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isolation of campylobacter from feral swine (sus scrofa) on the ranch associated with the 2006 escherichia coli o157:h7 spinach outbreak investigation in california.we report the isolation of campylobacter species from the same population of feral swine that was investigated in san benito county, california, during the 2006 spinach-related escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreak. this is the first survey of campylobacter in a free-ranging feral swine population in the united states. campylobacter species were cultured from buccal and rectal-anal swabs, colonic faeces and tonsils using a combination of selective enrichment and antibiotic-free membrane filtration m ...201222405465
survey of nine abortifacient infectious agents in aborted bovine fetuses from dairy farms in beijing, china, by pcr.abortion in dairy cattle causes considerable economic losses to the dairy industry. aborted fetuses and samples from the corresponding aborting dams from 12 dairy herds in beijing were tested for 9 abortifacient infectious pathogens by pcr between 2008 and 2010. from a total of 80 abortion cases collected during this period, infectious agents were detected in 45 (56.3%) cases, 22 (48.9%) of which represented co-infections with two or three infectious agents. the detected pathogens included infec ...201222366134
characterization of the genome, proteome, and structure of yersiniophage ϕr1-37.the bacteriophage vb_yecm-ϕr1-37 (ϕr1-37) is a lytic yersiniophage that can propagate naturally in different yersinia species carrying the correct lipopolysaccharide receptor. this large-tailed phage has deoxyuridine (du) instead of thymidine in its dna. in this study, we determined the genomic sequence of phage ϕr1-37, mapped parts of the phage transcriptome, characterized the phage particle proteome, and characterized the virion structure by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction. t ...201222973030
multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria.accurate strain identification is essential for anyone working with bacteria. for many species, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) is considered the "gold standard" of typing, but it is traditionally performed in an expensive and time-consuming manner. as the costs of whole-genome sequencing (wgs) continue to decline, it becomes increasingly available to scientists and routine diagnostic laboratories. currently, the cost is below that of traditional mlst. the new challenges will be how to extract ...201222238442
bacterial toxin modulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle: are all cytolethal distending toxins created equally?the cytolethal distending toxins (cdts) comprise a family of intracellular-acting bacterial protein toxins whose actions upon eukaryotic cells result in several consequences, the most characteristic of which is the induction of g(2)/m cell cycle arrest. most cdts are hetero-tripartite assemblies of cdta, cdtb, and cdtc, with cdtb required for cdt-mediated cell cycle arrest. several lines of evidence indicate that cdta and cdtc are required for the optimal intracellular activity of cdtb, although ...201223061054
campylobacter epidemiology: a descriptive study reviewing 1 million cases in england and wales between 1989 and 2011.to review campylobacter cases in england and wales over 2 decades and examine the main factors/mechanisms driving the changing epidemiology.201222798256
development of a novel genus-specific real-time pcr assay for detection and differentiation of bartonella species and genotypes.the genus bartonella includes numerous species with varied host associations, including several that infect humans. development of a molecular diagnostic method capable of detecting the diverse repertoire of bartonella species while maintaining genus specificity has been a challenge. we developed a novel real-time pcr assay targeting a 301-bp region of the ssra gene of bartonella and demonstrated specific amplification in over 30 bartonella species, subspecies, and strains. subsequent analysis o ...201222378904
characterization of the structurally diverse n-linked glycans of campylobacter species.the gram-negative bacterium campylobacter jejuni encodes an extensively characterized n-linked protein glycosylation system that modifies many surface proteins with a heptasaccharide glycan. in c. jejuni, the genes that encode the enzymes required for glycan biosynthesis and transfer to protein are located at a single pgl gene locus. similar loci are also present in the genome sequences of all other campylobacter species, although variations in gene content and organization are evident. in this ...201222389484
xer recombinase and genome integrity in helicobacter pylori, a pathogen without topoisomerase iv.in the model organism e. coli, recombination mediated by the related xerc and xerd recombinases complexed with the ftsk translocase at specialized dif sites, resolves dimeric chromosomes into free monomers to allow efficient chromosome segregation at cell division. computational genome analysis of helicobacter pylori, a slow growing gastric pathogen, identified just one chromosomal xer gene (xerh) and its cognate dif site (difh). here we show that recombination between directly repeated difh sit ...201222511919
molecular detection of campylobacter jejuni as a cause of culture-negative spondylodiscitis.spondylodiscitis caused by campylobacter species is a rare disease which is most often caused by campylobacter fetus. we report a case of culture-negative spondylodiscitis and a psoas abscess due to campylobacter jejuni in a 68-year-old woman, as revealed by 16s rrna gene and campylobacter-specific pcrs from biopsied tissue.201222259199
comparison of the microflex lt and vitek ms systems for routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.this study compared the performance of three matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry systems: microflex lt (bruker daltonics, bremen, germany), vitek ms ruo (axima assurance-saramis database; biomérieux, marcy l'etoile, france), and vitek ms ivd (biomérieux). a total of 1,129 isolates, including 1,003 routine isolates, 73 anaerobes, and 53 bacterial enteropathogens, were tested on the microflex lt and axima assurance devices. the spectra were analyzed using t ...201222322345
campylobacter bacteremia: a rare and under-reported event?bacteria belonging to the species campylobacter are the most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in humans. the clinical phenotype associated with campylobacter infections ranges from asymptomatic conditions to severe colitis and bacteremia. in susceptible patients, campylobacter infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with both host factors and bacterial factors being involved in the pathogenesis of bacteremia. in the host, age, gender and immune-compromising conditi ...201224611124
comparative characterization of the virulence gene clusters (lipooligosaccharide [los] and capsular polysaccharide [cps]) for campylobacter coli, campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and related campylobacter species.campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and campylobacter coli are leading causes of gastroenteritis, with virulence linked to cell surface carbohydrate diversity. although the associated gene clusters are well studied for c. jejuni subsp. jejuni, c. coli has been largely neglected. here we provide comparative analysis of the lipooligosaccharide (los) and capsular polysaccharide (cps) gene clusters, using genome and cluster sequence data for 36 c. coli strains, 67 c. jejuni subsp. jejuni strains and ...201223279811
comparative characterization of the virulence gene clusters (lipooligosaccharide [los] and capsular polysaccharide [cps]) for campylobacter coli, campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and related campylobacter species.campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and campylobacter coli are leading causes of gastroenteritis, with virulence linked to cell surface carbohydrate diversity. although the associated gene clusters are well studied for c. jejuni subsp. jejuni, c. coli has been largely neglected. here we provide comparative analysis of the lipooligosaccharide (los) and capsular polysaccharide (cps) gene clusters, using genome and cluster sequence data for 36 c. coli strains, 67 c. jejuni subsp. jejuni strains and ...201223279811
evaluation of a campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for direct analysis of bovine preputial samples.the detection and subspeciation of campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (cfv) from veterinary samples is important for both clinical and economic reasons. campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis is the causative agent of bovine genital campylobacteriosis, a venereal disease that can lead to serious reproductive problems in cattle, and strict international regulations require animals and animal products to be cfv-free for trade. this study evaluated methods reported in the literature for cfv detec ...201223277694
a case of pyogenic spondylodiscitis caused by campylobacter fetus for which early diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging was difficult.the purpose of this case report was to report a rare case of pyogenic spondylodiscitis caused by campylobacter fetus. a 37-year-old male presented with fever and low back pain. by lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (mri), no abnormal finding was observed at the first presentation. however, low back pain was aggravated, and fever did not improve. thus, lumbar mri was repeated on the 26 day after the onset of symptoms, showing abnormal signals at vertebrae and disc spaces, and pyogenic spondylitis ...201223275811
application of a multiplex pcr assay for campylobacter fetus detection and subspecies differentiation in uncultured samples of aborted bovine fetuses.campylobacter (c.) fetus (epsilonproteobacteria) is an important veterinary pathogen. this species is currently divided into c. fetus subspecies (subsp.) fetus (cff) and c. fetus subsp. venerealis (cfv). cfv is the causative agent of bovine genital campylobacteriosis, an infectious disease that leads to severe reproductive problems in cattle worldwide. cff is a more general pathogen that causes reproductive problems mainly in sheep although cattle can also be affected. here we describe a multipl ...201223271178
identification of and screening for human helicobacter cinaedi infections and carriers via nested pcr.helicobacter cinaedi is the most frequently reported enterohepatic helicobacter species isolated from humans. earlier research suggested that certain patients with h. cinaedi infection may remain undiagnosed or incorrectly diagnosed because of difficulties in detecting the bacteria by conventional culture methods. here, we report a nested pcr assay that rapidly detects the cytolethal distending toxin gene (cdt) of h. cinaedi with high specificity and sensitivity. specificity of the assay was val ...201223015666
campylobacter fetus infection presenting with bacteremia and cellulitis in a 72-year-old man with an implanted pacemaker: a case report. 201223198848
unexpected nondenitrifier nitrous oxide reductase gene diversity and abundance in soils.agricultural and industrial practices more than doubled the intrinsic rate of terrestrial n fixation over the past century with drastic consequences, including increased atmospheric nitrous oxide (n(2)o) concentrations. n(2)o is a potent greenhouse gas and contributor to ozone layer destruction, and its release from fixed n is almost entirely controlled by microbial activities. mitigation of n(2)o emissions to the atmosphere has been attributed exclusively to denitrifiers possessing nosz, the en ...201223150571
zoonoses: a potential obstacle to the growing wildlife industry of namibia.zoonoses, which account for approximately 75% of emerging human infectious diseases worldwide, pose a re-emerging threat to public health. with an ever-increasing interrelationship between humans, livestock and wildlife species, the threat to human health will rise to unprecedented levels. wildlife species contribute to the majority of emerging diseases; therefore, there is an urgent need to define control systems of zoonoses of wildlife origin but very little information exists. in this review, ...201223077724
performances of the vitek ms matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system for rapid identification of bacteria in routine clinical microbiology.rapid and cost-effective matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms)-based systems will replace conventional phenotypic methods for routine identification of bacteria. we report here the first evaluation of the new maldi-tof ms-based vitek ms system in a large clinical microbiology laboratory. this system uses an original spectrum classifier algorithm and a specific database designed for the identification of clinically relevant species. we have te ...201222593596
dprb facilitates inter- and intragenomic recombination in helicobacter pylori.for naturally competent microorganisms, such as helicobacter pylori, the steps that permit recombination of exogenous dna are not fully understood. immediately downstream of an h. pylori gene (dpra) that facilitates high-frequency natural transformation is hp0334 (dprb), annotated to be a putative holliday junction resolvase (hjr). we showed that the hp0334 (dprb) gene product facilitates high-frequency natural transformation. we determined the physiologic roles of dprb by genetic analyses. dprb ...201222609923
the bacterial surface layer provides protection against antimicrobial peptides.this report describes a previously unrecognized role for bacterial surface layers as barriers that confer protection against antimicrobial peptides. as antimicrobial peptides exist in natural environments, s-layers may provide a bacterial survival mechanism that has been selected for through evolution.201222635987
analysis of a clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 078 100 kilobase island reveals the presence of a novel transposon, tn6164.clostridium difficile is the main cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea. in the past decade, the number of c. difficile patients has increased dramatically, coinciding with the emergence of two pcr ribotypes 027 and 078. pcr ribotype 078 is also frequently found during c. difficile outbreaks in pigfarms. previously, the genome of the pcr ribotype 078 strain m120, a human isolate, was described to contain a unique insert of 100 kilobases.201222747711
toll-like receptor 4 mediates intrauterine growth restriction after systemic campylobacter rectus infection in mice.campylobacter rectus is associated with fetal exposure and low birthweight in humans. c. rectus also invades placental tissues and induces fetal intrauterine growth restriction (iugr) in mice, along with overexpression of toll-like receptors (tlr4), suggesting that tlr4 may mediate placental immunity and iugr in mice. to test this hypothesis we examined the effect of in vitro tlr4 neutralization on trophoblastic proinflammatory activity and studied the iugr phenotype in a congenic tlr4-mutant mo ...201222958386
investigation of the enteric pathogenic potential of oral campylobacter concisus strains isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease.campylobacter concisus, a bacterium colonizing the human oral cavity, has been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). this study investigated if patients with ibd are colonized with specific oral c. concisus strains that have potential to cause enteric diseases.201222666490
identification and functional analysis of the s-layer protein spla of paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood of honey bees.the gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium paenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of american foulbrood (afb), a globally occurring, deathly epizootic of honey bee brood. afb outbreaks are predominantly caused by two genotypes of p. larvae, eric i and eric ii, with p. larvae eric ii being the more virulent genotype on larval level. recently, comparative proteome analyses have revealed that p. larvae eric ii but not eric i might harbour a functional s-layer protein, named spla. we here det ...201222615573
cxcl13 is the major determinant for b cell recruitment to the csf during neuroinflammation.the chemokines and cytokines cxcl13, cxcl12, ccl19, ccl21, baff and april are believed to play a role in the recruitment of b cells to the central nervous system (cns) compartment during neuroinflammation. to determine which chemokines/cytokines show the strongest association with a humoral immune response in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf), we measured their concentrations in the csf and correlated them with immune cell subsets and antibody levels.201222591862
etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a unified hypothesis.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including both ulcerative colitis (uc) and crohn's disease (cd), emerged and dramatically increased for about a century. despite extensive research, its cause remains regarded as unknown. about a decade ago, a series of findings made me suspect that saccharin may be a key causative factor for ibd, through its inhibition on gut bacteria and the resultant impaired inactivation of digestive proteases and over digestion of the mucus layer and gut barrier (the bacter ...201222553395
novel functions for glycosyltransferases jhp0562 and galt in lewis antigen synthesis and variation in helicobacter pylori.lewis (le) antigens are fucosylated oligosaccharides present in the helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide. expression of these antigens is believed to be important for h. pylori colonization, since le antigens also are expressed on the gastric epithelia in humans. a galactosyltransferase encoded by β-(1,3)galt is essential for production of type 1 (le(a) and le(b)) antigens. the upstream gene jhp0562, which is present in many but not all h. pylori strains, is homologous to β-(1,3)galt but is of ...201222290141
group b streptococcus mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: report of a case and review of the literature.mycotic aneurysm of the aorta is an uncommon condition, and group b streptococcus (gbs) is exceedingly rare in this setting. we present the first reported case of a gbs-infected abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa) in north america. key clinical and imaging findings and pathologic correlation are highlighted. a relevant review of the literature is discussed, which will bring the reader up to date with this specific disease entity.201222461748
so close and yet so far - molecular microbiology of campylobacter fetus subspecies.campylobacter fetus comprises two subspecies, c. fetus subsp. fetus and c. fetus subsp. venerealis, which are considered emerging pathogens in humans and animals. comparisons at the genome level have revealed modest subspecies-specific variation; nevertheless, these two subspecies show distinct host and niche preferences. c. fetus subsp. fetus is a commensal and pathogen of domesticated animals that can be transmitted to humans via contaminated food. the clinical features of human infection can ...201224611123
putative mechanisms and biological role of coccoid form formation in campylobacter jejuni.in certain conditions campylobacter jejuni cells are capable of changing their cell shape from a typically spiral to a coccoid form (cf). by similarity to other bacteria, the latter was initially considered to be a viable but non-culturable form capable of survival in unfavourable conditions. however, subsequent studies with c. jejuni and closely related bacteria helicobacter pylori suggested that cf represents a non-viable, degenerative form. until now, the issue on whether the cf of c. jejuni ...201224611120
annotation of protein domains reveals remarkable conservation in the functional make up of proteomes across superkingdoms.the functional repertoire of a cell is largely embodied in its proteome, the collection of proteins encoded in the genome of an organism. the molecular functions of proteins are the direct consequence of their structure and structure can be inferred from sequence using hidden markov models of structural recognition. here we analyze the functional annotation of protein domain structures in almost a thousand sequenced genomes, exploring the functional and structural diversity of proteomes. we find ...201124710297
new molecular microbiology approaches in the study of campylobacter fetus.campylobacter fetus infection is a substantial problem in herds of domestic cattle worldwide and a rising threat in human disease. application of comparative and functional genomics approaches will be essential to understand the molecular basis of this pathogen's interactions with various hosts. here we report recent progress in genome analyses of c. fetus ssp. fetus and c. fetus ssp. venerealis, and the development of molecular tools to determine the genetic basis of niche-specific adaptations. ...201121255368
cross-reaction of a campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis real-time pcr. 201121257600
four pcr primers necessary for the detection of periplasmic nitrate reductase genes in all groups of proteobacteria and in environmental dna.generic primers are available for detecting bacterial genes required for almost every reaction of the biological nitrogen cycle, the one notable exception being napa (gene for the molybdoprotein of the periplasmic nitrate reductase) encoding periplasmic nitrate reductases. using an iterative approach, we report the first successful design of three forward oligonucleotide primers and one reverse primer that, in three separate pcrs, can amplify napa dna from all five groups of proteobacteria. all ...201121265796
campylobacter capsule and lipooligosaccharide confer resistance to serum and cationic antimicrobials.the innate immune system plays a critical role in host defense against mucosal bacteria. campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human gastroenteritis that usually resolves spontaneously within several days, suggesting that innate mechanisms are important to control the infection. however, the specific means by which this occurs is not well understood. while diarrheal isolates of c. jejuni usually are susceptible to human serum, we found that a systemic strain of c. jejuni, isolated from the ce ...201121266840
histopathological, immunohistochemical, lectinhistochemical and molecular findings in spontaneous bovine abortions by campylobacter fetus.bovine campylobacteriosis (bc) is a venereal disease caused by campylobacter fetus characterized by temporary infertility with mild endometritis, early embryonic death and occasional abortions. the objectives of this study were to describe and identify c. fetus in spontaneous bovine abortion on the basis of histopathological, immunohistochemical, lectinhistochemical and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques. the most frequent foetal lesion was neutrophilic bronchopneumonia and interstitial ...201120626679
primary infected abdominal aortic aneurysm: surgical procedures, early mortality rates, and a survey of the prevalence of infectious organisms over a 30-year period.the purpose of this study was to analyze the surgical procedures, culture results, and outcomes, and to survey the prevalence of the infectious organisms over a 30-year period in patients with a primary infected abdominal aortic aneurysm (piaaa).201121365414
automated identification of medically important bacteria by 16s rrna gene sequencing using a novel comprehensive database, 16spathdb.despite the increasing use of 16s rrna gene sequencing, interpretation of 16s rrna gene sequence results is one of the most difficult problems faced by clinical microbiologists and technicians. to overcome the problems we encountered in the existing databases during 16s rrna gene sequence interpretation, we built a comprehensive database, 16spathdb (http://147.8.74.24/16spathdb) based on the 16s rrna gene sequences of all medically important bacteria listed in the manual of clinical microbiology ...201121389154
eleutherine americana: a candidate for the control of campylobacter species.the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of selected thai medicinal plants (rhodomyrtus tomentosa (aiton) hassk., quercus infectoria g. olivier, and eleutherine americana merr.) against campylobacter spp. was investigated. sixty-five campylobacter, including 39 isolates from humans and 26 isolates from chicken samples, were tested. reference campylobacter spp. that are commonly encountered in gastroenteritis were included. the ethanolic extract of e. americana demonstrated good antibacte ...201121406364
genome sequence of helicobacter suis supports its role in gastric pathology.abstract: helicobacter (h.) suis has been associated with chronic gastritis and ulcers of the pars oesophagea in pigs, and with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in humans. in order to obtain better insight into the genes involved in pathogenicity and in the specific adaptation to the gastric environment of h. suis, a genome analysis was performed of two h. suis strains isolated from the gastric mucosa of swine. homologs of the vast majority o ...201121414191
phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary history of bacterial dead-box proteins.dead-box proteins are found in all domains of life and participate in almost all cellular processes that involve rna. the presence of dead and helicase_c conserved domains distinguish these proteins. dead-box proteins exhibit rna-dependent atpase activity in vitro, and several also show rna helicase activity. in this study, we analyzed the distribution and architecture of dead-box proteins among bacterial genomes to gain insight into the evolutionary pathways that have shaped their history. we i ...201121437710
emerging thermotolerant campylobacter species in healthy ruminants and swine.campylobacters other than campylobacter jejuni or c. coli were isolated in 35% of 343 farms recently analyzed in northern spain. this study was aimed at identifying at the species level the 120 isolates collected (21 ovine, 52 beef cattle, 44 dairy cattle, and 3 porcine) by species-specific polymerase chain reaction and 16s rrna gene sequencing analysis. thus, five species were identified: campylobacter hyointestinalis (90 isolates), campylobacter lanienae (12), campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus ...201121438765
immunity to infections in the lower genital tract of bulls.the mucosa of the bovine prepuce has unique immunological characteristics critical to defense against sexually transmitted diseases. tritrichomonas foetus and campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis persistently colonize the lower genital tract of bulls but usually do not cause either major clinical signs or inflammation. these microbes may be sexually transmitted to female cattle to cause reproductive failure. although the male genital immune responses to t. foetus and c. fetus subspecies ven ...201121474188
l-fucose utilization provides campylobacter jejuni with a competitive advantage.campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent gastrointestinal pathogen in humans and a common commensal of poultry. when colonizing its hosts, c. jejuni comes into contact with intestinal carbohydrates, including l-fucose, released from mucin glycoproteins. several strains of c. jejuni possess a genomic island (cj0480c-cj0490) that is up-regulated in the presence of both l-fucose and mucin and allows for the utilization of l-fucose as a substrate for growth. strains possessing this genomic island show in ...201121482772
simultaneous peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis and bacteremia due to ceftriaxone-resistant campylobacter fetus. 201121555425
rapid identification and quantification of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni by real-time pcr in pure cultures and in complex samples.abstract: background: campylobacter spp., especially campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) and campylobacter coli (c. coli), are recognized as the leading human foodborne pathogens in developed countries. livestock animals carrying campylobacter pose an important risk for human contamination. pigs are known to be frequently colonized with campylobacter, especially c. coli, and to excrete high numbers of this pathogen in their faeces. molecular tools, notably real-time pcr, provide an effective, rapid ...201121600037
serological survey of toxoplasma gondii and campylobacter fetus fetus in sheep from new zealand.to determine the prevalence of antibody titres to toxoplasma gondii and campylobacter fetus fetus in sheep from new zealand.201121660843
a bacterial process for selenium nanosphere assembly.during selenate respiration by thauera selenatis, the reduction of selenate results in the formation of intracellular selenium (se) deposits that are ultimately secreted as se nanospheres of approximately 150 nm in diameter. we report that the se nanospheres are associated with a protein of approximately 95 kda. subsequent experiments to investigate the expression and secretion profile of this protein have demonstrated that it is up-regulated and secreted in response to increasing selenite conce ...201121808043
factors associated with infection by campylobacter fetus in beef herds in the province of buenos aires, argentina.campylobacter fetus is a major venereal pathogen of cattle that is considered to be widespread among the livestock population of argentina. the disease accounts for a 10% reduction in the weaning rate of argentine infected herds and annual losses of $165 million. a case-control, questionnaire-based study was developed with the objective of quantifying the association between c. fetus infection and demographic, husbandry, and sanitary factors in 196 herds located in the province of buenos aires, ...201121737166
a role for tlr4 in clostridium difficile infection and the recognition of surface layer proteins.clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) and pseudomembranous colitis in humans. the role of the surface layer proteins (slps) in this disease has not yet been fully explored. the aim of this study was to investigate a role for slps in the recognition of c. difficile and the subsequent activation of the immune system. bone marrow derived dendritic cells (dcs) exposed to slps were assessed for production of inflammatory cytokines, expression of cell ...201121738466
changes in bacterial diversity associated with epithelial tissue in the beef cow rumen during the transition to a high-grain diet.our understanding of the ruminal epithelial tissue-associated bacterial (defined as epimural bacteria in this study) community is limited. in this study, we aimed to determine whether diet influences the diversity of the epimural bacterial community in the bovine rumen. twenty-four beef heifers were randomly assigned to either a rapid grain adaptation (rga) treatment (n = 18) in which the heifers were allowed to adapt from a diet containing 97% hay to a diet containing 8% hay over 29 days or to ...201121705529
Comparative Genomics of Helicobacter pylori and the human-derived Helicobacter bizzozeronii CIII-1 strain reveal the molecular basis of the zoonotic nature of non-pylori gastric Helicobacter infections in humans.ABSTRACT:201122039924
aids cholangiopathy in an asymptomatic, previously undiagnosed late-stage hiv-positive patient from kenya.aids-associated cholangiopathy is a form of biliary tract inflammation with stricture formation seen in aids patients who are severely immunosuppressed. it is no longer common in countries in which haart therapy is widely employed but is still seen in underdeveloped countries. the majority of patients are symptomatic at the time of presentation. herein, we describe a seventy-four-year-old woman who presented with unilateral leg swelling after a prolonged airplane flight. she was otherwise entire ...201121994858
antimicrobial susceptibility testing of german campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis isolates by agar disk diffusion method.campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis is the causative agent of bovine genital campylobacteriosis and is transmitted by asymptomatic carrier bulls via contaminated semen during artificial insemination. the aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis isolated from bovine specimens in the years from 2000 to 2009 in germany to antibiotics generally used in semen treatment. the susceptibilities of 50 strains to spectinomycin (10 micr ...201122059289
emerging dynamics of human campylobacteriosis in southern ireland.infections with campylobacter spp. pose a significant health burden worldwide. the significance of campylobacter jejuni/campylobacter coli infection is well appreciated but the contribution of non-c. jejuni/c. coli spp. to human gastroenteritis is largely unknown. in this study, we employed a two-tiered molecular study on 7194 patient faecal samples received by the microbiology department in cork university hospital during 2009. the first step, using entericbio(®) (serosep), a multiplex pcr syst ...201122077228
Development of a set of multiplex standard polymerase chain reaction assays for the identification of infectious agents from aborted bovine clinical samples.The current study describes the development of a set of 5 multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assays for the simultaneous detection of abortive infection agents in bovine fetal tissues, including Brucella spp., Leptospira spp., and Campylobacter fetus (mPCR1); Hammondia heydorni, Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii (mPCR2); Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydophila psittaci (mPCR3); Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, and Ureaplasma diversum (mPCR4); and Bovine viral diarrhea virus ...201121908306
[fatal bacteremia caused by campylobacter fetus and campylobacter jejuni in patients with alcoholic liver disease]. 201121947101
campylobacter fetus bacteremia in a young healthy adult transmitted by khat chewing.campylobacter fetus is a pathogen affecting almost exclusively patients with immunosuppression and chronic debilitating diseases. we report the case of a healthy young man with c. fetus bacteremia presenting with fever, hypotension and meningitis. the patient had no exposure to contaminated sources except from khat chewing, which we describe as a possible source of transmission for the first time.201122138599
sepsis and pericarditis caused by campylobacter fetus: case report and literature review.heretofore, campylobacter infections have been predominantly associated with gastrointestinal manifestations. over the past two decades, an increasing number of case reports have suggested that the spectrum of disease is much broader. to date, only 10 cases of myocarditis/pericarditis in patients with c. fetus have been reported in the english literature out of which at least 4 patients have died. we describe here a further case to include as we review the literature.201122016899
campylobacter fetus as cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis.a 65-year-old woman who had previously undergone aortic root replacement with a bioprosthetic valve (bentall operation) in treatment of annuloaortic ectasia became feverish after developing dental caries and was admitted to our hospital. transesophageal echocardiography showed an 18 × 4-mm vegetation on her prosthetic valve. campylobacter fetus was isolated on blood cultures, and she was diagnosed with infectious endocarditis. aggressive combined antibiotic treatment was effective for her recove ...201122163142
aortic homograft endocarditis caused by campylobacter jejuni.we report the first case of homograft endocarditis caused by campylobacter jejuni, which was treated successfully with antibiotic therapy and valve replacement. to our knowledge, only two other cases of c. jejuni endocarditis, involving native valves, have been reported in the medical literature.201121940472
a novel bacterial isolate from permian ground water capable of aggregating potential biofuel-producing microalga nannochloropsis oceanica imet1.increasing petroleum costs and climate change have resulted in microalgae receiving attention as potential biofuel producers. little information is available on the diversity and functions of bacterial communities associated with biofuel-producing algae. a potential biofuel-producing microalgal strain nannochloropsis oceanica imet1 was grown in permian ground water. changes in the bacterial community structure at three temperatures were monitored by two culture-independent methods and culturable ...201122194289
occurrence of putative virulence genes in arcobacter species isolated from humans and animals.interest for arcobacters in veterinary and human public health has increased since the first report of the isolation of arcobacters from food of animal origin. since then, studies worldwide have reported the occurrence of arcobacters on food and in food-production animals and have highlighted the possible transmission of especially a. butzleri to the human population. in humans, arcobacters are associated with enteritis and septicemia. to assess their clinical relevance for humans and animals, e ...201122170914
campylobacter spp. as a foodborne pathogen: a review.campylobacter is well recognized as the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diarrheal disease worldwide. symptoms can range from mild to serious infections of the children and the elderly and permanent neurological symptoms. the organism is a cytochrome oxidase positive, microaerophilic, curved gram-negative rod exhibiting corkscrew motility and is carried in the intestine of many wild and domestic animals, particularly avian species including poultry. intestinal colonization results in healthy ...201121991264
comparative in silico analysis of chemotaxis system of campylobacter fetus.chemoreceptor and chemotaxis signal transduction cascade genes of c. fetus subsp. fetus 82-40 show high level of similarity to that in c. jejuni and appears to include sixteen diverse transducer-like protein (tlp) genes that appear similar to nine of the twelve tlp genes in the c. jejuni nctc 11168 with a percent identity ranging from 15 to 50%. sixteen putative c. fetus 82-40 tlp genes belong to three classes: a, b, and c, as well as an aerotaxis gene, based on their predicted structure. c. fet ...201121983836
A Nationwide Study of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli bacteremia in Finland over a 10-year period, 1998-2007, with special reference to clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility.Campylobacter bacteremia is an uncommon condition, usually diagnosed in elderly and immunocompromised patients.201121921217
[bacteremia and endarteritis cases secondary to campylobacter spp. in a metropolitan hospital: our experience along a quarter of a century].six cases of bacteremia and one of endarteritis were identified between 1986 and 2010 in a general hospital in chile. five of these cases occurred during the second half of this timeframe, campylobacter fetus predominated (5 out of 7) and the majority of the infections presented during warmer months. the mean age was 32.4 years (range 19 to 63) all had comorbidities, and main clinical manifestations included fever with diarrhea. four patients developed hypotension and two septic shock. the latte ...201121879145
high prevalence of tritrichomonas foetus infection in asturiana de la montaña beef cattle kept in extensive conditions in northern spain.bovine trichomonosis (bt) and bovine genital campylobacteriosis (bgc) are sexually transmitted diseases that can be important infectious causes of reproductive failure in extensively managed beef cattle where natural mating is a common practice. however, their prevalence in europe was thought to be insignificant or very low. the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with bt and bcg in a representative beef cattle breed, asturiana de la montaña (am), ...201122178360
comparative analyses of campylobacter concisusstrains reveal the genome of the reference strain baa-1457 is not representative of the species.abstract:201121992484
complete genome sequence of type strain campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis nctc 10354t.campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis is the etiologic agent of bovine genital campylobacteriosis, a sexually transmitted disease of cattle that is of worldwide importance. the complete sequencing and annotation of the genome of the type strain c. fetus subsp. venerealis nctc 10354(t) are reported.201121952544
Staphylococcus hyicus Bacteremia in a Farmer.Bacteria known in animal infectious diseases can cause challenges in human diagnostic laboratories. We present pitfalls in the identification and susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus hyicus, a pathogen that typically causes exudative epidermitis in pigs. In this case, the coagulase-positive staphylococcus isolated from a septic patient was misidentified as Staphylococcus aureus.201121998429
a comprehensive evaluation of colonic mucosal isolates of sutterella wadsworthensis from inflammatory bowel disease.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) arises in genetically susceptible individuals as a result of an unidentified environmental trigger, possibly a hitherto unknown bacterial pathogen. twenty-six clinical isolates of sutterella wadsworthensis were obtained from 134 adults and 61 pediatric patients undergoing colonoscopy, of whom 69 and 29 respectively had ibd. s. wadsworthensis was initially more frequently isolated from ibd subjects, hence this comprehensive study was undertaken to elucidate its ro ...201122073125
Leptospirosis in beef herds from western Canada: Serum antibody titers and vaccination practices.One study described the frequency of pre-breeding vaccination for leptospirosis in 205 cow-calf herds from across western Canada and the prevalence of positive Leptospira antibody titers in unvaccinated, weaned calves from 61 of these herds. The percentages of herds vaccinated for leptospirosis were 13.7% in 2001 and 8.4% in 2002. Of 1539 calves examined, 13 (0.8%) had a positive antibody titer for a Leptospira serovar; the most common serovar detected was hardjo. A second study examined the pre ...201122131577
[chronic subdural hematoma infected by campylobacter fetus: case report.]we report here a rare case of chronic subdural hematoma infected by campylobacter fetus in a 86-year-old woman. she was admitted for confusion and disorientation in a context of high fever and diarrhoea. after two surgeries, the evolution was finally good with a combination of antibiotics (amoxicillin and clindamycin). chronic subdural hematoma is a potential site for bacterial infection. our case suggests that c. fetus infection should be suspected in elderly patients presenting with fever and ...201122154423
bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bloodstream infections in children with febrile neutropenia: experience of single center in southeast of turkey.empirical antimicrobial therapy is usually started in febrile neutropenic patients without having culture results. the aim of this study was to help determine the policies of empirical antibiotic usage in febrile neutropenic children by detecting the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in this group of patients. in this study 811 blood cultures taken from neutropenic children hospitalized at the department of oncology of gaziantep children hospital november 2007 and february 2010 were retrospec ...201123729883
bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bloodstream infections in children with febrile neutropenia: experience of single center in southeast of turkey.empirical antimicrobial therapy is usually started in febrile neutropenic patients without having culture results. the aim of this study was to help determine the policies of empirical antibiotic usage in febrile neutropenic children by detecting the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in this group of patients. in this study 811 blood cultures taken from neutropenic children hospitalized at the department of oncology of gaziantep children hospital november 2007 and february 2010 were retrospec ...201123729883
a study of some infectious causes of reproductive disorders in cattle owned by resource-poor farmers in gauteng province, south africa.two hundred and thirty-nine cattle from gauteng province in south africa were tested for various pathogens causing reproductive diseases includingbovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (bvd/md) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (ibr/ipv) virus, neospora caninum and brucella abortus usingvarious tests. for bvd/md virus, 49.37% tested positive, 74.47% for ibr/ipv virus, 8.96% for neospora caninum and 3.8% for brucella abortus. the result for brucella abort ...201122616434
mycotic abdominal aneurysm caused by campylobacter fetus: a case report for surgical management.we report a rare case of mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with campylobacter fetus. a 72-year-old male admitted to the hospital because of pain in the right lower quadrant with pyrexia. the enhanced abdominal computed tomography (ct) examination showed abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa) measuring 50 mm in maximum diameter and a high-density area of soft tissue density from the right lateral wall to the anterior wall of the aorta. however, since the patient showed no significant signs of ...201123555431
a fatal case of klebsiella pneumoniae mycotic aneurysm.mycotic aneurysm is a serious clinical condition with significant morbidity and mortality. staphylococcus aureus and salmonella species are the most common causative pathogens. klebsiella pneumoniae was rarely reported as a possible pathogen causing mycotic aneurysm; therefore, we describe a k. pneumoniae-related fatal bacteremia mycotic aneurysm in a patient in spite of appropriate antimicrobial agents and surgical management.201123326694
campylobacter fetus bacteremia revealed by cellulitis without gastrointestinal symptoms in the context of acquired hypogammaglobulinemia: a report of three cases.campylobacter fetus bacteremia is rare and occurs mainly in patients with immunosuppression. this infection, which often involves secondary localizations has already been reported in some primary humoral immune deficiencies. we describe three cases of severe infection due to c. fetus with cellulitis at presentation, but without any gastrointestinal symptoms, occurring in patients with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia.201122606424
hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care settings.health care-associated infections (hais) have become more common as medical care has grown more complex and patients have become more complicated. hais are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. growing rates of hais alongside evidence suggesting that active surveillance and infection control practices can prevent hais led to the development of hospital epidemiology and infection control programs. the role for infection control programs has grown and continues to grow as rat ...201121233510
rtx proteins: a highly diverse family secreted by a common mechanism.repeats-in-toxin (rtx) exoproteins of gram-negative bacteria form a steadily growing family of proteins with diverse biological functions. their common feature is the unique mode of export across the bacterial envelope via the type i secretion system and the characteristic, typically nonapeptide, glycine- and aspartate-rich repeats binding ca(2+) ions. in this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the organization of rtx loci and on the biological and biochemical activities of t ...201020528947
aminoglycoside modifying enzymes.aminoglycosides have been an essential component of the armamentarium in the treatment of life-threatening infections. unfortunately, their efficacy has been reduced by the surge and dissemination of resistance. in some cases the levels of resistance reached the point that rendered them virtually useless. among many known mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides, enzymatic modification is the most prevalent in the clinical setting. aminoglycoside modifying enzymes catalyze the modification at ...201020833577
comparative analysis of sequence periodicity among prokaryotic genomes points to differences in nucleoid structure and a relationship to gene expression.regular spacing of short runs of a or t nucleotides in dna sequences with a period close to the helical period of the dna double helix has been associated with intrinsic dna bending and nucleosome positioning in eukaryotes. analogous periodic signals were also observed in prokaryotic genomes. while the exact role of this periodicity in prokaryotes is not known, it has been proposed to facilitate the dna packaging in the prokaryotic nucleoid and/or to promote negative or positive supercoiling. we ...201020494989
origin and evolution of peptide-modifying dioxygenases and identification of the wybutosine hydroxylase/hydroperoxidase.unlike classical 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases, which include several nucleic acid modifiers, the structurally similar jumonji-related dioxygenase superfamily was only known to catalyze peptide modifications. using comparative genomics methods, we predict that a family of jumonji-related enzymes catalyzes wybutosine hydroxylation/peroxidation at position 37 of eukaryotic trnaphe. identification of this enzyme raised questions regarding the emergence of protein- and nucleic acid- ...201020423905
macrophages recognize size and shape of their targets.recognition by macrophages is a key process in generating immune response against invading pathogens. previous studies have focused on recognition of pathogens through surface receptors present on the macrophage's surface. here, using polymeric particles of different geometries that represent the size and shape range of a variety of bacteria, the importance of target geometry in recognition was investigated. the studies reported here reveal that attachment of particles of different geometries to ...201020386614
campylobacter fetus peritonitis and bacteremia in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.we report a case of campylobacter fetus peritonitis and bacteremia in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.201019889904
a genomic island defines subspecies-specific virulence features of the host-adapted pathogen campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis.the pathogen campylobacter fetus comprises two subspecies, c. fetus subsp. fetus and c. fetus subsp. venerealis. although these taxa are highly related on the genome level, they are adapted to distinct hosts and tissues. c. fetus subsp. fetus infects a diversity of hosts, including humans, and colonizes the gastrointestinal tract. in contrast, c. fetus subsp. venerealis is largely restricted to the bovine genital tract, causing epidemic abortion in these animals. in light of their close genetic ...201019897645
campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus spondylodiscitis.campylobacter spp. are common causes of gastrointestinal infections. campylobacter fetus is a much rarer pathogen in humans, and usually causes bacteraemia and systemic complications in patients with predisposing conditions. we report a case of spondylodiscitis caused by c. fetus subsp. fetus as revealed by vertebral biopsy culture. this identification was confirmed by sequencing the 16s rrna gene and by phylogenetic analysis. treatment consisted of 6 weeks antimicrobial therapy combined with a ...201020705728
obstacles of multiplex real-time pcr for bacterial 16s rdna: primer specifity and dna decontamination of taq polymerase.background: the detection of a broad range of bacteria by pcr is applied for the screening of blood and blood products with special attention to platelet concentrates. for practical use it is desirable that detection systems include gram-positive, gram-negative and non-gram-stainable bacteria. it is quite challenging to achieve high sensitivity along with a clear negative control with pcr reagents, because especially taq polymerase is contaminated with traces of bacterial dna. methods: bacterial ...201020737013
new bacteriological patterns in primary infected aorto-iliac aneurysms: a single-centre experience.to assess causative pathogens and surgical outcomes in patients with primary infected aorto-iliac aneurysms at our institution.201020843713
isolation of a novel campylobacter jejuni clone associated with the bank vole, myodes glareolus.campylobacter jejuni can be isolated from different animal hosts. various studies have used multilocus sequence typing to look for associations between particular clones of c. jejuni and specific hosts. here, we describe the isolation of a novel clone (sequence type 3704 [st-3704]) of c. jejuni associated with the bank vole (myodes glareolus).201020851991
detection of antibodies specific to campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in the vaginal mucus of nigerian breeding cows.the presence of bovine venereal campylobacteriosis in the lake chad basin of nigeria was investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of iga antibodies specific to campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in vaginal mucus (n = 66). iga antibodies specific to c. fetus subsp. venerealis were detected in 7 (11%) vaginal mucus samples. all but one of the iga-positive samples originated from cows belonging to herds with a history of abortion and infertility which sug ...201020857383
campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus abortion in alpacas (vicugna pacos). 201020862815
enteric campylobacteria and rna viruses associated with healthy and diarrheic humans in the chinook health region of southwestern alberta, canada.the presence of campylobacter species and enteric rna viruses in stools from diarrheic (n = 442) and healthy (n = 58) humans living in southwestern alberta was examined (may to october 2005). a large number of diarrheic individuals who were culture negative for c. jejuni (n = 54) or c. coli (n = 19) were pcr positive for these taxa. overall detection rates for c. jejuni and c. coli in diarrheic stools were 29% and 5%, respectively. in contrast, 3% and 0% of stools from healthy humans were positi ...201021106791
enteric campylobacteria and rna viruses associated with healthy and diarrheic humans in the chinook health region of southwestern alberta, canada.the presence of campylobacter species and enteric rna viruses in stools from diarrheic (n = 442) and healthy (n = 58) humans living in southwestern alberta was examined (may to october 2005). a large number of diarrheic individuals who were culture negative for c. jejuni (n = 54) or c. coli (n = 19) were pcr positive for these taxa. overall detection rates for c. jejuni and c. coli in diarrheic stools were 29% and 5%, respectively. in contrast, 3% and 0% of stools from healthy humans were positi ...201021106791
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