Publications

bacterial load of fresh vegetables and their resistance to the currently used antibiotics in saudi arabia.	abstract this study was carried out to describe the bacterial load and the occurrence of some disease-causing enteric bacteria on raw vegetables sold in saudi markets. the study further aimed to analyze antibiotic resistance rates, production of extended-spectrum beta lactamase, and plasmid carriage among bacterial population of raw vegetables. results revealed that none of them contained bacillus cereus, salmonella, and escherichia coli o157:h7. however, staphylococcus aureus and shigella were ...	2011	21612423
a novel compound from the marine bacterium bacillus pumilus s6-15 inhibits biofilm formation in gram-positive and gram-negative species.	biofilm formation is a critical problem in nosocomial infections and in the aquaculture industries and biofilms show high resistance to antibiotics. the aim of the present study was to reveal a novel anti-biofilm compound from marine bacteria against antibiotic resistant gram-positive and gram-negative biofilms. the bacterial extract (50 μg ml(-1)) of s6-01 (bacillus indicus = mtcc 5559) showed 80-90% biofilm inhibition against escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, proteus mirabilis and s6-15 (ba ...	2011	21614700
prevalence of the plasmid mediated quinolone resistance determinants among clinical isolates of shigella sp. in andaman & nicobar islands, india.	aims: the present study was carried out to find the prevalence of various plasmid mediated quinolone resistant (pmqr) determinants among the quinolone resistant clinical isolates of shigella sp. from pediatric patients in andaman & nicobar islands. methods and results: a total of 106 quinolone resistant shigella isolates obtained from pediatric patients during hospital based surveillance from january 2003 to june 2010 were screened for the presence of various pmqr determinants. out of 106 isol ...	2011	21615433
complete (1)h and (13)c nmr chemical shift assignments of mono-, di-, and trisaccharides as basis for nmr chemical shift predictions of polysaccharides using the computer program casper.	the computer program casper uses (1)h and (13)c nmr chemical shift data of mono- to trisaccharides for the prediction of chemical shifts of oligo- and polysaccharides. in order to improve the quality of these predictions the (1)h and (13)c, as well as (31)p when applicable, nmr chemical shifts of 30 mono-, di-, and trisaccharides were assigned. the reducing sugars gave two distinct sets of nmr resonances due to the α- and β-anomeric forms. in total 35 (1)h and (13)c nmr chemical shift data sets ...	2011	21621752
synthesis, characterization and biological properties of thienyl derived triazole schiff bases and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes.	a new series of biologically active thienyl derived triazole schiff bases and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of physical (m.p., magnetic susceptibility and conductivity), spectral (ir, (1)h and (13)c nmr, electronic and mass spectrometry) and microanalytical data. all the schiff base ligands and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes have been subjected to in vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, shigella flexner ...	2011	21635212
structure-guided investigation of lipopolysaccharide o-antigen chain length regulators reveals regions critical for modal length control.	the o-antigen component of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) represents a population of polysaccharide molecules with a non-random (modal) chain length distribution. the number of the repeat o-units in each individual o-antigen polymer depends on the wzz chain-length regulator, an inner membrane protein belonging to the polysaccharide co-polymerase (pcps) family. different wzz proteins confer vastly different ranges of modal lengths (4 to >100 repeat units) despite having remarkably conserved structu ...	2011	21642455
production of bioactive sheep β-defensin-1 in pichia pastoris.	previous research has shown that sheep β-defensin-1 (sbd-1), a small cationic peptide with a broad range of antimicrobial activities, could inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as that of fungi. in order to increase the yield of current ovine defensin purification methods, mature sbd-1 (msbd-1) was added with a 6-his tag on the c-terminus (msbd-1-t) and expressed in pichia pastoris in the presented work. the msbd-1 and msbd-1-t were expressed in the pichia ...	2011	21643707
p62 and ndp52 target intracytosolic shigella and listeria to different autophagy pathways.	autophagy is an important mechanism of innate immune defense. we have recently shown that autophagy components are recruited with septins, a new and increasingly characterized cytoskeleton component, to intracytosolic shigella that have started to polymerize actin. on the other hand, intracytosolic listeria avoids autophagy recognition by expressing acta, a bacterial effector required for actin polymerization. here we exploit shigella and listeria as intracytosolic tools to characterize differen ...	2011	21646350
bacteriophage-encoding cytolethal distending toxin type-v gene induced from non-clinical escherichia coli isolates.	cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is produced by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, including pathogenic serotypes of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). the cdt family comprises five variants (cdt-i to cdt-v) encoded by three genes located within the chromosome, plasmids or, in the case of cdt-i, within bacteriophages. in this study we evaluated the occurrence of cdt in a collection of 140 environmental stec isolates. cdt was detected in 12.1% of strains, of which five strains carried ...	2011	21646456
development of multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification-rflp (mlamp-rflp) to detect salmonella spp. and shigella spp. in milk.	a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification-rflp (mlamp-rflp) was developed and validated for simultaneous detection of salmonella strains and shigella strains in milk. in this system, two sets of lamp primers were designed to specifically target inva of salmonella spp. and ipah of shigella spp. under isothermal conditions at 63 °c, ladder pattern of dna bands could be amplified within 60 min in the presence of genomic dnas of salmonella strains and shigella strains, which could be distin ...	2011	21652102
gisul2, a genomic island carrying the sul2 sulphonamide resistance gene and the small mobile element cr2 found in the enterobacter cloacae subspecies cloacae type strain atcc 13047 from 1890, shigella flexneri atcc 700930 from 1954 and acinetobacter baumannii atcc 17978 from 1951.		2011	21653606
a 9-year study of shigellosis in northeast malaysia: antimicrobial susceptibility and shifting species dominance.	aims: in malaysia, shigella spp. is the third most common bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella spp. isolated from patients admitted to the hospital universiti sains malaysia from january 2001 to december 2009. subjects and methods: a hospital-based retrospective study was used. stool samples from patients were cultured using a standard culture method. shigella spp. isolates ...	2011	21654922
modulation of connexin signaling by bacterial pathogens and their toxins.	inherent to their pivotal tasks in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, gap junctions, connexin hemichannels, and pannexin hemichannels are frequently involved in the dysregulation of this critical balance. the present paper specifically focuses on their roles in bacterial infection and disease. in particular, the reported biological outcome of clinically important bacteria including escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica, helicobacter pylori, bordetella pertussis, aggr ...	2011	21656255
genetic characteristics and changing antimicrobial resistance among shigella spp isolated from hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in kolkata, india.	to study the prevalence pattern and trends in the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of shigellae, we tested 212 isolates isolated from diarrhoeal patients admitted at the infectious diseases hospital, kolkata, india from november 2007 to october 2009. prevalence of shigella spp was more in more than 5 years age group (69%) than the children >5 years age group (31%). serotypes 2a, 3a and untypable isolates of the subtype s. flexneri were frequently detected. increase in the isolation of s. s ...	2011	21659504
vital signs: incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 u.s. sites, 1996-2010.	in the united states, contaminated food causes approximately 1,000 reported disease outbreaks and an estimated 48 million illnesses, 128,000	2011	21659984
shigella gets captured to gain entry.	the type iii secretion system-dependent epithelial invasion and dissemination of shigella is stimulated by atp released through hemichannels. romero et┬áal. (2011) show that prior to epithelial contact, shigella is captured by nanometer-thin micropodial extensions at a distance from the cell surface, in a process involving atp and connexin-mediated signaling.	2011	21669393
atp-mediated erk1/2 activation stimulates bacterial capture by filopodia, which precedes shigella invasion of epithelial cells.	shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery in-áhumans, invades epithelial cells, using a type iii secretory system (t3ss) to inject bacterial effectors into host cells and remodel the actin cytoskeleton. atp released through connexin hemichanels on the epithelial membrane stimulates shigella invasion and dissemination in epithelial cells. here, we show that prior to contact with the cell body, shigella is captured by nanometer-thin micropodial extensions (nmes) at a distance from the c ...	2011	21669399
deaths associated with bacterial pathogens transmitted commonly through food: foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet), 1996-2005.	foodborne diseases are typically mild and self-limiting but can cause severe illness and death. we describe the epidemiology of deaths associated with bacterial pathogens using data from the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet) in the united states.	2011	21673037
phenylbutyrate counteracts shigella mediated downregulation of cathelicidin in rabbit lung and intestinal epithelia: a potential therapeutic strategy.	cathelicidins and defensins are endogenous antimicrobial peptides (amps) that are downregulated in the mucosal epithelia of the large intestine in shigellosis. oral treatment of shigella infected rabbits with sodium butyrate (nab) reduces clinical severity and counteracts the downregulation of cathelicidin (cap-18) in the large intestinal epithelia.	2011	21673991
analysis of distribution and significance of simple sequence repeats in enteric bacteria shigella dysenteriae sd197.	we have explored the possible role of ssr density in genome to generate biological information. in our study, we have checked the ssr (simple sequence repeats) status in virulent and non virulent genes of enteric bacteria to see whether the ssrs distribution contributes to virulence. the genome, plasmid and virulent genes sequences in fasta format were downloaded from ncbi genbank and vfdb. the sequences were subjected to ssr analysis using software tool ssr.exe. the resulting data was pasted in ...	2011	21814393
the future is cold: cryo-preparation methods for transmission electron microscopy of cells.	our knowledge of the organization of the cell is linked, to a great extent, to light and electron microscopy. choosing either photons or electrons for imaging has many consequences on the image obtained, as well as on the experiment required in order to generate the image. one apparent effect on the experimental side is in the sample preparation, which can be quite elaborate for electron microscopy. in recent years, rapid freezing, cryo-preparation and cryo-electron microscopy have been more wid ...	2011	21812762
a live noninvasive shigella dysenteriae 1 strain induces homologous protective immunity in a guinea pig colitis model.	a noninvasive live transconjugant shigella hybrid (ltsh?stx) strain was constructed from a shiga toxin gene deleted mutant of shigella dysenteriae 1 by introducing a plasmid vector ppr1347 that carried a lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene (rfb and rfc) of salmonella typhimurium. in guinea pigs, four successive oral administrations of ltsh?stx showed complete protection against rectal challenge with wild type s. dysenteriae 1 strain. exponential increase of the serum igg and iga titer against l ...	2011	21806676
[waterborne outbreak of shigella sonnei caused by consumption of public supply water.]	objective: to investigate a waterborne outbreak in the population of valència d'àneu (lleida, spain). methods: a cohort study of consumption of mains water, bottled water and spring water was carried out. the sample was obtained by telephone contact with all private numbers in the municipality. we surveyed 58.3% of the population census (105/180) for water consumption, number of glasses drunk daily and symptoms. the water supply in the municipal system was sampled, and the presence of enterobact ...	2011	21802793
physical, chemical and microbiological quality of ice used to cool drinks and foods in greece and its public health implications.	ice used for direct human consumption or to preserve foods and cool down drinks can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and may potentially become a vehicle for consumer's infection. to evaluate physical, chemical and microbiological quality of commercial ice and ice used for fish and seafood, 100 ice samples collected at 10 different retail points in the region of epirus were studied. the following microbiological parameters were determined: total coliforms, fecal coliforms, salmonel ...	2011	21802520
the role of tecpr1 in selective autophagy as a cargo receptor.	bacterial intrusion of host cells can be recognized by the innate immune system, including autophagy, via multiple cellular pathways. we have identified tecpr1 as an atg5-binding partner, and found that tecpr1 interacts with the atg12-atg5-atg16l1 complex via binding to atg5. in shigella infected cells, tecpr1 colocalizes with atg5 and lc3 at shigella-containing phagophores. tecpr1 activity is required for efficient autophagy to target bacteria, but a deficiency of tecpr1 in host cells does not ...	2011	21795850
synthesis and studies of novel 2-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethylphenyl amino)-4-(quinoline-4-yloxy)-6-(piperazinyl/piperidinyl)-s-triazines as potential antimicrobial, antimycobacterial and anticancer agents.	a series of novel s-triazine analogs were synthesized and characterized by ir, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, (19)f nmr spectroscopy and elemental analysis. preliminary screening of target compounds against eight bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi, proteus vulgaris, shigella flexneria), four fungi (aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus clavatus, candida albicans) and mycobacterium tuberculosis ...	2011	21794959
multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.	clin microbiol infect abstract: many different definitions for multidrug-resistant (mdr), extensively drug-resistant (xdr) and pandrug-resistant (pdr) bacteria are being used in the medical literature to characterize the different patterns of resistance found in healthcare-associated, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. a group of international experts came together through a joint initiative by the european centre for disease prevention and control (ecdc) and the centers for disease control and p ...	2011	21793988
use of pyrosequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to examine the effects of probiotics and essential oil blends on digestive microflora in broilers under mixed eimeria infection.	abstract a protective digestive microflora helps prevent and reduce broiler infection and colonization by enteropathogens. in the current experiment, broilers fed diets supplemented with probiotics and essential oil (eo) blends were infected with a standard mixed eimeria spp. to determine effects of performance enhancers on ileal and cecal microbial communities (mcs). eight treatment groups included four controls (uninfected-unmedicated [uu], unmedicated-infected, the antibiotic bmd plus the ion ...	2011	21793655
regulating iron storage and metabolism with rna: an overview of posttranscriptional controls of intracellular iron homeostasis.	iron (fe) is a double-edged sword for most living organisms. although it is essential for the catalytic activity of a large number of enzymes, ferrous iron (fe(2+) ) becomes cytotoxic in the presence of normal respiratory by-products such as h(2) o(2) . because of this toxicity, intracellular iron concentrations ought to be regulated by elaborated homeostasis systems that, despite decades of extensive studies, have not yet revealed all of their surprising arrays of mechanistic details. within th ...	2011	21793218
the vibrio cholerae vctpdgc system transports catechol siderophores and a siderophore-free iron ligand.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has an absolute requirement for iron. it transports the catechol siderophores vibriobactin, which it synthesizes and secretes, and enterobactin. these siderophores are transported across the inner membrane by one of two periplasmic binding protein-dependent abc transporters, vctpdgc or viupdgc. we show here that one of these inner membrane transport systems, vctpdgc, also promotes iron acquisition in the absence of siderophores. plasmids carrying ...	2011	21790806
safety, and immunogenicity of an intranasal shigella flexneri 2a invaplex 50 vaccine.	background: shigella flexneri 2a invaplex 50 is a nasally delivered subunit vaccine consisting of a macromolecular complex composed of lps, ipab, ipac and ipad. the current study examined vaccine safety and immunogenicity across a dose range and the clinical performance of a new intranasal delivery device. methods: volunteers (n=36) were randomized to receive vaccine via the dolphin™ (valois of america, congers, new york) intranasal spray device at one of three doses (240, 480, and 690µg) on day ...	2011	21787825
pathogenic bacteria prime the induction of toll-like receptor signalling in human colonic cells by the gal/galnac lectin carbohydrate recognition domain of entamoebahistolytica.	in mixed intestinal infections with entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and enteropathogenic bacteria, which are wide-spread in areas of endemic amebiasis, interaction between the pathogens could be an important factor in the occurrence of invasive disease. it has been reported that exposure of human colonic cells to enteropathogenic bacteria increased trophozoite adherence to the cells and their subsequent damage. we report here that the carbohydrate recognition domain (crd) of the amebic gal/ga ...	2011	21787776
rodz regulates the post-transcriptional processing of the shigella sonnei type iii secretion system.	the expression of the type iii secretion system-a main determinant of virulence in shigella-is controlled by regulator cascades virf-inve (virb) and cpxar two-component system. a screen for mutants that restore virulence in the cpxa background led to the isolation of a mutant of rodz, a cytoskeletal protein that maintains the rod-shaped morphology of bacilli. inve is normally repressed at 30 °c because of decreased messenger rna (mrna) stability, but rodz mutants markedly increase inve-mrna stab ...	2011	21779005
multi-functional characteristics of the pseudomonas aeruginosa type iii needle-tip protein, pcrv; comparison to orthologs in other gram-negative bacteria.	pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to intoxicate host cells and evade innate immunity. this virulence-related machinery consists of a molecular syringe and needle assembled on the bacterial surface, which allows delivery of t3 effector proteins into infected cells. to accomplish a one-step effector translocation, a tip protein is required at the top end of the t3 needle structure. strains lacking expression of the functional tip protein fail to intoxicate host ce ...	2011	21772833
anti-enteric bacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of the seed kernel extract of mangifera indica linnaeus against shigella dysenteriae (shiga, corrig.) castellani and chalmers.	to evaluate the phytochemical and anti-bacterial efficacy of the seed kernel extract of mangifera indica (m. indica) against the enteropathogen, shigella dysenteriae (s. dysenteriae), isolated from the diarrhoeal stool specimens.	2011	21771473
serine protease autotransporters from shigella flexneri and pathogenic escherichia coli target a broad range of leukocyte glycoproteins.	the serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates) are secreted by pathogenic gram-negative bacteria through the autotransporter pathway. we previously classified spate proteins into two classes: cytotoxic (class 1) and noncytotoxic (class 2). here, we show that pic, a class 2 spate protein produced by shigella flexneri 2a, uropathogenic and enteroaggregative escherichia coli strains, targets a broad range of human leukocyte adhesion proteins. substrate specificity was restricte ...	2011	21768350
antimicrobial resistance pattern of shigella species over five years at a tertiary-care teaching hospital in north india.		2011	21766566
molecular identification of bacteria by total sequence screening: determining the cause of death in ancient human subjects.	research of ancient pathogens in ancient human skeletons has been mainly carried out on the basis of one essential historical or archaeological observation, permitting specific pathogens to be targeted. detection of ancient human pathogens without such evidence is more difficult, since the quantity and quality of ancient dna, as well as the environmental bacteria potentially present in the sample, limit the analyses possible. using human lung tissue and/or teeth samples from burials in eastern s ...	2011	21765907
rapid concentration and molecular enrichment approach for sensitive detection of escherichia coli/shigella in potable water samples.	in this work, we used a rapid, simple, and efficient concentration and recovery procedure combined with a dna enrichment method (dubbed crename), that we coupled to an escherichia coli/shigella-specific real-time pcr (rtpcr) assay targeting the tuf gene, to sensitively detect e. coli/shigella in water. this integrated method was compared to the usepa culture-based method 1604 on mi agar in terms of analytical specificity, ubiquity, detection limit, and rapidity. none of the 179 non-e. coli/shige ...	2011	21764965
burden of rotavirus and other enteropathogens among children with diarrhea in burkina faso.	objective: there is limited information available regarding the etiology of gastrointestinal infections in burkina faso. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of enteric pathogens causing gastroenteritis in young children, with a focus on rotavirus, and to investigate the levels of malnutrition and other clinical factors in association with the severity of diarrhea. methods: a prospective study was undertaken from may 2009 to march 2010, covering the rainy and ...	2011	21763172
shigella are versatile mucosal pathogens that circumvent the host innate immune system.	the intestinal mucosa is equipped with multiple innate immune defense systems that sense bacterial infection, transmit alarm signals to the immune system, defeat intruding bacteria, and renew damaged and aging epithelial cells. nevertheless, mucosal bacterial pathogens have versatile pathogenic mechanisms that modulate the host inflammatory and immune responses, manipulate host cell death and survival signal pathways, and renovate the injured epithelium. these properties enable pathogens to adap ...	2011	21763117
lipopolysaccharide core structures and their correlation with genetic groupings of shigella strains; a novel core variant in shigella boydii type 16.	bacteria shigella, the cause of shigellosis, evolved from intestinal bacteria escherichia coli. based on structurally diverse o-specific polysaccharide chains of the lipopolysaccharides (o-antigens), three from four shigella species are subdivided into multiple serotypes. the central oligosaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide called core is usually conserved within genus but five core types called r1-r4 and k-12 have been recognized in e. coli. structural data on the shigella core are limited to ...	2011	21752864
shiga toxins induce autophagy leading to differential signalling pathways in toxin-sensitive and toxin-resistant human cells.	the bacterial virulence factors shiga toxins (stxs) are expressed by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and certain escherichia coli strains. stxs are protein synthesis inhibitors and induce apoptosis in many cell types. stxs induce apoptosis via prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling to activate both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in human myeloid cells. studies have shown that autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process, may be associated with activation of pro-survival or deat ...	2011	21722286
structural characterization and membrane localization of exsb from the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that employs a finely tuned type iii secretion system (t3ss) to inject toxins directly into the cytoplasm of target cells. exsb is a 15.6-kda protein encoded in a t3ss transcription regulation operon that displays high sequence similarity to yscw, a lipoprotein from yersinia spp. whose genetic neighborhood also involves a transcriptional regulator, and has been shown to play a role in the stabilization of the outer membrane ring of the t3 ...	2011	21839744
molecular characterization of fecal microbiota in patients with viral diarrhea.	the study provides molecular analyses of fecal microbiota of diarrhea patients infected with four different types of viruses. fecal specimens from 52 patients with viral diarrhea (13 each of adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus) and six healthy individuals were collected and etiological viral agent was confirmed by enzyme immunoassay and specific pcr. to assess the changes in microbial diversity in patients with viral diarrhea, dna from stool were extracted and characterized by pcr-d ...	2011	21739252
the effect of quercus castaneifolia extract on pathogenic enteric bacteria.	the family of enterobacteriaceae is a major group of gram negative bacteria, some of these microorganisms are pathogen and could cause disease mainly gastroenteritis. recently, due to drug resistant nature of these bacteria specially in developing countries treatment of the patient considered as important investigate. quercus castaneifolia is a native plant of yasuj province in iran, which the people who living in this area consume the fruit of this plant for treatment of enteric disease. hence, ...	2011	21827865
viral-associated thrombotic microangiopathies.	thrombotic microangiopathies encompass a group of disorders characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia associated with hyaline thrombi (comprised primarily of platelet aggregates in the microcirculation), and varying degrees of end-organ failure. many primary (genetic) and secondary etiological predisposing factors have been described-namely pregnancy, autoimmune disorders, cancer, drugs and antineoplastic therapy, bone marrow transplantation/solid organ transplantation ...	2011	21727765
acquired antibiotic resistance: are we born with it?	the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance (ar) is a major public health concern. recent findings on the prevalence of foodborne antibiotic resistant (art) commensal bacteria in ready-to-consume food products suggested that daily food consumption likely serves as a major avenue for disseminating art bacteria from the food chain to the human hosts. to properly assess the impact of various factors including the food chain on ar development in hosts, it is important to determine the baseline of a ...	2011	21821748
single nucleotide polymorphism (snp)-based differentiation of shigella isolates by pyrosequencing.	analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) is an important genetic tool that provides molecular markers for rapid differentiation of closely related strains. we have applied snp discovery and analysis for distinguishing each of the four shigella serogroups (boydii, dysenteriae, flexneri, and sonnei) and for discriminating individual strains within the same serogroup by using 24 snps selected from nine genes. five snps were identified from sequence analysis of two housekeeping genes (gapa ...	2011	21839856
outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella flexneri 2a, induces protective immune response in a mouse model.	in our earlier studies 34 kda outer membrane protein (omp) of shigella flexneri 2a has been identified as an efficient immunostimulant.	2011	21818362
studies on the activity of cyperus rotundus linn. tubers against infectious diarrhea.	to study the antidiarrheal activity of the decoction of cyperus rotundus linn. tubers using representative assays of diarrheal pathogenesis and understand its mechanism of action.antibacterial, antigiardial and antirotaviral activities were studied. effect on adherence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and invasion of enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) and shigella flexneri to hep-2 cells was evaluated as a measure of effect on colonization. effect on enterotoxins such as enterotoxigenic e. ...	2011	21713044
epidemiology of food-borne disease outbreaks in the french armed forces: a review of investigations conducted from 1999 to 2009.	objective: aim of this study was to describe the main characteristics of food-borne disease outbreaks (fbdos) in the french armed forces from 1999 to 2009. methods: fbdos are reported to the military epidemiological surveillance system, which concerns all active military personnel. investigation reports published from 1999 to 2009 were reviewed. results: among the 180 fbdos reported, 48.3% occurred overseas. the mean reporting rate was 2.4 outbreaks p.100,000 in france and 26.7 p.100,000 oversea ...	2011	21840337
recovery and characterization of environmental variants of shigella flexneri from surface water in bangladesh.	little is known about the distribution, survival, and transmission of shigella in environmental surface waters. to gain more insight into the environmental biology of shigella we isolated five bacterial strains serotyped as shigella flexneri 2b from a freshwater lake in bangladesh using a modified nutrient broth supplemented with nucleic acid bases. the biochemical properties of the isolates, including inability to ferment lactose and a negative lysine decarboxylase test, indicated common physio ...	2011	21826486
antimicrobial activity of gynostemma pentaphyllum extracts against fungi producing aflatoxin and fumonisin and bacteria causing diarrheal disease.	gynostemma pentaphyllum was investigated to determine its antimicrobial activities against human.and animal pathogens that produce aflatoxin, fumonisin, and diarrheal disease. the fungi were aspergillusflavus, aspergillus parasiticus and fusarium verticillioides. the bacteria were vibrio, salmonella, shigella, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. g. pentaphyllum was extracted by five different methods. the obtained extracts were designated extracts a, b, c, d and e. the results of the ant ...	2011	21706950
a new class of 2-(4-cyanophenyl amino)-4-(6-bromo-4-quinolinyloxy)-6-piperazinyl (piperidinyl)-1,3,5-triazine analogues with antimicrobial/antimycobacterial activity.	this study presents the synthesis and in vitro pharmacological evaluations of novel 2-(4-cyanophenyl amino)-4-(6-bromo-4-quinolinyloxy)-6-piperazinyl (piperidinyl)-1,3,5-triazines. the title compounds were assayed for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against eight bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi, proteus vulgaris, shigella flexneria) and four fungi (aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, a ...	2011	21740100
multi-pathogen waterborne disease outbreak associated with a dinner cruise on lake michigan.	summarywe report an outbreak associated with a dinner cruise on lake michigan. this took place on the same day as heavy rainfall, which resulted in 42-à4 billion liters of rainwater and storm runoff containing highly diluted sewage being released into the lake. of 72 cruise participants, 41 (57%) reported gastroenteritis. stool specimens were positive for shigella sonnei (n=3), giardia (n=3), and cryptosporidium (n=2). ice consumption was associated with illness (risk ratio 2-à2, p=0-à011). s. s ...	2011	21676362
structural and functional studies on the n-terminal domain of the shigella type iii secretion protein mxig.	mxig is a single-pass membrane protein that oligomerizes within the inner membrane ring of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system (t3ss). the mxig n-terminal domain (mxig-n) is the predominant cytoplasmic structure; however, its role in t3ss assembly and secretion is largely uncharacterized. we have determined the solution structure of mxig-n residues 6-112 (mxig-n(6-112)), representing the first published structure of this t3ss domain. the structure shows strong structural homology to ...	2011	21733840
physicochemical and microbiological assessment of recreational and drinking waters.	the present study was aimed to make an assessment of health risk due to pollution and human pathogenic bacteria associated with the recreational and drinking water sources in twin densely populated holy indian cities ayodhya and faizabad. though physicochemical studies revealed that the water available in the area is under recommended limits for human use, it is unsafe on account of poor microbiological quality of surface and ground water in the region. the most probable number (mpn) test result ...	2011	21713494
a multi-center randomized trial to assess the efficacy of gatifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of shigellosis in vietnamese children.	the bacterial genus shigella is the leading cause of dysentery. there have been significant increases in the proportion of shigella isolated that demonstrate resistance to nalidixic acid. while nalidixic acid is no longer considered as a therapeutic agent for shigellosis, the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin is the current recommendation of the world health organization. resistance to nalidixic acid is a marker of reduced susceptibility to older generation fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. w ...	2011	21829747
a multifactor regulatory circuit involving h-ns, virf and an antisense rna modulates transcription of the virulence gene icsa of shigella flexneri.	the icsa gene of shigella encodes a structural protein involved in colonization of the intestinal mucosa by bacteria. this gene is expressed upon invasion of the host and is controlled by a complex regulatory circuit involving the nucleoid protein h-ns, the arac-like transcriptional activator virf, and a 450ôçënt antisense rna (rnag) acting as transcriptional attenuator. we investigated on the interplay of these factors at the molecular level. dnase i footprints reveal that both h-ns and virf bi ...	2011	21724612
the rickettsia surface cell antigen 4 applies mimicry to bind to and activate vinculin.	pathogenic rickettsiae species cause high morbidity and mortality, especially r. prowazekii the causative agent of typhus. like many intracellular pathogens, rickettsiae exploit the cytoskeleton to enter and spread within the host cell. here we report that the cell surface antigen sca4 of rickettsiae colocalizes with vinculin in cells at sites of focal adhesions, and that sca4 binds to and activates vinculin through two vinculin binding sites (vbss) that are conserved across all rickettsia. rema ...	2011	21841197
epidemiology and molecular mechanism of integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in shigella.	integrons are gene capture and expression systems that are characterized by the presence of an integrase gene. this encodes an integrase, a recombined site, and a promoter. they are able to capture gene cassettes from the environment and incorporate them using site-specific recombination. the role of integrons and gene cassettes in the dissemination of multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria is significant. in shigella species, antimicrobial resistance is often associated with the presenc ...	2011	21842348
antibacterial dimeric copper(ii) complexes with chromone-derived compounds.	a new series of six chromone-derived compounds and their cu(ii) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their physical, spectral and analytical data. the ligands and their cu(ii) complexes were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four gram-negative (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri) and two gram-positive (bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains by agar-well diffusion method. the ligands were foun ...	2011	21699463
espg of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic e. coli binds the golgi matrix protein gm130 and disrupts the golgi structure and function.	the enteric pathogens enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), enterohaemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) and shigella flexneri all translocate at least one effector protein of the espg protein family into host cells via a type iii secretion system (t3ss). the espg family comprises espg, espg2 and vira. from a y2h screen, we identified the golgi matrix protein gm130 as a potential binding partner of espg. we confirmed espg:gm130 protein interaction by affinity co-purification. in co-immunoprecipitation ...	2011	21740499
in vivo versus in vitro protein abundance analysis of shigella dysenteriae type 1 reveals changes in the expression of proteins involved in virulence, stress and energy metabolism.	shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (sd1) causes the most severe form of epidemic bacillary dysentery. quantitative proteome profiling of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (sd1) in vitro (derived from lb cell cultures) and in vivo (derived from gnotobiotic piglets) was performed by 2d-lc-ms/ms and apex, a label-free computationally modified spectral counting methodology.	2011	21702961
the yersinia enterocolitica type 3 secretion system (t3ss) as toolbox for studying the cell biological effects of bacterial rho gtpase modulating t3ss effector proteins.	the bacterial effector proteins ipgb(1) and ipgb(2) of shigella and map of escherichia coli activate the rho gtpases rac1, rhoa and cdc42, respectively, whereas yope and yopt of yersinia inhibit these rho family gtpases. we established a yersinia toolbox which allows to study the cellular effects of these effectors in different combinations in the context of yersinia type 3 secretion system (ysc)-t3ss-mediated injection into hela cells. for this purpose hybrid proteins were constructed by fusion ...	2011	21718421
investigating the global genomic diversity of escherichia coli using a multi-genome dna microarray platform with novel gene prediction strategies.	abstract:	2011	21733163
epidemiology and outcome of shigella, salmonella and campylobacter infections in travellers returning from the tropics with fever and diarrhoea.	during a study on fever after a stay in the tropics, we aimed at investigating the epidemiology and outcome of invasive bacterial enteritis due to shigella, salmonella or campylobacter spp. in patients diagnosed with febrile traveller's diarrhoea.	2011	21837926
differential response of the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line hk-2 to shiga toxin types 1 and 2.	shiga toxins (stxs) are expressed by the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and certain serotypes of escherichia coli. stx-producing bacteria cause bloody diarrhea with the potential to progress to acute renal failure. stxs are potent protein synthesis inhibitors and are the primary virulence factors responsible for renal damage that may follow diarrheal disease. we explored the use of the immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial cell line hk-2 as an in vitro model of stx-ind ...	2011	21708996
atomic structure of bacteriophage sf6 tail needle knob.	podoviridae are double-stranded dna bacteriophages that use short, non-contractile tails to adsorb to the host cell surface. within the tail apparatus of p22-like phages, a dedicated fiber known as the "tail needle" likely functions as a cell envelope-penetrating device to promote ejection of viral dna inside the host. in sf6, a p22-like phage that infects shigella flexneri, the tail needle presents a c-terminal globular knob. this knob, absent in phage p22 but shared in other members of the p22 ...	2011	21705802
changing species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shigella over a 29-year period (1980-2008).	we studied changes in species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of shigella during 1980-2008, using the diarrhoeal diseases surveillance system of dhaka hospital of icddr,b. in hospitalized patients shigella prevalence decreased steadily from 8-12% in the 1980s to 3% in 2008. endemic s. flexneri was the most commonly isolated species (54%). epidemic s. dysenteriae type 1 had two peaks in 1984 and 1993, but was not found after 2000, except for one case in 2004. the therapeutic op ...	2011	20478088
effect of freeze-drying on viability and in vitro probiotic properties of a mixture of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts isolated from kefir.	the effect of freeze-drying on viability and probiotic properties of a microbial mixture containing selected bacterial and yeast strains isolated from kefir grains (lactobacillus kefir, lactobacillus plantarum, lactococcus lactis, saccharomyces cerevisiae and kluyveromyces marxianus) was studied. the microorganisms were selected according to their potentially probiotic properties in vitro already reported. two types of formulations were performed, a microbial mixture (mm) suspended in milk and a ...	2011	20822567
community perceptions of bloody diarrhoea in an urban slum in south asia: implications for introduction of a shigella vaccine.	understanding local perceptions of disease causation could help public health officials improve strategies to prevent bloody diarrhoea. a cross-sectional survey was conducted in dhaka, bangladesh to elicit community beliefs about the causes of and prevention strategies for bloody diarrhoea. between march and june 2003, we interviewed 541 randomly selected respondents. overall, 507 (93%) respondents perceived that a vaccine could prevent bloody diarrhoea. if a vaccine provided lifetime protection ...	2011	20546637
development of a pcr protocol for the detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella spp. in surface water.	escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella are pathogenic microorganisms that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in humans. these pathogens may be transmitted in a variety of ways, including food and water. the presence of salmonella and e. coli o157:h7 in surface waters constitutes a potential threat to human health when used for either drinking or recreation. as with most waterborne pathogens, salmonella and e. coli o157:h7 are difficult to detect and enumerate with accuracy in surface wat ...	2011	20714926
antidiarrheal activity, chemical and toxicity profile of berberis aristata.	context: this study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antidiarrheal activity, oral acute toxicological profile, and developed a chemical fingerprint of berberis aristata linn. (berberidaceae). materials and methods: the ethanol (by maceration) and aqueous (by soxhlet) extracts of berberis aristata bark were used for the study. the study involved the antimicrobial (minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) by micro dilution) and antidiarrheal (castor oil ...	2011	20738174
a disposable immunosensor for shigella flexneri based on multiwalled carbon nanotube/sodium alginate composite electrode.	a novel shigella flexneri immunosensor based on horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibodies to s. flexneri (hrp-anti-s. flexneri) immobilized by physical adsorption on the multiwalled carbon nanotube (mwcnt)/sodium alginate (sa) composite modified screen-printed electrode surface was successfully fabricated. in this strategy, mwcnt/sa biocomposite acted as the matrix to adsorb and immobilize hrp-anti-s. flexneri. the modified electrodes were characterized with an atomic force microscope and cyclic ...	2011	20816661
the crystal structures of the salmonella type iii secretion system tip protein sipd in complex with deoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a protein injection nanomachinery required for virulence by many human pathogenic bacteria including salmonella and shigella. an essential component of the t3ss is the tip protein and the salmonella sipd and the shigella ipad tip proteins interact with bile salts, which serve as environmental sensors for these enteric pathogens. sipd and ipad have long central coiled coils and their n-terminal regions form α-helical hairpins and a short helix α3 that pack ...	2011	21031487
multiplex polymerase chain reaction method discriminating escherichia coli and shigella sp.	to distinguish between escherichia coli and other bacteria that have similar biochemical characteristics, 3 polymerase chain reaction techniques were combined. the primer sets cyda-f2-a2 and cyda-r2-a2 were designed to amplify 605 base pairs of nucleotide sequence speciﬁc for the cyda gene of escherichia coli; primer sets lacz-f-a and lacz-r-a to amplify 1,023 bp of nucleotide sequence speciﬁc for the lacz gene of escherichia coli; and primers laca-f2-a2 and laca-r2-a2 to amplify 325 bp of nucle ...	2011	21060994
serotypes and extended-spectrum β-lactamase types of clinical isolates of shigella spp. from the zhejiang province of china.	to understand the distribution of the serotypes of shigella spp. and to investigate the drug-resistant genes of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) in shigella in zhejiang province, we have collected clinically isolated shigella isolates from 2 hospitals in zhejiang province during august to december of 2006. there are 11 shigella flexneri and 13 shigella sonnei isolates, respectively. among the 11 s. flexneri, 9 are serotype f4 and the remaining 2 are f1a and f2a. antimicrobial susceptibilit ...	2011	21146721
structural variability of endotoxins from r-type isogenic mutants of shigella sonnei.	the structural variations in the rough-type endotoxins [lipopolysaccharides (lpss)] of shigella sonnei mutant strains (s. sonnei phase ii-4303, r41, 562h and 4350) were investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) and tandem ms. a series of s. sonnei mutants had previously been the subject of analytical studies on the biosynthesis of heptose components in the core oligosaccharide region of lpss. this study gives a complete overview o ...	2011	21184397
autophagy targeting of listeria monocytogenes and the bacterial countermeasure.	autophagy acts as an intrinsic defense system against intracellular bacterial survival. recently, multiple cellular pathways that target intracellular bacterial pathogens to autophagy have been described. these include the atg5/lc3 pathway, which targets shigella, the ubiquitin (ub)-ndp52-lc3 pathway, which targets group a streptococcus (gas) and salmonella typhimurium, the ub-p62-lc3 pathway, which targets mycobacterium tuberculosis, listeria monocytogenes and s. typhimurium, and the diacylglyc ...	2011	21193840
immunology of gut mucosal vaccines.	understanding the mechanisms underlying the induction of immunity in the gastrointestinal mucosa following oral immunization and the cross-talk between mucosal and systemic immunity should expedite the development of vaccines to diminish the global burden caused by enteric pathogens. identifying an immunological correlate of protection in the course of field trials of efficacy, animal models (when available), or human challenge studies is also invaluable. in industrialized country populations, l ...	2011	21198669
dysbiosis of the faecal microbiota in patients with crohn's disease and their unaffected relatives.	a general dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota has been established in patients with crohn's disease (cd), but a systematic characterisation of this dysbiosis is lacking. therefore the composition of the predominant faecal microbiota of patients with cd was studied in comparison with the predominant composition in unaffected controls. whether dysbiosis is present in relatives of patients cd was also examined.	2011	21209126
volatile compounds and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of the needles of pinus densiflora and pinus thunbergii.	to investigate the volatile compounds and the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of the essential oils of pinus densiflora needles (epdn) and pinus thunbergii needles (eptn), the volatile compounds of steam-distilled essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. antibacterial activities were analysed by performing disc-agar diffusion assay and determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of the essential oils. antioxidant activities were analysed via radica ...	2011	21213230
shigella enterotoxin-2 is a type iii effector that participates in shigella-induced interleukin 8 secretion by epithelial cells.	we have previously described a protein termed shigella enterotoxin 2 (shet-2), which induces rises in short-circuit current in rabbit ileum mounted in the ussing chamber. published reports have postulated that shet-2 may be secreted by the shigella type iii secretion system (t3ss). in this study, we show that shet-2 secretion into the extracellular space requires the t3ss in shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t and a shet-2-tem fusion was translocated into epithelial cells in a t3ss-dependent manne ...	2011	21219446
decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among shigella isolates in the united states, 2006 to 2009.	we characterized 20 shigella isolates with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. most patients (80%) from whom a travel history was obtained reported travel to south or southeast asia. mutations within the quinolone resistance determining regions of gyra and parc and plasmid-mediated resistance determinants (qnrb, qnrs, and aac(6')-ib-cr) were identified. the rise in antimicrobial resistance among shigella isolates may necessitate the increased use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins or ...	2011	21220535
two promoters and two translation start sites control the expression of the shigella flexneri outer membrane protease icsp.	the shigella flexneri outer membrane protease icsp proteolytically cleaves the actin-based motility protein icsa from the bacterial surface. the icsp gene is monocistronic and lies downstream of an unusually large intergenic region on the shigella virulence plasmid. in silico analysis of this region predicts a second transcription start site 84 bp upstream of the first. primer extension analyses and beta-galactosidase assays demonstrate that both transcription start sites are used. both promoter ...	2011	21225241
structural and functional studies indicate that the epec effector, espg, directly binds p21-activated kinase.	bacterial pathogens secrete effectors into their hosts that subvert host defenses and redirect host processes. espg is a type three secretion effector with a disputed function that is found in enteropathogenic escherichia coli. here we show that espg is structurally similar to vira, a shigella virulence factor; espg has a large, conserved pocket on its surface; espg binds directly to the amino-terminal inhibitory domain of human p21-activated kinase (pak); and mutations to conserved residues in ...	2011	21235237
core and panmetabolism in escherichia coli.	escherichia coli exhibits a wide range of lifestyles encompassing commensalism and various pathogenic behaviors which its highly dynamic genome contributes to develop. how environmental and host factors shape the genetic structure of e. coli strains remains, however, largely unknown. following a previous study of e. coli genomic diversity, we investigated its diversity at the metabolic level by building and analyzing the genome-scale metabolic networks of 29 e. coli strains (8 commensal and 21 p ...	2011	21239590
role of intestinal bacteria in gliadin-induced changes in intestinal mucosa: study in germ-free rats.	celiac disease (cd) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine that is induced by dietary wheat gluten proteins (gliadins) in genetically predisposed individuals. the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and infections has been suggested to contribute to cd pathogenesis. we aimed to study the effects of gliadin and various intestinal bacterial strains on mucosal barrier integrity, gliadin translocation, and cytokine production.	2011	21249146
genomic characterization of asymptomatic escherichia coli isolated from the neobladder.	the replacement of the bladder with a neobladder made from ileal tissue is the prescribed treatment in some cases of bladder cancer or trauma. studies have demonstrated that individuals with an ileal neobladder have recurrent colonization by escherichia coli and other species that are commonly associated with urinary tract infections; however, pyelonephritis and complicated symptomatic infections with ileal neobladders are relatively rare. this study examines the genomic content of two e. coli i ...	2011	21252277
analysis of shigella flexneri-mediated infections in model organism caenorhabditis elegans.	shigella flexneri is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery and generates a significant global disease burden. the aim of this study was to analyze the pathogenesis and host immune response, at both the physiological and molecular level, using the model organism caenorhabditis elegans, in response to s. flexneri. c. elegans is a nematode that responds to infection with a simple innate immune system, key aspects of which have been shown to be conserved.	2011	21254954
shiga toxin and its use in targeted cancer therapy and imaging.	shiga and the shiga-like toxins are related protein toxins produced by shigella dysenteriae and certain strains of escherichia coli. these toxins are composed of two non-covalently attached, modular parts: the a moiety (stxa) containing the enzymatically active a1 fragment, and the non-toxic, pentameric binding moiety (stxb). stx binds specifically to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (gb3) at the surface of target cells and is then internalized by endocytosis. subsequently, in toxin-s ...	2011	21255370
efficient screening of a novel antimicrobial peptide from jatropha curcas by cell membrane affinity chromatography.	a novel method named cell membrane affinity chromatography was used to screen antimicrobial peptides from jatropha curcas . a cationic antimicrobial peptide (kvflglk, jcpep7) was successfully isolated and identified. antimicrobial assays indicated that jcpep7 was active against the tested microorganisms ( salmonella typhimurium atcc 50013, shigella dysenteriae atcc 51302, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27553, staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923, bacillus subtilis atcc 23631, and streptococcus pneumoni ...	2011	21268582
development of a dna microarray for detection and identification of legionella pneumophila and ten other pathogens in drinking water.	the safety and accessibility of drinking water are major concerns throughout the world. consumption of water contaminated with infectious agents, toxic chemicals or radiological hazards represents a significant health risk and is strongly associated with mortality. therefore, we have developed an oligonucleotide-based microarray using the sequences of 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer regions (its) and the gyrase subunit b gene (gyrb) found in the most prevalent and devastating waterborne ...	2011	21276629
strategies to overcome extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (esbls) and ampc ß-lactamases in shigellae.	oral cephalosporins and mecillinam are used to treat shigella infections, but are compromised by extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (esbls) and plasmid ampc ß-lactamases. potential solutions include combining an oral or intravenous cephalosporin with a ß-lactamase inhibitor (bli) or using an oral penem. these strategies were examined using escherichia coli transconjugants and clinical isolates with esbls or ampc, as a proxy for shigellae. the clinical and laboratory standards institute agar dilution ...	2011	21276715
shigellosis outbreak linked to canteen-food consumption in a public institution: a matched case-control study.	summaryon 13 november 2009, the authorities of flemish brabant, belgium, received an alert concerning a potential outbreak of shigella sonnei at a public institution. a study was conducted to assess the extent, discover the source and to implement further measures. we performed a matched case-control study to test an association between shigellosis and canteen-food consumption. water samples and food handlers' faecal samples were tested. the reference laboratory characterized the retrospectively ...	2011	21281549
enteric glial cells: new players in mucosal defence against bacteria?		2011	21282131
isolation and partial characterisation of a novel lectin from aegle marmelos fruit and its effect on adherence and invasion of shigellae to ht29 cells.	lectins are a class of ubiquitous proteins/glycoproteins that are abundantly found in nature. lectins have unique carbohydrate binding property and hence have been exploited as drugs against various infectious diseases. we have isolated one such novel lectin from the fruit pulp of aegle marmelos. the isolated lectin was partially characterised and its effect against shigella dysenteriae infection was evaluated. the isolated lectin was found to be a dimeric protein with n-acetylgalactosamine, man ...	2011	21283697
purification and characterization of a ca2+-dependent novel lectin from nymphaea nouchali tuber with antiproliferative activities.	a lectin (termed nntl) was purified from the extracts of nymphaea nouchali tuber followed by anion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, hydrophobic chromatography on hitrap phenyl hp and by repeated anion-exchange chromatography on hitrap q ff column. the molecular mass of the purified lectin was 27.0 ± 1.0 kda, as estimated by sds/page both in the presence and in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. nntl was an o-nitrophenyl ß-d-galactopyranoside sugar-specific lectin that agglutinated rat, ...	2011	21291421