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characterization of asian corn borer resistance to bt toxin cry1ie.a strain of the asian corn borer (acb), ostrinia furnacalis (guenée), has evolved >800-fold resistance to cry1ie (acb-ier) after 49 generations of selection. the inheritance pattern of resistance to cry1ie in acb-ier strain and its cross-resistance to other bt toxins were determined through bioassay by exposing neonates from genetic-crosses to toxins incorporated into the diet. the response of progenies from reciprocal f₁ crosses were similar (lc50s: 76.07 vs. 74.32 μg/g), which suggested the re ...201728590421
functional characterization of aedes aegypti alkaline phosphatase alp1 involved in the toxicity of cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and jegathesan.presently three major groups of proteins from aedes aegypti, cadherin, alkaline phosphatases (alp) and aminopeptidases n (apn), have been identified as cry11aa toxin receptors. to further characterize their role on toxicity, transgenic mosquitoes with silenced aedes cadherin expression were previously generated and the role of cadherin in mediating the toxicity of four different mosquitocidal toxins (cry11aa, cry11ba, cry4aa and cry4ba) was demonstrated. here, we investigated the role of another ...201728587836
pilot-scale biopesticide production by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki using starch industry wastewater as raw material.pilot-scale bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide production (2000 l bioreactor) was conducted using starch industry wastewater (siw) as a raw material using optimized operational parameters obtained in 15 l and 150 l fermenters. in pilot scale fermentation process the oxygen transfer rate is a major limiting factor for high product yield. thus, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kla) remains a tool to determine the oxygen transfer capacity [oxygen utilization rate (our) and oxygen tr ...201728586277
pollen contamination in seed mixture increases the dominance of resistance to bt maize in spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae).seed mixture, also called 'rib', has been used to provide refuge populations for delaying insect resistance. pollen contamination in rib could result in refuge kernels of non-bt maize expressing variable bt proteins. data are lacking regarding the impact of pollen contamination on evolution of resistance for ear-feeding insects. here, we used spodoptera frugiperda and cry1f-maize as a model to examine if pollen contamination in rib increases the dominance of insect resistance.201728580723
[bacillus thuringiensis: new applications for an old acquaintance?] 201728578760
intra- and extracellular domains of the helicoverpa armigera cadherin mediate cry1ac cytotoxicity.diverse midgut cadherin mutations confer resistance to cry1a toxins in at least three lepidopteran pests, including the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera. most of these cadherin mutations are inherited as recessive alleles and result in changes within the cadherin repeat (cr) regions of the extracellular protein domain. however, the h. armigera r15 cadherin mutation results in a deletion of 55 amino acid residues within the cytoplasmic domain, and cry1a resistance is inherited as a non-reces ...201728576655
diversity and distribution of lepidopteran-specific toxin genes in bacillus thuringiensis strains from argentina.a total of 268 bacillus thuringiensis strains obtained from different sources of argentina were analyzed to determine the diversity and distribution of the cry1, cry2, cry8, cry9 and vip3a genes encoding for lepidopteran-specific insecticidal proteins. twin strains were excluded. ten different profiles were detected among the 80 selected b. thuringiensis strains. two of these profiles (cry1aa, cry1ac, cry1ia, cry2aa, cry2ab and vip3aa (35/80), and cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ia, cry2aa, cry2ab a ...201728576334
dna secondary structure formation by dna shuffling of the conserved domains of the cry protein of bacillus thuringiensis.the cry toxins, or δ-endotoxins, are a diverse group of proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis. while dna secondary structures are biologically relevant, it is unknown if such structures are formed in regions encoding conserved domains of cry toxins under shuffling conditions. we analyzed 5 holotypes that encode cry toxins and that grouped into 4 clusters according to their phylogenetic closeness. the mean number of dna secondary structures that formed and the mean gibbs free energy [formul ...201728540040
insecticidal effects of hemocoelic delivery of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins in achaea janata larvae.insecticidal effects of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins in hemocoel of larvae have not been properly evaluated. in the present study, hemocoelic injection of four representative cry toxins i.e., cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, and dor5 to an economically important lepidopteran insect pest achaea janata, induced larval mortality, reduced larval growth rate and gave rise to smaller pupae, all in a dose-dependent manner. we observed extensive degeneration as well as the disintegration of larval tissues, ...201728539890
abcc2 is associated with bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin oligomerization and membrane insertion in diamondback moth.cry1a insecticidal toxins bind sequentially to different larval gut proteins facilitating oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation. cry1ac interaction with cadherin triggers oligomerization. however, a mutation in an abc transporter gene (abcc2) is linked to cry1ac resistance in plutella xylostella. cry1acmod, engineered to lack helix α-1, was able to form oligomers without cadherinbinding and effectively countered cry1ac resistance linked to abcc2. here we analyzed cry1ac and cry1 ...201728539590
magnitude and allele frequency of cry1f resistance in field populations of the fall armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in brazil.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn producing the cry1f protein was the first highly efficacious bt corn deployed against the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in brazil, but reduced efficacy of this technology against the fall armyworm has been reported in some regions of the country. here, we surveyed cry1f resistance allele frequency and susceptibility of eight s. frugiperda populations collected in 2013 from non-bt fields in different regions of brazil. i ...201728535300
what are farmers really planting? measuring the presence and effectiveness of bt cotton in pakistan.genetically modified, insect-resistant bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton is cultivated extensively in pakistan. past studies, however, have raised concerns about the prevalence of bt cotton varieties possessing weak or nonperforming insect-resistance traits conferred by the cry gene. we examine this issue using data drawn from a representative sample of cotton-growing households that were surveyed in six agroclimatic zones spanning 28 districts in pakistan in 2013, as well as measurements of cr ...201728472094
transgenic bt rice lines producing cry1ac, cry2aa or cry1ca have no detrimental effects on brown planthopper and pond wolf spider.transgenic rice expressing cry genes from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt rice) is highly resistant to lepidopteran pests. the brown planthopper (bph, nilaparvata lugens) is the main non-target sap-sucking insect pest of bt transgenic rice. the pond wolf spider (pws, pardosa pseudoannulata) is one of the most dominant predators of bph in rice fields. consequently, the safety evaluation of bt rice on bph and pws should be conducted before commercialization. in the current study, two expe ...201728512299
the vip3ag4 insecticidal protoxin from bacillus thuringiensis adopts a tetrameric configuration that is maintained on proteolysis.the vip3 proteins produced during vegetative growth by strains of the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis show insecticidal activity against lepidopteran insects with a mechanism of action that may involve pore formation and apoptosis. these proteins are promising supplements to our arsenal of insecticidal proteins, but the molecular details of their activity are not understood. as a first step in the structural characterisation of these proteins, we have analysed their secondary structure and reso ...201728505109
tubulin-like proteins in prokaryotic dna positioning.a family of tubulin-related proteins (tubzs) has been identified in prokaryotes as being important for the inheritance of virulence plasmids of several pathogenic bacilli and also being implicated in the lysogenic life cycle of several bacteriophages. cell biological studies and reconstitution experiments revealed that tubzs function as prokaryotic cytomotive filaments, providing one-dimensional motive forces. plasmid-borne tubz filaments most likely transport plasmid centromeric complexes by de ...201728500531
bt proteins have no detrimental effects on larvae of the green lacewing, chrysopa pallens (rambur) (neuroptera: chrysopidae).biosafety of a genetically modified crop is required to be assessed prior to its commercialization. for this, a suitable artificial diet was developed and used to establish a dietary exposure test for assessing the toxicity of midgut-active bt insecticidal proteins on chrysopa pallens (rambur). subsequently, this dietary exposure test was used to evaluate the toxicity of the proteins cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ah, cry1ca, cry1f, cry2aa, cry2ab, and vip3aa on c. pallens larvae. temporal stability, bioac ...201728451986
peptide selection and antibody generation for the prospective immunorecognition of cry1ab16 protein of transgenic maize.the introduction of genes isolated from different bacillus thuringiensis strains to express cry-type toxins in transgenic crops is a common strategy to confer insect resistance traits. this work intended to extensively in silico analyse cry1a(b)16 protein for the identification of peptide markers for the biorecognition of transgenic crops. by combining two different strategies based on several bioinformatic tools for linear epitope prediction, a set of seven peptides was successfully selected as ...201728450016
oral immune priming with bacillus thuringiensis induces a shift in the gene expression of tribolium castaneum larvae.the phenomenon of immune priming, i.e. enhanced protection following a secondary exposure to a pathogen, has now been demonstrated in a wide range of invertebrate species. despite accumulating phenotypic evidence, knowledge of its mechanistic underpinnings is currently very limited. here we used the system of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum and the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to further our molecular understanding of the oral immune priming phenomenon. we addressed how ...201728446171
managing fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae), with bt maize and insecticides in south brazil.maize plants expressing insecticidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis are valuable options for managing fall armyworm (faw), spodoptera frugiperda, in brazil. however, control failures were reported, and therefore insecticides have been used to control this species. based on these, we evaluated bt maize and its integration with insecticides against faw in south brazil.201728695664
herbicide and insect resistant bt cotton pollen assessment finds no detrimental effects on adult honey bees.one important concern regarding the use of transgenic cotton expressing insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is its potential detrimental effect on non-target organisms. the honey bee (apis mellifera) is the most important pollinator species worldwide and it is directly exposed to transgenic crops by the consumption of genetically modified (gm) pollen. however, the potential effects of bt cotton on a. mellifera remain unclear. in the present study, we assessed the e ...201728688300
engineered cry1ac-cry9aa hybrid bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin with improved insecticidal activity against helicoverpa armigera.recombinant bt construct was prepared by exchange of pore forming domain i with cry1ac to cry9aa gene by overlap extension pcr (oe-pcr) technique. construction of cry1ac-cry9aa was accomplished by six base pair homology at 3' ends of pcr products of domain i of cry1ac and domain ii and iii of cry9aa. the recombinant toxin was also modified by deletion of n-terminal alpha helix-1 of recombinant toxin. both cry toxins were expressed in e. coli bl21(de3) plyss and purified by his-tag purification. ...201728685236
prevalence and toxin characteristics of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from organic vegetables.the prevalence and toxin characteristics of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from 39 organic vegetables were investigated. b. thuringiensis was detected in 30 out of the 39 organic vegetables (76.9%) with a mean value of 2.60 log cfu/g. twenty-five out of the 30 b. thuringiensis isolates (83.3%) showed insecticidal toxicity against spodoptera exigua. the hblcda, nheabc, and entfm genes were found to be the major toxin genes, but the ces gene was not detected in any of the tested b. thuringiensis ...201728683523
fitness costs and inheritance of cry2ab2 resistance in spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith).cry2ab2 is a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein expressed in transgenic corn and cotton targeting above-ground lepidopteran pests including the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith). the objective of this study was to characterize fitness costs and inheritance of cry2ab2 resistance in s. frugiperda. to determine if fitness costs were associated with the resistance, life history parameters (larval survival, growth, development and egg production) of cry2ab2-resistant, -susceptible, a ...201728676378
cry46ab from bacillus thuringiensis tk-e6 is a new mosquitocidal toxin with aerolysin-type architecture.cry46ab is a cry toxin derived from bacillus thuringiensis tk-e6. cry46ab is not significantly homologous to other mosquitocidal cry or cyt toxins and is classified as an aerolysin-type pore-forming toxin based on structural similarity. in this study, the potency of cry46ab was assessed for its potential application to mosquito control. a synthetic cry46ab gene, cry46ab-s1, was designed to produce recombinant cry46ab as a glutathione-s-transferase fusion in escherichia coli. recombinant cry46ab ...201728676354
environmental metabolic footprinting (emf) vs. half-life: a new and integrative proxy for the discrimination between control and pesticides exposed sediments in order to further characterise pesticides' environmental impact.pesticides are regularly used for a variety of applications and are disseminated throughout the environment. these substances may have significant negative impacts. to date, the half-life, t1/2, was often used to study the fate of pesticides in environmental matrices (water, soil, sediment). however, this value gives limited information. first, it does not evaluate the formation of by-products, resulting in the need for additional experiments to be performed to evaluate biodegradation and biotra ...201728660511
molecular characterization of indigenous bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from kashmir valley.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) being an eco-friendly bioinsecticide is effectively used in pest management strategies and, therefore, isolation and identification of new strains effective against a broad range of target pests is important. in the present study, new indigenous b. thuringiensis strains were isolated and investigated so that these could be used as an alternative and/or support the current commercial strains/cry proteins in use. for this, 159 samples including soil, leaf and spider web ...201728597156
increased efficacy and extended shelf life of spinosad formulated in phagostimulant granules against spodoptera frugiperda.spinosad is recommended for spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) larvae control; its application with phagostimulants may reduce the quantity of active ingredient required for effective pest control. spinosad (tracer(®) ) was formulated in maize flour matrix granules and three field tests compared 10-100 ppm a.i. granules (equivalent to 0.24 - 2.4 g a.i./ha) with tracer as an aqueous spray (200 ppm a.i.; 60 g a.i./ha), and the recommended application rates of bacillus thuringiensis, a chemical con ...201728664639
multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks for delta-endotoxin and protease yields modelling of bacillus thuringiensis.the aim of the present work was to develop a model that supplies accurate predictions of the yields of delta-endotoxins and proteases produced by b. thuringiensis var. kurstaki hd-1. using available medium ingredients as variables, a mathematical method, based on plackett-burman design (pb), was employed to analyze and compare data generated by the bootstrap method and processed by multiple linear regressions (mlr) and artificial neural networks (ann) including multilayer perceptron (mlp) and ra ...201728664374
characterization of lepidopteran-specific cry1 and cry2 gene harbouring native bacillus thuringiensis isolates toxic against helicoverpa armigera.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) based biopesticides are feasible alternatives to chemical pesticides. here, we present the distribution of lepidopteran-specific cry1 and cry2 genes in native b. thuringiensis. forty four out of 86 colonies were found to harbour crystals by phase contrast microscopy exhibiting a bt index of 0.51. pcr analysis resulted in the amplification of cry1 in 24 and cry2 in 14 isolates. twelve of the isolates showed presence of both cry1 and cry2, while 18 isolates did not show ...201728649558
leaching of phthalate esters from different drinking stuffs and their subsequent biodegradation.phthalate esters (paes) are mainly used as plasticizers, and their release in the environment during the manufacturing, use, and disposal has caused serious environmental health concerns, since some of them are suspected to be mutagens, hepatotoxic agents, and carcinogens. in the present study, leaching of paes from different drinking stuffs (water cooler, mineral water bottles) exposed to sunlight and baby feeders subjected to different heating treatments (boiling, autoclave and oven) was studi ...201728647882
triphenyltin recognition by primary structures of effector proteins and the protein network of bacillus thuringiensis during the triphenyltin degradation process.herein, triphenyltin (tpt) biodegradation efficiency and its transformation pathway have been elucidated. to better understand the molecular mechanism of tpt degradation, the interactions between amino acids, primary structures, and quaternary conformations of effector proteins and tpt were studied. the results verified that tpt recognition and binding depended on amino acid sequences but not on secondary, tertiary or quaternary protein structure. during this process, tpt could change the molecu ...201728646170
cross-resistance to purified bt proteins, bt corn and bt cotton in a cry2ab2-corn resistant strain of spodoptera frugiperda.gene-pyramiding by combining two or more dissimilar bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins into a crop has been used to delay insect resistance. the durability of gene-pyramiding can be reduced by cross-resistance. fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda, is a major target pest of the cry2ab2 protein used in pyramided bt corn and cotton. here, we provide the first experimental evaluation of cross-resistance in s. frugiperda selected with cry2ab2 corn to multiple bt sources including purified bt prote ...201728627124
toward mosquito control with a green alga: expression of cry toxins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) in the chloroplast of chlamydomonas.we are developing chlamydomonas strains that can be used for safe and sustainable control of mosquitoes, because they produce proteins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) in the chloroplast. chlamydomonas has a number of advantages for this approach, including genetic controls that are not generally available with industrial algae. the bti toxin has been used for mosquito control for > 30 years and does not engender resistance; it contains three cry proteins, cry4aa (135 kda), c ...201728713202
recurrent conjunctivitis secondary to gram-positive bacillus, bacillus thuringiensis. 201728626992
the effects of pesticides on morphology, viability, and germination of blackberry (rubus glaucus benth.) and tree tomato (solanum betaceum cav.) pollen grains.the objective of this study was to determine the effect of application of pesticides on morphology, viability, and germination of pollen grains of blackberry (rubus glaucus benth.) and tree tomato (solanum betaceum cav.). the study was performed at patate, tungurahua province, ecuador and was divided into two phases. phase one dedicated to the study of morphology, viability, and identification of nutrient solution for better germination of pollen grains and phase two for the analysis of the effe ...201728623494
cry6aa1, a bacillus thuringiensis nematocidal and insecticidal toxin, forms pores in planar lipid bilayers at extremely low concentrations and without the need of proteolytic processing.cry6aa1 is a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin active against nematodes and corn rootworm insects. its 3d molecular structure, which has been recently elucidated, is unique among those known for other bt toxins. typical three-domain bt toxins permeabilize receptor-free planar lipid bilayers (plbs) by forming pores at doses in the 1-50 μg/ml range. solubilization and proteolytic activation are necessary steps for plb permeabilization. in contrast to other bt toxins, cry6aa1 formed pores in recept ...201728623231
construction of an immunized rabbit phage display library for selecting high activity against bacillus thuringiensis cry1f toxin single-chain antibodies.in the present study, a cry1f-immunized rabbit phage display library (6.96 × 10(8) cfu/ml) was constructed for selecting high activity of anti-cry1f toxin single-chain antibody (a single-chain variable fragment, scfv) by biopanning. a total of 16 positive monoclonal phage scfv's were obtained after 4 rounds of panning, which were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), polymerized chain reaction, and dna sequencing. the most positive phage scfv (named rf4) was expressed in esche ...201728621534
climate change, transgenic corn adoption and field-evolved resistance in corn earworm.increased temperature anomaly during the twenty-first century coincides with the proliferation of transgenic crops containing the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt) to express insecticidal cry proteins. increasing temperatures profoundly affect insect life histories and agricultural pest management. however, the implications of climate change on bt crop-pest interactions and insect resistance to bt crops remains unexamined. we analysed the relationship of temperature anomaly and bt ...201728680673
effects of long-term cultivation of transgenic bt rice (kefeng-6) on soil microbial functioning and c cycling.understanding how soil ecosystem responds to transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice is necessary for environmental risk assessment. while the influences of short-term cultivation of bt rice on soil properties have been reported previously, little is known about the long-term effects of bt rice on soil ecosystems. in this study, soil samples were taken from a long-term rice cultivation site in fujian province, china, where transgenic bt rice (kefeng-6) and its non-bt parent breed (minghui-86 ...201728680066
site-saturation mutagenesis library construction and screening for specific broad-spectrum single-domain antibodies against multiple cry1 toxins.potential ecological environmental and food safety risks of various cry toxins of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in transgenic food have received gradually increasing attention, which urged to establish an efficient and broad-spectrum detection technology for cry toxins. based on the single-domain antibody (sdab) a8 against bt cry1ab toxin screened from the humanized domain antibody library, the key amino acids of sdab (a8) binding five kinds of cry1 toxins were predicted using homology modeling an ...201728601895
histopathological effects of cypermethrin and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on midgut of chironomus calligraphus larvae (diptera: chironomidae).pesticides are extensively used for the control of agricultural pests and disease vectors, but they also affect non-target organisms. cypermethrin (cyp) is a synthetic pyrethroid used worldwide. otherwise, bioinsecticides like bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) have received great attention as an environmentally benign and desirable alternative. in order to evaluate the toxicity of those pesticides, chironomus calligraphus was selected due to its high sensitivity to some toxicants. th ...201728595928
ginger extract as green biocide to control microbial corrosion of mild steel.in latest years, various techniques and chemicals have been used for the control of microbial influenced corrosion (mic) of metals. the application of botanical-based biocides is one of the effective and practical techniques in the fight against mic. in the present study, the role of aqueous extract of ginger (zingiber officinale) (gie) as green biocide to control mic of mild steel 1010 (ms) in a cooling water system was investigated. biocorrosion behavior of bacillus thuringiensis en2 on ms and ...201728593517
knockdown of two cadherin genes confers resistance to cry2a and cry1c in chilo suppressalis.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry toxins play an important role in the management of insect pests. resistance to bt toxins has been reported in many pest insects but the mechanism responsible for this resistance in rice crop pests remains largely unknown. cadherin is one of several bt toxin receptors. at present, only one cadherin gene, cscad1, has been documented in the striped rice stem borer, chilo suppressalis. we amplified a nearly full-length transcript of another c. suppressalis cadherin ge ...201728729614
bacillus thuringiensis: an annotated selection of world wide web sites relevant to the topics in environmental microbiology. 201728727324
enhanced behavioral immune defenses in a c. elegans c-type lectin-like domain gene mutant.c-type lectin-like domain (ctld) proteins occupy crucial functions in the immune system of vertebrates, but their role in invertebrate immunity is much less understood. the nematode caenorhabditis elegans possesses a highly diverse ctld protein encoding (clec) gene repertoire. a role of c. elegans clec genes in pathogen defense is always assumed, yet experimental evidence for clec immune function is rare. to systematically test the potential function of clec genes in the c. elegans defense again ...201728499858
selection of bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic to cotton boll weevil (anthonomus grandis, coleoptera: curculionidae) larvae.preliminary bioassays with whole cultures (wc) of 124 bacillus thuringiensis strains were performed with neonate larvae of anthonomus grandis, a major cotton pest in argentina and other regions of the americas. three exotic and four native strains were selected for causing more than 50% mortality. all of them were β-exotoxin producers. the native strains shared similar morphology of parasporal crystals, similar protein pattern and identical insecticidal gene profiles. these features resembled le ...201728495035
assessment of inheritance and fitness costs associated with field-evolved resistance to cry3bb1 maize by western corn rootworm.the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, is among the most serious insect pests of maize in north america. one strategy used to manage this pest is transgenic maize that produces one or more crystalline (cry) toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt). to delay bt resistance by insect pests, refuges of non-bt maize are grown in conjunction with bt maize. two factors influencing the success of the refuge strategy to delay resistance are the inheritance ...201728492498
antimicrobial spirotetronate metabolites from marine-derived micromonospora harpali scsio gj089.two new spirotetronate aglycones, 22-dehydroxymethyl-kijanolide (1) and 8-hydroxy-22-dehydroxymethyl-kijanolide (2), along with seven new spirotetronate glycosides, microsporanates a-f (3-8) and tetrocarcin p (9), together with three known tetrocarcins [tetrocarcins a (10), b (11), and ac6h (12)], were isolated from fermentation broths of the marine-derived micromonospora harpali scsio gj089. the structures of 1-9 were elucidated on the basis of 1d and 2d nmr and ms spectroscopic data. compounds ...201728489382
functional roles of cadherin, aminopeptidase-n and alkaline phosphatase from helicoverpa armigera (hübner) in the action mechanism of bacillus thuringiensis cry2aa.a pyramid strategy combining the cry1a and cry2a toxins in bt crops has been widely used throughout the world to delay pest adaption to transgenic crops and broaden the insecticidal spectrum. midgut membrane-bound cadherin (cad), aminopeptidase-n (apn) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) are important for cry1a toxicity in some lepidopteran larvae, but the proteins that bind cry2a in the midgut of target insects and their role in the cry2a mechanism of action are still unclear. in this study, we foun ...201728488696
hybridizing transgenic bt cotton with non-bt cotton counters resistance in pink bollworm.extensive cultivation of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has suppressed some major pests, reduced insecticide sprays, enhanced pest control by natural enemies, and increased grower profits. however, these benefits are being eroded by evolution of resistance in pests. we report a strategy for combating resistance by crossing transgenic bt plants with conventional non-bt plants and then crossing the resulting first-genera ...201728483999
complete genome sequence and bioinformatics analyses of bacillus thuringiensis strain bm-bt15426.this study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of bacillus thuringiensis strain bm-bt15426.201728479507
histopathological effects of bt and tcda insecticidal proteins on the midgut epithelium of western corn rootworm larvae (diabrotica virgifera virgifera).western corn rootworm (wcr, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte) is a major corn pest in the united states, causing annual losses of over $1 billion. one approach to protect against crop loss by this insect is the use of transgenic corn hybrids expressing one or more crystal (cry) proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis. cry34ab1 and cry35ab1 together comprise a binary insecticidal toxin with specific activity against wcr. these proteins have been developed as insect resistance traits in ...201728481307
comparative genomics and metabolomics analyses of the adaptation mechanism in ketogulonicigenium vulgare-bacillus thuringiensis consortium.adaptive evolution by serial subcultivation of co-cultured bacillus thuringiensis and ketogulonicigenium vulgare significantly enhanced the productivity of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid in two-step vitamin c production. the adaptation mechanism in k. vulgare-b. thuringiensis consortium was investigated in this study based on comparative genomics and metabolomics studies. it was found that the growth, anti-oxidation, transcription and regulation were significantly enhanced in the adapted consortium. the ...201728440340
horizontal transfer of chromosomal markers mediated by the large conjugative plasmid pxo16 from bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis.pxo16, a large plasmid originating from bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis, displays unique conjugation capacities: besides efficient self-transfer, it is able to mobilize and retro-mobilize non-conjugative plasmids, including those missing an orit and/or a mob gene, also known as "non-mobilizable" plasmids. in this paper, another peculiar transfer property of pxo16 is described. this element is indeed able to transfer chromosomal loci at frequencies of ca. 10(-5)-10(-6) transconjugants/ ...201728435006
field trial performance of herculex xtra (cry34ab1/cry35ab1) and smartstax (cry34ab1/cry35ab1 + cry3bb1) hybrids and soil insecticides against western and northern corn rootworms (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), and northern corn rootworm, diabrotica barberi smith and lawrence (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), are important insect pests in corn, zea mays l. for more than a decade, growers have been using transgenic plants expressing proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to protect corn roots from feeding. in 2011, western corn rootworm populations were reported to have developed resistance to bt hybri ...201728430986
holotrichia oblita midgut proteins that bind to bacillus thuringiensis cry8-like toxin and assembly of the h. oblita midgut tissue transcriptome.the bacillus thuringiensis strain hbf-18 (cgmcc 2070), containing two cry genes (cry8-like and cry8ga), is toxic to holotrichia oblita larvae. both cry8-like and cry8ga proteins are active against this insect pest, and cry8-like is more toxic. to analyze the characteristics of the binding of cry8-like and cry8ga proteins to brush border membrane vesicles (bbmvs) in h. oblita larvae, binding assays were conducted with a fluorescent dylight488-labeled cry8-like toxin. the results of saturation bin ...201728389549
personality, immune response and reproductive success: an appraisal of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis.the pace-of-life syndrome (pols) hypothesis is an extended concept of the life-history theory that includes behavioural traits. the studies challenging the pols hypothesis often focus on the relationships between a single personality trait and a physiological and/or life-history trait. while pathogens represent a major selective pressure, few studies have been interested in testing relationships between behavioural syndrome, and several fitness components including immunity. the aim of this stud ...201728425582
cry toxin specificities of insect abcc transporters closely related to lepidopteran abcc2 transporters.in this study, we examined insect and human abcc transporters closely related to the lepidopteran abc transporter c2 (abcc2), a powerful receptor for the bacillus thuringiensis cry toxin, for their responses to various cry toxins. abcc2 and the lepidopteran abc transporter c3 (abcc3) conferred cultured cells with susceptibility to a lepidopteran-specific cry1aa toxin but not to lepidopteran-specific cry1ca and cry1da. one coleopteran abcc transporter specifically responded to a coleopteran-speci ...201728416297
antibacterial activity of novel peptide derived from cry1ab16 toxin and development of lbl films for foodborne pathogens control.escherichia coli is one of the most common etiological agents of diarrhea in developing countries. the appearance of resistant e. coli prevents treatment of these infections. biotechnological products incorporating antimicrobial peptides are currently being considered in applications to prevent intestinal infections by these bacteria. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the peptide pcl342-354c, which is derived from the toxin cry1ab16 from bacillus thuringiensis, ...201728415492
assessment of the antimicrobial activity and the entomocidal potential of bacillus thuringiensis isolates from algeria.this work represents the first initiative to analyze the distribution of b. thuringiensis in algeria and to evaluate the biological potential of the isolates. a total of 157 isolates were recovered, with at least one isolate in 94.4% of the samples. the highest bt index was found in samples from rhizospheric soil (0.48) and from the mediterranean area (0.44). most isolates showed antifungal activity (98.5%), in contrast to the few that had antibacterial activity (29.9%). a high genetic diversity ...201728406460
a new biopesticide from a local bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (xd3) against alder leaf beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).use of chemical pesticides in agriculture harms humans, non-target organisms and environments, and causes increase resistance against chemicals. in order to develop an effective bio-pesticide against coleopterans, particularly against agelastica alni (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) which is one of the serious pests of alder leaf and hazelnut, we tested the insecticidal effect of 21 bacillus isolates against the larvae and adults of the pest. bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis-xd3 (btt-xd3) show ...201728405911
comparative analysis of the genetic basis of cry1f resistance in two strains of spodoptera frugiperda originated from puerto rico and florida.the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith), is a major target pest of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize and cotton in america. since the commercialization of cry1f maize (event tc1507) in 2003, resistance to cry1f maize in field populations of s. frugiperda has occurred in puerto rico, brazil and the southeast region of the united states. in this paper, we conducted a comparative analysis of the inheritance of two cry1f-resistant colonies of s. frugiperda originated from puerto rico ( ...201728392284
molecular characterization and pcr-based screening of cry genes from bacillus thuringiensis strains.novel cry genes are potential candidates for resistance management strategies, due to their different structures and modes of action. therefore, it is desirable to clone and express novel cry genes from several new isolates of bacillus thuringiensis (bt). in the present study, 28 bt strains were characterized at morphological and molecular level. all these strains are gram positive, endospore forming and had shown different crystal morphologies when viewed under the microscope. the ardra (16s rd ...201728391468
in defense of bacillus thuringiensis, the safest and most successful microbial insecticide available to humanity - a response to efsa.the bacillus cereus group contains vertebrate pathogens such as bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus and the invertebrate pathogen bacillus thuringiensis. microbial biopesticides based on b. thuringiensis (bt) are widely recognized as being among the safest and least environmentally damaging insecticidal products available. nevertheless, a recent food poisoning incident prompted a european food safety authority review which argued that b. thuringiensis poses a health risk equivalent to b. cere ...201728645183
recombinant protein expression, crystallization, and biophysical studies of a bacillus-conserved nucleotide pyrophosphorylase, bcmazg.to overcome safety restrictions and regulations when studying genes and proteins from true pathogens, their homologues can be studied. bacillus anthracis is an obligate pathogen that causes fatal inhalational anthrax. bacillus cereus is considered a useful model for studying b. anthracis due to its close evolutionary relationship. the gene cluster ba1554 - ba1558 of b. anthracis is highly conserved with the bc1531- bc1535 cluster in b. cereus, as well as with the bt1364-bt1368 cluster in bacillu ...201728570540
probing the germination kinetics of ethanol-treated bacillus thuringiensis spores.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is the most widely used microbial insecticide. to clarify the mechanism of bacterial resistance to ethanol toxicity, the present study investigated the effects of 70% (v/v) ethanol at a moderate temperature (65°c) on bt spore germination by single-cell raman spectroscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy. we found that over 80% of bt spores were inviable after 30 min of treatment. moreover, ethanol treatment affected spore germination; the time for ini ...201728430241
phenological asynchrony between host plant and gypsy moth reduces insect gut microbiota and susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis.the phenological synchrony between the emergence of overwintering herbivorous insects and the budding of host plants is considered a crucial factor in the population dynamics of herbivores. however, the mechanisms driving the interactions between the host plant, herbivores, and their pathogens are often obscure. in the current study, an artificially induced phenological asynchrony was used to investigate how the asynchrony between silver birch betula pendula and gypsy moth lymantria dispar affec ...201628725398
toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis cry2ab and the inheritance of cry2ab resistance in the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders).though the insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are effective against insect pests, evolution of resistance remains an issue of great concern. here, we explored the ability of pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), a key pest of cotton, to evolve resistance to cry2ab and characterized it in terms of inheritance. sixteen day bioassay of bt cry2ab toxin against 5-day old pink bollworm larvae showed median lethal concentration (lc( ...201628699724
survival of corn earworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on bt maize and cross-pollinated refuge ears from seed blends.refuge is mandated in the united states where genetically modified maize (zea mays l.) expressing insecticidal proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) are cultivated. currently, refuge is deployed in different ways including blocks, field strips, or seed blends containing bt and non-bt maize. seed blends provide practical advantages for refuge implementation. however, concerns related to the movement of insect larvae, potential differential survival of heterozygous resistant l ...201626357846
susceptibility of northern corn rootworm diabrotica barberi (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) to mcry3a and ecry3.1ab bacillus thuringiensis proteins.the susceptibility of the northern corn rootworm diabrotica barberi (smith & lawrence) to mcry3a and ecry3.1ab proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) was determined using a diet bioassay. northern corn rootworm neonates were exposed to different concentrations of mcry3a and ecry3.1ab, incorporated into artificial diet. larval mortality was evaluated after 7 d. the mcry3a and ecry3.1ab proteins were found to be toxic to the northern corn rootworm larvae. the lc50 and lc99 values for mc ...201626140383
field resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis protein cry1ac expressed in bollgard(®) hybrid cotton in pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders), populations in india.bollgard(®) cotton, expressing cry1ac insecticidal protein, was approved for commercial planting in india in 2002, and by 2009 constituted 87% of the indian crop, reducing losses from lepidopteran pests, including pink bollworm (pbw), pectinophora gossypiella. inadequate control of pbw in fields of single-gene bollgard cotton was reported in 2009; surveys revealed heavy infestations of pbw in bollgard, restricted to gujarat state, but not elsewhere in india.201626016704
hematotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluations in swiss mice intraperitoneally exposed to bacillus thuringiensis (var kurstaki) spore crystals genetically modified to express individually cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, or cry2aa.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been widely used in foliar sprays as part of integrated pest management strategies against insect pests of agricultural crops. since the advent of genetically modified plants expressing bt δ-endotoxins, the bioavailability of cry proteins has increased, and therefore for biosafety reasons their adverse effects should be studied, mainly for nontarget organisms. we evaluated, in swiss mice, the hematotoxicity and genotoxicity of the genetically modified strains of b ...201625899034
inheritance of field-relevant resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis protein cry1ac in pectinophora gossypiella (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) collected from india.the inheritance and phenotypic expression of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac insecticidal protein were studied in selected populations of pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders), that were collected from bollgard cotton in india. the individual populations in the pool were cry1ac resistant and sourced from cry1ac-containing bt cotton (bollgard) hybrids in 2010.201625864528
high resistance of transgenic cabbage plants with a synthetic cry1ia8 gene from bacillus thuringiensis against two lepidopteran species under field conditions.plutella xylostella (linnaeus) has become the most destructive pest in cabbage throughout the world. cry1ia8 cabbage has been developed to reduce pest attacks. to gain a better understanding of the efficacy of cry1ia8 cabbage, a homozygous cry1ia8 cabbage line a14-5 was produced, and its resistance to p. xylostella, pieris rapae (linnaeus) and other lepidopteran pests was evaluated in the field in 2011, 2012 and 2013.201625721816
enhancement of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity by combining cry1ac and bi-functional toxin hwtx-xi from spider.in order to assess the potency of bi-functional hwtx-xi toxin from spider ornithoctonus huwena in improving the insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis, a fusion gene of cry1ac and hwtx-xi was constructed and expressed in an acrystalliferous b. thuringiensis strain cry(-)b. western blot analysis and microscopic observation revealed that the recombinant strain could express 140-kda cry1ac-hwtx-xi fusion protein and produce parasporal inclusions during sporulation. bioassay using the larva ...201625721170
effects of refuges on the evolution of resistance to transgenic corn by the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte.diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte is a major pest of corn and causes over a billion dollars of economic loss annually through yield reductions and management costs. corn producing toxins derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been developed to help manage d. v. virgifera. however, previous studies have demonstrated the ability of this species to evolve resistance to bt toxins in both laboratory and field settings.201625652190
lack of fitness costs and inheritance of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin in a near-isogenic strain of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) formulations in insects may be associated with fitness costs. a lack of costs enables resistance alleles to persist, which may contribute to the rapid development and spread of resistance in populations.201625684167
the development and status of bt rice in china.multiple lines of transgenic rice expressing insecticidal genes from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been developed in china, posing the prospect of increases in production with decreased application of pesticides. we explore the issues facing adoption of bt rice for commercial production in china. a body of safety assessment work on bt rice has shown that bt rice poses a negligible risk to the environment and that bt rice products are as safe as non-bt control rice products as fo ...201626369652
trends in pesticide use on soybean, corn and cotton since the introduction of major genetically modified crops in the united states.genetically modified (gm) varieties of soybean, corn and cotton have largely replaced conventional varieties in the united states. the most widely used applications of gm technology have been the development of crops that are resistant to a specific broad-spectrum herbicide (primarily glyphosate) or that produce insecticidal compounds within the plant itself. with the widespread adoption of gm crops, a decline in the use of conventional pesticides was expected.201626194175
capturing the interaction types of two bt toxins cry1ac and cry2ab on suppressing the cotton bollworm by using multi-exponential equations.transgenic crops are increasingly promoted for their practical effects on suppressing certain insect pests, but all transgenic crops are not equally successful. the insect pests can easily develop resistance against single bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin transgenic crops. therefore, transgenic crops including two or more mixed bt-toxins can solve this problem by delaying the resistance development and killing the majority of targeted pests before the evolution of resistance. it is important to ...201626314801
dominance of cry1f resistance in spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on tc1507 bt maize in brazil.dominance of resistance has been one of the major parameters affecting the rate of evolution of resistance to bt crops. high dose is the capacity of bt crops to kill heterozygous insects and has been an essential component of the most successful strategy to manage resistance to these crops. experiments were conducted to evaluate directly and indirectly whether the tc1507 event is high dose to spodoptera frugiperda (je smith).201626172071
immunosenescence and the ability to survive bacterial infection in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum.in most animals, ageing is associated with a decline in immune function (immune senescence). however, different components of the immune system seem to age differentially, and many studies do not measure the ultimate fitness consequences of immune function after infection. previous work shows that immune function may be traded off with other fitness components such as reproduction. it is possible that age alters the nature of these trade-offs, particularly in conjunction with factors such as gen ...201626257080
molecular characterisation of bacillus thuringiensis strain meb4 highly toxic to the mediterranean flour moth ephestia kuehniella zeller (lepidoptera: pyralidae).cry2 proteins play an essential role in current bacillus thuringiensis (bt) applications and in the prevention of insect resistance to cry1a toxins. this paper reports on the screening and characterisation of novel bt strains harbouring effective cry2a-type genes and higher insecticidal activity to ephestia kuehniella.201626103535
insecticidal efficacy and persistence of a co-occluded binary mixture of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) variants in protected and field-grown tomato crops on the iberian peninsula.a binary co-occluded mixture (hearsp1b:lb6) of helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) variants was previously found to be highly pathogenic under laboratory conditions. the insecticidal efficacy and persistence of this mixture were determined in greenhouse and field-grown tomato crops in spain and portugal.201625960129
potential use of bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with mastitis in dairy goats.mastitis caused by microbial infections in dairy goats reduces milk yield, modifies milk composition, and potentially contributes to morbidity in herds and consumers of dairy products. microorganisms associated with mastitis in dairy goats are commonly controlled with antibiotics, but it is known that continued use of these chemical agents promotes antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations. recently, it has been shown that bacteriocins of bacillus thuringiensis inhibit growth of food-bor ...201626022411
expression of recombinant and mosaic cry1ac receptors from helicoverpa armigera and their influences on the cytotoxicity of activated cry1ac to spodoptera litura sl-hp cells.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin receptors play important roles in the killing of pests, and investigation on characterization of the receptors is essential for utilization of bt and management of insect resistance. here, recombinant and mosaic receptors of bt cry1ac toxin from helicoverpa armigera were expressed in spodoptera litura sl-hp cells and their influences on cytotoxicity of activated cry1ac toxin were investigated. when h. armigera aminopeptidase n1 (apn1), alkaline phosphatase 2 (al ...201625412589
bacillus thuringiensis: mechanism of action, resistance, and new applications: a review.since the first report by ishiwata in 1902 of a bombyx mori infection, followed by the description by berliner, bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has become the main microorganism used in biological control. the application of bt to combat invertebrates of human interest gained momentum with the growing demand for food free of chemical pesticides and with the implementation of agriculture methods that were less damaging to the environment. however, the mechanisms of action of these products have not b ...201625264571
midgut microbiota and host immunocompetence underlie bacillus thuringiensis killing mechanism.bacillus thuringiensis is a widely used bacterial entomopathogen producing insecticidal toxins, some of which are expressed in insect-resistant transgenic crops. surprisingly, the killing mechanism of b. thuringiensis remains controversial. in particular, the importance of the septicemia induced by the host midgut microbiota is still debated as a result of the lack of experimental evidence obtained without drastic manipulation of the midgut and its content. here this key issue is addressed by rn ...201627506800
individual and combined effects of bacillus thuringiensis and azadirachtin on plodia interpunctella hübner (lepidoptera: pyralidae).the indianmeal moth, plodia interpunctella hübner (lepidoptera: pyralidae), is a major stored product pest that is found throughout the world. in this study, the effect of oral exposure to bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) subsp. kurstaki (bacillales: bacillaceae) and azadirachtin was evaluated in third instar p. interpunctella under laboratory conditions. the median lethal concentration (lc50) of bt and azadirachtin on third instars was 490 and 241 μg a.i./ml, respectively. the median lethal ti ...201627638953
dissecting the self-assembly kinetics of multimeric pore-forming toxins.pore-forming toxins are ubiquitous cytotoxins that are exploited by both bacteria and the immune response of eukaryotes. these toxins kill cells by assembling large multimeric pores on the cell membrane. however, a quantitative understanding of the mechanism and kinetics of this self-assembly process is lacking. we propose an analytically solvable kinetic model for stepwise, reversible oligomerization. in biologically relevant limits, we obtain simple algebraic expressions for the rate of pore f ...201626763328
involvement of the processing step in the susceptibility/tolerance of two lepidopteran larvae to bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa toxin.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1a toxins are known for their effectiveness against lepidopteran insects. in this study, the entomopathogenic activity of cry1aa was investigated against two lepidopteran larvae causing serious threat to various crops, spodoptera littoralis and tuta absoluta. contrarily to s. littoralis, which showed low susceptibility to cry1aa (40% mortality with 1μg/cm(2)), t. absoluta was very sensitive to this delta-endotoxin (lc50 of 95.8ng/cm(2)). the different steps in the ...201626821657
long-term toxicity study on genetically modified corn with cry1ac gene in a wuzhishan miniature pig model.the objective of the present study was to investigate the chronic effect of transgenic maize lines by the insertion of the cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) on the growth performance, immune response and health using a wuzhishan miniature pig model through a 196-day feeding study.201626777397
can pyramids and seed mixtures delay resistance to bt crops?the primary strategy for delaying the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops that produce insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) entails refuges of plants that do not produce bt toxins and thus allow survival of susceptible pests. recent advances include using refuges together with bt crop 'pyramids' that make two or more bt toxins effective against the same pest, and planting seed mixtures yielding random distributions of pyramided bt and non-bt corn plants within fiel ...201626774592
construction of an environmental safe bacillus thuringiensis engineered strain against coleoptera.cloning of new toxic genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and construction of bt engineered strains are two key strategies for bio-control of coleopteran pests in agriculture and forestry. in this study, we cloned a new cry3aa-type gene, cry3aa8, from wild bt strain yc-03 against coleopteran, and constructed a bt engineered strain, ace-38, containing insecticidal protein-encoding gene cry3aa8. the engineered strain, with almost four times of cry3aa yield compared with strain yc-03, was an anti ...201626767987
western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) larval movement in ecry3.1ab+mcry3a seed blend scenarios.corn fields planted with plant-incorporated bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins must have a portion of the field planted with non-bt, isoline, plants that serve as a refuge for susceptible insects. in the corn belt, refuge seeds are now blended in the bag with bt seeds for corn hybrids containing two or more toxins targeted toward the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte. syngenta's corn hybrid, agrisure duracade, containing the ecry3.1ab (event 5307) and mcry3a (event ...201627190042
genetic transformation and expression of transgenic lines of populus x euramericana with insect-resistance and salt-tolerance genes.we characterized new transgenic varieties of poplar with multiple insect-resistant and salt stress tolerant genes. two insect-resistant bacillus thuringiensis (bt) genes, cry1ac and cry3a, and a salt-tolerant gene, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) were inserted into a vector, p209-cry1ac-cry3a-badh. the clone of populus x euramericana was transformed by the vector using the agrobacterium-mediated method. three transgenic lines were assessed using genetic detection and resistance expression ...201627173305
cloning, expression, purification, and insecticidal activity of a novel cry1na3 toxin from bacillus thuringiensis brc-zyr2.bacillus thuringiensis produces a variety of insecticidal crystal proteins (icps). genome sequencing is a promising strategy for detecting and identifying b. thuringiensis icps, which are of great interest to the biocontrol field. in this study, a novel icp gene was cloned from b. thuringiensis brc-zyr2 based on genomic data from 454 gs-flx titanium sequencing and an analysis of the results using the b. thuringiensis toxin_scanner (http://bcam.hzaubmb.net/bttoxin_scanner/index.php). cry1na3 desi ...201627170729
marker-free transgenic rice expressing the vegetative insecticidal protein (vip) of bacillus thuringiensis shows broad insecticidal properties.genetically engineered rice lines with broad insecticidal properties against major lepidopteran pests were generated using a synthetic, truncated form of vegetative insecticidal protein (syn vip3br) from bacillus thuringiensis. the selectable marker gene and the redundant transgene(s) were eliminated through cre/ lox mediated recombination and genetic segregation to make consumer friendly bt -rice. for sustainable resistance against lepidopteran insect pests, chloroplast targeted synthetic versi ...201627165311
impact of lepidoptera (crambidae, noctuidae, and pyralidae) pests on corn containing pyramided bt traits and a blended refuge in the southern united states.blended refuge for transgenic plants expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins has been approved in the northern united states as a resistance management strategy alternative to a structured refuge. a three-year study (2012-2014) was conducted with 54 trials across nine states in the southern united states to evaluate plant injury from lepidopteran pests of corn and yield in a corn hybrid expressing cry1f × cry1ab × vip3aa20 (pioneer brand optimum leptra) planted as a pure stand and in refug ...201627329627
from qutn to bt cotton: development, adoption and prospects. a review.cotton has unique history of domestication, diversification, and utilization. globally it is an important cash crop that provides raw material for textile industry. the story of cotton started from human civilization and the climax arrived with the efforts of developing transgenic cotton for various traits. though conventional breeding brought steady improvement in developing resistance against biotic stresses but recent success story of gene transferfrom bacillus thuringiensis into cotton showe ...201626841496
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