and fatal infection. necrosis of the myometrium is rarely seen and has only been recorded in 18 cases to date. of these 18 reported cases, only 5 have occurred in nonpregnant women. this article presents the 6th case of myometrium necrosis from c. perfringens.case: a 72-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, presented with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. after examinations, laboratory testing, and several surgical intervention ...201627274183
analysis of the virulence-associated revsr two-component signal transduction system of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes human gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning. early studies showed that virulence was regulated by the virsr two-component signal transduction system. however, our identification of the revr orphan response regulator indicated that more than one system was involved in controlling virulence. to further characterize this virulence-associated regulator, gel mobility shift experiments, coupl ...201627267179
correlations between pathogen concentration and fecal indicator marker genes in beach environments.the concentrations of several potential pathogens were measured using a microfluidic quantitative pcr (mfqpcr) platform in beach water, sand, and sediment samples collected in duluth, mn. among the 19 pathogen marker genes examined, eaea from escherichia coli and plc from clostridium perfringens were most frequently detected in all samples. in beach water and wastewater samples, positive correlations were observed between quantities of potential pathogens and most of the fecal indicator genetic ...201627595940
clostridium perfringens α-toxin impairs innate immunity via inhibition of neutrophil differentiation.although granulopoiesis is accelerated to suppress bacteria during infection, some bacteria can still cause life-threatening infections, but the mechanism behind this remains unclear. in this study, we found that mature neutrophils in bone marrow cells (bmcs) were decreased in c. perfringens-infected mice and also after injection of virulence factor α-toxin. c. perfringens infection interfered with the replenishment of mature neutrophils in the peripheral circulation and the accumulation of neut ...201627306065
effect of carbohydrase and protease on growth performance and gut health of young broilers fed diets containing rye, wheat, and feather meal.an experiment was conducted to characterize a gut health challenge model consisting of a diet containing rye, wheat, and feather meal and a mild mixed-species eimeria challenge, and to evaluate the effect of carbohydrase and protease on growth performance and gut health of young broilers. the study included 4 treatments: negative control, carbohydrase alone, protease alone, and combination of carbohydrase and protease. each test diet was fed to 18 battery pens of broilers with 8 male birds per p ...201627587727
diversity of clostridium perfringens toxin-genotypes from dairy farms.clostridium (c.) perfringens is the causative agent of several diseases in animals and humans, including histotoxic and enteric infections. to gain more insight into the occurrence of its different toxin-genotypes in dairy herds, including those toxin genes previously associated with diseases in cattle or humans, 662 isolates cultivated from feces, rumen content and feed collected from 139 dairy farms were characterized by pcr (detecting cpa, cpb, iap, etx, cpe, and both allelic variants of cpb2 ...201627577792
adhesive and hydrophobic properties of the selected lab isolated from gastrointestinal tract of farming animals.the aim of this study was to determine the degree of adhesion and hydrophobicity of some strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) with proven antagonistic properties against pathogenic bacteria. studies were performed using-lab strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of calves and piglets. these strains exhibited an antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of clostridium perfringens and escherichia coli. cell adhesiveness was examined in relation to the porcine and bovine mucin. o ...201627231726
rna-seq analysis of virr and revr mutants of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens causes toxin-mediated diseases, including gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning in humans. the production of the toxins implicated in gas gangrene, α-toxin and perfringolysin o, is regulated by the virsr two-component regulatory system. in addition, revr, an orphan response regulator, has been shown to affect virulence in the mouse myonecrosis model. revr positively regulates the expression of genes that encode hydrolytic enzymes, including hyaluronida ...201627216822
complement system activation contributes to the ependymal damage induced by microbial neuraminidase.in the rat brain, a single intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase from clostridium perfringens induces ependymal detachment and death. this injury occurs before the infiltration of inflammatory blood cells; some reports implicate the complement system as a cause of these injuries. here, we set out to test the role of complement.201627209022
characterization of a high-affinity sialic acid-specific cbm40 from clostridium perfringens and engineering of a divalent form.cbms (carbohydrate-binding modules) are a class of polypeptides usually associated with carbohydrate-active enzymatic sites. we have characterized a new member of the cbm40 family, coded from a section of the gene nani from clostridium perfringens glycan arrays revealed its preference towards α(2,3)-linked sialosides, which was confirmed and quantified by calorimetric studies. the cbm40 binds to α(2,3)-sialyl-lactose with a kd of ∼30 μm, the highest affinity value for this class of proteins. ins ...201627208171
real-time dna amplification and detection system based on a cmos image sensor.in the present study, we developed a polypropylene well-integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (cmos) platform to perform the loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique for real-time dna amplification and detection simultaneously. an amplification-coupled detection system directly measures the photon number changes based on the generation of magnesium pyrophosphate and color changes. the photon number decreases during the amplification process. the cmos image sensor obse ...201627302586
toxin-neutralizing antibodies protect against clostridium perfringens-induced necrosis in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is caused by clostridium perfringens type a. due to the rapid progress and fatal outcome of the disease, vaccination would be of high value. in this study, c. perfringens toxins, either as native toxins or after formaldehyde inactivation, were evaluated as possible vaccine antigens. we determined whether antisera raised in calves against these toxins were able to protect against c. perfringens challenge in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic ent ...201627297520
gene regulation by the virs/virr system in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming rod, clostridium perfringens, is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. c. perfringens produces many secreted toxins and enzymes that are involved in the pathogenesis of gas gangrane and gastrointestinal disease. one of the most important systems regulating the production of these proteins in c. perfringens is the virs/virr-vr-rna signal transduction cascade. the agr system also important fo ...201627296833
dietary casein and soy protein isolate modulate the effects of raffinose and fructooligosaccharides on the composition and fermentation of gut microbiota in rats.although diet has an important influence on the composition of gut microbiota, the impact of dietary protein sources has only been studied to a minor extent. in this study, we examined the influence of different dietary protein sources regarding the effects of prebiotic oligosaccharides on the composition and metabolic activity of gut microbiota. thirty female rats were fed casein and soy protein isolate with cellulose, raffinose (raf), and fructooligosaccharides (fos). microbiota composition wa ...201627434756
occurrence of clostridium perfringens types a, e, and c in fresh fish and its public health significance.fish remains among the most traded of food commodities, and egypt is one of the emerging countries being recognized as an important world fish exporter. clostridium perfringens is an important foodborne pathogen to consider in fish trade, as it has been implicated as the causative organism of two fish outbreaks. the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and toxin diversity of c. perfringens associated with fresh and canned fish and to examine the public health significance o ...201627296604
prevalence of netf-positive clostridium perfringens in foals in southwestern ontario.netf-producing clostridium perfringens have recently been identified as a cause of necrotizing enteritis in neonatal foals, but little is known about its prevalence in clinically normal foals. foals (n = 88) ranging in age from < 1 wk to 2 to 4 mo (median age 2 to 4 wk) on 8 horse-breeding farms in ontario were examined on 1 or 2 occasions for the presence of c. perfringens. of the foals that tested positive, 5 isolates (n = 675) were examined for the netf and enterotoxin (cpe) genes. colonizati ...201627408339
water sources in a zoological park harbor genetically diverse strains of clostridium perfringens type a with decreased susceptibility to metronidazole.the presence of clostridium perfringens in water is generally regarded as an indicator of fecal contamination, and exposure to waterborne spores is considered a possible source of infection for animals. we assessed the presence and genetic diversity of c. perfringens in water sources in a zoological park located in madrid (spain). a total of 48 water samples from 24 different sources were analyzed, and recovered isolates were toxinotyped, genotyped by fluorophore-enhanced repetitive polymerase c ...201627115499
regulation of toxin production in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. c. perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning, and it produces extracellular enzymes and toxins that are thought to act synergistically and contribute to its pathogenesis. a complicated regulatory network of toxin genes has been reported that includes a two-component system for regulatory rna and cell-cell communication. ...201627399773
total combining power: technique for the evaluation of the quality control process of clostridiosis vaccines.an efficient technique for evaluation of the quality control of vaccines against clostridiosis is described in this study. this technique is capable of quantifying the toxoid of the bacterium clostridium perfringens type d, which is commonly found within these vaccines. the described method is performed in vivo to quantify the toxoid, replacing the current predominant approaches that use the titration of toxins before the inactivation process. this method is based on the partial neutralization o ...201627569385
gut microbiome analysis in neuromyelitis optica reveals overabundance of clostridium perfringens.t cells from neuromyelitis optica (nmo) patients, which recognize the immunodominant epitope of aquaporin-4, exhibit th17 polarization and cross-react with a homologous sequence of a clostridium perfringens adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter. therefore, this commensal microbe might participate in nmo pathogenesis. we examined the gut microbiome by phylochip g3 from 16 nmo patients, 16 healthy controls (hc), and 16 multiple sclerosis patients. a significant difference in the abun ...201627398819
emphysematous cholecystitis due to clostridium perfringens successfully treated by cholecystectomy.emphysematous cholecystitis is life threatening if left untreated. it is associated with arteriosclerosis, embolic events, and diabetes mellitus. in this report, a patient was presented with an early diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis and was treated by cholecystectomy without complications. a 46-year-old male presented at the emergency department. laboratory results as well as the abdominal ultrasound showed no abnormalities. one day after admission, infection parameters started rising. a ...201627385144
clostridium perfringens sporulation and sporulation-associated toxin production.the ability of clostridium perfringens to form spores plays a key role during the transmission of this gram-positive bacterium to cause disease. of particular note, the spores produced by food poisoning strains are often exceptionally resistant to food environment stresses such as heat, cold, and preservatives, which likely facilitates their survival in temperature-abused foods. the exceptional resistance properties of spores made by most type a food poisoning strains and some type c foodborne d ...201627337447
enhanced expression of recombinant beta toxin of <i>clostridium perfringens</i> type b using a commercially available <i>escherichia coli</i> strain.clostridium perfringens beta toxin is only produced by types b and c and plays an important role in many human and animal diseases, causing fatal conditions that originate in the intestines. we compared the expression of c. perfringens type b vaccine strain recombinant beta toxin gene in the escherichia coli strains rosettatm(de3) and bl21(de3). the beta toxin gene was extracted from pjetβ and ligated with pet22b(+). pet22β was transformed into e. coli strains bl21(de3) and rosettatm(de3). recom ...201627543150
microwave ablation of liver metastasis complicated by clostridium perfringens gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (gpla) in a patient with past gastrectomy.gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (gpla) caused by c. perfringens is rare but fatal. patients with past gastrectomy may be prone to such infection post-ablation.201627529833
prebiotic effects of xylooligosaccharides on the improvement of microbiota balance in human subjects.it has been indicated that probiotics can be nourished by consuming prebiotics in order to function more efficiently, allowing the bacteria to stay within a healthy balance. in this study, we investigated the effects of xylooligosaccharides- (xos-) enriched rice porridge consumption on the ecosystem in the intestinal tract of human subjects. twenty healthy subjects participated in this 6-week trial, in which 10 subjects received xos-enriched rice porridge while the others received placebo rice p ...201627651791
enhanced expression of recombinant beta toxin of clostridium perfringens type b using a commercially available escherichia coli strain.clostridium perfringens beta toxin is only produced by types b and c and plays an important role in many human and animal diseases, causing fatal conditions that originate in the intestines. we compared the expression of c. perfringens type b vaccine strain recombinant beta toxin gene in the escherichia coli strains rosetta(de3) and bl21(de3). the beta toxin gene was extracted from pjetβ and ligated with pet22b(+). pet22β was transformed into e. coli strains bl21(de3) and rosetta(de3). recombina ...201627380656
faecal contamination of commuters' hands in main vehicle stations in dhaka city, bangladesh.faecal-oral carriage via hands is an important transmission pathway for diarrhoeal pathogens. the level of faecal contamination of commuters' hands in dhaka, bangladesh, was examined in this study.201627358288
putative function of hypothetical proteins expressed by clostridium perfringens type a strains and their protective efficacy in mouse model.the whole genome sequencing and annotation of clostridium perfringens strains revealed several genes coding for proteins of unknown function with no significant similarities to genes in other organisms. our previous studies clearly demonstrated that hypothetical proteins cpf_2500, cpf_1441, cpf_0876, cpf_0093, cpf_2002, cpf_2314, cpf_1179, cpf_1132, cpf_2853, cpf_0552, cpf_2032, cpf_0438, cpf_1440, cpf_2918, cpf_0656, and cpf_2364 are genuine proteins of c. perfringens expressed in high abundanc ...201627353489
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin as a potential drug for intravesical treatment of bladder cancer.the current intravesical treatment of bladder cancer (bc) is limited to a few chemotherapeutics that show imperfect effectiveness and are associated with some serious complications. thus, there is an urgent need for alternative therapies, especially for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive (nmibc). clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), cytolytic protein binds to its receptors: claudin 3 and 4 that are expressed in epithelial cells. this binding is followed by rapid cell death. claudi ...201627520378
gram staining of blood cultures for clostridium perfringens. 201627516231
adult necrotising enterocolitis-pig-bel disease: a pacific disease in london.adult necrotising enterocolitis secondary clostridium perfringens type c-pig-bel disease-is rarely seen outside of pacific populations, with the highest incidence being in papau new guinea. we present the first reported case of pig-bel disease in a previously well patient without diabetes following food poisoning since 1996. in this case, the enterotoxin-induced disease necessitated emergency laparotomy and bowel resection following the failure of medical treatment and worsening septic shock. we ...201627793875
crystal structure of the adp-ribosylating component of bec, the binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens.binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens (bec), consisting of the components beca and becb, was recently identified as a novel enterotoxin produced by c. perfringens that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. although the detailed mechanism of cell intoxication by bec remains to be defined, beca shows both nad(+)-glycohydrolase and actin adp-ribosyltransferase activities in the presence of nad(+). in this study, we determined the first crystal structure of beca in its apo-state and in com ...201627751850
acute necrotizing colitis with pneumatosis intestinalis in an amazonian manatee calf.on 25 january 2014, a 1 mo old female amazonian manatee trichechus inunguis calf weighing 12 kg was rescued by air transport in guajará, brazil, and transferred to mamirauá institute's community-based amazonian manatee rehabilitation center. the calf presented piercing/cutting lesions on the back, neck, and head, in addition to dehydration and intermittent involuntary buoyancy. x-ray analysis revealed a large amount of gases in the gastrointestinal tract. daily procedures included wound cleaning ...201627503914
the river ruhr - an urban river under particular interest for recreational use and as a raw water source for drinking water: the collaborative research project "safe ruhr" - microbiological aspects.along the intense industrialization of the ruhr valley (germany), the river ruhr became increasingly polluted. over time, using it for recreational purposes became a serious health hazard and bathing was banned due to chemical and microbiological risks. the purpose of the collaborative project "safe ruhr" was to verify the current status and to provide a scientific basis for lifting the bathing ban. as the river also provides a raw water source for drinking water production, it was investigated ...201627495908
a case of acute onset postoperative gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfringens.gas gangrene is a necrotic infection of soft tissue associated with high mortality rates. we report a case of postoperative gas gangrene with very acute onset and rapid progression of symptoms. to our knowledge, this case is the most acute onset of postoperative gas gangrene ever reported.201627488346
modeling and kinetic characterization of wastewater disinfection using chlorine and uv irradiation.sewage disinfection has the primary objective of inactivating pathogenic organisms to prevent the dissemination of waterborne diseases. this study analyzed individual disinfection, with chlorine alone, ultraviolet radiation alone, and a combined disinfection process (chlorine-uv radiation). pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 15442, escherichia coli atcc 11229, salmonella typhi atcc 14028, and clostridium perfringens were selected to evaluate the efficiency of different disinfection processes. the aim o ...201627421857
outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis in a senior high school in south-eastern ghana: a retrospective cohort study.on 4th february 2015, a group of senior high school students from fanteakwa district presented to the emergency unit of the district hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. all the students had eaten from a specific food vendor and had neither eaten any other common meal that day nor the previous day. a foodborne disease outbreak was suspected. we investigated to verify the outbreak, determine its magnitude, identify the source and implement control measures.201627411682
conjunctival flora of healthy and diseased eyes of grey seals (halichoerus grypus): implications for treatment.ocular pathology is relatively common in stranded seals admitted to wildlife rehabilitation hospitals. some have pre-existing problems, while others develop eye problems in captivity, and in particular ulcerative keratitis, due to factors such as large prominent eyes, suboptimal water quality, trauma and infighting. despite treatment, corneal ulcerations can rapidly progress to 'melting' ulcers with subsequent rupture of the globe. in this case series, 32 grey seals (halichoerus grypus) had conj ...201627188623
comparative transcriptomic analysis of clostridium perfringens biofilms and planktonic cells.clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxaemias in animal species. recently, c. perfringens was shown to form biofilms, a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced extracellular matrix. however, very little is known on the subject and no information is available on gene expression in c. perfringens biofilms. to gain insights into the differences between free-living c. perfringens cells and those in ...201627207477
oral immunization of mice against clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin with a lactobacillus casei vector vaccine expressing epsilon toxoid.clostridium perfringens type d infects ruminants and causes the enterotoxemia disease by ε-toxin. a mutated ε-toxin gene lacking toxicity was designed, synthesized, and cloned into the pt1nx vector and electroporated into lactobacillus casei competent cells to yield lc-pt1nx-ε recombinant strain. balb/c mice, immunized orally with this strain, highly induced mucosal, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses and developed a protection against 200 mld/ml of the activated ε-toxin. this study sho ...201627012151
antibody response to epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens in captive red deer (cervus elaphus) over a 13-month period.deer are sensitive to clostridial diseases, and vaccination with clostridial toxoids is the method of choice to prevent these infections in ruminants. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the serologic responses in red deer (cervus elaphus) over a 13-mo period after vaccination with a multivalent clostridial vaccine, containing an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. antibody production to the clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin component of the vaccine was measured using an indirect enzy ...201627010263
netb and necrotic enteritis: the hole movable story.clostridium perfringens is the primary causative agent of avian necrotic enteritis. our understanding of the pathogenesis of this economically important disease has been enhanced by the discovery of c. perfringens netb toxin, which belongs to the α-haemolysin family of β-pore-forming toxins. in a chicken disease model, the analysis of an isogenic set of strains comprising the wild type, a netb mutant, and its complemented derivative, fulfilled molecular koch's postulates and revealed that netb w ...201627009522
qsar modeling and molecular interaction analysis of natural compounds as potent neuraminidase inhibitors.different qsar models of 40 natural compounds as neuraminidase inhibitors (nis) are developed to comprehend chemical-biological interactions and predict activities against neuraminidase (na) from clostridium perfringens. based on the constitutional, topological and conformational descriptors, r(2) and q(2) values of the obtained sra model are 0.931 and 0.856. the r(2) and q(2) values of the constructed hqsar and almond models are 0.903 and 0.767, 0.904 and 0.511, respectively. based on the pharm ...201627008437
effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens.necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. in the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential oils (eo, which contained 25 % thymol and 25 % carvacrol as active components) supplementation on growth performance, gut lesions, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of the broiler chickens infected with c. perfringens. a total of 448 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into ei ...201627006768
perfringolysin o theta toxin as a tool to monitor the distribution and inhomogeneity of cholesterol in cellular membranes.cholesterol is an essential structural component of cellular membranes in eukaryotes. cholesterol in the exofacial leaflet of the plasma membrane is thought to form membrane nanodomains with sphingolipids and specific proteins. additionally, cholesterol is found in the intracellular membranes of endosomes and has crucial functions in membrane trafficking. furthermore, cellular cholesterol homeostasis and regulation of de novo synthesis rely on transport via both vesicular and non-vesicular pathw ...201627005662
functional analysis of an feob mutant in clostridium perfringens strain 13.bacterial pathogens have adopted numerous mechanisms for acquiring iron from host proteins during an infection, including the direct acquisition of ferric iron from heme-associated proteins or from iron-scavenging siderophores. ferric iron then is transported into the cytosol, where it can be utilized by the bacterial pathogen. under anaerobic conditions bacteria can also transport ferrous iron using the transmembrane complex feoab, but little is known about iron transport systems in anaerobic b ...201627178230
crystal structure of bile salt hydrolase from lactobacillus salivarius.bile salt hydrolase (bsh) is a gut-bacterial enzyme that negatively influences host fat digestion and energy harvesting. the bsh enzyme activity functions as a gateway reaction in the small intestine by the deconjugation of glycine-conjugated or taurine-conjugated bile acids. extensive gut-microbiota studies have suggested that bsh is a key mechanistic microbiome target for the development of novel non-antibiotic food additives to improve animal feed production and for the design of new measures ...201627139829
the c-terminal domain of clostridium perfringens alpha toxin as a vaccine candidate against bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is caused by clostridium perfringens and leads to sudden death. alpha toxin, together with perfringolysin o, has been identified as the principal toxin involved in the pathogenesis. we assessed the potential of alpha toxin as a vaccine antigen. using an intestinal loop model in calves, we investigated the protection afforded by antisera raised against native alpha toxin or its non-toxic c-terminal fragment against c. perfringens-induced intestinal necrosis. immu ...201627121298
a novel drug delivery system for the human nasal epithelium.the epithelium of upper respiratory tissues such as the human nasal mucosa forms a continuous barrier via tight junctions (tjs). the development of a drug delivery system for use across the nasal mucosa is being reconsidered. in intranasal administration across the nasal mucosa, the paracellular pathway regulated by tjs is extremely important. it is known that the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) binds the tj protein claudin and disrupts the tight junctional bar ...201627116461
specific binding of a mutated fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin to endothelial claudin-5 and its modulation of cerebral vascular permeability.the vertebrate blood-brain barrier (bbb) creates an obstacle for central nervous system-related drug delivery. claudin-5 (cldn5), expressed in large quantities in bbb, plays a vital role in restricting bbb permeability. the c-terminal domain of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (ccpe) has been verified as binding to a subset of claudins (cldns). the cldn5-binding ccpe194-319 variant ccpey306w/s313h was applied in this study to investigate its ability to modulate the permeability of zebrafish l ...201627095710
the interaction of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with receptor claudins.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has significant medical importance due to its involvement in several common human gastrointestinal diseases. this 35 kda single polypeptide toxin consists of two domains: a c-terminal domain involved in receptor binding and an n-terminal domain involved in oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation. the action of cpe starts with its binding to receptors, which include certain members of the claudin tight junction protein family; bound cpe the ...201627090847
ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of valnemulin against clostridium perfringens in plasma, the small intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits.the pharmacokinetic (pk) and ex vivo pharmacodynamic (pd) of valnemulin against clostridium perfringens were investigated in plasma, the small intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits following intravenous (iv) or oral administration at 3 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). the postantibiotic effect (pae) and postantibiotic sub-mic effect (pa-sme) of valnemulin against c. perfringens atcc13124 were also determined. the time-kill curves were established in vitro and ex vivo to evaluate the antibacterial acti ...201627060276
clostridium perfringens infection in a febrile patient with severe hemolytic anemia.clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) can cause various infections, including gas gangrene, crepitant cellulitis, and fasciitis. while c. perfringens sepsis is uncommon, it is often rapidly fatal because the alpha toxin of this bacterium induces massive intravascular hemolysis by disrupting red blood cell membranes.201627049736
immunization with a novel clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant retx(y196e)-c confers strong protection in mice.epsilon toxin (etx) is produced by toxinotypes b and d of clostridium perfringens. it can induce lethal enterotoxemia in domestic animals, mainly in sheep, goats and cattle, causing serious economic losses to global animal husbandry. in this study, a novel and stable epsilon toxin mutant retx(y196e)-c, obtained by substituting the 196th tyrosine (y196) with glutamic acid (e) and introducing of 23 amino acids long c-terminal peptide, was determined as a promising recombinant vaccine candidate aga ...201627048879
the details of glycolipid glycan hydrolysis by the structural analysis of a family 123 glycoside hydrolase from clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals whose genome encodes a wide variety of putative carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes that are increasingly being shown to be directed toward the cleavage of host glycans. among these putative enzymes is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 123. here we show that the recombinant enzyme (referred to as cpnga123) encoded by the gene cloned from c. perfringens strain atcc 13124 (locus tag cpf_1473) is a β-n-acetylgalactosaminid ...201627038508
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