Publications

[a case of legionella micdadei pneumonia].	a 60-year-old male with type c chronic hepatitis was admitted to kibikogen rehabilitation center with high fever, cough and general fatigue. chest x-ray film on admission showed consolidation in the left middle and lower lung lung field. initial treatment with intravenous ceftazidime, imipenem/cilastatin and clindamycin were ineffective due to continuous high fever and cough and spread of the pneumonia shadow. administration of minocycline was started for suspected non-bacterial pneumonia whereu ...	1996	8621971
pityriasis rosea gibert: detection of legionella micdadei antibodies in patients.	some epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pityriasis rosea gibert has led us to hypothesize that this disease may be the clinical manifestation of an infection caused by legionellas. we have thus tested the sera of 36 patients ill with pityriasis rosea and 19 controls for legionella pneumophila serogroup 1-6 and legionella micdadei antibodies. these, who had the same age and sex distribution as study patients, were receiving treatment for other diseases in the same ward. also tested w ...	1995	8549715
the legionella micdadei flagellin: expression in escherichia coli k 12 and dna sequence of the gene.	to study the structure and function of the legionella flagellum, we screened a genomic l. micdadei library in escherichia coli for expression of the flagellin (fla) subunit. one recombinant clone, jm105 (phi5588), producing a truncated fla protein of 40.5 kda was identified. the plasmid phi5588 carried a l. micdadei dna insert of 5 kb, containing ca 95% of the fla gene. the complete dna sequence of the l. micdadei fla gene was obtained by combining sequence data from phi5588 with results using a ...	1995	8562027
monoclonal antibodies to legionella mip proteins recognize genus- and species-specific epitopes.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the virulence-associated mip protein of legionella spp. were raised by immunizing balb/c mice with (i) legionella pneumophila, (ii) legionella micdadei, and (iii) purified recombinant native mip protein cloned from l. pneumophila philadelphia 1. following screening of seeded wells by immunoblot analysis with homologous antigens, eight mip-specific mabs were found. these mabs were chosen to investigate the antigenic diversity of mip proteins in the genus legio ...	1995	7535177
characterization of a legionella micdadei mip mutant.	the pathogenesis of legionella micdadei is dependent upon its ability to infect alveolar phagocytes. to better understand the basis of intracellular infection by this organism, we examined the importance of its mip surface protein. in legionella pneumophila, mip promotes infection of both human macrophages and freshwater protozoa. southern hybridization and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that mip sequences were present and expressed within a panel of virulent l. micdadei strains. using allelic ...	1995	7622203
detection of legionella dna in human and guinea pig urine samples by the polymerase chain reaction.	a detection system for legionella dna in urine samples based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed and tested on infected guinea pigs and patients suffering from pneumonia. results were compared with standard methods for diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. a primer system was selected which amplifies a 108 bp dna fragment of the 5s rrna gene. the sensitivity of the pcr system was one femtogram of extracted legionella dna. three methods were tested for pretreatment of urine samples ...	1995	7729449
genomic heterogenicity amongst phenotypically similar legionella micdadei strains.	nine unrelated legionella micdadei strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples have been characterized biochemically, serologically using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and by macrorestriction analyses using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. all strains were positive in the bromocresol purple spot test and grew as blue colonies on dye-containing media. they were positive for catalase, weakly positive for oxidase, and negative for sodium-hippurate hydrolysis, beta-lactamase and ...	1995	7896076
increased synthesis of dnak, groel, and groes homologs by francisella tularensis lvs in response to heat and hydrogen peroxide.	the response of the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis lvs to stress was assayed by pulse-labeling with [35s]methionine followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. a temperature increase from 37 to 42 degrees c or exposure to 5 mm hydrogen peroxide induced increased syntheses of at least 15 proteins. among these proteins were a 75-, a 60-, and a 10-kda protein. by n-terminal sequence analysis, these three proteins were found to be extensively homo ...	1994	7903283
legionella micdadei prosthetic valve endocarditis.	legionella usually causes pneumonia, but occasionally is in the differential diagnosis of "culture negative endocarditis" which sometimes involves prosthetic heart valves. legionella prosthetic valve endocarditis is nearly always due to legionella pneumophila and its clinical presentation is indistinguishable from other causes of prosthetic valve endocarditis. diagnosis of legionella prosthetic valve endocarditis is by recovery of the organism from the blood, demonstration or isolation of the or ...	1994	7927821
composition of 2,3-dihydroxy fatty acid-containing lipopolysaccharides from legionella israelensis, legionella maceachernii and legionella micdadei.	lipopolysaccharides (lps) from legionella israelensis, l. maceachernii and l. micdadei were analysed for chemical composition. the main sugar of the lipid a fractions was in each case 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-d-glucose. lipid a of l. israelensis also contained a substantial amount of d-glucosamine. in each lipid a fraction a complex fatty acid pattern was detected. this comprised at least 19 different 3-hydroxy fatty acids (amide-linked), three 2,3-dihydroxy fatty acids (amide-linked), non-hydrox ...	1994	8081491
phosphatase-negative mutants of legionella pneumophila and their behavior in mammalian cell infection.	microbial phosphatases are known or suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of several intracellular pathogens, including legionella micdadei. legionella pneumophila also possess phosphatase activities, but their possible roles in cellular infection are unknown. we generated mutants of a serogroup 1 isolate of l. pneumophila that lack the major phosphatase. isolation of a pho- mutant after random mutagenesis with transposon mudii4041 allowed us to dissociate the major alkaline phosphatase ( ...	1994	7861953
tissue-directed antibiotics and intracellular parasites: complex interaction of phagocytes, pathogens, and drugs.	antibiotics with significant tissue penetration and intracellular accumulation may have an important role in the treatment of intracellular infections. however, clinically relevant evaluation of these antibiotics in vitro remains a challenge. measurement of serum drug concentrations or serum bactericidal levels may not be relevant. measurement of intracellular drug concentrations may be simplistic, given the complex interaction of drug, microbe, and phagocyte. the effect of an antibiotic on an i ...	1994	7893881
molecular epidemiology of legionella pneumophila infection at a canadian tertiary care institution.	to characterize the molecular epidemiology of legionella species infection at one canadian tertiary care centre.	1994	22346494
azithromycin inhibition of intracellular legionella micdadei.	legionella micdadei is an intracellular parasite that is ingested, but not killed, by leukocytes. within monocytes, the organism has been shown to grow 1.0 to 2.0 log10 units over 48 h (d. l. weinbaum, r. r. benner, j. n. dowling, a. alpern, a. w. pasculle, and g. r. donowitz, infect. immun. 46:68-73, 1984). intracellular l. micdadei would appear to be a useful model in which to study the effect of antibiotics which accumulate intracellularly. azithromycin, a newly introduced azalide, is highly ...	1993	8285604
demonstration of lectin-like activity for the common antigen of neisseria gonorrhoeae by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques.	to overcome problems associated with western blotting of denatured proteins, we have used quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques to perform functional analysis of the neisseria gonorrhoeae common antigen. using these techniques, we show (a) that neisseria gonorrhoeae expresses an antigen that is cross-reactive with the common antigen of pseudomonas aeruginosa and legionella micdadei and with the groel-like protein of chlamydia, and (b) that this n. gonorrhoeae common antigen has lectin-li ...	1993	8319879
properties of the genus tatlockia. differentiation of tatlockia (legionella) maceachernii and micdadei from each other and from other legionellae.	the biochemical reactions, carbohydrate content, and 16s-rrna sequences of tatlockia (legionella) maceachernii and tatlockia micdadei strains were studied. except for catalase activity, tatlockia strains were relatively inert in the biochemical tests commonly used in clinical laboratories. phenotypically, the two tatlockia species could be distinguished from other legionellae by the presence of yersiniose a, by their inability to hydrolyze hippurate or starch, by the absence of colony or media f ...	1993	8330260
in-vitro activity of rp 59500, a new synergic antibacterial agent, against legionella spp.	the in-vitro activity of rp 59500, a new semisynthetic injectable streptogramin, was compared with that of erythromycin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin against 189 legionella spp. rifampicin was the most active agent tested. rp 59500 was found to be more active than erythromycin against most strains, but less active than ciprofloxacin. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were more susceptible to rp 59500 than were l. pneumophila serogroups 2, 7, and 8. legionella micdadei was the le ...	1992	1399954
abscess and empyema caused by legionella micdadei.	legionella micdadei is the second most common species implicated in the occurrence of legionella pneumonia (d. j. bremer, semin. respir. infect. 4:190-205, 1987). although there has been a reported lung abscess caused by dual infection (l. micdadei and l. pneumophila), there are no known cases of l. micdadei as the only causative organism. we report a case of a patient with a lung abscess from which l. micdadei was the sole organism isolated.	1992	1537927
cross-reactive proteins of borrelia burgdorferi.	the specificity of serological tests for lyme borreliosis is impaired by cross-reacting antibodies. in order to select antigens for more specific tests, specific and cross-reactive proteins of borrelia burgdorferi must be identified. therefore, to analyze cross reactions of borrelia burgdorferi with other bacteria, rabbit immune sera against heterologous bacteria (borrelia hermsii, treponema pallidum, treponema phagedenis, leptospira interrogans (serogroup grippotyphosa), neisseria meningitidis, ...	1992	1597198
immunoglobulin g antibodies to helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspeptic symptoms investigated by the western immunoblot technique.	helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, curved, rod-shaped bacterium known to cause gastritis and to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers. serological testing has recently been proposed as an aid in diagnosis of h. pylori infections. in this study, we used the western immunoblot technique to evaluate the possibility of using one or more of the antigens from h. pylori for this purpose. thirteen major bands and about 30 minor bands could be identified by western blotting whe ...	1992	1629330
necrotizing cellulitis caused by legionella micdadei.	legionella micdadei is primarily considered a pathogen of the pulmonary tract of immunocompromised patients, the majority of whom have been renal transplant recipients. we report the case of a necrotizing soft tissue infection in a cadaveric renal transplant recipient resulting in amputation of the left arm. only one other extrathoracic bacteriologically documented l. micdadei infection has been reported in the literature.	1992	1731498
nosocomial legionnaires' disease: clinical and radiographic patterns.	from 1981 to 1991, 55 patients (33 males, 22 females, mean age 58.6 years) with nosocomial legionnaires' disease were studied. the mortality rate was 64%. one-half of the patients developed nosocomial legionnaires' disease within three weeks of admission. a surprising clinical feature was the low rate of findings of consolidation on physical examination, despite the fact that 52% of patients had this finding on chest radiograph. more than one-half of patients had pre-existing lung disease, rende ...	1992	22416200
legionella-associated lung abscess: critical pathogen or minor isolate?	two cases of lung abscess, in which legionella species were identified in association with other bacterial isolates, are presented. in the first case, legionella pneumophila and klebsiella pneumoniae were identified in a 24-year-old post renal transplant patient with a right upper lobe pulmonary abscess. healing did not occur until the institution of specific therapy directed against legionella. in the second case, legionella micdadei and several other respiratory bacterial pathogens were identi ...	1992	22346408
nucleotide sequence analysis of the legionella micdadei mip gene, encoding a 30-kilodalton analog of the legionella pneumophila mip protein.	after the demonstration of analogs of the legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) protein in other legionella species, the legionella micdadei mip gene was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. dna sequence analysis of the l. micdadei mip gene contained in the plasmid pba6004 revealed a high degree of homology (71%) to the l. pneumophila mip gene, with the predicted secondary structures of the two mip proteins following the same pattern. southern hybridization experim ...	1991	1840577
sequence analysis of the legionella micdadei groels operon.	a 2.7 kb dna fragment encoding the 60 kda common antigen (ca) and a 13 kda protein of legionella micdadei was sequenced. two open reading frames of 57,677 and 10,456 da were identified, corresponding to the heat shock proteins groel and groes, respectively. typical -35, -10, and shine-dalgarno heat shock expression signals were identified upstream of the l. micdadei groel gene. further upstream, a poly-t region, also a feature of the sigma 32-regulated escherichia coli groels heat shock operon, ...	1991	1672279
genus-specific epitope on the 60-kilodalton legionella heat shock protein recognized by a monoclonal antibody.	a monoclonal antibody (mab) immunoglobulin g2a (2125) was produced against a 60-kda legionella heat shock protein (hsp), recognizing a unique epitope common to all species of the genus legionella. the antibody reacted in the immunoblot with 59 legionella species and serogroups that were tested and showed no cross-reactivity with other bacteria, including acinetobacter spp., bordetella spp., pseudomonas spp., mycobacterium spp., and escherichia coli. two other mabs (2122 and 2130) reacted with th ...	1991	1706730
vaccination with the major secretory protein of legionella induces humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protective immunity across different serogroups of legionella pneumophila and different species of legionella.	in a previous study, we demonstrated that immunization of guinea pigs with the major secretory protein (msp) of legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1 induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to msp and protective immunity against lethal aerosol challenge with this serogroup of l. pneumophila. although serogroup 1 l. pneumophila cause most cases of legionnaires' disease, other serogroups of l. pneumophila and species of legionella cause many cases. in this study, we have examined if immun ...	1991	1711078
the use of 16s ribosomal rna analyses to investigate the phylogeny of the family legionellaceae.	the 16s ribosomal rna sequences of legionella pneumophila, l. erythra, l. hackeliae, l. spiritensis, l. longbeachae, l. bozemanii (fluoribacter bozemanae) and l. micdadei (tatlockia micdadei) were determined using reverse transcriptase. the sequences were compared with published sequences for gram-negative bacteria and phylogenetic trees were constructed. the data confirm previous work which showed that the family legionellaceae forms a monophyletic subgroup within the gamma subdivision of the p ...	1991	1713950
ingestion of legionella micdadei inhibits human neutrophil function.	legionella micdadei is a human pathogen which survives within leukocytes. to determine how this organism escapes intracellular destruction, we examined its effect on human neutrophil activity. neutrophils were allowed to ingest l. micdadei prior to evaluation of functional activity. compared with control cells which did not ingest organisms, cells ingesting l. micdadei showed significantly depressed production of superoxide anion (24.5 +/- 9.0 nmol/10(6) cells per 15 min versus 6.9 +/- 3.2 nmol/ ...	1990	2169462
microbiological investigations into an outbreak of pontiac fever due to legionella micdadei associated with use of a whirlpool.	in the investigation of a large outbreak of non-pneumonic legionellosis at a leisure complex in lochgoilhead, scotland all direct cultures of environmental samples were initially negative for legionellae. legionellae readily infect appropriate protozoa under suitable conditions, and following immunofluorescence to select specimens for special study, legionella micdadei was isolated from whirlpool water via co-cultivation with acanthamoeba polyphaga. l micdadei was also isolated, along with host ...	1990	2199533
pneumonia due to legionella micdadei in bone marrow transplant recipients.	legionella micdadei has previously been described as a cause of nosocomial pneumonia, particularly in kidney transplant recipients. cell-mediated immunity is the principal host defense against this pathogen. a common clinical scenario in the immunocompromised host is that of septic pulmonary embolus, but asymptomatic infections have also been reported. the organism is weakly acid-fast in clinical specimens but loses this property when grown on solid media. we report two cases of l. micdadei pneu ...	1990	2237125
[a preliminary investigation of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease caused by legionella micdadei at a building-site in the rural area of beijing].	during the period from december 1989 to january 1990, an outbreak of upper respiratory infection (influenza-like syndrome) took place in the workers of a building-site in a rural area of beijing. an epidemiological investigation and bacteriological examination were carried out in this area. the results showed that it was an outbreak of legionnaires' disease caused by legionella micdadei (lm). the incidence was 26.67% (24/90). this was the first report on lm infection in china.	1990	2261615
reevaluation of the cellular fatty acid composition of legionella micdadei bari 2/158.	the cellular fatty acid composition of legionella micdadei bari 2/158 was reevaluated because of its purported differences from other l. micdadei strains and its similarity to l. bozemanii. we found the fatty acid content of this strain to be consistent with that of 11 other strains of l. micdadei, including the presence of an anteiso branched-chain, monounsaturated, 17-carbon acid (ca17:1) which is characteristic of this species. the double-bond position of ca17:1 was established at the omega 7 ...	1990	2312686
chemotaxonomic differentiation of legionellae by detection and characterization of aminodideoxyhexoses and other unique sugars using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.	legionellae have been differentiated previously by analyzing their carbohydrate contents by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. in the present study, total ion mode gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) was used to detect a number of unusual sugars, including one that is structurally related to o-methyldideoxyheptoses. increased sensitivity and selectivity for carbohydrate detection was achieved by selected ion-monitoring gc-ms. two of the uncommon sugars previously discov ...	1990	2324276
increased recovery of legionella micdadei and legionella bozemanii on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar supplemented with albumin.	the recovery of legionella micdadei and l. bozemanii serogroups 1 and 2 from infected guinea pig spleens was evaluated by using two culture media: buffered charcoal yeast extract agar with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate (bcye alpha) and the same medium supplemented with 1% bovine serum albumin (abcye alpha). at the lowest dilution of spleen tissue (10(-1)), recovery of all strains of l. micdadei and l. bozemanii was more efficient on abcye alpha than on bcye alpha. l. micdadei strains had higher recov ...	1990	2324282
identification of mip-like genes in the genus legionella.	the mip gene of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strain aa100 encodes a 24-kilodalton surface protein (mip) and enhances the abilities of l. pneumophila to parasitize human macrophages and to cause pneumonia in experimental animals. to determine whether this virulence factor is conserved in the genus legionella, a large panel of legionella strains was examined by southern hybridization and immunoblot analyses for the presence and expression of mip-related sequences. strains representing all 14 ...	1990	2387627
legionella micdadei protein kinase catalyzes phosphorylation of tubulin and phosphatidylinositol.	legionella micdadei, a pathogen which enters into host phagocyte phagolysosomal structures, contains at least two protein kinases. we have purified to homogeneity the predominant, nucleotide-independent protein kinase and examined its ability to catalyze the transfer of phosphate from atp to acceptors in human neutrophils. the l. micdadei protein kinase catalyzed the phosphorylation of proteins of 11.5, 14, 19, 23, 28, 34, and 38 kilodaltons (kda) present in a triton x-100 extract of neutrophil ...	1989	2549013
application of numerical systematics to the phenotypic differentiation of legionellae.	a total of 163 strains, including 106 strains of legionella pneumophila, 28 strains of tatlockia micdadei, and 29 strains of other legionellae (including members of the proposed genus fluoribacter), were studied. ten tests which together could distinguish the genera previously proposed were identified. these tests included catalase-peroxidase, gelatinase, hippurate hydrolysis, starch hydrolysis, medium browning, acetoin production, oxidase, medium fluorescence, colony fluorescence, and the bromc ...	1989	2550514
lochgoilhead fever: outbreak of non-pneumonic legionellosis due to legionella micdadei.	analysis of case histories from 187 people who had visited a hotel and leisure complex in lochgoilhead, a village on the west coast of scotland, indicated that 170 had had an acute illness characterised by headache, fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, cough, and breathlessness. these symptoms were consistent with pontiac fever-like illness. legionella micdadei was isolated from the leisure complex whirlpool spa at the time that 60 of 72 individuals with symptoms seroconverted to l micdadei antigen. th ...	1989	2563467
nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia: 10 years experience and a case-control study.	sixteen patients with nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia, diagnosed between 1977 and 1988, were studied retrospectively to define clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease. also, a case-control study was performed comparing the five patients with l. micdadei pneumonia during a cluster of cases in 1982, with uninfected patients with the same underlying diagnoses. no significant differences were noted in the case-control study with regard to age, presence of leucopenia, int ...	1989	2567759
[a strain of pseudomonas vesicularis isolated from shower hose which supports the multiplication of legionella].	in japan, a fatal case due to legionella micdadei was first recognized in our laboratory in 1986. on the epidemiological study just after the case, no legionella was detected from the environmental samples of the patient's residence, such as shower water, tank water and so on. in the course of prospective investigations, no legionella was isolated, but many organisms were grown on bcye alpha and mwy agar plates. in the retrospective study, one of these organisms was found to support satellite gr ...	1989	2614089
an unusual strain of legionella micdadei.	a microorganism antigenically identified as legionella micdadei but showing a cellular fatty acid profile distinct from that described previously for this species and more similar to that of l. bozemanii has been studied by phenotypic characterization, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, gas-liquid chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. although the phenotypic characters, the crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and the ultrastructural features were similar to those of l. micdadei, the fatty ...	1989	2643618
cloning and expression of the legionella micdadei "common antigen" in escherichia coli.	to study individual legionella antigens, a legionella micdadei genomic library in escherichia coli sc181 was established. partially sau3a digested l. micdadei dna fragments (15-25 kilobase pairs (kb] were cloned into the tetracycline resistance gene of the cosmid vector phc79. four thousand ampicillin resistant recombinants were obtained; seven hundred were screened for expression of legionella antigens in western blot analysis with a polyspecific e. coli-absorbed anti-l. micdadei rabbit antibod ...	1989	2643977
disease due to the legionellaceae (other than legionella pneumophila). historical, microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological review.	more than 20 species of the legionellaceae family of bacteria have been discovered since the discovery of legionella pneumophila. thirteen have been implicated as causative agents of pneumonia including the pittsburgh pneumonia agent (tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei). although outbreaks of nosocomial pneumonia in immunosuppressed hosts have been well-described, most cases have occurred sporadically in the community. the spectrum of disease ranges from severe life-threatening pneumonia to ...	1989	2646508
lack of antibodies to legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in hemodialysis patients.	in 231 adult hemodialysis patients and 134 healthy adults, we measured antibodies to legionella pneumophila (serogroups 1-6) and legionella micdadei by indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests to assess the risk of legionnaires' disease. one of the patients had a titer of 1:512 to legionella pneumophila but he had no history of legionnaires' disease. two had a titer of 1:64 to legionella pneumophila, and none had a titer of greater than or equal to 1:64 to legionella micdadei. by contrast, none ...	1989	2667115
laboratory and clinical evaluation of a commercial dna probe for the detection of legionella spp.	we prospectively compared a commercially available legionella dna probe with culture and direct immunofluorescence. the analytical sensitivities of the dna probe and direct immunofluorescence were equal. both tests detected 4 x 10(3) cfu of legionella pneumophila or legionella micdadei per ml in the pulmonary secretions of experimentally infected guinea pigs. the diagnostic sensitivity of the reagent was evaluated by using 809 samples of respiratory secretions. of 51 dna probe-positive specimens ...	1989	2685031
[pneumonia caused by legionella micdadei in a fatal case and its bacteriological characteristics].		1988	3137278
legionella micdadei phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in human neutrophils.	the legionellae are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens which multiply in host phagocytes. legionella micdadei cells contain an acid phosphatase (acp2) which blocks superoxide anion production by human neutrophils stimulated with formyl-met-leu-phe (fmlp) [a. k. saha, et al. (1985) arch. biochem. biophys. 243, 150-160]. in the present study, we have purified the legionella phosphatase to homogeneity as indicated by the finding of a single 68,000-da band following sodium dodecyl sulfate ...	1988	2843104
demonstration of two protein kinases in extracts of legionella micdadei.	protein kinases i (pk i) and ii (pk ii) were purified 253- and 13.5-fold, respectively, from an extract of sonically disrupted cells of legionella micdadei by ion-exchange chromatography on qae-sephadex, by histone affinity chromatography, and by hplc-gel filtration chromatography. both enzymes catalysed the phosphorylation of calf thymus histones, with a km of 2.7 mg ml-1 for pk i and 2.9 mg ml-1 for pk ii. histone h2b was the best protein kinase substrate for both pk i and pk ii. the ph optima ...	1988	2848925
evaluation of ultraviolet light for disinfection of hospital water contaminated with legionella.	an epidemic of nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia occurred among renal transplant patients in the university of virginia hospital between 1978 and 1982. although no further cases were diagnosed after 1982, filters and ultraviolet light (uvl) fittings were installed in 1985 as an attempt to disinfect water piped to rooms of transplant patients, because of concern about persistence of l micdadei in hospital water. water samples were obtained from eight uvl-treated rooms and eight control roo ...	1988	2901526
an in-vitro evaluation of the cellular uptake and intraphagocytic bioactivity of clarithromycin (a-56268, te-031), a new macrolide antimicrobial agent.	erythromycin base and its 6-0-methyl derivative clarithromycin were actively accumulated 7.3 +/- 1.2-fold and 9.2 +/- 2-fold respectively by human neutrophils in vitro. the intraphagocytic bioactivities of the antimicrobial agents were investigated using the combination of a radioassay, colony counting method and a fluorescence microassay which facilitates the distinction between intracellular bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms. staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes and legionell ...	1988	2977384
common epitope on the lipopolysaccharide of legionella pneumophila recognized by a monoclonal antibody.	serogroup-specificity of legionella pneumophila is related to lipopolysaccharide (lps), and few cross-reactions between serogroups have been observed with rabbit or monkey antisera. c57bl/6 mice were sequentially immunized with crude outer membrane fractions of l. pneumophila serogroups 1, 5, and 7, legionella bozemanii, and legionella micdadei. spleen cells from these mice were then fused with the sp2-0/ag14 mouse myeloma cell line. outer membrane-rich fractions and lps were prepared from l. pn ...	1988	2454935
[nosocomial pneumonia caused by legionella micdadei].		1987	3613753
legionella micdadei pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.		1987	3661596
legionella micdadei and legionella dumoffii monoclonal antibodies for laboratory diagnosis of legionella infections.	two different monoclonal antibodies directed against legionella micdadei and l. dumoffii (genetic systems corp., seattle, wash.) were evaluated for their specificity and ability to detect l. micdadei and l. dumoffii in human and animal clinical samples and bacterial isolates in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. all three frozen sputum samples and all three formalin-fixed sputum and liver samples from patients with culture-documented l. micdadei pneumonia were positive when tested with the l. ...	1987	3320084
legionella species as hospital-acquired respiratory pathogens.	nosocomial pneumonia caused by legionella is an increasingly recognized entity. legionella sp responsible for documented nosocomial disease include legionella pneumophila, tatlockia micdadei, legionella bozemanii, legionella dumoffi and legionella oakridgensis. the clinical presentation is nonspecific although diarrhea occurs frequently. hyponatremia occurs significantly more frequently in legionnaires' disease than pneumonias caused by other agents. chest roentgenographic findings are nonspecif ...	1987	3321265
the radiologic manifestations of legionella pneumonia.	a number of radiologic features on chest x-ray may aid in diagnosis and management of the patient with legionella infection. the infiltrates in legionnaires' disease frequently progress despite initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. pleural effusion is common and occasionally seen even in the absence of lung field infiltrates. pleural-based infiltrates associated with pleuritic pain may mimic pulmonary embolism. circumscribed peripheral densities are commonly seen in immunosuppressed pati ...	1987	3328894
infections caused by the pittsburgh pneumonia agent.	of the legionellaceae family, pittsburgh pneumonia agent (tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei) is second only to legionella pneumophila in causing human pneumonia. in nosocomial infection, the patients tend to be immunosuppressed. the clinical presentation is nonspecific, although in immunosuppressed hosts the presentation may mimic that of pulmonary embolus (pleuritic chest pain, nonproductive cough, pleural-based densities on chest rontgenogram). the reservoir for the organism is water, an ...	1987	3328896
an in-vitro comparison of the intraphagocytic bioactivity of erythromycin and roxithromycin.	the binding to human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the intracellular bioactivity of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin and roxithromycin on legionella micdadei, listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus were investigated in vitro by the combination of a fluorochrome microassay and a radioassay. polymorphs with intact or absent membrane-associated oxidative metabolism were used to investigate the interactions which may occur between the intrinsic oxygen-dependent antimicrobial syste ...	1987	3429387
role of the alveolar macrophage in host defense and immunity to legionella micdadei pneumonia in the guinea pig.	guinea pigs develop a lethal pneumonia after intratracheal infection with legionella micdadei, and the lung displays pathological changes similar to those observed in humans. to investigate the role of the resident alveolar macrophage in the pathogenesis of l. micdadei pneumonia, guinea pig alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage were cultured in vitro and infected with l. micdadei. in the absence of opsonins l. micdadei was phagocytized by, and multiplied within, alveolar macrop ...	1987	3507555
molecular epidemiology of legionella species by restriction endonuclease and alloenzyme analysis.	as part of an ongoing investigation into nosocomial legionella infections at stanford university medical center (sumc), we applied the technique of restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) to determine strain differences among three species, including legionella pneumophila, legionella dumoffii, and legionella micdadei. a total of 26 human and environmental water isolates from sumc were selected for rea and compared with control strains that were not epidemiologically linked to sumc. rea results ...	1987	2822760
prevalence of legionnaires' disease in pneumonia patients admitted to a danish department of infectious diseases.	during a 14-month study period, 92 patients admitted to the university clinic for infectious diseases with pneumonia were investigated to determine the prevalence and severity of legionnaires' disease (ld). the diagnosis of ld was based on positive serology. antibodies to 10 different legionella antigens--legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-6, fluoribacter (legionella) bozemanae, f. dumoffii, f. gormanii, and tatlockia (legionella) micdadei--were measured by the microagglutination (ma) and indir ...	1986	3532303
interferon inhibits the growth of legionella micdadei in mouse l cells.	the intracellular growth of legionella micdadei was inhibited in mouse l cells treated with interferon (ifn). this ifn-mediated restriction was dose-dependent and required preincubation of the l cells with high doses of ifn (1,000 u/ml) for maximal inhibition. incubation of l. micdadei with ifn alone had no detectable effect on growth of the bacteria. the ifn-mediated growth restriction was not dependent upon tryptophan concentration in the culture medium.	1986	2425011
acid-fast bacilli in sputum: a case of legionella micdadei pneumonia.	legionella micdadei has been implicated as a cause of nosocomial pneumonia. there are no reports of l. micdadei pneumonia diagnosed by acid-fast stain of expectorated sputum. we report a case of l. micdadei pneumonia in which expectorated sputum harbored acid-fast bacteria that reacted specifically with fluorescent antiserum to l. micdadei, confirmed by culture. in a patient at risk for nosocomial infection, the differential diagnosis of a positive sputum stain for acid-fast bacilli should inclu ...	1986	2430995
a note on symbiosis of legionella pneumophila and tatlockia micdadei with human respiratory flora.	sixteen micro-organisms, representing clinically important respiratory microflora, were tested for their ability to stimulate the growth of legionella pneumophila and tatlockia micdadei in nutritionally-deficient agar media. nutritional symbiosis, indicated by the appearance of satellite colonies of l. pneumophila or t. micdadei, was observed for h. influenzae and n. meningitidis. this interaction between normal flora and pathogens of the respiratory tract may have clinical relevance in the path ...	1986	3087929
legionella micdadei pneumonia in normal hosts.		1986	2877142
properties of an acid phosphatase from legionella micdadei which blocks superoxide anion production by human neutrophils.	the high-speed supernatant (100,000 g, 1 h) obtained after centrifuging a suspension of legionella micdadei that had been freeze-thawed and sonicated contained (i) considerable acid phosphatase activity when assayed using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (mup) as the substrate, and a factor that blocked superoxide anion production by human neutrophils stimulated with f-met-leu-phe. chromatography of the extract on a hydroxylapatite column resolved two acids phosphatases (designated acp1 and acp2). ...	1985	2998281
prevalence of legionella-specific igg and igm antibody in a dental clinic population.	this study was undertaken to determine the frequency of legionella infection in a dental clinic setting. serum samples from 270 dental clinic personnel were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect legionella-specific igm and igg antibodies. the pooled-species whole-cell-antigen preparation used in these assays was derived from six legionella pneumophila strains and one strain each from legionella bozemanii and legionella micdadei. significant levels of igg and igm antibodi ...	1985	3865949
antimicrobial therapy of experimental legionella micdadei pneumonia in guinea pigs.	several antimicrobial agents were evaluated for activity against experimental legionella micdadei pneumonia in guinea pigs. erythromycin, rifampin, doxycycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim produced significant reductions in mortality. penicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were not efficacious even though, at the doses administered, the peak concentrations of these agents in serum substantially exceeded their mics for the test strain. it is suggested that the poo ...	1985	3878688
conjugation-mediated genetic exchange in legionella pneumophila.	genetic exchange mechanisms, to our knowledge, have not been reported for legionella pneumophila, and consequently, studies on the genetic organization of l. pneumophila have not appeared in the literature. here, we describe gene transfer mediated by broad host range conjugative plasmids in legionella spp. escherichia coli strains carrying plasmids rp1 and r68.45 (incp1), s-a (incw), and r40a (incc), but not plasmids of incompatibility groups fi, fii, and fv, served as donors in matings with l. ...	1985	3881400
cutaneous abscess caused by legionella micdadei in an immunosuppressed patient.		1985	3885816
serological studies on patients with suspected legionellosis in new zealand.	specimens from 490 patients with suspected legionellosis from many parts of new zealand were studied. most of these were sera, but 36 specimens including material from lungs, pleural fluid and sputa were also examined. the sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6 and legionella micdadei. serological evidence of legionellosis was found in 49 patients. antibodies to l. pneumophila serogroup 6 predominated, while those to l. micdadei and l. pneumop ...	1985	3899943
isolation and preliminary characterization of erythromycin-resistant variants of legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila.	erythromycin-resistant legionella spp. variants were obtained by a single passage of the naturally occurring bacteria on medium containing various concentrations of erythromycin. by disk diffusion susceptibility testing, at least three different phenotypic patterns of cross-resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin b antibiotics were observed among the 26 erythromycin-resistant strains examined.	1985	3985605
tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) growth kinetics may explain its infrequent isolation from water and the low prevalence of pittsburgh pneumonia.	sediment and indigenous microflora taken from water distribution systems has been shown to promote the survival of legionella pneumophila. the effect of sediment and indigenous microflora on tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent, ppa) was evaluated by growth curve experiments. symbiosis between ppa and environmental bacteria was demonstrated by satellitism experiments. unlike l. pneumophila, the concentration of ppa remained stationary in test tube suspensions containing both microflora ...	1985	4015089
acute pancreatitis possibly caused by legionella micdadei.	a case of acute haemorrhagic, ultimately fatal, pancreatitis in a 72-year-old man is presented. no pneumonia was found. high igm-titres to legionella micdadei were demonstrated. in addition 11 patients treated for pancreatitis were studied retrospectively. none had elevated titres to l. micdadei or l. pneumophila.	1985	4023637
opsonic requirements for phagocytosis of legionella micdadei by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.	the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation and of antibody in the phagocytosis of legionella micdadei by polymorphonuclear leukocytes were studied. normal serum was treated with the appropriate chelators or with heat to inactivate the classical, alternate, or both pathways of complement activation. normal and complement-depleted sera with or without antibody were employed as opsonins for l. micdadei in phagocytosis assays. there was no difference in the phagocyt ...	1985	4030099
massive diarrhea in legionella micdadei pneumonitis.	mild diarrhea of poorly documented volume is common early in the course of legionella infection. we report massive diarrhea of 1.8 to 3 liters per day in a patient with pneumonia in whom legionella micdadei was isolated from pleural fluid and infection was confirmed serologically. the large volume of diarrhea, not previously associated with legionella infection, remained unexplained despite clinical evaluation and postmortem study of the gastrointestinal tract. this case expands the clinical spe ...	1985	4086749
substrate utilization by legionella cells after cryopreservation in phosphate buffer.	the objective of this study was to evaluate by relatively simple metabolic tests the usefulness of buffers and energy sources commonly used in legionella growth media. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, legionella micdadei, and legionella bozemanii were grown in an enriched charcoal-yeast extract diphasic medium. the cells were washed thrice, suspended in various buffers (ph 6.9) with 1 or 5 mm mgso4, and used immediately or after controlled-rate cryopreservation. co2 produced and c incor ...	1984	6148914
agglutinating antibody titers to members of the family legionellaceae in cystic fibrosis patients as a result of cross-reacting antibodies to pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and significance of antibody titers to organisms in the family legionellaceae in 128 serum samples collected from cystic fibrosis patients at routine examinations. antibody titers were determined for 10 antigenic types of legionellaceae; legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, fluoribacter (legionella) bozemanae, fluoribacter (legionella) dumoffii, fluoribacter (legionella) gormanii, and tatlockia (legionella) micdadei. the method of a ...	1984	6206086
a comparative study of legionella micdadei and other nosocomial acquired pneumonia.	the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 27 patients during an outbreak of pneumonia due to legionella micdadei were reviewed. these patients were compared with a group of 46 patients who had other causes of nosocomial acquired pneumonia. patients with pneumonia due to l micdadei typically had nosocomial acquisition of the disease and were immunosuppressed. symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory tests were nonspecific; however, patients with pneumonia due to l micdadei had an increase ...	1984	6333321
simultaneous infection with legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in an immunologically intact host. a case report.	the authors reported a case of dual infection with legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in an immunologically intact host. the bacteriological and serological data are compatible with a simultaneous recent infection.	1984	6466457
interaction of legionella micdadei with human monocytes.	we have recently shown that legionella micdadei is ingested, but not killed, by human neutrophils. herein we investigate the role of human monocytes in defense against this organism. serum and monocytes from normal donors having no detectable antibody to l. micdadei were used. egg-passaged l. micdadei organisms multiplied inside these monocytes with a peak growth of 2 log units within 12 h. no growth occurred when monocytes were omitted or when sonicated monocytes were used. electron microscopy ...	1984	6480116
determination of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase within the genus legionella.	we examined 40 strains of legionella for reduced-oxygen scavenging enzymes. using a simple reaction chamber with a swinney filter for the beers and sizer assay, we determined the catalase activity of live cells grown on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. for 29 strains of legionella pneumophila, the apparent first-order rate constants for catalase ranged from 0.000 to 0.005. similarly, low values ranging from 0.001 to 0.005 were observed for legionella wadsworthii, legionella oakridgensis, an ...	1984	6490828
plasmid transfer into members of the family legionellaceae.	the plasmids rp4 and pph1ji::mu::tn5 were transferred with moderate frequency from escherichia coli to legionella pneumophila (strain bloomington 2) and fluoribacter (legionella) bozemanae (strain wiga). the frequency of transfer to tatlockia (legionella) micdadei (strain tatlock) was much lower. in these transconjugant strains the plasmids were maintained following at least 10 nonselective passages. however, the introduced plasmids could not be transferred from these strains to several other st ...	1984	6491366
clinical laboratory differentiation of legionellaceae family members with pigment production and fluorescence on media supplemented with aromatic substrates.	a systematic study of pigment production (browning) and fluorescence (extracellular yellow-green and intracellular blue-white) by nine legionellaceae species was performed. a total of 56 strains representing tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent), legionella pneumophila, legionella jordanis, legionella longbeachae, legionella oakridgensis, legionella wadsworthii, fluoribacter bozemanae, fluoribacter gormanii, and fluoribacter dumoffii could be separated on media supplemented with tyrosi ...	1984	6547453
disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of members of the family legionellaceae including erythromycin-resistant variants of legionella micdadei.	disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of members of the family legionellaceae was accomplished on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar by allowing the bacteria to grow for 6 h before placement of the disks, followed by an additional 42-h incubation period before the inhibitory zones were measured. this system was standardized by comparing the zone sizes with the mics for 20 antimicrobial agents of nine bacterial strains in five legionella species and of 19 laboratory-derived, eryth ...	1984	6565706
legionellosis in children with leukemia in relapse.	two children with legionellosis complicating a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are reported. a 5-year-old boy with pneumonia had legionella pneumophila cultured from a tracheal aspirate following a rapid deterioration in his respiratory status and intubation. this child had severe and irreversible granulocytopenia and died in spite of therapy with erythromycin and rifampin added five days later. combination antimicrobial therapy is suggested for immunosuppressed children with legionellos ...	1984	6587311
failure of erythromycin in treatment of legionella micdadei pneumonia.	a 59-year-old immunocompromised woman had nosocomial legionella micdadei infection that failed to respond to two weeks of erythromycin in high intravenous doses and oral rifampin. treatment with intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and oral rifampin, which previously has not been used in this infection, resulted in cure.	1984	6607673
infections caused by legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila among renal transplant recipients.	in an analysis of legionellosis at presbyterian-university hospital in pittsburgh during the 28 months after the original outbreak of pneumonia caused by legionella micdadei , 101 consecutive renal-allograft recipients were studied. the prevalence of elevated titers of antibody to legionella pneumophila or l. micdadei among the patients at the time of transplantation (21.6%) was not significantly different from that among kidney donors (13.4%; p greater than .25). seroconversion occurred in 21 ( ...	1984	6373965
pneumonia caused by pittsburgh pneumonia agent: radiologic manifestations.	using an objective scoring system, chest radiographs were reviewed in 23 cases of pneumonia due to the pittsburgh pneumonia agent (ppa, tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei), including six cases of pneumonia with simultaneous isolation of ppa and l pneumophila (legionnaires' disease). infiltrates were typically segmental to lobar; nodular infiltrates were noted in three cases. spread to additional lobes after presentation occurred in four of 17 ppa infections. pneumonia caused by both ppa and ...	1984	6695060
ecological distribution of legionellaceae in the quebec city area.	one hundred environmental water samples, which were collected in the quebec city area and cultured on buffered charcoal yeast extract medium and three selective media, were inoculated to guinea pigs and were screened by direct immunofluorescent staining (dfa) for the presence of legionellaceae. six isolates were made (four legionella pneumophila and two tatlockia (legionella) micdadei: three by animal inoculation and three by culture). no samples were simultaneously positive by both methods. aft ...	1984	6713304
capillary gas chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates of legionella pneumophila and other members of the family legionellaceae.	legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires disease, and related organisms have previously been characterized primarily by conventional bacteriological methods, dna-dna hybridization, antigenic analysis, and fatty acid analysis. by capillary gas chromatographic analysis for carbohydrates, we have shown that muramic acid and glucosamine, characteristic markers of bacterial cell walls, were present in samples of l. pneumophila and a group of legionella-like organisms. some bacteria ...	1984	6715510
a note on the temperature tolerance of legionella.	a strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated from the environment had a decimal reduction time in water at 50 degrees c (d50) of 111 min, a d54 of 27 min and a d58 of 6 min. there was little loss of viability at 46 degrees c. other environmental organisms, a pseudomonas sp., a micrococcus sp. and a coliform survived less well at these temperatures. a species of sarcina had a survival time greater than the l. pneumophila at all the temperatures tested. other strains of legionellas were ...	1984	6725165
in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of legionellaceae: search for alternative antimicrobial drugs.	reference strains of legionella pneumophila (serotypes 1-4, and 6), legionella micdadei , and legionella bozemanii proved susceptible (agar dilution test, buffered charcoal yeast extract agar) to erythromycin, rifampin, augmentin (amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid), cefotaxime, cefoxitin, enoxacin , fusidic acid, and norfloxacin; cefamandole was less active. the strains varied in susceptibility to fosfomycin.	1984	6734305
pneumonia and multiple lung abscesses caused by dual infection with legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila.	an immunocompromised patient developed pneumonia in which both legionella micdadei and l. pneumophila, serogroup 6, were isolated from transtracheal aspirates in the absence of any other bacteria. unusual features included the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple pulmonary abscesses during treatment with erythromycin, and relapse of the legionellosis after extended therapy with both erythromycin and rifampin, which was heralded by septic shock. because simultaneous ...	1983	6849535
electrophoretic characterization of soluble protein extracts of legionella pneumophila and other members of the family legionellaceae.	the soluble peptides of strains of legionella pneumophila, tatlockia micdadei, fluoribacter bozemanae, fluoribacter dumoffii, and fluoribacter gormanii were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. characteristic patterns were seen for legionella and tatlockia strains, whereas the patterns for the fluoribacter strains were variable as would be expected for this genetically heterogeneous group. grouping by peptide pattern was consistent with proposed taxons based on dna-dna homology. by usi ...	1983	6874904
cross-reactions between legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) and twenty-eight other bacterial species, including other members of the family legionellaceae.	cross-reactions between legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and 28 other bacterial species were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques. a sonicated l. pneumophila antigen and purified homologous rabbit antibody were used as a reference system. few antigens (0 to 6) cross-reacted with non-legionellaceae, but two were found in nearly all gram-negative bacteria tested (antigens no. 1 and 66). antigen no. 66 of the l. pneumophila reference system was shown to be antigenicall ...	1983	6404825
legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) may cause non-pneumonic legionellosis.		1983	6132064
[incidence of legionnaires' disease].	titre levels against legionella pneumophila, serotype 1-4, and against legionella micdadei were measured in 2290 sera. about 1% contained specific antibodies indicating previous contact with the causative organisms within a year, suggesting a high incidence. on the other hand, the contagion index at 10% was relatively low. it relates to mild influenza-like and severe pneumonitic forms of the infection. in the federal republic of germany it is likely that there are 6000-7000 cases of legionella-c ...	1983	6617506
the contribution of human neutrophils and serum to host defense against legionella micdadei.	the interaction of legionella micdadei with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) and serum was investigated to determine their roles in host defense against this organism. serum and pmns from normal donors having no antibody to l micadei were used. pmns phagocytized once-agar-passaged (74.6% +/- 6.5%) and twice-agar-passaged (87.3% +/- 1.0%) l micdadei less (p less than 0.05) than l micdadei passaged multiple times on agar (97.5% +/- 1.0%) or staphylococcus aureus (98.3% +/- 0.5%). under t ...	1983	6619577