Publications

potentiation of aminoglycoside activity in pseudomonas aeruginosa by targeting the amgrs envelope stress-responsive two-component system.	a screen for agents that potentiated the activity of paromomycin (par), a 4,5-linked aminoglycoside (ag), against wild-type pseudomonas aeruginosa identified the rna polymerase inhibitor rifampin (rif). rif potentiated additional 4,5-linked ags, such as neomycin and ribostamycin, but not the clinically important 4,6-linked ags amikacin and gentamicin. potentiation was absent in a mutant lacking the amgrs envelope stress response two-component system (tcs), which protects the organism from ag-gen ...	2016	27021319
dynamic clustering of the bacterial sensory kinase baes.	several bacterial sensory-kinase receptors form clusters on the cell membrane. however, the dynamics of sensory-kinase clustering are largely unclear. using measurements of fluorescence anisotropy and time-lapse imaging of escherichia coli cells, we demonstrate that copper ions trigger self-association of baes receptors and lead to rapid formation of clusters, which can be reversibly dispersed by a metal chelator. copper ions did not trigger self-association of other fluorescently tagged sensory ...	2016	26950881
unravelling potential virulence factor candidates in xanthomonas citri. subsp. citri by secretome analysis.	citrus canker is a major disease affecting citrus production in brazil. it's mainly caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 pathotype a (xac). we analysed the differential expression of proteins secreted by wild type xac and an asymptomatic mutant for hrpb4 (δhrpb4) grown in nutrient broth (nb) and a medium mimicking growth conditions in the plant (xam1). this allowed the identification of 55 secreted proteins, of which 37 were secreted by both strains when cultured in xam1. in this ...	2016	26925342
a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay and sample preparation procedure for sensitive detection of xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry.	xanthomonas fragariae is a bacterium that causes angular leaf spot of strawberry. asymptomatic infection is common and contributes to the difficulties in disease management. the aim of this study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay as an efficient method for detection of asymptomatic infections of x. fragariae. in addition, a new method of sample preparation was developed that allows sampling of a larger amount of plant tissue, hence increasing the detection rate ...	2016	26766068
going beyond the control of quorum-sensing to combat biofilm infections.	most bacteria attach to surfaces where they form a biofilm, cells embedded in a complex matrix of polymers. cells in biofilms are much better protected against noxious agents than free-living cells. as a consequence it is very difficult to control pathogens with antibiotics in biofilm infections and novel targets are urgently needed. one approach aims at the communication between cells to form and to maintain a biofilm, a process called quorum-sensing. water soluble small-sized molecules mediate ...	2016	27025518
identification of pectin degrading enzymes secreted by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and determination of their role in virulence on rice.	xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (xoo) causes the serious bacterial blight disease of rice. xoo secretes a repertoire of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (cwdes) like cellulases, xylanases, esterases etc., which act on various components of the rice cell wall. the major cellulases and xylanases secreted by xoo have been identified and their role in virulence has been determined. in this study, we have identified some of the pectin degrading enzymes of xoo and assessed their role in virulence. bioin ...	2016	27907079
inducible expression of the de-novo designed antimicrobial peptide sp1-1 in tomato confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	antimicrobial peptides (amps) are small peptides with less than 50 amino acids and are part of the innate immune response in almost all organisms, including bacteria, vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. amps are active against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. the inducible expression of amps in plants is a promising approach to combat plant pathogens with minimal negative side effects, such as phytotoxicity or infertility. in this study, inducible expression of the de-novo designed amp sp1-1 in ...	2016	27706237
plant resistance inducers against pathogens in solanaceae species-from molecular mechanisms to field application.	this review provides a current summary of plant resistance inducers (pris) that have been successfully used in the solanaceae plant family to protect against pathogens by activating the plant's own defence. solanaceous species include many important crops such as potato and tomato. we also present findings regarding the molecular processes after application of pris, even if the number of such studies still remains limited in this plant family. in general, there is a lack of patterns regarding th ...	2016	27706100
differential control efficacies of vitamin treatments against bacterial wilt and grey mould diseases in tomato plants.	bacterial wilt and grey mould in tomato plants are economically destructive bacterial and fungal diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum and botrytis cinerea, respectively. various approaches including chemical and biological controls have been attempted to arrest the tomato diseases so far. in this study, in vitro growths of bacterial r. solanacearum and fungal b. cinerea were evaluated using four different vitamins including thiamine (vitamin b1), niacin (vitamin b3), pyridoxine (vitamin b6) ...	2016	27721697
chilli anthracnose: the epidemiology and management.	indian cuisine is renowned and celebrated throughout the world for its spicy treat to the tongue. the flavor and aroma of the food generated due to the use of spices creates an indelible experience. among the commonly utilized spices to stimulate the taste buds in indian food, whole or powdered chilli constitutes an inevitable position. besides being a vital ingredient of of indian food, chilli occupy an important position as an economic commodity, a major share in indian economy. chilli also ha ...	2016	27746765
xanthomonas campestris fabh is required for branched-chain fatty acid and dsf-family quorum sensing signal biosynthesis.	xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), a gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium, causes black rot disease of cruciferous vegetables. although xcc has a complex fatty acid profile comprised of straight-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids (bcfas), and encodes a complete set of genes required for fatty acid synthesis, there is still little known about the mechanism of bcfa synthesis. we reported that expression of xcc fabh restores the growth of ralstonia solanacearum fabh mutan ...	2016	27595587
how auxin and cytokinin phytohormones modulate root microbe interactions.	a large range of microorganisms can associate with plants, resulting in neutral, friendly or hostile interactions. the ability of plants to recognize compatible and incompatible microorganisms and to limit or promote their colonization is therefore crucial for their survival. elaborated communication networks determine the degree of association between the host plant and the invading microorganism. central to these regulations of plant microbe interactions, phytohormones modulate microorganism p ...	2016	27588025
behind the lines-actions of bacterial type iii effector proteins in plant cells.	pathogenicity of most gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type iii secretion (t3s) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. type iii effectors modulate plant cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and promote bacterial multiplication. one major virulence function of type iii effectors is the suppression of plant innate immunity, which is triggered upon recognition of pathogen-derived molecular patterns by plant receptor proteins. type ...	2016	27526699
nudix effectors: a common weapon in the arsenal of plant pathogens.		2016	27513453
the plant cell wall: a complex and dynamic structure as revealed by the responses of genes under stress conditions.	the plant cell wall has a diversity of functions. it provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens. the cell wall must also retain some flexibility, such that when subjected to developmental, biotic, or abiotic stimuli it can be rapidly remodeled in response. genes encoding enzymes capable of synthesizing or hydrolyzing components of the plant cell wall show differential expression when subjected to different str ...	2016	27559336
identification and expression profiles of six transcripts encoding carboxylesterase protein in vitis flexuosa infected with pathogens.	plants protect themselves from pathogen attacks via several mechanisms, including hypersensitive cell death. recognition of pathogen attack by the plant resistance gene triggers expression of carboxylesterase genes associated with hypersensitive response. we identified six transcripts of carboxylesterase genes, vitis flexuosa carboxylesterase 5585 (vfcxe5585), vfcxe12827, vfcxe13132, vfcxe17159, vfcxe18231, and vfcxe47674, which showed different expression patterns upon transcriptome analysis of ...	2016	27493610
a host basal transcription factor is a key component for infection of rice by tale-carrying bacteria.	transcription activator-like effectors (tales) are sequence-specific dna binding proteins found in a range of plant pathogenic bacteria, where they play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. however, it has been unclear how tales, after they have been injected into the host cells, activate transcription of host genes required for infection success. here, we show that the basal transcription factor iia gamma subunit tfiiaγ5 from rice is a key component for infection by the tale-carrying ...	2016	27472897
modification of bacterial effector proteins inside eukaryotic host cells.	pathogenic bacteria manipulate their hosts by delivering a number of virulence proteins -called effectors- directly into the plant or animal cells. recent findings have shown that such effectors can suffer covalent modifications inside the eukaryotic cells. here, we summarize the recent reports where effector modifications by the eukaryotic machinery have been described. we restrict our focus on proteins secreted by the type iii or type iv systems, excluding other bacterial toxins. we describe t ...	2016	27489796
gamr, the lysr-type galactose metabolism regulator, regulates hrp gene expression via transcriptional activation of two key hrp regulators, hrpg and hrpx, in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.	xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice. for the virulence of the bacterium, the hrp genes, encoding components of the type iii secretion system, are indispensable. the expression of hrp genes is regulated by two key hrp regulators, hrpg and hrpx: hrpg regulates hrpx, and hrpx regulates other hrp genes. several other regulators have been shown to be involved in the regulation of hrp genes. here, we found that a lysr-type transcriptional regulator that w ...	2016	27107122
directed evolution of fls2 towards novel flagellin peptide recognition.	microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) are molecules, or domains within molecules, that are conserved across microbial taxa and can be recognized by a plant or animal immune system. although mamp receptors have evolved to recognize conserved epitopes, the mamps in some microbial species or strains have diverged sufficiently to render them unrecognizable by some host immune systems. in this study, we carried out in vitro evolution of the arabidopsis thaliana flagellin receptor flagellin-se ...	2016	27270917
changes in the aggressiveness and fecundity of hot pepper anthracnose pathogen (colletotricum acutatum) under elevated co2 and temperature over 100 infection cycles.	we observed the changes in aggressiveness and fecundity of the anthracnose pathogen colletotrichum acutatum on hot pepper, under the ambient and the twice-ambient treatments. artificial infection was repeated over 100 cycles for ambient (25°c/400 ppm co2) and twice-ambient (30°c/700 ppm co2) growth chamber conditions, over 3 years. during repeated infection cycles (ics) on green-pepper fruits, the aggressiveness (incidence [% of diseased fruits among 20 inoculated fruits] and severity [lesion le ...	2016	27298601
dna microarray and gene ontology enrichment analysis reveals that a mutation in opsx affects virulence and chemotaxis in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.	xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight (blb) in rice (oryza sativa l.). in this study, we investigated the effect of a mutation in opsx (xoo1056), which encodes a saccharide biosynthesis regulatory protein, on the virulence and bacterial chemotaxis of xoo. we performed dna microarray analysis, which showed that 63 of 2,678 genes, including genes related to bacterial motility (flagellar and chemotaxis proteins) were significantly downregulated (<-2 log2 fold changes) by ...	2016	27298594
aba suppresses botrytis cinerea elicited no production in tomato to influence h2o2 generation and increase host susceptibility.	abscisic acid (aba) production has emerged a susceptibility factor in plant-pathogen interactions. this work examined the interaction of aba with nitric oxide (no) in tomato following challenge with the aba-synthesizing pathogen, botrytis cinerea. trace gas detection using a quantum cascade laser detected no production within minutes of challenge with b. cinerea whilst photoacoustic laser detection detected ethylene production - an established mediator of defense against this pathogen - occurrin ...	2016	27252724
hrcu and hrpp are pathogenicity factors in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora required for the type iii secretion of dspa/e.	many gram-negative bacterial pathogens mediate host-microbe interactions via utilization of the type iii secretion (t3s) system. the t3s system is a complex molecular machine consisting of more than 20 proteins. collectively, these proteins translocate effectors across extracellular space and into the host cytoplasm. successful translocation requires timely synthesis and allocation of both structural and secreted t3s proteins. based on amino acid conservation in animal pathogenic bacteria, hrcu ...	2016	27206522
identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes.	plant parasitic nematodes develop an intimate and long-term feeding relationship with their host plants. they induce a multi-nucleate feeding site close to the vascular bundle in the roots of their host plant and remain sessile for the rest of their life. nematode secretions, produced in the oesophageal glands and secreted through a hollow stylet into the host plant cytoplasm, are believed to play key role in pathogenesis. to combat these persistent pathogens, the identity and functional analysi ...	2016	27001199
phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection.	plants are constantly threatened by potential pathogens. in order to optimize the output of defense against pathogens with distinct lifestyles, plants depend on hormonal networks to fine-tune specific responses and regulate growth-defense tradeoffs. to counteract, pathogens have evolved various strategies to disturb hormonal homeostasis and facilitate infection. many pathogens synthesize plant hormones; more importantly, toxins and effectors are produced to manipulate hormonal crosstalk. accumul ...	2016	26879412
pf filamentous phage requires uvrd for replication in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pf is a lysogenic filamentous phage that promotes biofilm development in pseudomonas aeruginosa. pf replicates by a rolling circle replication system which depends on a phage-encoded initiator protein and host factors usually involved in chromosome replication. rep, an accessory replicative dna helicase, is crucial for replication of filamentous phages in escherichia coli. in contrast, here we show that, instead of depending on rep, pf replication depends on uvrd, an accessory helicase implicate ...	2016	27303696
involvement of agrobacterium tumefaciens galacturonate tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporter gaapqm in virulence gene expression.	monosaccharides capable of serving as nutrients for the soil bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens are also inducers of the vir regulon present in the tumor-inducing (ti) plasmid of this plant pathogen. one such monosaccharide is galacturonate, the predominant monomer of pectin found in plant cell walls. this ligand is recognized by the periplasmic sugar binding protein chve, which interacts with the vira histidine kinase that controls vir gene expression. although chve is also a member of the chv ...	2016	26637603
catalysts of plant cell wall loosening.	the growing cell wall in plants has conflicting requirements to be strong enough to withstand the high tensile forces generated by cell turgor pressure while selectively yielding to those forces to induce wall stress relaxation, leading to water uptake and polymer movements underlying cell wall expansion. in this article, i review emerging concepts of plant primary cell wall structure, the nature of wall extensibility and the action of expansins, family-9 and -12 endoglucanases, family-16 xylogl ...	2016	26918182
rutin-mediated priming of plant resistance to three bacterial pathogens initiating the early sa signal pathway.	flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions, including uv protection, auxin transport inhibition, allelopathy, flower coloring and insect resistance. here we show that rutin, a proud member of the flavonoid family, could be functional as an activator to improve plant disease resistances. three plant species pretreated with 2 mm rutin were found to enhance resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, ralstonia solanacearum, and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato st ...	2016	26751786
new, hybrid pectin-based biosorbents.	in this work hybrid pectin-based biosorbents with secondary polysaccharide additives (gellan, carob and xanthan gum, ratio to pectin 1:1, 1:1 and 1:3, respectively) were obtained at two temperatures. the presence of these additives in prepared beads was confirmed by raman spectra. the sem micrographs show better homogeneity of blends and grater differences between structures of beads with various additives obtained at higher temperature. the sorption capacity of our hybrid biosorbents as well as ...	2016	27812233
hydrogen cyanide in the rhizosphere: not suppressing plant pathogens, but rather regulating availability of phosphate.	plant growth promoting rhizobacteria produce chemical compounds with different benefits for the plant. among them, hcn is recognized as a biocontrol agent, based on its ascribed toxicity against plant pathogens. based on several past studies questioning the validity of this hypothesis, we have re-addressed the issue by designing a new set of in vitro experiments, to test if hcn-producing rhizobacteria could inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. the level of hcn produced by the rhizobacteria in v ...	2016	27917154
the rna-binding protein csra plays a central role in positively regulating virulence factors in erwinia amylovora.	the gacs/gaca two-component system (also called grrs/grra) is a global regulatory system which is highly conserved among gamma-proteobacteria. this system positively regulates non-coding small regulatory rna csrb, which in turn binds to the rna-binding protein csra. however, how gacs/gaca-csr system regulates virulence traits in e. amylovora remains unknown. results from mutant characterization showed that the csrb mutant was hypermotile, produced higher amount of exopolysaccharide amylovoran, a ...	2016	27845410
mir1918 enhances tomato sensitivity to phytophthora infestans infection.	late blight of tomato is caused by the oomycete pathogen phytophthora infestans. in our previous work, we identified and characterized a mir1918 in p. infestans (pi-mir1918), and showed that its sequence is similar to the sequence of tomato mir1918 (sly-mir1918). in this study, we used arabidopsis thaliana pre-mir159a as a backbone to synthesize pi-mir1918 via pcr and mutagenesis. the artificial pi-mir1918 was used to investigate the role of mir1918 in tomato-p. infestans interaction. trangenic ...	2016	27779242
isolation, identification and characterization of paenibacillus polymyxa cr1 with potentials for biopesticide, biofertilization, biomass degradation and biofuel production.	paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium that could be exploited as an environmentally friendlier alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. various strains have been isolated that can benefit agriculture through antimicrobial activity, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, plant hormone production, or lignocellulose degradation. however, no single strain has yet been identified in which all of these advantageous traits have been confirmed.	2016	27756215
the historical role of species from the solanaceae plant family in genetic research.	this article evaluates the main contributions of tomato, tobacco, petunia, potato, pepper and eggplant to classical and molecular plant genetics and genomics since the beginning of the twentieth century. species from the solanaceae family form integral parts of human civilizations as food sources and drugs since thousands of years, and, more recently, as ornamentals. some solanaceous species were subjects of classical and molecular genetic research over the last 100 years. the tomato was one of ...	2016	27744490
regulation of stomatal defense by air relative humidity.	it has long been observed that environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants and animals. for instance, many bacterial plant disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. a critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds and natural openings, such as stomata, which are adjustable microscopic pores in the epidermal tissue. several studies have shown that stomatal closure is an integral part of the p ...	2016	27702841
a non canonical subtilase attenuates the transcriptional activation of defence responses in arabidopsis thaliana.	proteases play crucial physiological functions in all organisms by controlling the lifetime of proteins. here, we identified an atypical protease of the subtilase family [sbt5.2(b)] that attenuates the transcriptional activation of plant defence independently of its protease activity. the sbt5.2 gene produces two distinct transcripts encoding a canonical secreted subtilase [sbt5.2(a)] and an intracellular protein [sbt5.2(b)]. concomitant to sbt5.2(a) downregulation, sbt5.2(b) expression is induc ...	2016	27685353
map-based cloning and characterization of the bph18 gene from wild rice conferring resistance to brown planthopper (bph) insect pest.	brown planthopper (bph) is a phloem sap-sucking insect pest of rice which causes severe yield loss. we cloned the bph18 gene from the bph-resistant introgression line derived from the wild rice species oryza australiensis. map-based cloning and complementation test revealed that the bph18 encodes cc-nbs-nbs-lrr protein. bph18 has two nbs domains, unlike the typical nbs-lrr proteins. the bph18 promoter::gus transgenic plants exhibited strong gus expression in the vascular bundles of the leaf shea ...	2016	27682162
quantitative proteomics reveals the defense response of wheat against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.	wheat stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is considered one of the most aggressive diseases to wheat production. in this study, we used an itraq-based approach for the quantitative proteomic comparison of the incompatible pst race cyr23 in infected and non-infected leaves of the wheat cultivar suwon11. a total of 3,475 unique proteins were identified from three key stages of interaction (12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation) and control groups. quantitative analysis sh ...	2016	27678307
a small cysteine-rich protein from the asian soybean rust fungus, phakopsora pachyrhizi, suppresses plant immunity.	the asian soybean rust fungus, phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing severe soybean disease epidemics. molecular mechanisms by which p. pachyrhizi and other rust fungi interact with their host plants are poorly understood. the genomes of all rust fungi encode many small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins (sscrp). while these proteins are thought to function within the host, their roles are completely unknown. here, we present the characterization of p. pachyrhizi effect ...	2016	27676173
calecrk-s.5, a pepper l-type lectin receptor kinase gene, confers broad-spectrum resistance by activating priming.	in arabidopsis, several l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrks) have been identified as putative immune receptors. however, to date, there have been few analyses of lecrks in crop plants. virus-induced gene silencing of calecrk-s.5 verified the role of calecrk-s.5 in broad-spectrum resistance. compared with control plants, calecrk-s.5-silenced plants showed reduced hypersensitive response, reactive oxygen species burst, secondary metabolite production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation ...	2016	27647723
the proteasome acts as a hub for plant immunity and is targeted by pseudomonas type iii effectors.	recent evidence suggests that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in several aspects of plant immunity and that a range of plant pathogens subvert the ubiquitin-proteasome system to enhance their virulence. here, we show that proteasome activity is strongly induced during basal defense in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). mutant lines of the proteasome subunits rpt2a and rpn12a support increased bacterial growth of virulent pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 (pst) and pseudomonas sy ...	2016	27613851
the arabidopsis protein phosphatase pp2c38 negatively regulates the central immune kinase bik1.	plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) via cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (prrs), leading to prr-triggered immunity (pti). the arabidopsis cytoplasmic kinase bik1 is a downstream substrate of several prr complexes. how plant pti is negatively regulated is not fully understood. here, we identify the protein phosphatase pp2c38 as a negative regulator of bik1 activity and bik1-mediated immunity. pp2c38 dynamically associates with bik1, as well as with ...	2016	27494702
surface immobilization of human arginase-1 with an engineered ice nucleation protein display system in e. coli.	ice nucleation protein (inp) is frequently used as a surface anchor for protein display in gram-negative bacteria. here, male and tora signal peptides, and three charged polypeptides, 6×lys, 6×glu and 6×asp, were anchored to the n-terminus of truncated inp (inak-n) to improve its surface display efficiency for human arginase1 (arg1). our results indicated that the tora signal peptide increased the surface translocation of non-protein fused inak-n and human arg1 fused inak-n (inak-n/arg1) by 80.7 ...	2016	27479442
responses to combined abiotic and biotic stress in tomato are governed by stress intensity and resistance mechanism.	stress conditions in agricultural ecosystems can occur at variable intensities. different resistance mechanisms against abiotic stress and pathogens are deployed by plants. thus, it is important to examine plant responses to stress combinations under different scenarios. here, we evaluated the effect of different levels of salt stress ranging from mild to severe (50, 100, and 150mm nacl) on powdery mildew resistance and overall performance of tomato introgression lines with contrasting levels of ...	2016	27436279
the xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria type-3 effector xopb inhibits plant defence responses by interfering with ros production.	the bacterial pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria 85-10 (xcv) translocates about 30 type-3 effector proteins (t3es) into pepper plants (capsicum annuum) to suppress plant immune responses. among them is xopb which interferes with pti, eti and sugar-mediated defence responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and direct targets are unknown so far. here, we examined the xopb-mediated suppression of plant defence responses in more detail. infection of susceptible pepper plants wi ...	2016	27398933
function of succinoglycan polysaccharide in sinorhizobium meliloti host plant invasion depends on succinylation, not molecular weight.	the acidic polysaccharide succinoglycan produced by the rhizobial symbiont sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 is required for this bacterium to invade the host plant medicago truncatula and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. s. meliloti mutants that cannot make succinoglycan cannot initiate invasion structures called infection threads in plant root hairs. s. meliloti exoh mutants that cannot succinylate succinoglycan are also unable to form infection threads, despite the fact that they make large q ...	2016	27329751
coronatine facilitates pseudomonas syringae infection of arabidopsis leaves at night.	in many land plants, the stomatal pore opens during the day and closes during the night. thus, periods of darkness could be effective in decreasing pathogen penetration into leaves through stomata, the primary sites for infection by many pathogens. pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000 produces coronatine (cor) and opens stomata, raising an intriguing question as to whether this is a virulence strategy to facilitate bacterial infection at night. in fact, we found that (a) biological conce ...	2016	27446113
multiple patterns of regulation and overexpression of a ribonuclease-like pathogenesis-related protein gene, ospr10a, conferring disease resistance in rice and arabidopsis.	an abundant 17 kda rnase, encoded by ospr10a (also known as pbz1), was purified from pi-starved rice suspension-cultured cells. biochemical analysis showed that the range of optimal temperature for its rnase activity was 40-70°c and the optimum ph was 5.0. disulfide bond formation and divalent metal ion mg2+ were required for the rnase activity. the expression of ospr10a::gus in transgenic rice was induced upon phosphate (pi) starvation, wounding, infection by the pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. ...	2016	27258121
a phytophthora sojae effector pscrn63 forms homo-/hetero-dimers to suppress plant immunity via an inverted association manner.	oomycete pathogens produce a large number of effectors to promote infection. their mode of action are largely unknown. here we show that a phytophthora sojae effector, pscrn63, suppresses flg22-induced expression of frk1 gene, a molecular marker in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamp)-triggered immunity (pti). however, pscrn63 does not suppress upstream signaling events including flg22-induced mapk activation and bik1 phosphorylation, indicating that it acts downstream of mapk cascades. ...	2016	27243217
multiple targets of salicylic acid and its derivatives in plants and animals.	salicylic acid (sa) is a critical plant hormone that is involved in many processes, including seed germination, root initiation, stomatal closure, floral induction, thermogenesis, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. its central role in plant immunity, although extensively studied, is still only partially understood. classical biochemical approaches and, more recently, genome-wide high-throughput screens have identified more than two dozen plant sa-binding proteins (sabps), as well as mu ...	2016	27303403
transgenic soybean overexpressing gmsamt1 exhibits resistance to multiple-hg types of soybean cyst nematode heterodera glycines.	soybean (glycine max (l.) merr.) salicylic acid methyl transferase (gmsamt1) catalyses the conversion of salicylic acid to methyl salicylate. prior results showed that when gmsamt1 was overexpressed in transgenic soybean hairy roots, resistance is conferred against soybean cyst nematode (scn), heterodera glycines ichinohe. in this study, we produced transgenic soybean overexpressing gmsamt1 and characterized their response to various scn races. transgenic plants conferred a significant reduction ...	2016	27064027
type iii-dependent translocation of hrpb2 by a nonpathogenic hpaabc mutant of the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria employs a type iii secretion (t3s) system to translocate effector proteins into plant cells. the t3s apparatus spans both bacterial membranes and is associated with an extracellular pilus and a channel-like translocon in the host plasma membrane. t3s is controlled by the switch protein hpac, which suppresses secretion and translocation of the predicted inner rod protein hrpb2 and promotes secretion of translocon and effector p ...	2016	27016569
genomic screens identify a new phytobacterial microbe-associated molecular pattern and the cognate arabidopsis receptor-like kinase that mediates its immune elicitation.	the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns during infection is central to the mounting of an effective immune response. in spite of their importance, it remains difficult to identify these molecules and the host receptors required for their perception, ultimately limiting our understanding of the role of these molecules in the evolution of host-pathogen relationships.	2016	27160854
light suppresses bacterial population through the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in tobacco leaves infected with pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (pst) is a hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen responsible for tobacco wildfire disease. although considerable research has been conducted on the tobacco plant's tolerance to pst, the role of light in the responses of the photosystems to pst infection is poorly understood. this study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the reduced photosystem damage in tobacco leaves due to pst infection under light conditions. compared to dark conditions, pst infection ...	2016	27148334
elucidation of a masked repeating structure of the o-specific polysaccharide of the halotolerant soil bacteria azospirillum halopraeferens au4.	an o-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide isolated by the phenol-water extraction from the halotolerant soil bacteria azospirillum halopraeferens type strain au4. the polysaccharide was studied by sugar and methylation analyses, selective cleavages by smith degradation and solvolysis with trifluoroacetic acid, one- and two-dimensional (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the following masked repeating structure of the o-specific polysaccharide was es ...	2016	27340454
overexpression of slupa-like induces cell enlargement, aberrant development and low stress tolerance through phytohormonal pathway in tomato.	upa20 induces cell enlargement and hypertrophy development. in our research, overexpression of slupa-like, orthologous to upa20, severely affected the growth of vegetative and reproductive tissues. wilted leaves curled upwardly and sterile flowers were found in transgenic lines. through anatomical analysis, palisade and spongy tissues showed fluffy and hypertrophic development in transgenic plants. gene expression analysis showed that ga responsive, biosynthetic and signal transduction genes (e. ...	2016	27025226
katg, the bifunctional catalase of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, responds to hydrogen peroxide and contributes to epiphytic survival on citrus leaves.	xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker. this bacterium is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ros) at different points during its life cycle, including those normally produced by aerobic respiration or upon exposition to ultraviolet (uv) radiation. moreover, ros are key components of the host immune response. among enzymatic ros-detoxifying mechanisms, catalases eliminate h2o2, avoiding the potential damage caused by this specie. xcc genome includes f ...	2016	26990197
are pectin esterase inhibitor genes involved in mediating resistance to rhynchosporium commune in barley?	a family of putative pectin esterase inhibitor (pei) genes, which were detected in the genomic region co-segregating with the resistance gene rrs2 against scald caused by rhynchosporium commune in barley, were characterized and tested for their possible involvement in mediating resistance to the pathogen by complementation and overexpression analysis. the sequences of the respective genes were derived from two bac contigs originating from the susceptible cultivar 'morex'. for the genes hvpei2, h ...	2016	26937960
global plant stress signaling: reactive oxygen species at the cross-road.	current technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. however, global defense signaling networks in plants have not been established yet. considering the apparent intricate nature of signaling mechanisms in plants (due to their sessile nature), studying the points at which different signaling pathways converge, rather than the branches, represents a good start to unravel global plant signalin ...	2016	26941757
genome-wide identification and expression analysis of wrky gene family in capsicum annuum l.	the wrky family of transcription factors is one of the most important families of plant transcriptional regulators with members regulating multiple biological processes, especially in regulating defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. however, little information is available about wrkys in pepper (capsicum annuum l.). the recent release of completely assembled genome sequences of pepper allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation for pepper wrky proteins. in the present study, a total ...	2016	26941768
fire blight disease reactome: rna-seq transcriptional profile of apple host plant defense responses to erwinia amylovora pathogen infection.	the molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility of host plants to fire blight, a major disease threat to pome fruit production globally, is largely unknown. rna-sequencing data from challenged and mock-inoculated flowers were analyzed to assess the susceptible response of apple to the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. in presence of the pathogen 1,080 transcripts were differentially expressed at 48 h post inoculation. these included putative disease resistance, stress, pathogen relate ...	2016	26883568
mapk cascades in guard cell signal transduction.	guard cells form stomata on the epidermis and continuously respond to endogenous and environmental stimuli to fine-tune the gas exchange and transpirational water loss, processes which involve mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. mapks form three-tiered kinase cascades with mapk kinases and mapk kinase kinases, by which signals are transduced to the target proteins. mapk cascade genes are highly conserved in all eukaryotes, and they play crucial roles in myriad developmental and phy ...	2016	26904052
acinetobacter baumannii is dependent on the type ii secretion system and its substrate lipa for lipid utilization and in vivo fitness.	gram-negative bacteria express a number of sophisticated secretion systems to transport virulence factors across the cell envelope, including the type ii secretion (t2s) system. genes for the t2s components gspc through gspn and pild are conserved among isolates of acinetobacter baumannii, an increasingly common nosocomial pathogen that is developing multidrug resistance at an alarming rate. in contrast to most species, however, the t2s genes are dispersed throughout the genome rather than linke ...	2016	26668261
a structure-based classification of class a β-lactamases, a broadly diverse family of enzymes.	for medical biologists, sequencing has become a commonplace technique to support diagnosis. rapid changes in this field have led to the generation of large amounts of data, which are not always correctly listed in databases. this is particularly true for data concerning class a β-lactamases, a group of key antibiotic resistance enzymes produced by bacteria. many genomes have been reported to contain putative β-lactamase genes, which can be compared with representative types. we analyzed several ...	2016	26511485
a structure-based classification of class a β-lactamases, a broadly diverse family of enzymes.	for medical biologists, sequencing has become a commonplace technique to support diagnosis. rapid changes in this field have led to the generation of large amounts of data, which are not always correctly listed in databases. this is particularly true for data concerning class a β-lactamases, a group of key antibiotic resistance enzymes produced by bacteria. many genomes have been reported to contain putative β-lactamase genes, which can be compared with representative types. we analyzed several ...	2016	26511485
bioprospecting red sea coastal ecosystems for culturable microorganisms and their antimicrobial potential.	microorganisms that inhabit unchartered unique soil such as in the highly saline and hot red sea lagoons on the saudi arabian coastline, represent untapped sources of potentially new bioactive compounds. in this study, a culture-dependent approach was applied to three types of sediments: mangrove mud (mn), microbial mat (mm), and barren soil (bs), collected from rabigh harbor lagoon (rhl) and al-kharrar lagoon (akl). the isolated bacteria were evaluated for their potential to produce bioactive c ...	2016	27626430
detection of novel integrons in the metagenome of human saliva.	integrons are genetic elements capable of capturing and expressing open reading frames (orfs) embedded within gene cassettes. they are involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (args) in clinically important pathogens. although the args are common in the oral cavity the association of integrons and antibiotic resistance has not been reported there. in this work, a pcr-based approach was used to investigate the presence of integrons and associated gene cassettes in human oral m ...	2016	27304457
comparative genomics of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato reveals novel chemotaxis pathways associated with motility and plant pathogenicity.	the majority of bacterial foliar plant pathogens must invade the apoplast of host plants through points of ingress, such as stomata or wounds, to replicate to high population density and cause disease. how pathogens navigate plant surfaces to locate invasion sites remains poorly understood. many bacteria use chemical-directed regulation of flagellar rotation, a process known as chemotaxis, to move towards favorable environmental conditions. chemotactic sensing of the plant surface is a potential ...	2016	27812402
methylome analysis of two xanthomonas spp. using single-molecule real-time sequencing.	single-molecule real-time (smrt) sequencing allows identification of methylated dna bases and methylation patterns/motifs at the genome level. using smrt sequencing, diverse bacterial methylomes including those of helicobacter pylori, lactobacillus spp., and escherichia coli have been determined, and previously unreported dna methylation motifs have been identified. however, the methylomes of xanthomonas species, which belong to the most important plant pathogenic bacterial genus, have not been ...	2016	27904456
new weapons to fight old enemies: novel strategies for the (bio)control of bacterial biofilms in the food industry.	biofilms are microbial communities characterized by their adhesion to solid surfaces and the production of a matrix of exopolymeric substances, consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, dna and lipids, which surround the microorganisms lending structural integrity and a unique biochemical profile to the biofilm. biofilm formation enhances the ability of the producer/s to persist in a given environment. pathogenic and spoilage bacterial species capable of forming biofilms are a significant problem ...	2016	27803696
fucosyllactose and l-fucose utilization of infant bifidobacterium longum and bifidobacterium kashiwanohense.	human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) are one of the major glycan source of the infant gut microbiota. the two species that predominate the infant bifidobacteria community, bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and bifidobacterium bifidum, possess an arsenal of enzymes including α-fucosidases, sialidases, and β-galactosidases to metabolise hmos. recently bifidobacteria were obtained from the stool of six month old kenyan infants including species such as bifidobacterium kashiwanohense, and bifidob ...	2016	27782805
novel α-l-fucosidases from a soil metagenome for production of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides.	this paper describes the discovery of novel α-l-fucosidases and evaluation of their potential to catalyse the transglycosylation reaction leading to production of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides. seven novel α-l-fucosidase-encoding genes were identified by functional screening of a soil-derived metagenome library and expressed in e. coli as recombinant 6xhis-tagged proteins. all seven fucosidases belong to glycosyl hydrolase family 29 (gh 29). six of the seven α-l-fucosidases were substr ...	2016	26800369
biosynthesis of α-pyrones.	the α-pyrone moiety is a structural feature found in a huge variety of biologically active metabolites. in recent times new insights into additional biosynthetic mechanisms, yielding in such six-membered unsaturated ester ring residues have been obtained. the purpose of this mini-review is to give a brief overview of α-pyrones and the mechanisms forming the basis of their natural synthesis. especially the chain interconnecting enzymes, showing homology to ketosynthases which catalyze claisen-lik ...	2016	27340449
nucleotide binding by the widespread high-affinity cyclic di-gmp receptor mshen domain.	c-di-gmp is a bacterial second messenger regulating various cellular functions. many bacteria contain c-di-gmp-metabolizing enzymes but lack known c-di-gmp receptors. recently, two mshe-type atpases associated with bacterial type ii secretion system and type iv pilus formation were shown to specifically bind c-di-gmp. here we report crystal structure of the mshe n-terminal domain (mshen1-145) from vibrio cholerae in complex with c-di-gmp at a 1.37 å resolution. this structure reveals a unique c- ...	2016	27578558
a minimal threshold of c-di-gmp is essential for fruiting body formation and sporulation in myxococcus xanthus.	generally, the second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric gmp (c-di-gmp) regulates the switch between motile and sessile lifestyles in bacteria. here, we show that c-di-gmp is an essential regulator of multicellular development in the social bacterium myxococcus xanthus. in response to starvation, m. xanthus initiates a developmental program that culminates in formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies. we show that c-di-gmp accumulates at elevated levels during development and that this increas ...	2016	27214040
metagenomic analysis from the interior of a speleothem in tjuv-ante's cave, northern sweden.	speleothems are secondary mineral deposits normally formed by water supersaturated with calcium carbonate percolating into underground caves, and are often associated with low-nutrient and mostly non-phototrophic conditions. tjuv-ante's cave is a shallow-depth cave formed by the action of waves, with granite and dolerite as major components, and opal-a and calcite as part of the speleothems, making it a rare kind of cave. we generated two dna shotgun sequencing metagenomic datasets from the inte ...	2016	26985997
pea broth enhances the biocontrol efficacy of lysobacter capsici az78 by triggering cell motility associated with biogenesis of type iv pilus.	bacterial cells can display different types of motility, due to the presence of external appendages such as flagella and type iv pili. to date, little information on the mechanisms involved in the motility of the lysobacter species has been available. recently, l. capsici az78, a biocontrol agent of phytopathogenic oomycetes, showed the ability to move on jellified pea broth. pea broth medium improved also the biocontrol activity of l. capsici az78 against plasmopara viticola under greenhouse co ...	2016	27507963
fungal innate immunity induced by bacterial microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps).	plants and animals detect bacterial presence through microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) which induce an innate immune response. the field of fungal-bacterial interaction at the molecular level is still in its infancy and little is known about mamps and their detection by fungi. exposing fusarium graminearum to bacterial mamps led to increased fungal membrane hyperpolarization, a putative defense response, and a range of transcriptional responses. the fungus reacted with a different tr ...	2016	27172188
the lysobacter capsici az78 genome has a gene pool enabling it to interact successfully with phytopathogenic microorganisms and environmental factors.	lysobacter capsici az78 has considerable potential for biocontrol of phytopathogenic microorganisms. however, lack of information about genetic cues regarding its biological characteristics may slow down its exploitation as a biofungicide. in order to obtain a comprehensive overview of genetic features, the l. capsici az78 genome was sequenced, annotated and compared with the phylogenetically related pathogens stenotrophomonas malthophilia k729a and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris atcc 339 ...	2016	26903975
bacterial molecular signals in the sinorhizobium fredii-soybean symbiosis.	sinorhizobium (ensifer) fredii (s. fredii) is a rhizobial species exhibiting a remarkably broad nodulation host-range. thus, s. fredii is able to effectively nodulate dozens of different legumes, including plants forming determinate nodules, such as the important crops soybean and cowpea, and plants forming indeterminate nodules, such as glycyrrhiza uralensis and pigeon-pea. this capacity of adaptation to different symbioses makes the study of the molecular signals produced by s. fredii strains ...	2016	27213334
bacterial cell biology outside the streetlight.	as much as vertical transmission of microbial symbionts requires their deep integration into the host reproductive and developmental biology, symbiotic lifestyle might profoundly affect bacterial growth and proliferation. this review describes the reproductive oddities displayed by bacteria associated - more or less intimately - with multicellular eukaryotes.	2016	27306428
generation and characterization of β1,2-gluco-oligosaccharide probes from brucella abortus cyclic β-glucan and their recognition by c-type lectins of the immune system.	the β1,2-glucans produced by bacteria are important in invasion, survival and immunomodulation in infected hosts be they mammals or plants. however, there has been a lack of information on proteins which recognize these molecules. this is partly due to the extremely limited availability of the sequence-defined oligosaccharides and derived probes for use in the study of their interactions. here we have used the cyclic β1,2-glucan (cβg) of the bacterial pathogen brucella abortus, after removal of ...	2016	27053576
mechanism and function of type iv secretion during infection of the human host.	bacterial pathogens employ type iv secretion systems (t4sss) for various purposes to aid in survival and proliferation in eukaryotic hosts. one large t4ss subfamily, the conjugation systems, confers a selective advantage to the invading pathogen in clinical settings through dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. besides their intrinsic importance as principle contributors to the emergence of multiply drug-resistant "superbugs," detailed studies of these highly tractab ...	2016	27337453
a simple test for the cleavage activity of customized endonucleases in plants.	although customized endonucleases [transcription activator-like effector nucleases (talens) and rna-guided endonucleases (rgens)] are known to be effective agents of mutagenesis in various host plants, newly designed endonuclease constructs require some pre-validation with respect to functionality before investing in the creation of stable transgenic plants.	2016	26962325
diverse functions of small rnas in different plant-pathogen communications.	rna silencing is a conserved mechanism that utilizes small rnas (srnas) to direct the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. plants utilizing rna silencing machinery to defend pathogen infection was first identified in plant-virus interaction and later was observed in distinct plant-pathogen interactions. rna silencing is not only responsible for suppressing rna accumulation and movement of virus and viroid, but also facilitates plant immune responses ...	2016	27757103
evolution of ubiquinone biosynthesis: multiple proteobacterial enzymes with various regioselectivities to catalyze three contiguous aromatic hydroxylation reactions.	the ubiquitous atp synthase uses an electrochemical gradient to synthesize cellular energy in the form of atp. the production of this electrochemical gradient relies on liposoluble proton carriers like ubiquinone (uq), which is used in the respiratory chains of eukaryotes and proteobacteria. the biosynthesis of uq requires three hydroxylation reactions on contiguous positions of an aromatic ring. in escherichia coli, each of three uq flavin monooxygenases (fmos), called ubif, ubih, and ubii, mod ...	2016	27822549
formaldehyde stress responses in bacterial pathogens.	formaldehyde is the simplest of all aldehydes and is highly cytotoxic. its use and associated dangers from environmental exposure have been well documented. detoxification systems for formaldehyde are found throughout the biological world and they are especially important in methylotrophic bacteria, which generate this compound as part of their metabolism of methanol. formaldehyde metabolizing systems can be divided into those dependent upon pterin cofactors, sugar phosphates and those dependent ...	2016	26973631
cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel thermophilic monofunctional catalase from geobacillus sp. chb1.	catalases are widely used in many scientific areas. a catalase gene (kat) from geobacillus sp. chb1 encoding a monofunctional catalase was cloned and recombinant expressed in escherichia coli (e. coli), which was the first time to clone and express this type of catalase of genus geobacillus strains as far as we know. this kat gene was 1,467 bp in length and encoded a catalase with 488 amino acid residuals, which is only 81% similar to the previously studied bacillus sp. catalase in terms of amin ...	2016	27579320
zinc coordination is essential for the function and activity of the type ii secretion atpase epse.	the type ii secretion system eps in vibrio cholerae promotes the extracellular transport of cholera toxin and several hydrolytic enzymes and is a major virulence system in many gram-negative pathogens which is structurally related to the type iv pilus system. the cytoplasmic atpase epse provides the energy for exoprotein secretion through atp hydrolysis. epse contains a unique metal-binding domain that coordinates zinc through a tetracysteine motif (cxxcx29 cxxc), which is also present in type i ...	2016	27168165
bioprospecting sponge-associated microbes for antimicrobial compounds.	sponges are the most prolific marine organisms with respect to their arsenal of bioactive compounds including antimicrobials. however, the majority of these substances are probably not produced by the sponge itself, but rather by bacteria or fungi that are associated with their host. this review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial compounds that are known to be produced by sponge-associated microbes. we discuss the current state-of-the-art by grouping the bioact ...	2016	27144573
immune sensing of lipopolysaccharide in plants and animals: same but different.		2016	27281177
enzymatic synthesis of bioactive compounds with high potential for cosmeceutical application.	cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products containing biologically active ingredients purporting to offer a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit. the active ingredients can be extracted and purified from natural sources (botanicals, herbal extracts, or animals) but can also be obtained biotechnologically by fermentation and cell cultures or by enzymatic synthesis and modification of natural compounds. a cosmeceutical ingredient should possess an attractive property such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammator ...	2016	27276911
bacterial-plant-interactions: approaches to unravel the biological function of bacterial volatiles in the rhizosphere.	rhizobacteria produce an enormous amount of volatile compounds, however, the function of these metabolites is scarcely understood. investigations evaluating influences on plants performed in various laboratories using individually developed experimental setups revealed different and often contradictory results, e.g., ranging from a significant plant growth promotion to a dramatic suppression of plant development. in addition to these discrepancies, these test systems neglected properties and com ...	2016	26903987
selenite protection of tellurite toxicity toward escherichia coli.	in this work the influence of selenite on metal resistance in escherichia coli was examined. both synergistic and antagonistic resistance and toxicities were found upon co exposure with selenite. in wild type cells co-exposure to selenite had little effect on arsenic resistance, decreased resistance to cadmium and mercury but led to a dramatically increased resistance to tellurite of 32-fold. due to the potential importance of thiol chemistry in metal biochemistry, deletion strains in γ-glutamyl ...	2015	26732755
fleq dna binding consensus sequence revealed by studies of fleq-dependent regulation of biofilm gene expression in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the transcription factor fleq from pseudomonas aeruginosa derepresses expression of genes involved in biofilm formation when intracellular levels of the second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) are high. fleq also activates transcription of flagellar genes, and the expression of these genes is highest at low intracellular c-di-gmp. fleq thus plays a central role in mediating the transition between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles of p. aeruginosa. previous work showed that f ...	2015	26483521
fleq dna binding consensus sequence revealed by studies of fleq-dependent regulation of biofilm gene expression in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the transcription factor fleq from pseudomonas aeruginosa derepresses expression of genes involved in biofilm formation when intracellular levels of the second messenger cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) are high. fleq also activates transcription of flagellar genes, and the expression of these genes is highest at low intracellular c-di-gmp. fleq thus plays a central role in mediating the transition between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles of p. aeruginosa. previous work showed that f ...	2015	26483521
diversity of cyclic di-gmp-binding proteins and mechanisms.	cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) synthetases and hydrolases (ggdef, eal, and hd-gyp domains) can be readily identified in bacterial genome sequences by using standard bioinformatic tools. in contrast, identification of c-di-gmp receptors remains a difficult task, and the current list of experimentally characterized c-di-gmp-binding proteins is likely incomplete. several classes of c-di-gmp-binding proteins have been structurally characterized; for some others, the binding sites have been identified; and ...	2015	26055114
diversity of cyclic di-gmp-binding proteins and mechanisms.	cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) synthetases and hydrolases (ggdef, eal, and hd-gyp domains) can be readily identified in bacterial genome sequences by using standard bioinformatic tools. in contrast, identification of c-di-gmp receptors remains a difficult task, and the current list of experimentally characterized c-di-gmp-binding proteins is likely incomplete. several classes of c-di-gmp-binding proteins have been structurally characterized; for some others, the binding sites have been identified; and ...	2015	26055114