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structural studies of a polysaccharide from vibrio parahaemolyticus strain an-16000.the structure of a polysaccharide from vibrio parahaemolyticus strain an-16000 has been investigated. the sugar and absolute configuration analysis revealed d-glc, d-galn, d-quin and l-fucn as major components. the ps was subjected to dephosphorylation with aqueous 40% hf to obtain an oligosaccharide that was analyzed by (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the hr-ms spectrum of the oligosaccharide revealed a pentasaccharide composed of two glc residues, one quinac and one galnac, one fucnac, as wel ...201627392309
bile salt receptor complex activates a pathogenic type iii secretion system.bile is an important component of the human gastrointestinal tract with an essential role in food absorption and antimicrobial activities. enteric bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to sense bile as an environmental cue to regulate virulence genes during infection. we discovered that vibrio parahaemolyticus vtrc, along with vtra and vtrb, are required for activating the virulence type iii secretion system 2 in response to bile salts. the vtra/vtrc complex activates vtrb in the presenc ...201627377244
the vibrio parahaemolyticus-infecting bacteriophage qdvp001: genome sequence and endolysin with a modular structure.vibrio parahaemolyticus, a marine pathogen, is a causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans after consumption of contaminated seafood. in recent years, infections with v. parahaemolyticus have become an increasingly frequent factor in microbial food poisoning; therefore, it is urgent to figure out ways to control vibrio parahaemolyticus. endolysins, lytic enzymes encoded by bacteriophages, have been regarded as a therapeutic alternative to antibiotics in control of bacterial growth and have be ...201627376376
differentially expressed transcripts in stomach of penaeus monodon in response to ahpnd infection.acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (ahpnd) is an emerging disease in aquacultured shrimp caused by a pathogenic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus. as with several pathogenic bacteria, colonization of the stomach appeared to be the initial step of the infection for ahpnd-causing vibrio. to understand the immune responses in the stomach of black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon), differentially expressed transcripts (dets) in the stomach during v. parahaemolyticus strain 3hp (vp3hp) infection wa ...201627339467
report of leucine-rich repeats (lrrs) from scylla serrata: ontogeny, molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis following ligand stimulation, and upon bacterial and viral infections.leucine-rich repeat (lrr) proteins are present in all living organisms, and their participation in signal transduction and defense mechanisms has been elucidated in humans and mosquitoes. lrrs possibly involve in protein-protein interactions also and show differential expression pattern upon challenge with pathogens. in the present study, a new lrr gene was identified in mud crab, scylla serrata. lrr gene mrna levels in different developmental stages and various tissues of s. serrata were analys ...201627328453
outbreak of vibrio parahaemolyticus sequence type 120, peru, 2009.in 2009, an outbreak of vibrio parahaemolyticus occurred in piura, cajamarca, lambayeque, and lima, peru. whole-genome sequencing of clinical and environmental samples from the outbreak revealed a new v. parahaemolyticus clone. all the isolates identified belonged to a single clonal complex described exclusively in asia before its emergence in peru.201627315090
[transcriptional regulation of hcp1 by h-ns in vibrio parahaemolyticus].to study the transcriptional regulation of the structural components hcp1 by h-ns in vibrio parahaemolyticus.201627305788
vibrio parahaemolyticus strains of pandemic serotypes identified from clinical and environmental samples from jiangsu, china.vibrio parahaemolyticus has emerged as a major foodborne pathogen in china, japan, thailand, and other asian countries. in this study, 72 strains of v. parahaemolyticus were isolated from clinical and environmental samples between 2006 and 2014 in jiangsu, china. the serotypes and six virulence genes including thermostable direct hemolysin (tdr) and tdr-related hemolysin (trh) genes were assessed among the isolates. twenty five serotypes were identified and o3:k6 was one of the dominant serotype ...201627303379
transcription of exsd is repressed directly by h-ns in vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-associated diarrhea and gastroenteritis. this bacteria expresses a major virulence determinant called t3ss1. expression of t3ss1 is tightly regulated by the exsa-exsc-exsd regulatory system. the transcription of exsa and probably exsc is repressed directly by the h-ns protein. in this study, the regulation of exsd by h-ns was investigated using quantitative rt-pcr, primer extension, lacz fusion, electrophoretic mobility shift, and dnase i foo ...201627289037
characterization of adp ribosylation factor 1 gene from exopalaemon carinicauda and its immune response to pathogens challenge and ammonia-n stress.adp ribosylation factors (arf), as highly conserved small guanosine triphosphate (gtp)-binding proteins, participates in intracellular trafficking and organelle structure. in this study, a full-length cdna of arf1 (designated ecarf1) was cloned from exopalaemon carinicauda by using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) approaches. the full-length cdna of ecarf1 was 1428 bp, which contains an open reading frame (orf) of 549 bp, encoding a 182 amino-acid polypeptide with the predicted molecular ...201627231192
closing the brief case: safe to go back in the water? vibrio parahaemolyticus wound infection associated with brackish water. 201627217388
effects of intertidal harvest practices on levels of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus bacteria in oysters.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus can grow rapidly in shellfish subjected to ambient air conditions, such as during intertidal exposure. in this study, levels of total and pathogenic (tdh(+) and/or trh(+)) v. parahaemolyticus and total v. vulnificus were determined in oysters collected from two study locations where intertidal harvest practices are common. samples were collected directly off intertidal flats, after exposure (ambient air [washington state] or refrigerated [new jersey] ...201627208133
photodynamic effect of curcumin on vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus (v. parahaemolyticus) is currently a major cause of bacterial diarrhoea associated with seafood consumption. the objective of this study was to determine the inactivation effect of curcumin-mediated photodynamic action on v. parahaemolyticus. first of all, v. parahaemolyticus suspended in pbs buffer was irradiated by a visible light from a led light source with an energy density of 3.6j/cm(2). colony forming units (cfu) were counted and the viability of v. parahaemolyticu ...201627177810
complete genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus strain forc_008, a foodborne pathogen from a flounder fish in south korea.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative, motile, nonspore-forming pathogen that causes foodborne illness associated with the consumption of contaminated seafoods. although many cases of foodborne outbreaks caused by v. parahaemolyticus have been reported, the genomes of only five strains have been completely sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics. in order to characterize overall virulence factors and pathogenesis of v. parahaemolyticus associated with foodborne outbreak in south korea, ...201627170457
population relationship of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates derived from aquaculture ponds, a seafood market, restaurants, and clinical samples.to study the relationship between environmental and clinical populations of vibrio parahaemolyticus, we collected in total 86 isolates from southern china during one and a half years. sixty-eight isolates were recovered from aquaculture ponds, a seafood market, and restaurants, and 18 isolates were recovered from clinical samples. virulence gene analysis revealed that 25 isolates (14 clinical and 11 environmental) tested positive for tdh, but only 4 carried trh. interestingly, none of the tdh(+) ...201627166752
sero-prevalence and genetic diversity of pandemic v. parahaemolyticus strains occurring at a global scale.pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging public health concern as it has caused numerous gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. currently, the absence of a global overview of the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of pandemic strains restricts our overall understanding of these strains, especially for environmental strains. to generate a global picture of the sero-prevalence and genetic diversity of pandemic v. parahaemolyticus, pandemic isolates from worldwide collections were select ...201627148244
prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio parahaemolyticus from ready-to-eat foods in china.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks, particularly outbreaks associated with consumption of fish and shellfish, and represents a major threat to human health worldwide. this bacterium harbors two main virulence factors: the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh). additionally, various serotypes have been identified. the extensive use of antibiotics is a contributing factor to the increasing incidence of antimicrobial-resistant v. paraha ...201627148231
environmental conditions associated with elevated vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in great bay estuary, new hampshire.reports from state health departments and the centers for disease control and prevention indicate that the annual number of reported human vibriosis cases in new england has increased in the past decade. concurrently, there has been a shift in both the spatial distribution and seasonal detection of vibrio spp. throughout the region based on limited monitoring data. to determine environmental factors that may underlie these emerging conditions, this study focuses on a long-term database of vibrio ...201627144925
b-cell activating cpg odn 1668 enhance the immune response of pacific red snapper (lutjanus peru) exposed to vibrio parahaemolitycus.b-class cpg odn 1668 is known to possess clear immunostimulatory properties. in this study, we investigated the potential ability of cpg odn 1668 to enhance the immune response of pacific red snapper exposed to vibrio parahaemolyticus. four different treatments were evaluated in pacific red snapper: (1) stimulatory cpg odn 1668, (2) stimulatory cpg odn 1668 and v. parahaemolyticus, (3) exposure only to v. parahaemolyticus and (4) pbs. samples were taken at 24, 72, 168 and 240 h of stimulation/in ...201627143535
incidence and prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important seafood borne human pathogen worldwide due to it occurrence, prevalence and ability to cause gastrointestinal infections. this current study aim at investigating the incidence and prevalence of v. parahaemolyticus in seafood using systematic review-meta-analysis by exploring heterogeneity among primary studies. a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of peer reviewed primary studies reported between 2003 and 2015 for the occurrence and prevalen ...201627119068
metabolome response to temperature-induced virulence gene expression in two genotypes of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a main causative agent of serious human seafood-borne gastroenteritis disease. many researchers have investigated its pathogenesis by observing the alteration of its virulence factors in different conditions. it was previously known that culture conditions will influence the gene expression and the metabolic profile of v. parahaemolyticus, but little attention has been paid on the relationship between them. in this study, for the first time, the metabolomics response i ...201627113578
molecular characterizations of vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood from the black sea, turkey.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium that is considered as one of the major causes of bacterial food-borne outbreaks at a global scale. a total of 114 samples including mussel (n = 42), seawater (n = 22) and fish (n = 50) samples were collected and subjected to investigation. vibrio parahaemolyticus was detected in 45 (39%) of 114 samples with an occurrence in mussel, seawater and fish samples of 76, 40·9 and 8% respectively. a total of 96 isolates were positive for the species-specific ...201627107401
the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene of vibrio parahaemolyticus: sequence variation and implications for detection and function.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of bacterial food-related illness associated with the consumption of undercooked seafood. only a small subset of strains is pathogenic. most clinical strains encode for the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and/or the tdh-related hemolysin (trh). in this work, we amplify and sequence the trh gene from over 80 trh+strains of this bacterium and identify thirteen genetically distinct alleles, most of which have not been deposited in genbank previously. s ...201627094247
antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fresh shrimps in shanghai fish markets, china.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a causative agent of human serious seafood-borne gastroenteritis disease and even death. shrimps, often eaten raw or undercooked, are an important reservoir of the bacterium. in this study, we isolated and characterized a total of 400 v. parahaemolyticus strains from commonly consumed fresh shrimps (litopenaeus vannamei, macrobrachium rosenbergii, penaeus monodon, and exopalaemon carinicauda) in shanghai fish markets, china in 2013-2014. the results revealed an extreme ...201627083906
draft genome sequence of an environmental trh+ vibrio parahaemolyticus k23 strain isolated from kerala, india.vibrio parahaemolyticusis the leading cause of seafood-related gastroenteritis. here, we report the draft genome sequence of atrh(+)strain,v. parahaemolyticusk23, isolated from seafood. the sequence will be useful for comparative analysis between environmental and clinical isolates ofv. parahaemolyticus.201627081143
immunoproteomic approach for screening vaccine candidates from bacterial outer membrane proteins.outer membrane proteins (omps) are unique to gram-negative bacteria and have been revealed as potential vaccine candidates for conferring protection against infections in recent years. immunoproteomics is a powerful technique that is ideally suited to screen and identify potential vaccine candidates. this chapter presents a brief outline of the screening of immunogenic omps from vibrio parahaemolyticus by an immunoproteomic strategy that was based on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and im ...201627076320
complete genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus forc_023 isolated from raw fish storage water.vibrio parahaemolyticusis a gram-negative halophilic bacterium that causes food-borne gastroenteritis in humans who consumev. parahaemolyticus-contaminated seafood.the forc_023 strain was isolated from raw fish storage water, containing live fish at a sashimi restaurant. here, we aimed to sequence and characterize the genome of the forc_023 strain. the genome of the forc_023 strain showed two circular chromosomes, which contained 4227 open reading frames (orfs), 131 trna genes and 37 rrna genes. ...201627073252
major tdh(+)vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype changes temporally in the bay of bengal estuary of bangladesh.vibrio parahaemolyticus is responsible for seafood-related gastroenteritis worldwide. in bangladesh, diarrhea is endemic and diarrheagenic v. parahaemolyticus serotypes occur naturally in the coastal and estuarine aquatic environment. v. parahaemolyticus strains, isolated from estuarine surface water of the bay of bengal villages of bangladesh during 2006-2008, were tested for the presence of virulence and pandemic-marker genes, serodiversity, and phylogenetic relatedness. pcr analysis of v. par ...201627063395
occurrence of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in crustacean shellfishes in coastal parts of eastern india.the objective of the study was to isolate and characterize pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus from crustacean shellfishes (crab and shrimp) commonly retailed in coastal parts of eastern india.201627057121
antibiotic resistance of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in various countries: a review.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus are the leading causes of seafood associated infections and mortality in the united states. the main syndromes caused by these pathogens are gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia. this article reviewed the antibiotic resistance profile of v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in the united states and other countries including italy, brazil, philippines, malaysia, thailand, china, india, iran, south africa and australia. the awareness of a ...201627052711
combined treatment of uva irradiation and antibiotics induces greater bactericidal effects on vibrio parahaemolyticus.the presence of antibiotics in the environment and their subsequent impact on the development of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria has raised concerns globally. consequently, much research is focused on a method to produce a better disinfectant. we have established a disinfectant system using uva-led that inactivates pathogenic bacteria. we assessed the bactericidal efficiency of a combination of uva-led and antibiotics against vibrio parahaemolyticus. combined use of antibiotic drugs and uva ...201627040055
dietary pyridoxine protects against stress and maintains immunohaematological status in chanos chanos exposed to endosulfan.the amelioration effect of water-soluble vitamin pyridoxine against stress was evaluated in milkfish, chanos chanos exposed to endosulfan. two hundred and twenty-five fish were distributed randomly into five treatments, each with three replicates. four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with graded levels of pyridoxine feed were as follows: normal water and fed with control diet (en0/py0); endosulfan-treated water and fed with control diet (en/py0); and endosulfan-treated water and fed with 50 ...201627038044
molecular epidemiology of selected infectious diseases caused by bacteria in juveniles and post-larvae of the white shrimp penaeus vannamei from the north-western coast of mexico. 201627037647
cloning, identification and functional analysis of a β-catenin homologue from pacific white shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei.wnt signaling is known to control multiple of cellular processes such as cell differentiation, communication, apoptosis and proliferation, and is also reported to play a role during microbial infection. β-catenin is a key regulator of the wnt signaling cascade. in the present study, we cloned and identified a β-catenin homologue from litopenaeus vannamei termed lvβ-catenin. the full-length of lvβ-catenin transcript was 2797 bp in length within a 2451 bp open reading frame (orf) that encoded a pr ...201627036405
the master quorum-sensing regulator opar is activated indirectly by h-ns in vibrio parahaemolyticus.apha and opar are the master regulators of quorum sensing in vibrio parahaemolyticus and there is reciprocal negative regulation between apha and opar. the histone-like nucleoid structure (h-ns) protein is a global transcriptional repressor of horizontally transferred genes, but a few prokaryotic genes, for example flagella genes, are stimulated by h-ns. the regulation of opar by h-ns was investigated using the following methods: primer extension, lacz fusion, quantitative rt-pcr, and electropho ...201627025725
a nonautochthonous u.s. strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from chesapeake bay oysters caused the outbreak in maryland in 2010.in the summer of 2010, vibrio parahaemolyticus caused an outbreak in maryland linked to the consumption of oysters. strains isolated from both stool and oyster samples were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). however, the oysters contained other potentially pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus strains exhibiting different pfge patterns. in order to assess the identity, genetic makeup, relatedness, and potential pathogenicity of the v. parahaemolyticus strains, we sequenced 11 ...201626994080
function of gc1qr in innate immunity of chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis.gc1qr is identified as the globular "head" binding protein of the c1q protein and performs an important function in innate immunity. a esgc1qr gene was identified from the hepatopancreas of eriocheir sinensis. esgc1qr encodes a protein with 275 amino acids. phylogenetic analysis showed that, together with crustaceans gc1qrs, esgc1qr belongs to one group. esgc1qr mrna was detected in hemocytes, intestine, hepatopancreas, gills, eyestalk, heart, muscle, and nerve. the expression of the esgc1qr tra ...201626993663
development of a highly sensitive lateral immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is widely present in brackish water all over the world, causing infections in certain aquatic animals. it is also a foodborne pathogen that causes diarrhea in humans. the aim of this study is to develop an immunochromatographic lateral flow assay (lfa) for rapid detection of v. parahaemolyticus in both aquatic products and human feces of diarrheal patients. two monoclonal antibody (mab) pairs, ga1a-ic9 and ic9-kb4c, were developed and proven to be highly specific and sens ...201627751742
c-type lectin (mrctl) from the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii participates in innate immunity.c-type lectins (ctls) play important roles in the innate immunity of invertebrates. in this study, a novel ctl with a single carbohydrate recognition domain (crd) containing an epn (glu-pro-asn) motif was identified from the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii. this ctl was designated as mrctl. the cdna of mrctl is 1788 bp with a 657 bp open reading frame that encodes a protein of 218 amino acids. the cdna and genome sequences of mrctl show a polymorphism that leads to mrctl isoform ...201627620819
population analysis of clinical and environmental vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from eastern provinces in china by removing the recombinant snps in the mlst loci.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common seafood-borne pathogenic bacterium which causes gastroenteritis in humans. continuous surveillance on the molecular characters of the clinical and environmental v. parahaemolyticus strains needs to be conducted for the epidemiological and genetic purposes. to generate a picture of the population distribution of v. parahaemolyticus in eastern china isolated from clinical cases of gastroenteritis and environmental samples, we investigated the genetic and evoluti ...201627608607
characteristics of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from crayfish (procambarus clarkii) in freshwater.vibrio parahaemolyticus usually occurs in coastal areas and is generally recognized as a marine bacterium. it has become the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. in the present study, 96 v. parahaemolyticus isolates were obtained from freshwater crayfish (procambarus clarkii) and classified by multilocus sequence typing. fifty-three sequence types (sts) were identified among the 96 isolates analyzed, 38 of which were novel sts. these isolates fell into six groups and 42 singletons, sugges ...201627620824
vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in south america: water, seafood and human infections.the bacterial species, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus, are ubiquitous in estuaries and coastal waters throughout the world, but they also happen to be important human pathogens. they are concentrated by filter-feeding shellfish which are often consumed raw or undercooked, providing an important potential route of entry for an infective dose of these bacteria. vibrio parahaemolyticus can cause abdominal cramping, nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, chills and fever. vibrio vulnificus can ...201627459915
genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus vp103 strain isolated from shrimp in malaysia. 201627708636
expression patterns of two heat-shock cognate 70 genes during immune responses and larval development of the chinese mitten crab eriocheir sinensis.two heat-shock protein (hsp) 70 family transcripts, heat-shock protein 70 cognate 5 and heat-shock protein 70 cognate 3 (designated as eshsc70-5 and eshsc70-3, respectively), were isolated from the chinese mitten crab eriocheir sinensis and their expression profiles were evaluated for their responsiveness to larval development and immune challenge in adult crabs. the hsps exhibited 45-89% identity with other heat-shock proteins, and they shared similar structural features. eshsc70 mrna expressio ...201627706716
genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus vp152 strain isolated from penaeus indicus in malaysia. 201627656174
genetic characterization of a blaveb-2-carrying plasmid in vibrio parahaemolyticus.this report describes the first detection of a blaveb-2 gene in a vibrio parahaemolyticus strain isolated from a shrimp sample. the blaveb-2 gene was carried on a novel inc-type plasmid that was likely to have originated from aquatic organisms, as indicated by a comparison with other known genetic elements in the genbank database. however, the plasmid contains resistance elements usually harbored by members of the family enterobacteriaceae, suggesting that gene transfer events occurred and contr ...201627645248
pi3k-akt signaling pathway is involved in hypoxia/thermal-induced immunosuppression of small abalone haliotis diversicolor.the pi3k-akt signal pathway has been found to be involved in many important physiological and pathological processes of the innate immune system of vertebrates and invertebrates. in this study, the akt (hdakt) and pi3k (hdpi3k) gene of small abalone haliotis diversicolor were cloned and characterized for the important status of pi3k and akt protein in pi3k-akt signaling pathway. the full length cdnas of hdakt and hdpi3k are 2126 bp and 6052 bp respectively, encoding proteins of 479 amino acids a ...201627825946
a c-type lectin (mrlec) with high expression in intestine is involved in innate immune response of macrobrachium rosenbergii.c-type lectins (ctls) are pattern-recognition proteins that play an important role in innate immunity of vertebrates and invertebrates. in this study, a lectin cdna named mrlec was cloned and characterized from giant freshwater prawns (macrobrachiun rosenbergii). the full-length cdna of mrlec was 1431 bp, which contained an open reading frame of 1041 bp that encoded a protein with 346 amino acids. mrlec was found to contain a typical signal peptide of 18 amino acids and a single carbohydrate-rec ...201627818342
in vivo activity and the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide sphyastatin in scylla paramamosain.a new gene homologous to the reported antimicrobial peptide (amp) hyastatin from hyas araneus was screened in the ssh library constructed from the hemocytes of scylla paramamosain, and named sphyastatin. in vivo study showed that sphyastatin was predominantly expressed in hemocytes of s. paramamosain. with the challenge of either vibrio parahaemolyticus or lipopolysaccharide (lps), sphyastatin showed a positive response, meaning that it was probably involved in the immune reaction against bacter ...201627751917
virulence of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease pirab-like relies on secreted proteins not on gene copy number.to investigate the virulence of the vp_pirab-like genes in vibrio parahaemolyticus- acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (ahpnd)-causing strain and the factors that are associated with the virulence level.201627522063
regulation of the expression of iron-acquisition system genes in pathogenic vibrio species.the genus vibrio includes >70 species, of which roughly a dozen cause vibriosis such as gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia. most bacteria, including vibrio species, require iron for survival and growth. however, the bioavailability of iron is extremely low because it is usually present as an insoluble ferric complex in an aerobic environment or is bound to iron-binding proteins in mammalian hosts. therefore many bacteria have developed iron acquisition systems, including biosynthe ...201627803484
pharmacokinetic indices for cefovecin after single-dose administration to adult sea otters (enhydra lutris).seven sea otters received a single subcutaneous dose of cefovecin at 8 mg/kg body weight. plasma samples were collected at predetermined time points and assayed for total cefovecin concentrations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. the mean (±sd) noncompartmental pharmacokinetic indices were as follows: cmax (obs) 70.6 ± 14.6 μg/ml, tmax (obs) 2.9 ± 1.5 h, elimination rate constant (kel ) 0.017 ± 0.002/h, elimination half-life (t1/2kel) 41.6 ± 4.7 h, area ...201627212054
prevalence and factors associated with different pathogens of acute diarrhea in adults in beijing, china.only a small proportion of patients with diarrhea are diagnosed with laboratory tests in china, and most are diagnosed based on clinical symptoms. therefore, understanding the prevalence of different diarrheal pathogens and their specific symptoms is important.201627886032
differential localization of chemotactic signaling arrays during the lifecycle of vibrio parahaemolyticus.when encountering new environments or changes to their external milieu, bacteria use elaborate mechanisms to respond accordingly. here, we describe how vibrio parahaemolyticus coordinates two such mechanisms - differentiation and chemotaxis. v. parahaemolyticus differentiates between two distinct cell types: short rod-shaped swimmer cells and highly elongated swarmer cells. we show that the intracellular organization of chemotactic signaling arrays changes according to the differentiation state. ...201627853457
evaluation of medicinal plants and colloidal silver efficiency against vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in litopenaeus vannamei cultured at low salinity.in shrimp aquaculture, reduction in the use of synthetic antibiotics is a priority due to the high incidence of resistant bacteria (vibrio) in the white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei. an increasing number of studies show bactericidal activity of natural treatments in aquaculture. the effectiveness of neem (azadirachta indica) and oregano (lippia berlandieri) aqueous extracts and colloidal silver against v. parahaemolyticus were evaluated in low salinity shrimp culture. results show that aqueous ex ...201627901504
detection and antimicrobial resistance of vibrio isolates in aquaculture environments: implications for public health.the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of vibrio isolates recovered from four different fish pond facilities in benin city, nigeria, determine their antibiogram profiles, and evaluate the public health implications of these findings. fish pond water samples were collected from four sampling sites between march and september 2014. a total of 56 samples were collected and screened for the isolation of vibrio species using standard culture-based methods. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...201626540391
development of a more sensitive and specific chromogenic agar medium for the detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrio species.foodborne infections in the us caused by vibrio species have shown an upward trend. in the genus vibrio, v. parahaemolyticus is responsible for the majority of vibrio-associated infections. thus, accurate differentiation among vibrio spp. and detection of v. parahaemolyticus is critically important to ensure the safety of our food supply. although molecular techniques are increasingly common, culture-depending methods are still routinely done and they are considered standard methods in certain c ...201627911360
inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus unattached and attached to a solid surface in ph-controlled sodium hypochlorite solutions.the inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus cells that were unattached or attached to a polyethylene terephthalate (pet) disc in ph-controlled sodium hypochlorite (naocl) solutions was studied under turbulent conditions. no significant desorption of attached cells occurred at the free available chlorine (fac) concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l. the number of viable cells was estimated by microbial calorimetry. the logarithmic relative reduction of viable cells was proportional to the product of ...201628003634
actin cytoskeleton-modulating t3ss2 effectors and their contribution to the vibrio parahaemolyticus-induced diarrhea.to understand how bacterial pathogens cause diseases is the most important step in order to prevent the infection and develop an effective treatment. however, the past proceeding studies make us aware of quite-complicated interactions between the host and pathogenic bacteria. vibrio parahaemolyticus, a food-born pathogen that is a subject of our study, causes inflammatory diarrhea in human upon ingestion of contaminated raw or undercooked seafood. many virulence factors has been proposed since i ...201627980291
role of non-coding regulatory rna in the virulence of human pathogenic vibrios.in recent decades, the identification of small non-coding rnas in bacteria has revealed an important regulatory mechanism of gene expression involved in the response to environmental signals and to the control of virulence. in the family vibrionaceae, which includes several human and animal pathogens, small non-coding rnas (srnas) are closely related to important processes including metabolism, quorum sensing, virulence, and fitness. studies conducted in silico and experiments using microarrays ...201628123382
first multi-year retrospective study on vibrio parhaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus prevalence in ruditapes philippinarum harvested in sacca di goro, italy.the present work describes a retrospective study aiming to verify a possible correlation between the environmental conditions (temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen), the abundance of vibrio spp., and the prevalence of v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in the manila clam r. philippinarum harvested in sacca di goro, emilia-romagna region, northern italy. on the whole, 104 samples, collected in the period 2007-2015 and submitted to microbiological analyses (isolation and genotyping), have ...201628058248
passive immune-protection of litopenaeus vannamei against vibrio harveyi and vibrio parahaemolyticus infections with anti-vibrio egg yolk (igy)-encapsulated feed.vibrio spp. are major causes of mortality in white shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) which is lacking adaptive immunity. passive immunization with a specific egg yolk antibody (igy) is a potential method for the protection of shrimp against vibriosis. in this study, immune effects of the specific egg yolk powders (igy) against both v. harveyi and v. parahaemolyticus on white shrimp were evaluated. the egg yolk powders against v. harveyi and v. parahaemolyticus for passive immunization of white shrim ...201627196895
molecular detection of the three major pathogenic vibrio species from seafood products and sediments in tunisia using real-time pcr.vibrio spp. have emerged as a serious threat to human health worldwide. v. parahaemolyticus , v. cholerae , and v. vulnificus pose a considerable public health risk in tunisia because they cause sporadic and epidemic foodborne infections associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood. more recently, toxr-positive v. alginolyticus was also reported to be a potential source of contaminated seafood. a total of 247 samples, including 113 fishes ( labrus viridis , penaeus ...201628221954
occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus in the clam ruditapes philippinarum (adams & reeve, 1850) from emilia romagna and sardinia, italy.marine vibrios, vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. cholerae are responsible of the majority of food-borne human infections by consumption of bivalve shellfish. the aim of the present study was to ascertain the occurrence of these bacteria, and their potential pathogenicity, in the manila clam r. philippinarum from emilia romagna (er) and sardinia (sr) regions, italy. isolation was performed on chromagar(tm) vibrio with subculture on (thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose) agar and m- ...201627800436
quantification of vibrio species in oysters from the gulf of mexico with two procedures based on mpn and pcr.oysters can accumulate potentially pathogenic water bacteria. the objective of this study was to compare two procedures to quantify vibrio species present in oysters to determine the most sensitive method. we analyzed oyster samples from the gulf of mexico, commercialized in mexico city. the samples were inoculated in tubes with alkaline peptone water (apw), based on three tubes and four dilutions (10(-1) to 10(-4)). from these tubes, the first quantification of vibrio species was performed (mos ...201627709461
isolation and identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus from prawn (penaeus monodon) seafood: preservation strategies.bacterial diseases are one of the major problems which affects the production, development and expansion of aqua culture. vibrio sp. are widespread in marine and estuarine environments. the several pathogenic species are commonly associated with outbreaks of vibrio species and it is mainly associated with food poisonings. in this research, the occurrence of vibrio sp. was studied by the isolation and it is confirmed by the biochemical methods. the growth rate was studied by changing the differen ...201627457973
host, pathogen and environment: a bacterial gbpa gene expression study in response to magnesium environment and presence of prawn carapace and commercial chitin.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative halophilic bacterium which is found largely in estuarine and coastal waters. the bacteria has been a main focus in gastro-intestinal infections caused primarily due to the consumption of contaminated seafood. it was shown to survive in magnesium concentrations as high as 300 mm which are toxic to various other micro-organisms. several genes of v. parahaemolyticus were studied, among which gbpa (n-acetyl glucosamine binding protein) was reported in vibri ...201627231485
genetic analysis of vibrio parahaemolyticus intestinal colonization.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide and a blight on global aquaculture. this organism requires a horizontally acquired type iii secretion system (t3ss2) to infect the small intestine, but knowledge of additional factors that underlie v. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity is limited. we used transposon-insertion sequencing to screen for genes that contribute to viability of v. parahaemolyticus in vitro and in the mammalian intestine. our analysi ...201627185914
spatiotemporal dynamics of vibrio spp. within the sydney harbour estuary.vibrio are a genus of marine bacteria that have substantial environmental and human health importance, and there is evidence that their impact may be increasing as a consequence of changing environmental conditions. we investigated the abundance and composition of the vibrio community within the sydney harbour estuary, one of the most densely populated coastal areas in australia, and a region currently experiencing rapidly changing environmental conditions. using quantitative pcr (qpcr) and vibr ...201627148171
detection and quantification of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus in coastal waters of guinea-bissau (west africa).v. cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus are recognized human pathogens. although several studies are available worldwide, both on environmental and clinical contexts, little is known about the ecology of these vibrios in african coastal waters. in this study, their co-occurrence and relationships to key environmental constraints in the coastal waters of guinea-bissau were examined using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr) approach. all vibrio species were uni ...201626940502
occurrence and molecular characterisation of vibrio parahaemolyticus in crustaceans commercialised in venice area, italy.infections due to the pathogenic human vibrios, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus, are mainly associated with consumption of raw or partially cooked bivalve molluscs. at present, little is known about the presence of vibrio species in crustaceans and the risk of vibriosis associated with the consumption of these products. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and concentration of the main pathogenic vibrio spp. in samples of crustaceans (n=143) ...201626773255
identification of dld, by immunoproteomic analysis and evaluation as a potential vaccine antigen against three vibrio species in epinephelus coioides.vibrio spp. represent a serious threat to the culture of epinephelus coioides (orange-spotted grouper) in southeast asia. in this study we used two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and western blotting to identify common immunogenic proteins of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio harveyi and vibrio parahaemolyticus. membranes were probed with orange-spotted grouper anti-v. alginolyticus sera and accordingly 60, 58 and 48 immunogenic protein spots were detected. by matching analysis for the three west ...201626562319
characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus and its specific phage from shrimp pond in palk strait, south east coast of india.phage therapy is an alternative and eco-friendly biocontrol agent to prevent and control multidrug resistant bacteria in the aquatic system. the aim of this study is to isolate and characterize the vibrio parahaemolyticus and its potential lytic phage from penaeus monodon growing-out by rearing in shrimp ponds in palk strait, south east coast of india. the conventional phenotypic characteristics and molecular identification was confirmed using 16s rrna sequence and to determine the antibiotic re ...201627697363
isolation and characterization of agar-digesting vibrio species from the rotten thallus of gracilariopsis heteroclada zhang et xia.gracilariopsis heteroclada zhang et xia (gracilariaceae, rhodophyta) is one of the most studied marine seaweeds due to its economic importance. this has been cultivated extensively on commercial scale in the philippines and other asian countries. however, sustainable production of g. heteroclada in the philippines could not be maximized due to the occurrence of rotten thallus disease. thus, isolation and characterization of agar-digesting bacteria from the rotten thalli of g. heteroclada was con ...201627285614
effects of methanolic macroalgae extracts from caulerpa sertularioides and ulva lactuca on litopenaeus vannamei survival in the presence of vibrio bacteria.macroalgae are potentially excellent sources of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that are useful for the development of new functional ingredients. this study was conducted to determine whether methanolic extracts from caulerpa sertularioides and ulva lactuca macroalgae might be possible alternatives for the prevention of shrimp vibriosis, which is caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus. macroalgae extracts prepared with methanol as the solvent were evaluated for antiba ...201626915309
identification and function of a novel c1q domain-containing (c1qdc) protein in triangle-shell pearl mussel (hyriopsis cumingii).c1q is the target recognition sequence of the classical complement pathway and a major link that connects innate and acquired immunity. in this study, a c1qdc homolog, hcc1qdc5, from the triangle-shell pearl mussel (hyriopsis cumingii) was identified. the complete nucleotide sequence of hcc1qdc5 cdna consists of a 5'-untranslated terminal region (utr) of 123 bp, a 3'-utr of 105 bp with a poly(a) tail, and an open reading frame (orf) of 1344 bp, which encodes a polypeptide of 447 amino acids. hcc ...201627725260
identification and characterization of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 from litopenaeus vannamei involved in anti-bacterial host defense.lvtak1, a member of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (tak1) families, has been identified from litopenaeus vannamei in this study. the full length of lvtak1 is 2670 bp, including a 2277 bp open reading frame (orf) that encoded a putative protein of 758 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of ∼83.4 kda lvtak1 expression was most abundant in muscles and was up-regulated in gills after lps, vibrio parahaemolyticus, staphylococcus aureus, poly (i:c) and wssv challenge. both ...201627033469
role of transglutaminase in immune defense against bacterial pathogens via regulation of antimicrobial peptides.transglutaminase (tgase) is critical for blood coagulation, a conserved immunological defense mechanism among invertebrates. here, a 3248-bp (full-length) tgase cdna in eriocheir sinensis (estgase) was cloned, with a 2274-bp open reading frame (orf) encoding a 757 amino acid protein containing two transglut domains, one tgase/protease-like homolog domain and a kgd (lys-gly-asp) motif. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that estgase appeared earlier in evolution compared with tgases of other crus ...201626464201
a centrifugal direct recombinase polymerase amplification (direct-rpa) microdevice for multiplex and real-time identification of food poisoning bacteria.in this study, we developed a centrifugal direct recombinase polymerase amplification (direct-rpa) microdevice for multiplex and real-time identification of food poisoning bacteria contaminated milk samples. the microdevice was designed to contain identical triplicate functional units and each unit has four reaction chambers, thereby making it possible to perform twelve direct-rpa reactions simultaneously. the integrated microdevice consisted of two layers: rpa reagents were injected in the top ...201627216297
exse is a negative regulator for t3ss gene expression in vibrio alginolyticus.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) contribute to microbial pathogenesis of vibrio species, but the regulatory mechanisms are complex. we determined if the classic exsacde protein-protein regulatory model from pseudomonas aeruginosa applies to vibrio alginolyticus. deletion mutants in v. alginolyticus demonstrated that, as expected, the t3ss is positively regulated by exsa and exsc and negatively regulated by exsd and exse. interestingly, deletion of exse enhanced the ability of v. alginolyticus ...201627999769
inhibition of marine vibrio sp. by pyoverdine from pseudomonas aeruginosa pa1.siderophores are low-molecular-weight chemicals that are secreted by many microorganisms to chelate iron from the external environment in order to facilitate their growth and diverse metabolisms. in this study, a fluorescent siderophore, pyoverdine, secreted by pseudomonas aeruginosa pa1 was purified by affinity chromatography using cu-sepharose. pyoverdine was determined to have a molecular mass of 1333.54 da, as determined by maldi-tof/tof, and belong to type i pyoverdine, as determined by pcr ...201626476308
lipopolysaccharide and beta-1, 3-glucan binding protein (lgbp) stimulates prophenoloxidase activating system in chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis).melanization mediated by prophenoloxidase (propo) activating system play an essential role in killing invading microorganisms in invertebrates. lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein (lgbp) as a pattern recognition protein have been demonstrated to active the propo cascade in insect and shrimp. in this study, we investigated the role of lgbp in prophenoloxidase cascade-induced melanization in chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis). by rt-pcr analysis, eslgbp was detected in all t ...201626995767
mkk6 from pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei is responsive to bacterial and wssv infection.p38 mitogen-actived protein kinases (mapks) broadly exist from yeast to mammals and participate in diverse cellular responses to various stimuli, whose activation can be induced by the mapk kinase 6 (mkk6). in this study, a novel mkk6 homolog from litopenaeus vannamei (lvmkk6) was cloned and characterized. the transcript of lvmkk6 was 1465bp long with an open reading frame (orf) of 987bp that encoded a polypeptide of 328 amino acids. lvmkk6 was a both cytoplasmic- and nuclear-localized protein a ...201626745320
identification, expression, and innate immune responses of two insulin-like peptide genes in the razor clam sinonovacula constricta.insulin-like peptide (ilp) has emerged as a cell regulatory factor with multiple functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. in the present study, we identified and characterized two ilp genes, ilp1 and ilp2, in the razor clam sinonovacula constricta. both ilps have a signal peptide and a mature domain consisting of six strictly conserved cysteines. the tertiary structure is divided into three main α-helices with a c-domain loop that separates helix 1 from helix 2. both of ilps were found to be ...201626980611
antibacterial efficacy of 405, 460 and 520 nm light emitting diodes on lactobacillus plantarum, staphylococcus aureus and vibrio parahaemolyticus.little information is available on a direct comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of light emitting diode (leds) of different peak wavelengths. thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of leds of three different wavelengths on bacterial inactivation.201626481103
the expression of heterologous mam-7 in lactobacillus rhamnosus reduces its intrinsic capacity to inhibit colonization of pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus in vitro.vibrio parahaemolyticus (v. parahaemolyticus) is a gram-negative, halophilic bacterium recognized as one of the most important foodborne pathogen. when ingested, v. parahaemolyticus causes a self-limiting illness (vibriosis), characterized mainly by watery diarrhoea. treatment is usually oral rehydration and/or antibiotics in complicated cases. since 1996, the pathogenic and pandemic v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6 serotype has spread worldwide, increasing the reported number of vibriosis cases. thus, ...201626739707
analysis of microbiota on abalone (haliotis discus hannai) in south korea for improved product management.abalone is a popular seafood in south korea; however, because it contains various microorganisms, its ingestion can cause food poisoning. therefore, analysis of the microbiota on abalone can improve understanding of outbreaks and causes of food poisoning and help to better manage seafood products. in this study, we collected a total of 40 abalones from four different regions in march and july, which are known as the maximum abalone production areas in korea. the microbiota were analyzed using hi ...201627371902
bacterial and viral pathogens detected in sea turtles stranded along the coast of tuscany, italy.during 2014, six loggerhead turtles, caretta caretta and one green turtle, chelonia mydas, found stranded on the tuscany coast of italy, were examined for the presence of specific bacterial and viral agents, along with their role as carriers of fish and human pathogens. thirteen different species of bacteria, 10 gram negative and 3 gram positive, were identified. among them, two strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus and one strain of lactococcus garviae were recovered and confirmed by specific pcr ...201626931392
survival of foodborne pathogens (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, and vibrio parahaemolyticus) in raw ready-to-eat crab marinated in soy sauce.knowing the survival characteristics of foodborne pathogens in raw ready-to-eat (rte) seafood is the key to predicting whether they pose a microbiological hazard. the present study examined the survival of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, vibrio parahaemoliticus, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus in raw rte crab marinated in soy sauce. inoculated crabs (initial bacterial population=4.1-4.4logcfu/g) were immersed in soy sauce and then stored at refrigeration (5°c) ...201627591386
three novel c1q domain containing proteins from the disk abalone haliotis discus discus: genomic organization and analysis of the transcriptional changes in response to bacterial pathogens.the globular c1q (gc1q) domain containing proteins, commonly referred as c1q domain containing (c1qdc) proteins, are an essential family of proteins involved in various innate immune responses. in this study, three novel c1qdc proteins were identified from the disk abalone (haliotis discus discus) transcriptome database and designated as abc1qdc1, abc1qdc2, and abc1qdc3. the cdna sequences of abc1qdc1, abc1qdc2, and abc1qdc3 consisted of 807, 1305, and 660 bp open reading frames (orfs) encoding ...201627417231
fully automated and colorimetric foodborne pathogen detection on an integrated centrifugal microfluidic device.this work describes fully automated and colorimetric foodborne pathogen detection on an integrated centrifugal microfluidic device, which is called a lab-on-a-disc. all the processes for molecular diagnostics including dna extraction and purification, dna amplification and amplicon detection were integrated on a single disc. silica microbeads incorporated in the disc enabled extraction and purification of bacterial genomic dna from bacteria-contaminated milk samples. we targeted four kinds of fo ...201627112702
a molluscan calreticulin ortholog from haliotis discus discus: molecular characterization and transcriptional evidence for its role in host immunity.calreticulin (calr), a ca(2+) binding chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and mainly involved in ca(2+) storage and signaling. in this study, we report the molecular characterization and immune responses of calr homolog from disk abalone (abcalr). the full length abcalr cdna (1837 bp) had an orf of 1224 bp. according to the multiple alignments analysis, n- and p-domains were highly conserved in all the selected members of calrs. in contrast, the c-domain which terminated with the charact ...201627086846
acidic electrolyzed water as a novel transmitting medium for high hydrostatic pressure reduction of bacterial loads on shelled fresh shrimp.acidic electrolyzed water (aew), a novel non-thermal sterilization technology, is widely used in the food industry. in this study, we firstly investigated the effect of aew as a new pressure transmitting medium for high hydrostatic pressure (aew-hhp) processing on microorganisms inactivation on shelled fresh shrimp. the optimal conditions of aew-hhp for vibrio parahaemolyticus inactivation on sterile shelled fresh shrimp were obtained using response surface methodology: nacl concentration to ele ...201627014228
dna shuffling approach for recombinant polyvalent ompas against v. alginolyticus and e. tarda infections.molecular breeding via dna shuffling directs the evolution of vaccines with desired traits. in the present study, polyvalent ompa vaccines were generated by dna shuffling of five ompa genes from four species of bacteria vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. alginolyticus, edwardsiella tarda and escherichia coli. first, a new hybrid ompa was constructed using va0764 primers and used for construction of a prokaryotic expressing library pompas-fv containing 84 ompas, which were validated by pcr and sds/page. ...201627697557
construction and immune protection evaluation of recombinant polyvalent ompas derived from genetically divergent ompa by dna shuffling.a wide variety of bacterial infections is a major challenge in aquaculture. development of polyvalent vaccines that can fight against as many pathogens as possible is especially necessary. the present study uses dna shuffling to create a new hybrid ompa with improved cross-protection against vibrio alginolyticus and edwardsiella tarda through the recombination of six ompa genes from vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. alginolyticus, e. tarda and escherichia coli. out of the 43 recombinant chimeras genes ...201626707781
complete genome of vibrio parahaemolyticus forc014 isolated from the toothfish.foodborne illness can occur due to various pathogenic bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and vibrio parahaemolyticus, and can cause severe gastroenteritis symptoms. in this study, we completed the genome sequence of a foodborne pathogen v. parahaemolyticus forc_014, which was isolated from suspected contaminated toothfish from south korea. additionally, we extended our knowledge of genomic characteristics of the forc_014 strain through comparative analysis using the complet ...201627891183
characterization of chemically-induced bacterial ghosts (bgs) using sodium hydroxide-induced vibrio parahaemolyticus ghosts (vpgs).acellular bacterial ghosts (bgs) are empty non-living bacterial cell envelopes, commonly generated by controlled expression of the cloned lysis gene e of bacteriophage phix174. in this study, vibrio parahaemolyticus ghosts (vpgs) were generated by chemically-induced lysis and the method is based on minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of sodium hydroxide (naoh), acetic acid, boric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid. the mic values of the respective chemicals w ...201627854308
evidences of abundant hemocyanin variants in shrimp litopenaeus vannamei.hemocyanin (hmc) is a multifunctional immune molecule present in mollusks and arthropods and functions as an important antigen non-specific immune protein. our previous evidences demonstrated that litopenaeus vannamei hmc might display extensive molecular diversities. in this study, bioinformatics analysis showed dozens of variant sequences of the hmc subunit with higher molecular weight from l. vannamei (lvhmc). three variant fragments, named as lvhmcv1-3, which shared 85-99% nucleotide identit ...201627497189
[gene deletion and functional analysis of the heptyl glycosyltransferase (waaf) gene in vibrio parahemolyticus o-antigen cluster].to construct heptyl glycosyltransferase gene ii (waaf) gene deletion mutant of vibrio parahaemolyticus, and explore the function of the waaf gene in vibrio parahaemolyticus.201627373077
prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from childhood diarrhea in beijing, china (2010-2014).diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age worldwide, and its causes vary by region. this study aimed to determine the etiologic spectrum, prevalent characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of common enteropathogenic bacteria from diarrheagenic children in beijing, the capital of china.201627303446
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