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experimental challenge of atlantic cod (gadus morhua) with a brucella pinnipedialis strain from hooded seal (cystophora cristata).pathology has not been observed in true seals infected with brucella pinnipedialis. a lack of intracellular survival and multiplication of b. pinnipedialis in hooded seal (cystophora cristata) macrophages in vitro indicates a lack of chronic infection in hooded seals. both epidemiology and bacteriological patterns in the hooded seal point to a transient infection of environmental origin, possibly through the food chain. to analyse the potential role of fish in the transmission of b. pinnipediali ...201627415626
a comparison of titers of anti-brucella antibodies of naturally infected and healthy vaccinated cattle by standard tube agglutination test, microtiter plate agglutination test, indirect hemagglutination assay, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.we determined the antibody response in cattle naturally infected with brucellosis and normal healthy adult cattle vaccinated during calf hood with strain 19.201627536032
intravenous iron carboxymaltose as a potential therapeutic in anemia of inflammation.intravenous iron supplementation is an effective therapy in iron deficiency anemia (ida), but controversial in anemia of inflammation (ai). unbound iron can be used by bacteria and viruses for their replication and enhance the inflammatory response. nowadays available high molecular weight iron complexes for intravenous iron substitution, such as ferric carboxymaltose, might be useful in ai, as these pharmaceuticals deliver low doses of free iron over a prolonged period of time. we tested the ef ...201627404499
inflammatory bowel disease drugs: a focus on autophagy.inflammatory bowel disease [ibd] is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. medications such as corticosteroids, thiopurines, immunomodulators and biologic agents are used to induce and maintain remission; however, response to these drugs is variable and can diminish over time. defective autophagy has been strongly linked to ibd pathogenesis, with evidence showing that enhancing autophagy may be therapeutically beneficial by regulating inflammation and clearing intes ...201627381462
inflammatory bowel disease drugs: a focus on autophagy.inflammatory bowel disease [ibd] is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. medications such as corticosteroids, thiopurines, immunomodulators and biologic agents are used to induce and maintain remission; however, response to these drugs is variable and can diminish over time. defective autophagy has been strongly linked to ibd pathogenesis, with evidence showing that enhancing autophagy may be therapeutically beneficial by regulating inflammation and clearing intes ...201627381462
protection efficacy of the brucella abortus ghost vaccine candidate lysed by the n-terminal 24-amino acid fragment (gi24) of the 36-amino acid peptide pmap-36 (porcine myeloid antimicrobial peptide 36) in murine models.brucella abortus cells were lysed by the n-terminal 24-amino acid fragment (gi24) of the 36-amino acid peptide pmap-36 (porcine myeloid antimicrobial peptide 36). next, the protection efficacy of the lysed fragment as a vaccine candidate was evaluated. group a mice were immunized with sterile pbs, group b mice were intraperitoneally (ip) immunized with 3 × 10(8) colony-forming units (cfus) of b. abortus strain rb51, group c mice were immunized ip with 3 × 10(8) cells of the b. abortus vaccine ca ...201627349900
seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors in and around alage district, ethiopia.brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with economic and public health impact, particularly for human and animal populations within developing countries that relay on livestock production. a cross sectional study was conducted between october 2013 and march 2014 in and around alage district to determine the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors. a total of 804 sera samples; 421 from cattle managed under extensive production system and 383 from cattle managed under intensive ...201627386300
cytochrome bd displays significant quinol peroxidase activity.cytochrome bd is a prokaryotic terminal oxidase that catalyses the electrogenic reduction of oxygen to water using ubiquinol as electron donor. cytochrome bd is a tri-haem integral membrane enzyme carrying a low-spin haem b558, and two high-spin haems: b595 and d. here we show that besides its oxidase activity, cytochrome bd from escherichia coli is a genuine quinol peroxidase (qpo) that reduces hydrogen peroxide to water. the highly active and pure enzyme preparation used in this study did not ...201627279363
reviving the rna world: an insight into the appearance of rna methyltransferases.rna, the earliest genetic and catalytic molecule, has a relatively delicate and labile chemical structure, when compared to dna. it is prone to be damaged by alkali, heat, nucleases, or stress conditions. one mechanism to protect rna or dna from damage is through site-specific methylation. here, we propose that rna methylation began prior to dna methylation in the early forms of life evolving on earth. in this article, the biochemical properties of some rna methyltransferases (mtases), such as 2 ...201627375676
contamination of bovine, sheep and goat meat with brucella spp.a study was conducted in order to evaluate the contamination by brucella spp. of meat from animals slaughtered because they had resulted positive for brucellosis at some time during their life. after slaughter and before delivery to market outlets, swab samples were taken from 307 carcasses of infected animals: 40 cattle, 60 sheep and 207 goats. the swabs were subsequently analysed by means of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests. in addition, bacteriological tests were carried out on the lymph ...201627853716
immunoproteomic identification of mbovp579, a promising diagnostic biomarker for serological detection of mycoplasma bovis infection.a lack of knowledge regarding the antigenic properties of mycoplasma bovis proteins prevents the effective control of bovine infections using immunological approaches. in this study, we detected and characterized a specific and sensitive m. bovis diagnostic biomarker. after m. bovis total proteins and membrane fractions were separated with two dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteins reacting with antiserawere detected using maldi-tof ms. thirty-nine proteins were identified, 32 of which were p ...201627281618
species-specific pcr for the diagnosis and determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of brucella strains isolated from tehran, iran.brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic disease in the middle east. this study intended to design a uniplex pcr assay for the detection and differentiation of brucella at the species level and determining the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of brucella in iran.201627799972
strategies used by bacteria to grow in macrophages.intracellular bacteria are often clinically relevant pathogens that infect virtually every cell type found in host organisms. however, myeloid cells, especially macrophages, constitute the primary cells targeted by most species of intracellular bacteria. paradoxically, macrophages possess an extensive antimicrobial arsenal and are efficient at killing microbes. in addition to their ability to detect and signal the presence of pathogens, macrophages sequester and digest microorganisms using the p ...201627337444
mechanism and function of type iv secretion during infection of the human host.bacterial pathogens employ type iv secretion systems (t4sss) for various purposes to aid in survival and proliferation in eukaryotic hosts. one large t4ss subfamily, the conjugation systems, confers a selective advantage to the invading pathogen in clinical settings through dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. besides their intrinsic importance as principle contributors to the emergence of multiply drug-resistant "superbugs," detailed studies of these highly tractab ...201627337453
fecal diagnostics in combination with serology: best test to establish stec-hus.in the majority of pediatric patients, the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus) is caused by an infection with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), mostly serotype o157. it is important to discriminate between hus caused by stec and complement-mediated hus (atypical hus) due to differences in treatment and outcome. as stec and its toxins can only be detected in the patient's stool for a short period of time after disease onset, the infectious agent may go undetected using only fecal diagnos ...201627240858
a nodding acquaintance with er stress. 201627551527
n-formyl-perosamine surface homopolysaccharides hinder the recognition of brucella abortus by mouse neutrophils.brucella abortus is an intracellular pathogen of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and placental trophoblasts. this bacterium causes a chronic disease in bovines and in humans. in these hosts, the bacterium also invades neutrophils; however, it fails to replicate and just resists the killing action of these leukocytes without inducing significant activation or neutrophilia. moreover, b. abortus causes the premature cell death of human neutrophils. in the murine model, the bacterium is fou ...201627001541
use of reporter genes in the generation of vaccinia virus-derived vectors.vaccinia virus (vacv) is one of the most extensively-studied viruses of the poxviridae family. it is easy to genetically modify, so it has become a key tool for many applications. in this context, reporter genes facilitate the study of the role of foreign genes introduced into the genome of vacv. in this review, we describe the type of reporter genes that have been used to generate reporter-expressing vacv and the applications of the recombinant viruses obtained. reporter-expressing vacv are cur ...201627213433
loop mediated isothermal amplification: an innovative gene amplification technique for animal diseases.india being a developing country mainly depends on livestock sector for its economy. however, nowadays, there is emergence and reemergence of more transboundary animal diseases. the existing diagnostic techniques are not so quick and with less specificity. to reduce the economy loss, there should be a development of rapid, reliable, robust diagnostic technique, which can work with high degree of sensitivity and specificity. loop mediated isothermal amplification assay is a rapid gene amplificati ...201627284221
genomics reveals historic and contemporary transmission dynamics of a bacterial disease among wildlife and livestock.whole-genome sequencing has provided fundamental insights into infectious disease epidemiology, but has rarely been used for examining transmission dynamics of a bacterial pathogen in wildlife. in the greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye), outbreaks of brucellosis have increased in cattle along with rising seroprevalence in elk. here we use a genomic approach to examine brucella abortus evolution, cross-species transmission and spatial spread in the gye. we find that brucellosis was introduced int ...201627165544
epidemiological and clinical features of people with malta fever in iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.numerous studies have reported the epidemiological and clinical features of malta fever incidence in iran. review and synthesis of the related literature through meta-analysis can provide an appropriate measurement for aforementioned indices. therefore, the present study aimed to determine the epidemiological and clinical features of people with malta fever in iran.201627413646
serological and molecular investigation for brucellosis in swine in selected districts of uganda.brucellosis is a notifiable zoonotic disease affecting livestock, humans, and wildlife in uganda. pigs can be infected with human pathogenic brucella suis biovars 1 and 3 and can be a significant source of brucellosis for humans. uganda has a rapidly growing pig population, and the pork consumption per capita is the highest in east africa. the objective of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in ugandan pigs. a cross-sectional serosurvey of pigs was conducted in three of ...201627142028
comprehensive identification of immunodominant proteins of brucella abortus and brucella melitensis using antibodies in the sera from naturally infected hosts.brucellosis is a debilitating zoonotic disease that affects humans and animals. the diagnosis of brucellosis is challenging, as accurate species level identification is not possible with any of the currently available serology-based diagnostic methods. the present study aimed at identifying brucella (b.) species-specific proteins from the closely related species b. abortus and b. melitensis using sera collected from naturally infected host species. unlike earlier reported investigations with eit ...201627144565
encapsulation of bacteriophage in liposome accentuates its entry in to macrophage and shields it from neutralizing antibodies.phage therapy has been a centre of attraction for biomedical scientists to treat infections caused by drug resistant strains. however, ability of phage to act only on extracellular bacteria and probability of interference by anti-phage antibodies in vivo is considered as a important limitation of bacteriophage therapy. to overcome these hurdles, liposome were used as delivery vehicle for phage in this study. anti-phage antibodies were raised in mice and pooled serum was evaluated for its ability ...201627115154
microarray-based long oligonucleotides probe designed for brucella spp. detection and identification of antibiotic susceptibility pattern.brucella spp. is a common zoonotic infection referred to as brucellosis, and it is a serious public health problem around the world. there are currently six classical species (pathogenic species in both animals and humans) within the genus brucella. the ability and practicality facilitated by a microarray experiment help us to recognize brucella spp. and its antibiotic resistant gene. rapid phenotypic determination of antibiotic resistance is not possible by disk diffusion methods. thus, evaluat ...201627280008
phosphotransferase-dependent accumulation of (p)ppgpp in response to glutamine deprivation in caulobacter crescentus.the alarmone (p)ppgpp is commonly used by bacteria to quickly respond to nutrient starvation. although (p)ppgpp synthetases such as spot have been extensively studied, little is known about the molecular mechanisms stimulating alarmone synthesis upon starvation. here, we describe an essential role of the nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system (pts(ntr)) in controlling (p)ppgpp accumulation in caulobacter crescentus. we show that cells sense nitrogen starvation by way of detecting glutamine d ...201627109061
the protease locus of francisella tularensis lvs is required for stress tolerance and infection in the mammalian host.francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia and a category a potential agent of bioterrorism, but the pathogenic mechanisms of f. tularensis are largely unknown. our previous transposon mutagenesis screen identified 95 lung infectivity-associated f. tularensis genes, including those encoding the lon and clpp proteases. the present study validates the importance of lon and clpp in intramacrophage growth and infection of the mammalian host by using unmarked deletion mutants of the f ...201626902724
the rna-binding chaperone hfq is an important global regulator of gene expression in pasteurella multocida and plays a crucial role in production of a number of virulence factors, including hyaluronic acid capsule.the gram-negative bacterium pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a number of economically important animal diseases, including avian fowl cholera. numerous p. multocida virulence factors have been identified, including capsule, lipopolysaccharide (lps), and filamentous hemagglutinin, but little is known about how the expression of these virulence factors is regulated. hfq is an rna-binding protein that facilitates riboregulation via interaction with small noncoding rna (srna) molecule ...201626883595
legionella pneumophila-derived outer membrane vesicles promote bacterial replication in macrophages.the formation and release of outer membrane vesicles (omvs) is a phenomenon of gram-negative bacteria. this includes legionella pneumophila (l. pneumophila), a causative agent of severe pneumonia. upon its transmission into the lung, l. pneumophila primarily infects and replicates within macrophages. here, we analyzed the influence of l. pneumophila omvs on macrophages. to this end, differentiated thp-1 cells were incubated with increasing doses of legionella omvs, leading to a tlr2-dependent cl ...201627105429
proteomic profile of brucella abortus-infected bovine chorioallantoic membrane explants.brucella abortus is the etiological agent of bovine brucellosis, a zoonotic disease that causes significant economic losses worldwide. the differential proteomic profile of bovine chorioallantoic membrane (cam) explants at early stages of infection with b. abortus (0.5, 2, 4, and 8 h) was determined. analysis of cam explants at 0.5 and 4 h showed the highest differences between uninfected and infected cam explants, and therefore were used for the differential gel electrophoresis (dige). a total ...201627104343
influence of platelet-activating factor receptor (pafr) on brucella abortus infection: implications for manipulating the phagocytic strategy of b. abortus.brucella abortus is an intracellular pathogen which can infect and persist in host cells through multiple interactions. above all, its interaction to host cell receptor is important to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of b. abortus. accordingly, we demonstrated that platelet-activating factor receptor (pafr) affects host cell response against b. abortus infection.201627098179
comparison between immunization routes of live attenuated salmonella typhimurium strains expressing bcsp31, omp3b, and sod of brucella abortus in murine model.live, attenuated salmonella typhimurium vaccine candidate expressing bcsp31, omp3b, and sod proteins of brucella abortus was constructed. thirty balb/c mice were divided equally into three groups, group a, were intraperitoneally (ip) inoculated with 100 μl of approximately 1.2 × 10(6) colony-forming units (cfus)/ml of the salmonella containing vector only in 100 μl as a control. and groups b and c mice were orally and ip immunized with approximately 1.2 × 10(9) cfu/ml of the mixture of three del ...201627148232
refractory genital hpv infection and adult-onset still disease: a case report and literature review.adult-onset still disease (aosd) is a systemic autoimmune disease (aiid) that can develop after exposure to infectious agents. genital human papillomavirus (hpv) infection has been reported to induce or exacerbate aiids, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). no guidelines are available for the management of genital warts in aosd. case report and literature review. we report a patient who was diagnosed aosd in the setting of refractory and recurrent genital hpv infection, demonstrating a po ...201627082556
seroprevalence of horse (equus caballus) brucellosis on the mambilla plateau of taraba state, nigeria.a cross-sectional study was conducted on the seroprevalence of horse brucellosis using the rose bengal plate test (rbpt) and serum agglutination test (sat) on the mambilla plateau of taraba state, nigeria where horses are reared under a free range management system on cattle farms. the objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of brucella antibodies in horses as well as the distribution of the infection according to sex and age. a total of 100 horses were sampled, 25 each from fou ...201627073329
chronic bacterial pathogens: mechanisms of persistence.many bacterial pathogens can cause acute infections that are cleared with the onset of adaptive immunity, but a subset of these pathogens can establish persistent, and sometimes lifelong, infections. while bacteria that cause chronic infections are phylogenetically diverse, they share common features in their interactions with the host that enable a protracted period of colonization. this article will compare the persistence strategies of two chronic pathogens from the proteobacteria, brucella a ...201627227304
wrpa is an atypical flavodoxin family protein under regulatory control of the brucella abortus general stress response system.the general stress response (gsr) system of the intracellular pathogen brucella abortus controls the transcription of approximately 100 genes in response to a range of stress cues. the core genetic regulatory components of the gsr are required for b. abortus survival under nonoptimal growth conditions in vitro and for maintenance of chronic infection in an in vivo mouse model. the functions of the majority of the genes in the gsr transcriptional regulon remain undefined. bab1_1070 is among the m ...201626858101
identification of synthetic and natural host defense peptides with leishmanicidal activity.leishmaniaparasites are a major public health problem worldwide. effective treatment of leishmaniasis is hampered by the high incidence of adverse effects to traditional drug therapy and the emergence of resistance to current therapeutics. a vaccine is currently not available. host defense peptides have been investigated as novel therapeutic agents against a wide range of pathogens. here we demonstrate that the antimicrobial peptide ll-37 and the three synthetic peptides e6, l-1018, and ri-1018 ...201626883699
heme synthesis and acquisition in bacterial pathogens.bacterial pathogens require the iron-containing cofactor heme to cause disease. heme is essential to the function of hemoproteins, which are involved in energy generation by the electron transport chain, detoxification of host immune effectors, and other processes. during infection, bacterial pathogens must synthesize heme or acquire heme from the host; however, host heme is sequestered in high-affinity hemoproteins. pathogens have evolved elaborate strategies to acquire heme from host sources, ...201627019298
myd88 mediates instructive signaling in dendritic cells and protective inflammatory response during rickettsial infection.spotted fever group rickettsiae cause potentially life-threatening infections throughout the world. several members of the toll-like receptor (tlr) family are involved in host response to rickettsiae, and yet the mechanisms by which these tlrs mediate host immunity remain incompletely understood. in the present study, we found that host susceptibility of myd88(-/-)mice to infection with rickettsia conorii or rickettsia australis was significantly greater than in wild-type (wt) mice, in associati ...201626755162
nod1 and nod2 signalling links er stress with inflammation.endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress is a major contributor to inflammatory diseases, such as crohn disease and type 2 diabetes. er stress induces the unfolded protein response, which involves activation of three transmembrane receptors, atf6, perk and ire1α. once activated, ire1α recruits traf2 to the er membrane to initiate inflammatory responses via the nf-κb pathway. inflammation is commonly triggered when pattern recognition receptors (prrs), such as toll-like receptors or nucleotide-binding o ...201627007849
molecular cloning, purification and immunogenicity of recombinant brucella abortus 544 malate dehydrogenase protein.the brucella mdh gene was successfully cloned and expressed in e. coli. the purified recombinant malate dehydrogenase protein (rmdh) was reactive to brucella-positive bovine serum in the early stage, but not reactive in the middle or late stage, and was reactive to brucella-positive mouse serum in the late stage, but not in the early or middle stage of infection. in addition, rmdh did not react with brucella-negative bovine or mouse sera. these results suggest that rmdh has the potential for use ...201627051349
short-stalked prosthecomicrobium hirschii cells have a caulobacter-like cell cycle.the dimorphic alphaproteobacterium prosthecomicrobium hirschii has both short-stalked and long-stalked morphotypes. notably, these morphologies do not arise from transitions in a cell cycle. instead, the maternal cell morphology is typically reproduced in daughter cells, which results in microcolonies of a single cell type. in this work, we further characterized the short-stalked cells and found that these cells have a caulobacter-like life cycle in which cell division leads to the generation of ...201626833409
cyddc-mediated reductant export in escherichia coli controls the transcriptional wiring of energy metabolism and combats nitrosative stress.the glutathione/cysteine exporter cyddc maintains redox balance in escherichia coli. a cydd mutant strain was used to probe the influence of cyddc upon reduced thiol export, gene expression, metabolic perturbations, intracellular ph homoeostasis and tolerance to nitric oxide (no). loss of cyddc was found to decrease extracytoplasmic thiol levels, whereas overexpression diminished the cytoplasmic thiol content. transcriptomic analysis revealed a dramatic up-regulation of protein chaperones, prote ...201626699904
marine mammal brucella reference strains are attenuated in a balb/c mouse model.brucellosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution with numerous animal host species. since the novel isolation of brucella spp. from marine mammals in 1994 the bacteria have been isolated from various marine mammal hosts. the marine mammal reference strains brucella pinnipedialis 12890 (harbour seal, phoca vitulina) and brucella ceti 12891 (harbour porpoise, phocoena phocoena) were included in genus brucella in 2007, however, their pathogenicity in the mouse model is pending. herein this is ev ...201626959235
integrating serological and genetic data to quantify cross-species transmission: brucellosis as a case study.epidemiological data are often fragmented, partial, and/or ambiguous and unable to yield the desired level of understanding of infectious disease dynamics to adequately inform control measures. here, we show how the information contained in widely available serology data can be enhanced by integration with less common type-specific data, to improve the understanding of the transmission dynamics of complex multi-species pathogens and host communities. using brucellosis in northern tanzania as a c ...201626935267
modulation of host autophagy during bacterial infection: sabotaging host munitions for pathogen nutrition. 201626973656
comparing rapid and specific detection of brucella in clinical samples by pcr-elisa and multiplex-pcr method.rapid diagnosis and differentiation of brucella is of high importance due to the side effects of antibiotics for the treatment of brucellosis. this study aimed to identify and compare pcr-elisa as a more accurate diagnositc test with other common molecular and serological tests.201627499776
brucellosis suspicion is the most important criterion for diagnosis particularly in endemic regions.brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease that remains endemic in developing countries. the purpose of this study is to emphasize the need for considering brucellosis as a diagnosis, since this disease has a high risk of complications among young patients when not treated appropriately.201627006730
inositol-requiring enzyme 1-dependent activation of ampk promotes brucella abortus intracellular growth.amp-activated protein kinase (ampk) is a serine/threonine kinase that is well conserved during evolution. ampk activation inhibits production of reactive oxygen species (ros) in cells via suppression of nadph oxidase. however, the role of ampk during the process of brucella infection remains unknown. our data demonstrate that b. abortus infection induces ampk activation in hela cells in a time-dependent manner. the known ampk kinases lkb1, camkkβ, and tak1 are not required for the activation of ...201626755628
metal-containing and related polymers for biomedical applications.a survey of the most recent progress in the biomedical applications of metal-containing polymers is given. due to the unique optical, electrochemical, and magnetic properties, at least 30 different metal elements, most of them transition metals, are introduced into polymeric frameworks for interactions with biology-relevant substrates via various means. inspired by the advance of metal-containing small molecular drugs and promoted by the great progress in polymer chemistry, metal-containing poly ...201626910408
transcriptional profiling of coxiella burnetii reveals extensive cell wall remodeling in the small cell variant developmental form.a hallmark of coxiella burnetii, the bacterial cause of human q fever, is a biphasic developmental cycle that generates biologically, ultrastructurally, and compositionally distinct large cell variant (lcv) and small cell variant (scv) forms. lcvs are replicating, exponential phase forms while scvs are non-replicating, stationary phase forms. the scv has several properties, such as a condensed nucleoid and an unusual cell envelope, suspected of conferring enhanced environmental stability. to ide ...201626909555
protective effect of gallotannin-enriched extract isolated from galla rhois against ccl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in icr mice.to investigate the toxicity, protective effects, and action mechanism of gallotannin-enriched extracts isolated from galla rhois (gegr) against carbon tetrachloride (ccl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in institute for cancer research (icr) mice, alterations in serum biochemical indicators, histopathological structure, antioxidative status, hepatic apoptosis-related proteins, and liver fibrosis regulating factors were measured in mice pretreated with gegr for five days before ccl₄ injection. the gegr/c ...201626907337
diverse roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress sensors in bacterial infection.bacterial infection often leads to cellular damage, primarily marked by loss of cellular integrity and cell death. however, in recent years, it is being increasingly recognized that, in individual cells, there are graded responses collectively termed cell-autonomous defense mechanisms that induce cellular processes designed to limit cell damage, enable repair, and eliminate bacteria. many of these responses are triggered not by detection of a particular bacterial effector or ligand but rather by ...201626883353
the optimization of molecular detection of clinical isolates of brucella in blood cultures by eryd transcriptase gene for confirmation of culture-negative samples.brucellosis is a zoonosis disease which is widespread across the world.201627330831
structural studies of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants from brucella melitensis identify a core oligosaccharide critical in virulence.the structures of the lipooligosaccharides frombrucella melitensismutants affected in the wbkd and manbcoreproteins have been fully characterized using nmr spectroscopy. the results revealed that disruption ofwbkdgives rise to a rough lipopolysaccharide (r-lps) with a complete core structure (β-d-glcp-(1→4)-α-kdop-(2→4)[β-d-glcpn-(1→6)-β-d-glcpn-(1→4)[β-d-glcpn-(1→6)]-β-d-glcpn-(1→3)-α-d-manp-(1→5)]-α-kdop-(2→6)-β-d-glcpn3n4p-(1→6)-α-d-glcpn3n1p), in addition to components lacking one of the ter ...201626867577
expression of cytokine and apoptosis-related genes in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with brucella abortus recombinant proteins.brucellosis is a clinically and economically important disease. therefore, eradication programs of the disease have been implemented in several countries. one hurdle in these programs is the detection of infected animals at the early stage. although the protein antigens as diagnostic antigens have recently received attention, the exact mechanisms at the beginning of immune responses are not yet known. therefore, genes encoding five b. abortus cellular proteins were cloned and the expressed recom ...201626864657
interactions between shigella flexneri and the autophagy machinery.autophagy, an intracellular degradation process, is increasingly recognized as having important roles in host defense. interactions between shigella flexneri and the autophagy machinery were first discovered in 2005. since then, work has shown that multiple autophagy pathways are triggered by s. flexneri, and autophagic responses can have different roles during shigella infection. here, we review the interactions between s. flexneri and the autophagy machinery, highlighting that studies using sh ...201626904515
vaccination of elk (cervus canadensis) with brucella abortus strain rb51 overexpressing superoxide dismutase and glycosyltransferase genes does not induce adequate protection against experimental brucella abortus challenge.in recent years, elk (cervus canadensis) have been implicated as the source of brucella abortus infection for numerous cattle herds in the greater yellowstone area. in the face of environmental and ecological changes on the landscape, the range of infected elk is expanding. consequently, the development of effective disease management strategies for wild elk herds is of utmost importance, not only for the prevention of reintroduction of brucellosis to cattle, but also for the overall health of t ...201626904509
contrasting lifestyles within the host cell.intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved to exploit the protected niche provided within the boundaries of a eukaryotic host cell. upon entering a host cell, some bacteria can evade the adaptive immune response of its host and replicate in a relatively nutrient-rich environment devoid of competition from other host flora. growth within a host cell is not without their hazards, however. many pathogens enter their hosts through receptor-mediated endocytosis or phagocytosis, two intracellular ...201626999394
utility of serological tests in the era of molecular testing for diagnosis of human brucellosis in endemic area with limited resources.the culture has always been the gold standard test for diagnosis of human brucellosis but the conventional brucella diagnostic tests viz. serology and culture are often beset with poor specificity & sensitivity respectively. the culture positivity rates for brucella vary from 92% for bone marrow to 10% for non-blood samples and also dependent on the type of sample. the primary immune-determinant for brucella species is the cell wall surface lipopolysaccharide, which is antigenically similar to o ...201627042465
vaccination control programs for multiple livestock host species: an age-stratified, seasonal transmission model for brucellosis control in endemic settings.brucella melitensis causes production losses in ruminants and febrile disease in humans in africa, central asia, the middle east and elsewhere. although traditionally understood to affect primarily sheep and goats, it is also the predominant brucella species that affects cows in some endemic areas. despite this, no licensed vaccine is available specifically for use against b. melitensis in cows. the mainstay of most control programs is vaccination of sheep and goats with a live vaccine, rev-1. t ...201626825313
a simple and safe protocol for preparing brucella samples for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis.we describe a simple protocol to inactivate the biosafety level 3 (bsl3) pathogens brucella prior to their analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. this method is also effective for several other bacterial pathogens and allows storage, and eventually shipping, of inactivated samples; therefore, it might be routinely applied to unidentified bacteria, for the safety of laboratory workers.201626582837
analysis of the first temperate broad host range brucellaphage (bipbo1) isolated from b. inopinata.brucella species are important human and animal pathogens. though, only little is known about mobile genetic elements of these highly pathogenic bacteria. to date, neither plasmids nor temperate phages have been described in brucellae. we analyzed genomic sequences of various reference and type strains and identified a number of putative prophages residing within the brucella chromosomes. by induction, phage bipbo1 was isolated from brucella inopinata. bipbo1 is a siphovirus that infects several ...201626858702
in silico analysis of brucella abortus omp2b and in vitro expression of somp2b.at present, there is no vaccine available for the prevention of human brucellosis. brucella outer membrane protein 2b (omp2b) is a 36 kd porin existed in common brucella pathogens and it is considered as priority antigen for designing a new subunit vaccine.201626866027
the complete genome of brucella suis 019 provides insights on cross-species infection.brucella species are the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide and cause considerable harm to humans and animals. in this study, we presented the complete genome of b. suis 019 isolated from sheep (ovine) with epididymitis. b. suis 019 has a rough phenotype and can infect sheep, rhesus monkeys and possibly humans. the comparative genome analysis demonstrated that b. suis 019 is closest to the vaccine strain b. suis bv. 1 str. s2. further analysis associated the rsh gene to the pathogenicit ...201626821047
identification and characterization of the novel subunit ccom in the cbb3₃cytochrome c oxidase from pseudomonas stutzeri zobell.cytochrome c oxidases (ccos), members of the heme-copper containing oxidase (hco) superfamily, are the terminal enzymes of aerobic respiratory chains. the cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidases (cbb3-cco) form the c-family and have only the central catalytic subunit in common with the a- and b-family hcos. in pseudomonas stutzeri, two cbb3 operons are organized in a tandem repeat. the atomic structure of the first cbb3 isoform (cbb3-1) was determined at 3.2 å resolution in 2010 (s. buschmann, e. warken ...201626814183
the effector protein bpe005 from brucella abortus induces collagen deposition and matrix metalloproteinase 9 downmodulation via transforming growth factor β1 in hepatic stellate cells.the liver is frequently affected in patients with active brucellosis. in the present study, we identified a virulence factor involved in the modulation of hepatic stellate cell function and consequent fibrosis during brucella abortus infection. this study assessed the role of bpe005 protein from b. abortus in the fibrotic phenotype induced on hepatic stellate cells during b. abortus infection in vitro and in vivo. we demonstrated that the fibrotic phenotype induced by b. abortus on hepatic stell ...201626667834
guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). 201626799652
the opgc gene is required for opgs succinylation and is osmoregulated through rcscdb and envz/ompr in the phytopathogen dickeya dadantii.osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) are a family of periplasmic oligosaccharides found in the envelope of most proteobacteria. they are required for virulence of zoo- and phyto-pathogens. the glucose backbone of opgs is substituted by various kinds of molecules depending on the species, o-succinyl residues being the most widely distributed. in our model, dickeya dadantii, a phytopathogenic bacteria causing soft rot disease in a wide range of plant species, the backbone of opgs is substitute ...201626790533
epidemiological study of bovine brucellosis in three senatorial zones of bauchi state, nigeria.to determine the seroepidemiological patterns of bovine brucellosis in three senatorial zones of bauchi state, nigeria.201627051184
prevalence and risk factors for brucella seropositivity among sheep and goats in a peri-urban region of tajikistan.this cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of brucella infection among sheep and goats on small-scale farms in a peri-urban area of tajikistan and identify factors associated with seropositivity. the study population was 667 female sheep and goats >6 months of age from 21 villages in four districts surrounding the capital city, dushanbe. individual blood samples were collected during october and november 2012 and analysed with indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elis ...201626779709
rufy4: immunity piggybacking on autophagy?although autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism among species and cell types, few are the molecules involved with the autophagic process that display cell- or tissue- specific expression. we have unraveled the positive regulatory role on autophagy of rufy4 (run and fyve domain containing 4), which is expressed in subsets of immune cells, including dendritic cells (dcs). dcs orchestrate the eradication of pathogens by coordinating the action of the different cell types involved in microbe reco ...201626760128
nasal vaccination stimulates cd8(+) t cells for potent protection against mucosal brucella melitensis challenge.brucellosis remains a significant zoonotic threat worldwide. humans and animals acquire infection via their oropharynx and upper respiratory tract following oral or aerosol exposure. after mucosal infection, brucellosis develops into a systemic disease. mucosal vaccination could offer a viable alternative to conventional injection practices to deter disease. using a nasal vaccination approach, the δznua b. melitensis was found to confer potent protection against pulmonary brucella challenge, and ...201626752510
diagnostic role of inflammatory markers in pediatric brucella arthritis.as a multisystem infectious disease, there is an inflammation, which causes increase in acute phase reactants in brucellosis. the mean platelet volume (mpv), platelet distribution width (pdw), red cell distribution width (rdw), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (nlr) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (plr) have been identified as markers of inflammation. the present study aimed to evaluate diagnostic values of these biomarkers in brucella arthritis (ba).201626753565
trade-offs of escherichia coli adaptation to an intracellular lifestyle in macrophages.the bacterium escherichia coli exhibits remarkable genomic and phenotypic variation, with some pathogenic strains having evolved to survive and even replicate in the harsh intra-macrophage environment. the rate and effects of mutations that can cause pathoadaptation are key determinants of the pace at which e. coli can colonize such niches and become pathogenic. we used experimental evolution to determine the speed and evolutionary paths undertaken by a commensal strain of e. coli when adapting ...201626752723
metabolic control of cell division in α-proteobacteria by a nad-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase.prior to initiate energy-consuming processes, such as dna replication or cell division, cells need to evaluate their metabolic status. we have recently identified and characterized a new connection between metabolism and cell division in the α-proteobacterium caulobacter crescentus. we showed that an nad-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhz) coordinates growth with cell division according to its enzymatic activity. here we report the conserved role of gdhz in controlling cell division in anot ...201627066186
inflammation and functional iron deficiency regulate fibroblast growth factor 23 production.circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (fgf23) are elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd), but the mechanisms are poorly understood. here we tested whether inflammation and iron deficiency regulate fgf23. in wild-type mice, acute inflammation induced by single injections of heat-killed brucella abortus or interleukin-1β (il-1β) decreased serum iron within 6 h, and was accompanied by significant increases in osseous fgf23 mrna expression and serum levels of c-terminal f ...201626535997
evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a liposome containing brucella abortus s19 outer membrane protein in balb/c mice.the use of liposome as an adjuvant and a vaccine carrier has been cited previously in the literature. it has also been shown to be effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. balb/c mice immunized subcutaneously with outer membrane protein (omp) of brucella abortus s19 vaccine strain entrapped in a commercial cationic liposome (s19-omp-liposome) for vaccine delivery, showed enhanced protection (p<0.05) compared to groups of mice inoculated with s19 omp alone, s19 live b. abo ...201627656221
proteome dynamics of the specialist oxalate degrader oxalobacter formigenes.oxalobacter formigenes is a unique intestinal organism that relies on oxalate degradation to meet most of its energy and carbon needs. a lack of colonization is a risk factor for calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. the release of the genome sequence of o. formigenes has provided an opportunity to increase our understanding of the biology of o. formigenes. this study used mass spectrometry based shotgun proteomics to examine changes in protein levels associated with the transition of growth fro ...201626924912
recent developments in detection and enumeration of waterborne bacteria: a retrospective minireview.waterborne diseases have emerged as global health problems and their rapid and sensitive detection in environmental water samples is of great importance. bacterial identification and enumeration in water samples is significant as it helps to maintain safe drinking water for public consumption. culture-based methods are laborious, time-consuming, and yield false-positive results, whereas viable but nonculturable (vbncs) microorganisms cannot be recovered. hence, numerous methods have been develop ...201627397728
the bacteriophage carrier state of campylobacter jejuni features changes in host non-coding rnas and the acquisition of new host-derived crispr spacer sequences.incorporation of self-derived crispr dna protospacers in campylobacter jejuni pt14 occurs in the presence of bacteriophages encoding a crispr-like cas4 protein. this phenomenon was evident in carrier state infections where both bacteriophages and host are maintained for seemingly indefinite periods as stable populations following serial passage. carrier state cultures of c. jejuni pt14 have greater aerotolerance in nutrient limited conditions, and may have arisen as an evolutionary response to s ...201627047470
the two-component system arlrs and alterations in metabolism enable staphylococcus aureus to resist calprotectin-induced manganese starvation.during infection the host imposes manganese and zinc starvation on invading pathogens. despite this, staphylococcus aureus and other successful pathogens remain capable of causing devastating disease. however, how these invaders adapt to host-imposed metal starvation and overcome nutritional immunity remains unknown. we report that arlrs, a global staphylococcal virulence regulator, enhances the ability of s. aureus to grow in the presence of the manganese-and zinc-binding innate immune effector ...201627902777
one-step pcr detection of salmonella pullorum/gallinarum using a novel target: the flagellar biosynthesis gene flhb.salmonella enterica serovar pullorum/gallinarum is an important infectious pathogen that has caused widespread problems for chicken industry. traditional salmonella serotyping is an expensive and time-consuming process. in this study, we developed a rapid one-step polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method to identify s. pullorum/gallinarum. the pcr-based assay focuses on flhb, which shows a deficient region only in s. pullorum/gallinarum, compared with that of other serovars. the specificity and se ...201627920764
mechanisms of outer membrane vesicle entry into host cells.bacterial outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are nano-sized compartments consisting of a lipid bilayer that encapsulates periplasm-derived, luminal content. omvs, which pinch off of gram-negative bacteria, are now recognized as a generalized secretion pathway which provides a means to transfer cargo to other bacterial cells as well as eukaryotic cells. compared with other secretion systems, omvs can transfer a chemically extremely diverse range of cargo, including small molecules, nucleic acids, pro ...201627529760
a nationwide survey of pathogenic leptospires in urine of cattle and buffaloes by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method in thailand, 2011-2013.leptospirosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis which has long been endemic in thailand. cattle and buffaloes are important livestock species that live in close contact with humans, especially in rural areas. these animals may, therefore, act as long-term carriers of leptospirosis for humans and other livestock species. the present study employed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method to detect pathogenic leptospiral 16s rdna in the urine of cattle and buffaloes for assessing ass ...201627302016
bacterial metabolism shapes the host-pathogen interface.bacterial pathogens have evolved to exploit humans as a rich source of nutrients to support survival and replication. the pathways of bacterial metabolism that permit successful colonization are surprisingly varied and highlight remarkable metabolic flexibility. the constraints and immune pressures of distinct niches within the human body set the stage for understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria acquire critical nutrients. in this article we discuss how different bacterial pathogens carry ...201627337445
a bacterial glycoengineered antigen for improved serodiagnosis of porcine brucellosis.brucellosis is a highly zoonotic disease that affects animals and human beings. brucella suis is the etiological agent of porcine brucellosis and one of the major human brucellosis pathogens. laboratory diagnosis of porcine brucellosis mainly relies on serological tests, and it has been widely demonstrated that serological assays based on the detection of anti o-polysaccharide antibodies are the most sensitive tests. here, we validate a recombinant glycoprotein antigen, an n-formylperosamine o-p ...201626984975
proteomics as a tool for studying bacterial virulence and antimicrobial resistance.proteomic studies have improved our understanding of the microbial world. the most recent advances in this field have helped us to explore aspects beyond genomics. for example, by studying proteins and their regulation, researchers now understand how some pathogenic bacteria have adapted to the lethal actions of antibiotics. proteomics has also advanced our knowledge of mechanisms of bacterial virulence and some important aspects of how bacteria interact with human cells and, thus, of the pathog ...201627065974
comparative genomic analysis of mannheimia haemolytica from bovine sources.bovine respiratory disease is a common health problem in beef production. the primary bacterial agent involved, mannheimia haemolytica, is a target for antimicrobial therapy and at risk for associated antimicrobial resistance development. the role of m. haemolytica in pathogenesis is linked to serotype with serotypes 1 (s1) and 6 (s6) isolated from pneumonic lesions and serotype 2 (s2) found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy animals. here, we sequenced the genomes of 11 strains of m. hae ...201626926339
antimicrobial usage and resistance in beef production.antimicrobials are critical to contemporary high-intensity beef production. many different antimicrobials are approved for beef cattle, and are used judiciously for animal welfare, and controversially, to promote growth and feed efficiency. antimicrobial administration provides a powerful selective pressure that acts on the microbial community, selecting for resistance gene determinants and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria resident in the bovine flora. the bovine microbiota includes many harmles ...201627999667
gene-family extension measures and correlations.the existence of multiple copies of genes is a well-known phenomenon. a gene family is a set of sufficiently similar genes, formed by gene duplication. in earlier works conducted on a limited number of completely sequenced and annotated genomes it was found that size of gene family and size of genome are positively correlated. additionally, it was found that several atypical microbes deviated from the observed general trend. in this study, we reexamined these associations on a larger dataset con ...201627527218
combined whole-cell high-throughput functional screening for identification of new nicotinamidases/pyrazinamidases in metagenomic/polygenomic libraries.nicotinamidases catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in nicotinamide (nam) to produce ammonia and nicotinic acid (na). these enzymes are an essential component of the nad(+) salvage pathway and are implicated in the viability of several pathogenic organisms. its absence in humans makes them a promising drug target. in addition, although they are key analytical biocatalysts for screening modulators in relevant biomedical enzymes, such as sirtuins and poly-adp-ribosyltransferases, no commerci ...201628018295
close encounters of lymphoid cells and bacteria.during infections, the first reaction of the host against microbial pathogens is carried out by innate immune cells, which recognize conserved structures on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. afterward, some of these innate cells can phagocytose and destroy the pathogens, secreting cytokines that would modulate the immune response to the challenge. this rapid response is normally followed by the adaptive immunity, more specific and essential for a complete pathogen clearan ...201627774092
transition metals and virulence in bacteria.transition metals are required trace elements for all forms of life. due to their unique inorganic and redox properties, transition metals serve as cofactors for enzymes and other proteins. in bacterial pathogenesis, the vertebrate host represents a rich source of nutrient metals, and bacteria have evolved diverse metal acquisition strategies. host metal homeostasis changes dramatically in response to bacterial infections, including production of metal sequestering proteins and the bombardment o ...201627617971
challenges with using names to link digital biodiversity information. 201627346955
epigenetic segregation of microbial genomes from complex samples using restriction endonucleases hpaii and mcrb.we describe continuing work to develop restriction endonucleases as tools to enrich targeted genomes of interest from diverse populations. two approaches were developed in parallel to segregate genomic dna based on cytosine methylation. first, the methyl-sensitive endonuclease hpaii was used to bind non-cg methylated dna. second, a truncated fragment of mcrb was used to bind cpg methylated dna. enrichment levels of microbial genomes can exceed 100-fold with hpaii allowing improved genomic detect ...201626727463
lessons in fundamental mechanisms and diverse adaptations from the 2015 bacterial locomotion and signal transduction meeting.in response to rapid changes in their environment, bacteria control a number of processes, including motility, cell division, biofilm formation, and virulence. research presented in january 2015 at the biennial bacterial locomotion and signal transduction (blast) meeting in tucson, az, illustrates the elegant complexity of the nanoarrays, nanomachines, and networks of interacting proteins that mediate such processes. studies employing an array of biophysical, genetic, cell biology, and mathemati ...201526195592
manganese homeostasis and utilization in pathogenic bacteria.manganese (mn) is a required cofactor for all forms of life. given the importance of mn to bacteria, the host has devised strategies to sequester mn from invaders. in the macrophage phagosome, nramp1 removes mn and other essential metals to starve intracellular pathogens; in the extracellular space, calprotectin chelates mn and zn. calprotectin-mediated mn sequestration is a newly appreciated host defense mechanism, and recent findings are highlighted herein. in order to acquire mn when extracel ...201525898914
the challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria.the global emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to antibiotic therapy. the chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous in these bacteria greatly contribute to antibiotic resistance and present a major challenge for antibiotic development. multidrug pumps, particularly those represented by the clinically relevant acrab-tolc and mex pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) superfamily, not only mediate intrinsic and acquired mult ...201525788514
b cells and antibodies in the defense against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.better understanding of the immunological components and their interactions necessary to prevent or control mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infection in humans is critical for tuberculosis (tb) vaccine development strategies. although the contributory role of humoral immunity in the protection against mtb infection and disease is less defined than the role of t cells, it has been well-established for many other intracellular pathogens. here we update and discuss the increasing evidence and the ...201525703559
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