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isolation and identification of pseudomonas syringae facilitated by a pcr targeting the whole p. syringae group.we present a reliable pcr-based method to avoid the biases related to identification based on the conventional phenotypes currently used in the identification of pseudomonas syringae sensu lato, a ubiquitous environmental bacterium including plant pathogens. we identified a dna target suitable for this purpose by applying a comparative genomic pipeline to pseudomonas genomes. we designed primers and developed pcr conditions that led to a clean and strong pcr product from 97% of the 185 strains o ...201626610434
competitive index: mixed infection-based virulence assays for genetic analysis in pseudomonas syringae-plant interactions.when studying bacterial plant pathogens, the genetic analysis of the contribution of virulence factors to the infection process has traditionally been hindered by their high degree of functional redundancy. in recent years, it has become clear that the use of competitive index in mixed infections provides an accurate and sensitive manner of establishing virulence phenotypes for mutants for which other assays have failed. such increases in sensitivity and accuracy are due to the direct comparison ...201626577792
amrz regulates cellulose production in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, the second messenger c-di-gmp has been previously shown to stimulate pellicle formation and cellulose biosynthesis. a screen for genes involved in cellulose production under high c-di-gmp intracellular levels led to the identification of insertions in two genes, wssb and wsse, belonging to the pto dc3000 cellulose biosynthesis operon wssabcdefghi. interestingly, beside cellulose-deficient mutants, colonies with a rougher appearance than the wild type al ...201626564578
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato oxyr is required for virulence in tomato and arabidopsis.reactive oxygen species (ros) have been shown to have a crucial role in plant defense responses and signaling pathways. in addition, ros also have direct toxicity against pathogens. however, the molecular mechanisms of plant ros in the direct effects against pathogens is still unclear. to investigate the function of plant ros in the interactions of plant and bacterial pathogens, we focused on oxyr, encoding an oxidative stress-regulated transcription factor in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3 ...201626554736
the hexapeptide repeated segment liagy is a hot spot of aggregation of the pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein.ice nucleation proteins (inps) form oligomeric structures by self-assembly and aggregation. we looked for the presence of potential aggregating sequences inside the inp from pseudomonas syringae by a computational approach with the aggrescan, fomdamyloid and tango softwares. a total of 38 hot spots of aggregation were predicted in the inp sequence: 7 localized in the nterminal domain, 2 in the c-terminal region, 28 in the highly repetitive central (hrc) region and 1 shared between the hrc and th ...201626548995
calcium-dependent protein kinase (cdpk) and cdpk-related kinase (crk) gene families in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) and cdpk-related kinases (crks) play multiple roles in plant. nevertheless, genome-wide identification of these two families is limited to several plant species, and role of crks in disease resistance remains unclear. in this study, we identified the cdpk and crk gene families in genome of the economically important crop tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and analyzed their function in resistance to various pathogens. twenty-nine cdpk and six crk genes wer ...201626520101
from filaments to function: the role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity.the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. in recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. in this review, we will highlight recent advances that have define ...201626514830
membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase saul1 suppresses temperature- and humidity-dependent autoimmunity in arabidopsis.plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate pathogen defense. imbalances in this regulation may result in autoimmune responses that are affecting plant growth and development. in arabidopsis, saul1 encodes a plant u-box ubiquitin ligase and regulates senescence and cell death. here, we show that saul1-1 plants exhibit characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. a decrease in relative humidity or temperature resulted in reduced growth and systemic lesioning of saul1-1 rosettes. these physio ...201626505534
bacterial rnas activate innate immunity in arabidopsis.the common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. however, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. we pre-infiltrated arabidopsis leaves with total rnas from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto dc3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. total pto dc3000 rnas pre-infiltrated into arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against pto dc3000. however, she ...201626499893
using the plant vacuole as a biological system to investigate the functional properties of exogenous channels and transporters.plant cells possess a large intracellular compartment that animal cells do not, the central vacuole, which has been investigated for a long time. the central vacuole can occupy up to 90% of the cellular volume and, differently from intracellular organelles from animal cells such as lysosomes or endosomes, it is easy to isolate. because of its large dimension (up to 40 μm diameter) it can be successfully studied using the classical patch-clamp technique. following the idea that the vacuolar membr ...201626431786
ltp3 contributes to disease susceptibility in arabidopsis by enhancing abscisic acid (aba) biosynthesis.several plant lipid transfer proteins (ltps) act positively in plant disease resistance. here, we show that ltp3 (at5g59320), a pathogen and abscisic acid (aba)-induced gene, negatively regulates plant immunity in arabidopsis. the overexpression of ltp3 (ltp3-ox) led to an enhanced susceptibility to virulent bacteria and compromised resistance to avirulent bacteria. on infection of ltp3-ox plants with pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, genes involved in aba biosynthesis, nced3 and aao3, were highl ...201626123657
multiple xanthomonas euvesicatoria type iii effectors inhibit flg22-triggered immunity.xanthomonas euvesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease in pepper and tomato. x. euvesicatoria bacteria interfere with plant cellular processes by injecting effector proteins into host cells through the type iii secretion (t3s) system. about 35 t3s effectors have been identified in x. euvesicatoria 85-10, and a few of them were implicated in suppression of pattern-triggered immunity (pti). we used an arabidopsis thaliana pathogen-free protoplast-based assay to identify x. euvesic ...201627529660
a set of pcrs for rapid identification and characterization of pseudomonas syringae phylogroups. 201627528015
structure of a pathogen effector reveals the enzymatic mechanism of a novel acetyltransferase family.effectors secreted by the type iii secretion system are essential for bacterial pathogenesis. members of the yersinia outer-protein j (yopj) family of effectors found in diverse plant and animal pathogens depend on a protease-like catalytic triad to acetylate host proteins and produce virulence. however, the structural basis for this noncanonical acetyltransferase activity remains unknown. here, we report the crystal structures of the yopj effector hopz1a, produced by the phytopathogen pseudomon ...201627525589
pseudomonas syringae differentiates into phenotypically distinct subpopulations during colonization of a plant host.bacterial microcolonies with heterogeneous sizes are formed during colonization of phaseolus vulgaris by pseudomonas syringae. heterogeneous expression of structural and regulatory components of the p. syringae type iii secretion system (t3ss), essential for colonization of the host apoplast and disease development, is likewise detected within the plant apoplast. t3ss expression is bistable in the homogeneous environment of nutrient-limited t3ss-inducing medium, suggesting that subpopulation for ...201627516206
bacterial ice nucleation in monodisperse d2o and h2o-in-oil emulsions.ice nucleation is of fundamental significance in many areas, including atmospheric science, food technology, and cryobiology. in this study, we investigated the ice-nucleation characteristics of picoliter-sized drops consisting of different d2o and h2o mixtures with and without the ice-nucleating bacteria pseudomonas syringae. we also studied the effects of commonly used cryoprotectants such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and trehalose on the nucleation characteristics of d2o and h2o mixt ...201627495973
a low frequency persistent reservoir of a genomic island in a pathogen population ensures island survival and improves pathogen fitness in a susceptible host.the co-evolution of bacterial plant pathogens and their hosts is a complex and dynamic process. host resistance imposes stress on invading pathogens that can lead to changes in the bacterial genome enabling the pathogen to escape host resistance. we have observed this phenomenon with the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola where isolates that have lost the genomic island pphgi-1 carrying the effector gene avrpphb from its chromosome are infective against previously resistant pla ...201627491006
pathogen infection and morc proteins affect chromatin accessibility of transposable elements and expression of their proximal genes in arabidopsis.to assess the role of morc1 in epigenetics in relation to plant immunity, genome-wide chromatin accessibility was compared between mock- or pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato-inoculated wild type (wt) arabidopsis, the morc1/2 double mutant, or both. most changes in chromatin accessibility, scored by dnase i hypersensitive sites (dhss), were located in the promoters of genes and transposable elements (tes). comparisons between morc1/2 and wt receiving the same treatment revealed differential dhss (d ...201627482822
cooperative functioning between phenylalanine ammonia lyase and isochorismate synthase activities contributes to salicylic acid biosynthesis in soybean.salicylic acid (sa), an essential regulator of plant defense, is derived from chorismate via either the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) or the isochorismate synthase (ics) catalyzed steps. the ics pathway is thought to be the primary contributor of defense-related sa, at least in arabidopsis. we investigated the relative contributions of pal and ics to defense-related sa accumulation in soybean (glycine max). soybean plants silenced for five pal isoforms or two ics isoforms were analyzed for s ...201627411159
the arabidopsis thaliana lectin receptor kinase lecrk-i.9 is required for full resistance to pseudomonas syringae and affects jasmonate signalling.on microbial attack, plants can detect invaders and activate plant innate immunity. for the detection of pathogen molecules or cell wall damage, plants employ receptors that trigger the activation of defence responses. cell surface proteins that belong to large families of lectin receptor kinases are candidates to function as immune receptors. here, the function of lecrk-i.9 (at5g60300), a legume-type lectin receptor kinase involved in cell wall-plasma membrane contacts and in extracellular atp ...201627399963
metabolomic analysis reveals the relationship between azi1 and sugar signaling in systemic acquired resistance of arabidopsis.the function of azi1 in systemic acquired resistance of arabidopsis was confirmed by investigation of the phenotypic features of wild-type col-0, azi1 t-dna knockout and azi1 overexpressing plants after infection with virulent and avirulent pseudomonas syringae. real-time quantitative pcr and northern blotting analyses showed that the transcript abundances of pr genes increased significantly in local and systemic leaves of wild-type col-0 and azi1 overexpressing plants challenged with avirulent ...201627337039
algu controls expression of virulence genes in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.plant-pathogenic bacteria are able to integrate information about their environment and adjust gene expression to provide adaptive functions. algu, an extracytoplasmic function (ecf) sigma factor encoded by pseudomonas syringae, controls expression of genes for alginate biosynthesis and genes involved with resisting osmotic and oxidative stress. algu is active while these bacteria are associated with plants, where its presence supports bacterial growth and disease symptoms. we found that algu is ...201627325679
the arabidopsis malectin-like/lrr-rlk ios1 is critical for bak1-dependent and bak1-independent pattern-triggered immunity.plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (prrs) such as flagellin sensing2 (fls2), ef-tu receptor (efr), and chitin elicitor receptor kinase1 (cerk1) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (pti). a reverse genetics approach on genes responsive to the priming agent β-aminobutyric acid (baba) revealed impaired oomycete susceptibility1 (ios1) as a critical pti player. arabidopsis thaliana ios1 mutants were hypersusceptible to ps ...201627317676
getting to pti of bacterial rnas: triggering plant innate immunity by extracellular rnas from bacteria.defense against diverse biotic and abiotic stresses requires the plant to distinguish between self and non-self signaling molecules. pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps/mamps) are pivotal for triggering innate immunity in plants. unlike in animals and humans, the precise roles of nucleic acids in plant innate immunity are unclear. we therefore investigated the effects of infiltration of total pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto dc3000) rnas into arabidopsis plants. the ...201627301792
selective photoreceptor gene knock-out reveals a regulatory role for the growth behavior of pseudomonas syringae.the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae (ps) is a well-established model organism for bacterial infection of plants. the genome sequences of two pathovars, pv. syringae and pv. tomato, revealed one gene encoding a blue and two genes encoding red/far red light-sensing photoreceptors. continuing former molecular characterization of the photoreceptor proteins, we here report selective photoreceptor gene disruption for pv. tomato aiming at identification of potentially regulatory functions of these ...201627289014
wide distribution of airborne ice-nucleation active pseudomonas syringae in agricultural environments.pseudomonas syringae, a phytopathogen with a wide host range, inhabits various environments. among these habitats, air is an important transport environment for microbes, allowing them to disperse over long distances; however, information on the distribution and composition of airborne p. syringae is limited. here, we report the isolation of several groups of airborne p. syringae in japan. since 2013, we have trapped 43 strains of airborne p. syringae species complex, most of which were ice-nucl ...201627247081
the type iii effector avrxccb in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris targets putative methyltransferases and suppresses innate immunity in arabidopsis.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) causes black rot, one of the most important diseases of brassica crops worldwide. the type iii effector inventory plays important roles in the virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogen. however, little is known about the virulence function(s) of the putative type iii effector avrxccb in xcc. here, we investigated the immune suppression ability of avrxccb and the possible underlying mechanisms. avrxccb was demonstrated to be secreted in a type iii sec ...201627241588
proteomics and functional analyses of arabidopsis nitrilases involved in the defense response to microbial pathogens.proteomics and functional analyses of the arabidopsis - pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato interactions reveal that arabidopsis nitrilases are required for plant defense and r gene-mediated resistant responses to microbial pathogens. a high-throughput in planta proteome screen has identified arabidopsis nitrilase 2 (atnit2), which was de novo-induced by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) infection. the atnit2, atnit3, and atnit4 genes, but not atnit1, were distinctly induced in arabidopsis leave ...201627095107
detection of peroxynitrite in plants exposed to bacterial infection.peroxynitrite is a highly reactive derivative of nitric oxide (no) which is gaining attention in the plant biology community because it may play a role in no signaling during biotic stress. peroxynitrite can react with many different biomolecules, but its ability to nitrate the tyrosine residues of proteins is particularly important because this may regulate defense signaling in response to pathogens. the analysis of peroxynitrite levels in the context of its proposed defense role requires an ac ...201627094421
spatial and temporal variability in the potential of river water biofilms to degrade p-nitrophenol.in order to predict the fate of chemicals in the environment, a range of regulatory tests are performed with microbial inocula collected from environmental compartments to investigate the potential for biodegradation. the abundance and distribution of microbes in the environment is affected by a range of variables, hence diversity and biomass of inocula used in biodegradation tests can be highly variable in space and time. the use of artificial or natural biofilms in regulatory tests could enabl ...201627596822
root-mediated signal transmission of systemic acquired resistance against above-ground and below-ground pathogens.plants modulate defence signalling networks in response to various biotic stresses via inter-organ communications. the root-mediated transmission of systemic acquired resistance (sar) against soil-borne and air-borne plant pathogens from sar-induced plants to neighbouring plants subjected to local chemical and pathogen treatments was evaluated.201627555496
the bacteriophage-derived transcriptional regulator, lscr, activates the expression of levansucrase genes in pseudomonas syringae.synthesis of the exopolysaccharide levan occurs in the bacterial blight pathogen of soybean, pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180, when this bacterium encounters moderate to high concentrations of sucrose inside its host plant. the process is mediated by the temperature-dependent expression and secretion of two levansucrases, lscb and lscc. previous studies showed the importance of a prophage-associated promoter element in driving the expression of levansucrase genes. herein, heterologous sc ...201627664099
activation-dependent destruction of a co-receptor by a pseudomonas syringae effector dampens plant immunity.the arabidopsis immune receptor fls2 and co-receptor bak1 perceive the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate plant immunity. to prevent this response, phytopathogenic bacteria deploy a repertoire of effector proteins to perturb immune signaling. however, the effector-induced perturbation is often sensed by the host, triggering another layer of immunity. we report that the pseudomonas syringae effector hopb1 acts as a protease to cleave immune-activated bak1. prior to activation, hopb1 co ...201627736646
exogenous n-acyl-homoserine lactones enhance the expression of flagella of pseudomonas syringae and activate defence responses in plants.in order to cope with pathogens, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense pathogenic attacks and to induce defence responses. the n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl)-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria regulates diverse physiological processes, including those involved in pathogenicity. in this work, we study the interactions between ahl-producing transgenic tobacco plants and pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528). both a reduced incidence of disease and decrease in ...201627756102
altered meristem program1 has conflicting effects on the tolerance to heat shock and symptom development after pseudomonas syringae infection.an arabidopsis thaliana altered meristem program1 (atamp1), which encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase, not only controls shoot apical meristem development, but also is involved in tolerance response to abiotic stresses. here, we introduce a novel mutant; named amp1-32 that is a phenocopier to previously isolated different amp1 mutant alleles. interestingly, tiny leaves were continuously developed at the bottom of pre-emerged leaves in the amp1-32. the amp1-32 mutant was less sensitive ...201627743891
n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone has a critical contribution to the quorum-sensing-dependent regulation in phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528.the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528), causing wild-fire disease in soybean and tobacco plants, processes psyi-psyr quorum-sensing (qs) system, in which psyi is the n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone (3oc6-hsl) synthase. in comparison to p. syringae 11528 ahl-deficient mutant, 845 3oc6-hsl-dependent genes were identified using rna sequencing (rna-seq) in the ahl-deficient mutant grown with exogenous 3oc6-hsl in the transition from the exponential to the s ...201627864298
teaching an old dog new tricks: suppressing activation of specific mitogen-activated kinases as a potential virulence function of the bacterial avrrpt2 effector protein.avrrpt2 is one of the first pseudomonas syringae effector proteins demonstrated to be delivered into host cells. it suppresses plant immunity by modulating auxin signaling and cleavage of the membrane-localized defense regulator rin4. we recently uncovered a novel potential virulence function of avrrpt2, where it specifically blocked activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, mpk4 and mpk11, but not of mpk3 and mpk6. putative avrrpt2 homologs from different phytopathogens and plant-associa ...201627830985
lon protease is involved in rhprs-mediated regulation of type iii secretion in pseudomonas syringae.pseudomonas syringae depends on the type iii secretion system (t3ss) to directly translocate effectors into host cells. previously, we reported a nonpathogenic rhps mutant, suggesting that the two-component transduction system rhprs is an important regulator of t3ss in p. syringae. rhprs regulates itself and a variety of downstream genes under an inverted repeat element promoter in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. here, we identify lon as a suppressor of the rhps mutant through transposon scr ...201627657922
transcription factor anac032 modulates ja/sa signalling in response to pseudomonas syringae infection.responses to pathogens, including host transcriptional reprogramming, require partially antagonistic signalling pathways dependent on the phytohormones salicylic (sa) and jasmonic (ja) acids. however, upstream factors modulating the interplay of these pathways are not well characterized. here, we identify the transcription factor anac032 from arabidopsis thaliana as one such regulator in response to the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst). anac032 directly represses m ...201627632992
a conserved puccinia striiformis protein interacts with wheat npr1 and reduces induction of pathogenesis-related genes in response to pathogens.in arabidopsis, npr1 is a key transcriptional coregulator of systemic acquired resistance. upon pathogen challenge, npr1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, in which it interacts with tga-bzip transcription factors to activate the expression of several pathogenesis-related (pr) genes. in a screen of a yeast two-hybrid library from wheat leaves infected with puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, we identified a conserved rust protein that interacts with wheat npr1 and named it pnpi (fo ...201627898286
the pattern-recognition receptor core of solanaceae detects bacterial cold-shock protein.plants and animals recognize microbial invaders by detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) by cell surface receptors. many plant species of the solanaceae family detect the highly conserved nucleic acid binding motif rnp-1 of bacterial cold-shock proteins (csps), represented by the peptide csp22, as a mamp. here, we exploited the natural variation in csp22 perception observed between cultivated tomato (solanum lycopersicum) and solanum pennellii to map and identify the leucine-ri ...201627892924
bacteria establish an aqueous living space in plants crucial for virulence.high humidity has a strong influence on the development of numerous diseases affecting the above-ground parts of plants (the phyllosphere) in crop fields and natural ecosystems, but the molecular basis of this humidity effect is not understood. previous studies have emphasized immune suppression as a key step in bacterial pathogenesis. here we show that humidity-dependent, pathogen-driven establishment of an aqueous intercellular space (apoplast) is another important step in bacterial infection ...201627882964
infection assays in arabidopsis reveal candidate effectors from the poplar rust fungus that promote susceptibility to bacteria and oomycete pathogens.fungi of the pucciniales order cause rust diseases which, altogether, affect thousands of plant species worldwide and pose a major threat to several crops. how rust effectors-virulence proteins delivered into infected tissues to modulate host functions-contribute to pathogen virulence remains poorly understood. melampsora larici-populina is a devastating and widespread rust pathogen of poplar, and its genome encodes 1184 identified small secreted proteins that could potentially act as effectors. ...201627868319
overexpression of panax ginseng sesquiterpene synthase gene confers tolerance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in arabidopsis thaliana.sesquiterpenes are an abundant group belonging to the terpenoid family, with a c15 structure comprise of three isoprene units. many sesquiterpenes are volatile compounds and it act as chemical messenger in plant signalling, particularly in the defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. panax ginseng meyer is important medicinal herbs with various reported pharmacological efficacies in which its triterpenoid saponins, called ginsenosides, were mostly studied. however, there have been ...201627924121
image-based quantification of plant immunity and disease.measuring the extent and severity of disease is a critical component of plant pathology research and crop breeding. unfortunately, existing visual scoring systems are qualitative, subjective, and the results are difficult to transfer between research groups, while existing quantitative methods can be quite laborious. here, we present plant immunity and disease image-based quantification (pidiq), a quantitative, semi-automated system to rapidly and objectively measure disease symptoms in a biolog ...201627996374
gaba (γ-aminobutyric acid) uptake via the gaba permease gabp represses virulence gene expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.the nonprotein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is the most abundant amino acid in the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) leaf apoplast and is synthesized by arabidopsis thaliana in response to infection by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (hereafter called dc3000). high levels of exogenous gaba have previously been shown to repress the expression of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) in dc3000, resulting in reduced elicitation of the hypersensitive response (hr) i ...201628001093
population-genomic insights into emergence, crop adaptation and dissemination of pseudomonas syringae pathogens.many bacterial pathogens are well characterized but, in some cases, little is known about the populations from which they emerged. this limits understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease. the crop pathogen pseudomonas syringae sensu lato has been widely isolated from the environment, including wild plants and components of the water cycle, and causes disease in several economically important crops. here, we compared genome sequences of 45 p. syringae crop pathogen outbreak strai ...201628348830
differential modulation of plant immune responses by diverse members of the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi hopaf type iii effector family.the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi ncppb 3335 type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector repertoire includes 33 candidates, seven of which translocate into host cells and interfere with plant defences. the present study was performed to investigate the co-existence of both plasmid- and chromosomal-encoded members of the hopaf effector family, hopaf1-1 and hopaf1-2, respectively, in the genome of ncppb 3335. here, we show that the hopaf1 paralogues are widely distributed in the pseudomonas ...201627116193
the stripe rust fungal effector pec6 suppresses pattern-triggered immunity in a host species-independent manner and interacts with adenosine kinases.we identified a wheat stripe rust (puccinia striiformis) effector candidate (pec6) with pattern-triggered immunity (pti) suppression function and its corresponding host target. pec6 compromised pti host species-independently. in nicotiana benthamiana, it hampers reactive oxygen species (ros) accumulation and callose deposition induced by pseudomonas fluorescens. in arabidopsis, plants expressing pec6 were more susceptible to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pto) dc3000 δavrpto/δavrptob. in wheat ...201627252028
coronatine inhibits stomatal closure through guard cell-specific inhibition of nadph oxidase-dependent ros production.microbes trigger stomatal closure through microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) synthesizes the polyketide toxin coronatine, which inhibits stomatal closure by mamps and by the hormone abscisic acid (aba). the mechanism by which coronatine, a jasmonic acid-isoleucine analog, achieves this effect is not completely clear. reactive oxygen species (ros) are essential second messengers in stomatal immunity, therefore we investigate ...201628018388
antibacterial activity of essential oils mixture against psa.pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit. it is very difficult to treat pandemic disease. the prolonged treatment with antibiotics, has resulted in failure and resistance and alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapy are needed. the aim of our study was to analyse the phenotypic characteristics of psa, identify new substances from natural source i.e. essential oils (eos) able to contain the kiwifruit canker and investigate their pote ...201625782920
a bacterial effector co-opts calmodulin to target the plant microtubule network.the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae depends on effector proteins secreted by its type iii secretion system for the pathogenesis of plants. the majority of these effector proteins are known suppressors of immunity, but their plant targets remain elusive. using arabidopsis thaliana as a model host, we report that the hope1 effector uses the host calcium sensor, calmodulin (cam), as a co-factor to target the microtubule-associated protein 65 (map65), an important component of the microtubul ...201626764598
mapping the function of phytopathogen effectors.pseudomonas syringae secretes effectors from its type iii secretion system to infect plants. in this issue of cell host & microbe, guo et al. (2016) determine that the t3ss effector, hope1, targets calmodulin and the microtubule-associated protein map65-1 to subvert plant immunity.201626764591
structure-function relationship of a novel pr-5 protein with antimicrobial activity from soy hulls.an alkaline isoform of the pr-5 protein (designated gmolpc) has been purified from soybean hulls and identified by maldi-tof/tof-ms. gmolpc effectively inhibited in vitro the growth of phytophthora soja spore and pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea. the antimicrobial activity of gmolpc should be mainly ascribed to its high binding affinity with vesicles composed of dppg, (1,3)-β-d-glucans, and weak endo-(1,3)-β-d-glucanase activity. from the 3d models, predicted by the homology modeling, gmolpc con ...201626753535
transcriptional control of quorum sensing and associated metabolic interactions in pseudomonas syringae strain b728a.pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae cell densities fluctuate regularly during host plant colonization. previously we identified nine genes dependent on the quorum-sensing-associated luxr homolog ahlr during epiphytic and apoplastic stages of host colonization. yet their contributions to host colonization remain obscure, despite ahlr regulon presence within and beyond the p. syringae pan-genome. to elucidate ahir regulon member functions, we characterized their regulation, interactions with each ot ...201626713670
functional analysis of ntmpk2 uncovers its positive role in response to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in tobacco.mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are highly conserved signaling modules downstream of receptors/sensors and play pivotal roles in signaling plant defense against pathogen attack. extensive studies on arabidopsis mpk4 have implicated that the map kinase is involved in multilayered plant defense pathways. in this study, we identified tobacco ntmpk2 as an ortholog of atmpk4. transgenic tobacco overexpressing ntmpk2 markedly enhances resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst ...201626482478
tomato response traits to pathogenic pseudomonas species: does nitrogen limitation matter?induced chemical defence is a cost-efficient protective strategy, whereby plants induce the biosynthesis of defence-related compounds only in the case of pest attack. plant responses that are pathogen specific lower the cost of defence, compared to constitutive defence. as nitrogen availability (n) in the root zone is one of the levers mediating the concentration of defence-related compounds in plants, we investigated its influence on response traits of tomato to two pathogenic bacteria, growing ...201626810453
the arabidopsis nadph oxidases rbohd and rbohf display differential expression patterns and contributions during plant immunity.plant nadph oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (rbohs), produce reactive oxygen species (ros) that perform a wide range of functions. rbohd and rbohf, two of the 10 rboh genes present in arabidopsis, are pleiotropic and mediate diverse physiological processes including the response to pathogens. we hypothesized that the spatio-temporal control of rbohd and rbohf gene expression might be critical in determining their multiplicity of functions. transgenic arabidopsis plan ...201626798024
biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of the non-heme fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene-forming enzyme from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola pk2.the ethylene-forming enzyme (efe) from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola pk2 is a member of the mononuclear non-heme fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2og)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. this enzyme is reported to simultaneously catalyze the conversion of 2og into ethylene and three co2 molecules and the cδ hydroxylation of l-arginine (l-arg) while oxidatively decarboxylating 2og to form succinate and carbon dioxide. a new plasmid construct for expression in recombinant escherichia coli cells al ...201627749027
design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cyclic peptidotriazoles derived from bpc194 as novel agents for plant protection.the search for novel antimicrobial agents to be used for plant protection has prompted us to design analogues incorporating non-natural amino acids. herein, we designed and synthesized cyclic peptidotriazoles derived from the lead antimicrobial cyclic peptide c(lys-lys-leu(3) -lys-lys(5) -phe-lys-lys-leu-gln) (bpc194). in particular, leu(3) and lys(5) were replaced by a triazolyl alanine, a triazolyl norleucine or a triazolyl lysine. these peptides were screened for their antibacterial activity ...201628026016
biological relevance of volatile organic compounds emitted during the pathogenic interactions between apple plants and erwinia amylovora.volatile organic compounds emitted during the infection of apple (malus pumila var. domestica) plants by erwinia amylovora or pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry, and used to treat uninfected plants. infected plants showed a disease-specific emission of volatile organic compounds, including several bio-active compounds, such as hexenal isomers and 2,3-butanediol. leaf growth promotion and a higher r ...201627862864
molecular soybean-pathogen interactions.soybean hosts a wide variety of pathogens that cause significant yield losses. the importance of soybean as a major oilseed crop has led to research focused on its interactions with pathogens, such as soybean mosaic virus, pseudomonas syringae, phytophthora sojae, phakopsora pachyrhizi, and heterodera glycines. pioneering work on soybean's interactions with these organisms, which represent the five major pathogen groups (viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes), has contributed to our ...201627359370
the arabidopsis immune regulator srfr1 dampens defences against herbivory by spodoptera exigua and parasitism by heterodera schachtii.plants have developed diverse mechanisms to fine tune defence responses to different types of enemy. cross-regulation between signalling pathways may allow the prioritization of one response over another. previously, we identified suppressor of rps4-rld1 (srfr1) as a negative regulator of enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1)-dependent effector-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 expressing avrrps4. the use of multiple stresses is a p ...201626310916
the arabidopsis leaf transcriptome reveals distinct but also overlapping responses to colonization by phyllosphere commensals and pathogen infection with impact on plant health.plants are colonized by a variety of bacteria, most of which are not pathogenic. currently, the plant responses to phyllosphere commensals or to pathogen infection in the presence of commensals are not well understood. here, we examined the transcriptional response of arabidopsis thaliana leaves to colonization by common commensal bacteria in a gnotobiotic system using rna sequencing and conducted plant mutant assays. arabidopsis responded differently to the model bacteria sphingomonas melonis f ...201627306148
metabolic footprint of epiphytic bacteria on arabidopsis thaliana leaves.the phyllosphere, which is defined as the parts of terrestrial plants above the ground, is a large habitat for different microorganisms that show a high extent of adaption to their environment. a number of hypotheses were generated by culture-independent functional genomics studies to explain the competitiveness of specialized bacteria in the phyllosphere. in contrast, in situ data at the metabolome level as a function of bacterial colonization are lacking. here, we aimed to obtain new insights ...201626305156
biocontrol activity of paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 against pseudomonas syringae and its interaction with arabidopsis thaliana.paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 (ac-1) is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) that has been used as a soil inoculant for biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi and to promote plant growth. in this study, we examine the effects of ac-1 on the bacterial phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae and internal colonization of ac-1 by counting bacterial populations that colonize plants. ac-1 inhibited the growth of both p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) and p. syringae pv. tabaci (pta) in a concentrat ...201626946374
[the sensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria to streptomycin under the influence of pesticides].the results of the streptomycin sensitivity changes of phytopathogenic pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas translucens bacteria under the action of pesticides are pre- sented. it is demonstrated that phytopathogenic strains show greater changes of strepto- mycin sensitivity compared to epiphytic pantoea agglomerans strain under the pesticides influence. granstar herbicide, tviks and alpha super insecticides increase the number of streptomycin resistant cells of xanthomonas translucens 3164, p s ...201626829841
tomato slerf.a1, slerf.b4, slerf.c3 and slerf.a3, members of b3 group of erf family, are required for resistance to botrytis cinerea.the ethylene-responsive factors (erfs) comprise a large family of transcriptional factors that play critical roles in plant immunity. gray mold disease caused by botrytis cinerea, a typical necrotrophic fungal pathogen, is the serious disease that threatens tomato production worldwide. however, littler is known about the molecular mechanism regulating the immunity to b. cinerea in tomato. in the present study, virus-induced gene silencing (vigs)-based functional analyses of 18 members of b3 grou ...201628083004
the elongator complex-associated protein drl1 plays a positive role in immune responses against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in arabidopsis.deformed root and leaves1 (drl1) is an arabidopsis homologue of the yeast toxin target4 (tot4)/killer toxin-insensitive12 (kti12) protein that is physically associated with the rna polymerase ii-interacting protein complex named elongator. mutations in drl1 and elongator lead to similar morphological and molecular phenotypes, suggesting that drl1 and elongator may functionally overlap in arabidopsis. we have shown previously that elongator plays an important role in both salicylic acid (sa)- and ...201627868335
differential control and function of arabidopsis prodh1 and prodh2 genes on infection with biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.arabidopsis contains two proline dehydrogenase (prodh) genes, prodh1 and prodh2, encoding for homologous and functional isoenzymes. although prodh1 has been studied extensively, especially under abiotic stress, prodh2 has only started to be analysed in recent years. these genes display distinctive expression patterns and show weak transcriptional co-regulation, but are both activated in pathogen-infected tissues. we have demonstrated previously that arabidopsis plants with silenced prodh1/2 expr ...201627526663
field demonstration of a multiplexed point-of-care diagnostic platform for plant pathogens.effective disease management strategies to prevent catastrophic crop losses require rapid, sensitive, and multiplexed detection methods for timely decision making. to address this need, a rapid, highly specific and sensitive point-of-care method for multiplex detection of plant pathogens was developed by taking advantage of surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) labeled nanotags and recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa), which is a rapid isothermal amplification method with high specifici ...201627403651
ectopic expression of a grape aspartic protease gene, ap13, in arabidopsis thaliana improves resistance to powdery mildew but increases susceptibility to botrytis cinerea.the grape aspartic protease gene, ap13 was previously reported to be responsive, in chinese wild vitis quinquangularis cv. 'shang-24', to infection by erysiphe necator, the causal agent of powdery mildew disease, as well as to treatment with salicylic acid in v. labrusca×v. vinifera cv. 'kyoho'. in the current study, we evaluated the expression levels of ap13 in 'shang-24' in response to salicylic acid (sa), methyl jasmonate (meja) and ethylene (et) treatments, as well as to infection by the nec ...201627181943
novel components of leaf bacterial communities of field-grown tomato plants and their potential for plant growth promotion and biocontrol of tomato diseases.this work aimed to characterize potentially endophytic culturable bacteria from leaves of cultivated tomato and analyze their potential for growth promotion and biocontrol of diseases caused by botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae. bacteria were obtained from inner tissues of surface-disinfected tomato leaves of field-grown plants. analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences identified bacterial isolates related to exiguobacterium aurantiacum (isolates bt3 and mt8), exiguobacterium spp. (isolate gt ...201626654914
viral protein suppresses oxidative burst and salicylic acid-dependent autophagy and facilitates bacterial growth on virus-infected plants.virus interactions with plant silencing and innate immunity pathways can potentially alter the susceptibility of virus-infected plants to secondary infections with nonviral pathogens. we found that arabidopsis plants infected with cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) or transgenic for camv silencing suppressor p6 exhibit increased susceptibility to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) and allow robust growth of the pst mutant hrcc-, which cannot deploy effectors to suppress innate immunity. the impa ...201627120694
pectin biosynthesis is critical for cell wall integrity and immunity in arabidopsis thaliana.plant cell walls are important barriers against microbial pathogens. cell walls of arabidopsis thaliana leaves contain three major types of polysaccharides: cellulose, various hemicelluloses, and pectins. udp-d-galacturonic acid, the key building block of pectins, is produced from the precursor udp-d-glucuronic acid by the action of glucuronate 4-epimerases (gaes). pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola es4326 (pma es4326) repressed expression of gae1 and gae6 in arabidopsis, and immunity to pma es4 ...201626813622
rtp1 encodes a novel endoplasmic reticulum (er)-localized protein in arabidopsis and negatively regulates resistance against biotrophic pathogens.oomycete pathogens cause serious damage to a wide spectrum of plants. although host pathogen recognition via pathogen effectors and cognate plant resistance proteins is well established, the genetic basis of host factors that mediate plant susceptibility to oomycete pathogens is relatively unexplored. here, we report on rtp1, a nodulin-related mtn21 family gene in arabidopsis that mediates susceptibility to phytophthora parasitica. rtp1 was identified by screening a t-dna insertion mutant popula ...201626484750
bacterial polysaccharide levan as stabilizing, non-toxic and functional coating material for microelement-nanoparticles.levan, fructose-composed biopolymer of bacterial origin, has potential in biotechnology due to its prebiotic and immunostimulatory properties. in this study levan synthesized by levansucrase from pseudomonas syringae was thoroughly characterized and used as multifunctional biocompatible coating material for microelement-nanoparticles (nps) of selenium, iron and cobalt. transmission electron microscopy (tem), hydrodynamic size measurements (dls) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) showed t ...201626572404
transcription factors wrky70 and wrky11 served as regulators in rhizobacterium bacillus cereus ar156-induced systemic resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in arabidopsis.the activation of both the sa and ja/etsignalling pathways may lead to more efficient general and broad resistance to pst dc3000 by non-pathogenic rhizobacteria. however, the mechanisms that govern this simultaneous activation are unclear. using arabidopsis as a model system, two transcription factors, wrky11 and wrky70, were identified as important regulators involved in induced systemic resistance (isr) triggered by bacillus cereus ar156. the results revealed that ar156 treatment significantly ...201626433201
effective production of pro-gly by mutagenesis of l-amino acid ligase.l-amino acid ligase (lal) catalyzes dipeptide synthesis from unprotected l-amino acids by hydrolysis atp to adp. each lal displays unique substrate specificity, and many different dipeptides can be synthesized by selecting suitable lal. we have already successfully synthesized met-gly selectively by replacing the pro85 residues of lal from bacillus licheniformis (bl00235). from these results, we deduced that the amino acid residue at position 85 had a key role in enzyme activity, and applied the ...201627017332
an in vitro attempt for controlling severe phytopathogens and human pathogens using essential oils from mediterranean plants of genus schinus.growing concerns about food safety and environmental protection enhanced the need for new and safe plant disease control strategies. the chemical composition of the three essential oils (eos) extracted from leaves and fruits of schinus terebinthifolius and leaves of schinus molle, growing in tunisia, was studied by gc and gc-ms. in all, 12 compounds were identified. the oils were mainly composed of terpene compounds. α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and d-limonene were the major constituents. the aim o ...201626836214
synthesis and evaluation of ester derivatives of 10-hydroxycanthin-6-one as potential antimicrobial agents.as part of our continuing research on canthin-6-one antimicrobial agents, a new series of ester derivatives of 10-hydroxycanthin-6-one were synthesized using a simple and effective synthetic route. the structure of each compound was characterized by nmr, esi-ms, ft-ir, uv, and elemental analysis. the antimicrobial activity of these compounds against three phytopathogenic fungi (alternaria solani, fusarium graminearum, and fusarium solani) and four bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, ra ...201627007362
bacillus cereus ar156 activates pamp-triggered immunity and induces a systemic acquired resistance through a npr1-and sa-dependent signaling pathway.induced resistance responses play a potent role in plant defense system against pathogen attack. bacillus cereus ar156 is a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) that installs induced systemic resistance (isr) to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) in arabidopsis. here, we show that ar156 leaf infiltration enhances disease resistance in arabidopsis through the activation of a systemic acquired resistance (sar). pr1 protein expression and reactive oxygen species (ros) burst are strongly ...201626616055
optimized illumina pcr-free library preparation for bacterial whole genome sequencing and analysis of factors influencing de novo assembly.next-generation sequencing (ngs) technology has paved the way for rapid and cost-efficient de novo sequencing of bacterial genomes. in particular, the introduction of pcr-free library preparation procedures (lpps) lead to major improvements as pcr bias is largely reduced. however, in order to facilitate the assembly of illumina paired-end sequence data and to enhance assembly performance, an increase of insert sizes to facilitate the repeat bridging and resolution capabilities of current state o ...201627176120
bioprospecting for secondary metabolites in the entomopathogenic bacterium photorhabdus luminescens subsp. sonorensis.crude extracts of in vitro and in vivo cultures of two strains of photorhabdus l. sonorensis (enterobacteriaceae) were analyzed by tlc, hplc-uv and lc-ms. nine unique compounds with mass/charge ratios (m/z) ranging from 331.3 to 713.5 were found in ms analyses. bioactivity of extracts was assessed on a selection of plant pathogens/pests and non-target species. caborca strain extracts showed the highest activity against helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) neonates at all concentrations teste ...201627702563
microbes in the anthropocene: spillover of agriculturally selected bacteria and their impact on natural ecosystems.soil microbial communities are enormously diverse, with at least millions of species and trillions of genes unknown to science or poorly described. soil microbial communities are key components of agriculture, for example, in provisioning nitrogen and protecting crops from pathogens, providing overall ecosystem services in excess of $1000bn per year. it is important to know how humans are affecting this hidden diversity. much is known about the negative consequences of agricultural intensificati ...201627928044
sugarcane transcriptome analysis in response to infection caused by acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae.sugarcane is an important tropical crop mainly cultivated to produce ethanol and sugar. crop productivity is negatively affected by acidovorax avenae subsp avenae (aaa), which causes the red stripe disease. little is known about the molecular mechanisms triggered in response to the infection. we have investigated the molecular mechanism activated in sugarcane using a rna-seq approach. we have produced a de novo transcriptome assembly (tr7) from sugarcane rna-seq libraries submitted to drought an ...201627936012
characterization of the first double-stranded rna bacteriophage infecting pseudomonas aeruginosa.bacteriophages (phages) are widely distributed in the biosphere and play a key role in modulating microbial ecology in the soil, ocean, and humans. although the role of dna bacteriophages is well described, the biology of rna bacteriophages is poorly understood. more than 1900 phage genomes are currently deposited in ncbi, but only 6 dsrna bacteriophages and 12 ssrna bacteriophages genome sequences are reported. the 6 dsrna bacteriophages were isolated from legume samples or lakes with pseudomon ...201627934909
natural variation in arabidopsis cvi-0 accession reveals an important role of mpk12 in guard cell co2 signaling.plant gas exchange is regulated by guard cells that form stomatal pores. stomatal adjustments are crucial for plant survival; they regulate uptake of co2 for photosynthesis, loss of water, and entrance of air pollutants such as ozone. we mapped ozone hypersensitivity, more open stomata, and stomatal co2-insensitivity phenotypes of the arabidopsis thaliana accession cvi-0 to a single amino acid substitution in mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase 12 (mpk12). in parallel, we showed that stomatal ...201627923039
population scale mapping of transposable element diversity reveals links to gene regulation and epigenomic variation.variation in the presence or absence of transposable elements (tes) is a major source of genetic variation between individuals. here, we identified 23,095 te presence/absence variants between 216 arabidopsis accessions. most te variants were rare, and we find these rare variants associated with local extremes of gene expression and dna methylation levels within the population. of the common alleles identified, two thirds were not in linkage disequilibrium with nearby snps, implicating these vari ...201627911260
rna-seq-based digital gene expression analysis reveals modification of host defense responses by rice stripe virus during disease symptom development in arabidopsis.virus infection induces and suppresses host gene expression on a global level. rice stripe virus (rsv) is the type species of the genus tenuivirus and infects rice and arabidopsis plants. microarray-based and next generation sequencing-based transcriptomic approaches have been used to study rice-rsv interactions. however, our knowledge of the response of arabidopsis plants to rsv infection is limited, and it requires further investigation to determine the similarities (or differences) in virus-h ...201627912765
current knowledge and perspectives of paenibacillus: a review.isolated from a wide range of sources, the genus paenibacillus comprises bacterial species relevant to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. many paenibacillus species can promote crop growth directly via biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), and release of siderophores that enable iron acquisition. they can also offer protection against insect herbivores and phytopathogens, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, ...201627905924
protein adp-ribosylation takes control in plant-bacterium interactions. 201627907213
outbreak and spread of bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 in korea.a bacterial pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa), is a causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker worldwide. psa biovar 3 (psa3) was first detected in 2011 at an orchard in dodeok-myeon, goheunggun, jeonnam province in korea. in this study, we present the results of an epidemiological study regarding psa3 occurrence on kiwifruit orchards in korea for the period of 2013 to 2015. since the first detection of psa3 in 2011, there was no further case reported by 2013. however, psa3 was ...201627904461
d-psa-k: a model for estimating the accumulated potential damage on kiwifruit canes caused by bacterial canker during the growing and overwintering seasons.we developed a model, termed d-psa-k, to estimate the accumulated potential damage on kiwifruit canes caused by bacterial canker during the growing and overwintering seasons. the model consisted of three parts including estimation of the amount of necrotic lesion in a non-frozen environment, the rate of necrosis increase in a freezing environment during the overwintering season, and the amount of necrotic lesion on kiwifruit canes caused by bacterial canker during the overwintering and growing s ...201627904460
cyanobacteria as chassis for industrial biotechnology: progress and prospects.cyanobacteria hold significant potential as industrial biotechnology (ib) platforms for the production of a wide variety of bio-products ranging from biofuels such as hydrogen, alcohols and isoprenoids, to high-value bioactive and recombinant proteins. underpinning this technology, are the recent advances in cyanobacterial "omics" research, the development of improved genetic engineering tools for key species, and the emerging field of cyanobacterial synthetic biology. these approaches enabled t ...201627916886
a role of the fuzzy onions like gene in regulating cell death and defense in arabidopsis.programmed cell death (pcd) is critical for development and responses to environmental stimuli in many organisms. fuzzy onions (fzo) proteins in yeast, flies, and mammals are known to affect mitochondrial fusion and function. arabidopsis fzo-like (fzl) was shown as a chloroplast protein that regulates chloroplast morphology and cell death. we cloned the fzl gene based on the lesion mimic phenotype conferred by an fzl mutation. here we provide evidence to support that fzl has evolved new function ...201627898102
functional involvement of a mitogen activated protein kinase module, osmkk3-osmpk7-oswrk30 in mediating resistance against xanthomonas oryzae in rice.mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are highly conserved signaling modules in eukaryotes, transmitting signals from upstream receptor to downstream target by phosphorelay mechanism. here we report involvement of a poorly characterized group c mapk of rice namely, osmpk7 along with its upstream mapk kinase, osmkk3 and downstream target, oswrky30 during xanthomonas oryzae infection, a causal agent of leaf blight disease in rice. x. oryzae infection resulted in induction of osmpk7 and osmkk3. ...201627897241
bumble bee parasite strains vary in resistance to phytochemicals.nectar and pollen contain diverse phytochemicals that can reduce disease in pollinators. however, prior studies showed variable effects of nectar chemicals on infection, which could reflect variable phytochemical resistance among parasite strains. inter-strain variation in resistance could influence evolutionary interactions between plants, pollinators, and pollinator disease, but testing direct effects of phytochemicals on parasites requires elimination of variation between bees. using cell cul ...201627883009
rna-seq transcriptome response of flax (linum usitatissimum l.) to the pathogenic fungus fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes wilt in flax. along with rust, fusarium wilt has become an important factor in flax production worldwide. resistant flax cultivars have been used to manage the disease, but the resistance varies, depending on the interactions between specific cultivars and isolates of the pathogen. this interaction has a strong molecular basis, but no genomic information is available on how the plant responds to attempted infection, to inform ...201627933082
integrated omics study of lipid droplets from plasmodiophora brassicae.plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in cruciferous. in this report, lipid droplets were observed in the resting spores of p. brassicae. 295 lipid droplet-associated proteins were identified and categorized into nine groups. transcriptome analysis of these proteins during three different zoosporic stages revealed differences in gene expression pattern. go enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins associated with lipid droplets were mainly linked to biosynthesis and metabolism. ...201627874080
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