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prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (gs-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of mers-cov infection.the continued emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) cases with a high case fatality rate stresses the need for the availability of effective antiviral treatments. remdesivir (gs-5734) effectively inhibited mers coronavirus (mers-cov) replication in vitro, and showed efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov in a mouse model. here, we tested the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment in a nonhuman primate model of mers-cov infection, the r ...202032054787
comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against mers-cov.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is the causative agent of a severe respiratory disease associated with more than 2468 human infections and over 851 deaths in 27 countries since 2012. there are no approved treatments for mers-cov infection although a combination of lopinavir, ritonavir and interferon beta (lpv/rtv-ifnb) is currently being evaluated in humans in the kingdom of saudi arabia. here, we show that remdesivir (rdv) and ifnb have superior antiviral activity to lpv ...202031924756
quantification of the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus rna in tissues by quantitative real-time rt-pcr.since the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, more than 2280 confirmed human infections and 800 associated deaths had been reported to the world health organization. mers-cov is a single-stranded rna virus that belongs to the coronaviridae family. mers-cov infection leads to a variety of clinical outcomes in humans ranging from asymptomatic and mild infection to severe acute lung injury and multi-organ failure and death. to study the pathogenesis of ...202031883090
antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is the second novel zoonotic disease infecting humans caused by coronavirus (cov) in this century. to date, more than 2200 laboratory-confirmed human cases have been identified in 27 countries, and more than 800 mers-cov associated deaths have been reported since its outbreak in 2012. rapid laboratory diagnosis of mers-cov is the key to successful containment and prevention of the spread of infection. though the gold standard for diagnosing mers-cov in ...202031883089
middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus infection into established hdpp4-transgenic mice accelerates lung damage via activation of the pro-inflammatory response and pulmonary fibrosis.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infects the lower respiratory airway of humans, leading to severe acute respiratory failure. unlike human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hdpp4), a receptor for mers-cov, mouse dpp4 (mdpp4) failed to support mers-cov infection. consequently, diverse transgenic mouse models expressing hdpp4 have been developed using diverse methods, although some models show no mortality and/or only transient and mild-to-moderate clinical signs following mers-cov in ...202031838832
a systematic review of therapeutic agents for the treatment of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first described in 2012 and attracted a great international attention due to multiple healthcare associated outbreaks. the disease carries a high case fatality rate of 34.5%, and there is no internationally or nationally recommended therapy.202031252170
molecular basis of binding between middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and cd26 from seven bat species.continued reports of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infecting humans have occurred since the identification of this virus in 2012. mers-cov is prone to cause endemic disease in the middle east, with several dozen spillover infections to other continents. it is hypothesized that mers-cov originated from bat coronaviruses and that dromedary camels are its natural reservoir. although gene segments identical to mers-cov were sequenced from certain species of bats and one spe ...202031776269
focus on middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).since the first case of human infection by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia in june 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed mers-cov infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of october 2018. the vast majority of these cases (71%) were reported in saudi arabia but the epidemic has now spread to 27 countries and has not ceased 6 years later, unlike sars-cov that disappeared a little less than 2 years after emerging. due to the hi ...202031727466
zoonotic diseases in oman: successes, challenges, and future directions.objective: this article describes the situation analysis of endemic and emerging zoonoses, and includes prevention and control of zoonoses in oman. it also suggests possible recommendations toward elimination and risk reduction of emerging zoonoses. methods: epidemiologic information has been drawn from official to assess the situation. there has been significant progress in reducing the risk of brucellosis, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, and cutan ...202031486732
immunogenicity of different forms of middle east respiratory syndrome s glycoprotein.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified in 2012 during the first middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) outbreaks. mers-cov causes an acute lower-respiratory infection in humans, with a fatality rate of ~35.5%. currently, there are no registered vaccines or means of therapeutic protection against mers in the world. the mers-cov s glycoprotein plays the most important role in the viral life cycle (virus internalization). the s protein is an immunodominant antig ...202031024747
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in bactrian and hybrid camels from dubai.so far, dromedary camels are the only known animal reservoir for middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov). previous published serological studies showed that sera of bactrian camels were all negative for mers-cov antibodies. however, a recent study revealed that direct inoculation of bactrian camels intranasally with mers-cov can lead to infection with abundant virus shedding and seroconversion. in this study, we examined the presence of mers-cov antibodies in bactrian and ...202031969478
the molecular virology of coronaviruses.few human pathogens have been the focus of as much concentrated worldwide attention as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of covid-19. its emergence into the human population and ensuing pandemic came on the heels of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), two other highly pathogenic coronavirus spillovers, which collectively have reshaped our view of a virus family previously assoc ...202032661197
impact of thiol-disulfide balance on the binding of covid-19 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor.the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has led to an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease (covid-19), which started in 2019. this is a member of coronaviridae family in the genus betacoronavirus, which also includes sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the functional receptor for sars-cov and sars-cov-2 to enter the host cells. in particular, the interaction of viral sp ...202032656452
evolving sequence mutations in the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov).middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has continued to cause sporadic outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection over the last 8 years.202032654959
the spatial allocation of hospitals with negative pressure isolation rooms in korea: are we prepared for new outbreaks?allocation of adequate healthcare facilities is one of the most important factors that public health policymakers consider when preparing for infectious disease outbreaks. negative pressure isolation rooms (npirs) are one of the critical resources for control of infectious respiratory diseases, such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak. however, there is insufficient attention to efficient allocation of npir-equipped hospitals.202032654437
assessment of th1/th2 cytokines among patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a member of the beta-coronavirus genus of zoonotic origin that emerged in the arabian peninsula and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. this study was conducted to assess the plasma levels of cytokines to evaluate the th1/th2 status among 46 mers-cov infected patients (19 asymptomatic and 27 symptomatic) and 52 normal healthy controls using a customized luminex kit. comparative analysis of data between mers-cov infect ...202032645711
neuroinvasive potential of a primary respiratory pathogen sars- cov2: summarizing the evidences.after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the last two decades, the world is facing its new challenge in sars-cov-2 pandemic with unfathomable global responses. the characteristic clinical symptoms for coronavirus (covid-19) affected patients are high fever, dry-cough, dyspnoea, lethal pneumonia whereas some patients also show additional neurological signs such as headache, nausea, vomiting etc. ...202032640417
assessment of proton-coupled conformational dynamics of sars and mers coronavirus papain-like proteases: implication for designing broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors.broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are urgently needed to stop the covid-19 pandemic and prevent future ones. the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is related to sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), which have caused the previous outbreaks. the papain-like protease (plpro) is an attractive drug target due to its essential roles in the viral life cycle. as a cysteine protease, plpro is rich in cysteines and histidines and their protona ...202032637952
novel coronavirus pandemic: a clinical overview.the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is an emergent public health crisis threatening the current world health establishment. the sars-co-2 was first identified in wuhan, hubei province, china, in december 2019. there have been about 6.5 million reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and about 350 000 reported deaths throughout the world within the last 6 months from the onset of the epidemic. the virus is primarily transmitted by inhalation ...202032633997
rna-dependent rna polymerase of sars-cov-2 as a therapeutic target.the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), named coronavirus disease 2019, has infected more than 8.9 million people worldwide. this calls for urgent effective therapeutic measures. rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity in viral transcription and replication has been recognized as an attractive target to design novel antiviral strategies. although sars-cov-2 shares less genetic similarity with sars-cov (~79%) and middle east respiratory syn ...202032633831
sars, mers and covid-19: clinical manifestations and organ-system complications: a mini review.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are caused by three distinct coronaviruses belonging to the same genus. covid-19 and its two predecessors share many important features in their clinical presentations, and in their propensity for progression to severe disease which is marked by high rates of morbidity and mortality. however, comparison of the three viral illnesses also reveals a number of specific difference ...202032633327
comparing sars-cov-2 with sars-cov and influenza pandemics.the objective of this personal view is to compare transmissibility, hospitalisation, and mortality rates for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) with those of other epidemic coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and pandemic influenza viruses. the basic reproductive rate (r0) for sars-cov-2 is estimated to be 2·5 (range 1·8-3·6) compared with 2·0-3·0 for sars-cov and th ...202032628905
covid-19: are we dealing with a multisystem vasculopathy in disguise of a viral infection?after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the last two decades, the world is facing its new challenge in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic with unprecedented global response. with the expanding domain of presentations in covid-19 patients, the full range of manifestations is yet to unfold. the classical clinical symptoms for sars-cov-2 affected patients are dry ...202032627126
a comprehensive review of manifestations of novel coronaviruses in the context of deadly covid-19 global pandemic.since december 2019, the global pandemic caused by the highly infectious novel coronavirus 2019-ncov (covid-19) has been rapidly spreading. as of april 2020, the outbreak has spread to over 210 countries, with over 2,400,000 confirmed cases and over 170,000 deaths.1 covid-19 causes a severe pneumonia characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath. similar coronavirus outbreaks have occurred in the past causing severe pneumonia like covid-19, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrom ...202032620220
cyclophilin inhibitors restrict middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus via interferon λ in vitro and in mice.while severe coronavirus infections, including middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) cause lung injury with high mortality rates, protective treatment strategies are not approved for clinical use.202032616594
lessons learned so far from the pandemic: a review on pregnants and neonates with covid-19.there are concerns regarding the risk and the course of covid-19 in pregnancy and in the neonates. in this review, we aimed to present the current understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection during pregnancy and neonatal periods considering diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention. few studies on pregnant women with covid-19 have been conducted between december 2019 and april 2020. the majority of patients applied in the third trimester and pres ...202032612432
a comprehensive review of animal models for coronaviruses: sars-cov-2, sars-cov, and mers-cov.the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (covid-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has already affected a large population of the world. sars-cov-2 belongs to the same family of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). covid-19 has a complex pathology involving severe acute respiratory infection, hyper-immune response, and coagulopathy. at present, there is no therapeu ...202032607866
neuroimaging and neurologic findings in covid-19 and other coronavirus infections: a systematic review in 116 patients.various neurologic syndromes have been described in patients with covid-19 and other coronavirus infections. in this paper, we systematically reviewed the available imaging findings of patients diagnosed with neurological symptoms associated with coronavirus infections. diverse radiologic results in the context of different neurologic presentations have been demonstrated using ct and mri. while many patients have normal imaging evaluations, some patients present with intra-axial and extra-axial ...202032603770
systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of nanoscale materials against coronaviruses-possible potential antiviral agents for sars-cov-2.the available antiviral agents and their potential for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak are important interventions. a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to summarize the available evidence on the efficacy of nanoscale materials against coronaviruses in vitro and in animal models. pubmed, scopus and wiley online library databases were searched up to 4 march 2020. studies that developed the efficacy of nanoscale materials against coronaviruses were inc ...202032603297
nosocomial outbreak of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a phylogenetic, epidemiological, clinical and infection control analysis.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continues to cause intermittent community and nosocomial outbreaks. obtaining data on specific source(s) and transmission dynamics of mers-cov during nosocomial outbreaks has been challenging. we performed a clinical, epidemiological and phylogenetic investigation of an outbreak of mers-cov at a university hospital in riyadh, kingdom of saudi arabia.202032599173
a close look at the biology of sars-cov-2, and the potential influence of weather conditions and seasons on covid-19 case spread.there is sufficient epidemiological and biological evidence of increased human susceptibility to viral pathogens such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and influenza virus, in cold weather. the pattern of outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in china during the flu season is further proof that meteorological conditions may potentially influence the susceptibility of human populations to coronaviruses, a situation th ...202032586369
imaging findings in coronavirus infections: sars-cov, mers-cov, and sars-cov-2.during the first two decades of the 21st century, there have been three coronavirus infection outbreaks raising global health concerns by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and the sars-cov-2. although the reported imaging findings of coronavirus infection are variable and non-specific, the most common initial chest radiograph (cxr) and ct findings are ground-glass opacities and consolidation with peripheral pred ...202032584604
coronavirus disease 2019-covid-19.summaryin recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including ebola virus, zika virus, nipah virus, and coronaviruses (covs). recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in wuhan city, china, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced covs, suggesting a novel cov strain (2019-ncov), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome cov-2 (sars-cov-2). although coronavirus disease 2 ...202032580969
masks for prevention of respiratory virus infections, including sars-cov-2, in health care and community settings : a living rapid review.recommendations on masks for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) vary.202032579379
autophagy/virophagy: a "disposal strategy" to combat covid-19.given the devastating consequences of the current covid-19 pandemic and its impact on all of us, the question arises as to whether manipulating the cellular degradation (recycling, waste disposal) mechanism known as macroautophagy/autophagy (in particular, the selective degradation of virus particles, termed virophagy) might be a beneficial approach to fight the novel coronavirus, sars-cov-2. knowing that "autophagy can reprocess everything", it seems almost inevitable that, sooner rather than l ...202032578486
obstetric management of covid-19 in pregnant women.the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (covid-19), which is caused by the novel beta coronavirus, sars-cov-2, is currently prevalent all over the world, causing thousands of deaths with relatively high virulence. like two other notable beta coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), sars-cov-2 can lead to severe contagious respiratory disease. due to impaired cellular immunity and physiological changes, pre ...202032574255
persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in aerosol suspensions.we aerosolized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and determined that its dynamic aerosol efficiency surpassed those of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and middle east respiratory syndrome. although we performed experiment only once across several laboratories, our findings suggest retained infectivity and virion integrity for up to 16 hours in respirable-sized aerosols.202032568661
surveillance and testing for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, saudi arabia, march 2016-march 2019.during march 2016-march 2019, a total of 200,936 suspected cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection were identified in saudi arabia; infections were confirmed in 698 cases (0.3% [0.7/100,000 population per year]). continued surveillance is necessary for early case detection and timely infection control response.202032568049
the influence of interferon-lambda on restricting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in the respiratory epithelium.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory in human with high mortality and it has been a challenge to determine optimum treatment for mers-cov-induced respiratory infection. here, we observed the distribution of mers-cov receptors using human respiratory mucosa and also evaluated the contribution of interferon-lambdas (ifn-λs) in response to mers-cov infection using in vitro normal human nasal epithelial (nhne) and bronchial epithelial (nhbe) cells. we fou ...202032565134
household secondary attack rate of covid-19 and associated determinants in guangzhou, china: a retrospective cohort study.as of june 8, 2020, the global reported number of covid-19 cases had reached more than 7 million with over 400 000 deaths. the household transmissibility of the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), remains unclear. we aimed to estimate the secondary attack rate of sars-cov-2 among household and non-household close contacts in guangzhou, china, using a statistical transmission model.202032562601
[importance of corneal organ culture in donors with possible sars-cov-2 infections].the appearance of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov‑2) poses challenges in ophthalmology particularly for eye banks. a valid risk assessment for the removal and processing of donor corneas is difficult due to the lack of data. the risk to infect transplant recipients with sars-cov‑2 still appears very unlikely due to the experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus(‑1) (sars-cov(‑1)) and middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov); ...202032556552
recent advances in vaccines and diagnostics against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an rna virus that causes severe respiratory disease. since it was identified in 2012, approximately 2500 mers cases with high mortality have been confirmed in 27 countries. although most cases have occurred in the middle east, an outbreak in south korea in 2015 showed that mers could be a global threat via human-to-human transmission. there is no licensed vaccine against mers. thus, early detection is the best way to limit the spread of ...202032551793
an analysis of international health regulations emergency committees and public health emergency of international concern designations.nine events have been assessed for potential declaration of a public health emergency of international concern (pheic). a pheic is defined as an extraordinary event that constitutes a public health risk to other states through international spread and requires a coordinated international response. the who director-general convenes emergency committees (ecs) to provide their advice on whether an event constitutes a pheic. the ec rationales have been criticised for being non-transparent and contra ...202032546587
the broad-spectrum antiviral recommendations for drug discovery against covid-19.despite to outbreaks of highly pathogenic beta and alpha coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and human coronavirus, the newly emerged 2019 coronavirus (covid-19) is considered as a lethal zoonotic virus due to its deadly respiratory syndrome and high mortality rate among the human. globally, more than 3,517,345 cases have been confirmed with 243,401 deaths due to acute respiratory distress synd ...202032546018
insights into sars-cov-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach.the sudden emergence of severe respiratory disease, caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has recently become a public health emergency. genome sequence analysis of sars-cov-2 revealed its close resemblance to the earlier reported sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). however, initial testing of the drugs used against sars-cov and mers-cov has been ineffective in controlling sars-cov-2. the present study highlights the gen ...202032544429
severe coronavirus infections in pregnancy: a systematic review.to inform the current coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak, we conducted a systematic literature review of case reports of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the virus that causes covid-19, during pregnancy and summarized clinical presentation, course of illness, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.202032544146
social distancing and transmission-reducing practices during the 2019 coronavirus disease and 2015 middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks in korea.the absence of effective antiviral medications and vaccines increased the focus on non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors for mitigating against the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. to examine the current status of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors practiced during the covid-19 outbreak and factors affecting behavioral activities, we compared to the 2015 middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak in korea.202032537955
short report on implications of covid-19 and emerging zoonotic infectious diseases for pastoralists and africa.many emerging and re-emerging zoonotic infectious diseases occur in africa. these are projected to increase as human-animal host contact increases owing to increasing environmental degradation that shrinks nature habitats for wildlife over the continent. the current outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) responsible for causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (covid-19) has reinvigorated discourse on the disruptiveness of the zoonotic emerging infectious diseases, o ...202032537120
vaccination strategies to combat novel corona virus sars-cov-2.the 2019-novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) is caused by sars-cov-2 is transmitted from human to human has recently reported in china. now covid-19 has been spread all over the world and declared epidemics by who. it has caused a public health emergency of international concern. the elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and cytokine storm. due to the rapid i ...202032535078
potential of coronavirus 3c-like protease inhibitors for the development of new anti-sars-cov-2 drugs: insights from structures of protease and inhibitors.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), similar to sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), which belong to the same betacoronavirus genus, induces severe acute respiratory disease that is a threat to human health. since the outbreak of infection by sars-cov-2 began, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the disease has rapidly spread worldwide. thus, a search for effective drugs able to inhibit sars-cov-2 has become a global pursuit ...202032534187
the anticoagulant nafamostat potently inhibits sars-cov-2 s protein-mediated fusion in a cell fusion assay system and viral infection in vitro in a cell-type-dependent manner.although infection by sars-cov-2, the causative agent of coronavirus pneumonia disease (covid-19), is spreading rapidly worldwide, no drug has been shown to be sufficiently effective for treating covid-19. we previously found that nafamostat mesylate, an existing drug used for disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic), effectively blocked middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) s protein-mediated cell fusion by targeting transmembrane serine protease 2 (tmprss2), and inhibited ...202032532094
passive immunity for coronavirus disease 2019: a commentary on therapeutic aspects including convalescent plasma.in the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the novel virus sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is infecting a naïve population. the innate immunity of the infected patient is unable to mount an effective defense, resulting in a severe illness with substantial morbidity and mortality. as most treatment modalities including antivirals and anti-inflammatory agents are mostly ineffective, an immunological approach is needed. the mechanism of innate immun ...202032526774
autophagy as an emerging target for covid-19: lessons from an old friend, chloroquine.during the last week of december 2019, wuhan (china) was confronted with the first case of respiratory tract disease 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). due to the rapid outbreak of the transmission (~3.64 million positive cases and high mortality as of 5 may 2020), the world is looking for immediate and better therapeutic options. still, much information is not known, including origin of the disease, complete genomic ...202032522067
repurposing existing medications for coronavirus disease 2019: protocol for a rapid and living systematic review.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has no known specific treatments. however, there might be in vitro and early clinical data as well as evidence from severe acute respiratory syndrome and middle eastern respiratory syndrome that could inform clinicians and researchers. this systematic review aims to create priorities for future research of drugs repurposed for covid-19.202032511471
ly6e impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease.zoonotic coronaviruses (covs) are significant threats to global health, as exemplified by the recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) 1 . host immune responses to cov are complex and regulated in part through antiviral interferons. however, the interferon-stimulated gene products that inhibit cov are not well characterized 2 . here, we show that interferon-inducible lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus e (ly6e) potently restricts cellular infection by mult ...202032511345
single-cell rna analysis on ace2 expression provides insights into sars-cov-2 potential entry into the bloodstream and heart injury.coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) is a global pandemic with high infectivity and pathogenicity, accounting for tens of thousands of deaths worldwide. recent studies have found that the pathogen of covid-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), shares the same cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme ii (ace2) as sars-cov. the pathological investigation of covid-19 deaths showed that the lungs had characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis. however, how sars-cov-2 spreads ...202032510598
covid-19 target: a specific target for novel coronavirus detection.an ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus has been reported worldwide and become a global health problem; hence, the diagnosis and differentiation of this virus from other types of coronavirus is essential to control of the disease. to this end, the analysis of genomics data plays a vital role in introducing a stronger target and consequently provides better results in laboratory examinations. the modified comparative genomics approach helps us to find novel specific t ...202032510005
the psychological impact of covid-19 pandemic on health care workers in a mers-cov endemic country.the global pandemic of coronavirus disease of 2019 (covid-19) has led to unprecedented psychological stress on health workers (hcws). we aimed to assess the psychological impact of covid-19 on hcws in comparison to the stress brought on by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) epidemic in saudi arabia.202032505461
comparison of confirmed covid-19 with sars and mers cases - clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.within this large-scale study, we compared clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, radiographic signs, and outcomes of covid-19, sars, and mers to find unique features.202032502331
covid-19 pandemic and current medical interventions.first humanoid coronavirus was discovered in the middle of 1960s, the class of viruses are considered to be a huge threat. the first onset of human coronavirus, sars (sars-cov) appeared in 2003 which spanned five continents having lethal effects on human population accompanied by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2012 with a death rate of 35%. the viruses remain a threat till date and are of serious concern since no vaccine or specified drug therapy has been approbated for trea ...202032499154
covid-19: a conundrum to decipher.recent worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent of respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), is a current, ongoing life-threatening crisis, and international public health emergency. the early diagnosis and management of the disease remains a major challenge. in this review, we aim to summarize the updated epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, as well as prevention and control of the novel coronavirus sar ...202032495923
clinical characteristics of two human-to-human transmitted coronaviruses: corona virus disease 2019 vs. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.subsequent to a global outbreak of the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) in 2012, a novel human coronavirus, known as corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) has caused a major disease outbreak. the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to compare epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features of covid-19 and mers-cov populations.202032495918
particulate multivalent presentation of the receptor binding domain induces protective immune responses against mers-cov.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a who priority pathogen for which vaccines are urgently needed. using an immune-focusing approach, we created self-assembling particles multivalently displaying critical regions of the mers-cov spike protein ─fusion peptide, heptad repeat 2, and receptor binding domain (rbd) ─ and tested their immunogenicity and protective capacity in rabbits. using a "plug-and-display" spytag/spycatcher system, we coupled rbd to lumazine synthase (ls) p ...202032471334
the potency of an anti-mers coronavirus subunit vaccine depends on a unique combinatorial adjuvant formulation.vaccination is one of the most successful strategies to prevent human infectious diseases. combinatorial adjuvants have gained increasing interest as they can stimulate multiple immune pathways and enhance the vaccine efficacy of subunit vaccines. we investigated the adjuvanticity of aluminum (alum) in combination with rasp-1, a protein adjuvant, using the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus mers-cov receptor-binding-domain (rbd) vaccine antigen. a highly enhanced anti-mers-cov neutrali ...202032471056
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus deficient in rna cap guanine-n-7 methylation is attenuated and induces higher type i and iii interferon responses.the 5' cap methylation of viral rna plays important roles in rna stability, efficient translation, and immune evasion. thus, rna cap methylation is an attractive target for antiviral discovery and development of new live attenuated vaccines. for coronaviruses, rna cap structure is first methylated at the guanine-n-7 (g-n-7) position by nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14), which facilitates and precedes the subsequent ribose 2'-o methylation by the nsp16-nsp10 complex. using porcine epidemic diarrhe ...202032461321
preparedness and response to covid-19 in saudi arabia: building on mers experience.nearly four months have passed since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), which caused the rapidly spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. to date, there have been more than 2.3 million confirmed cases and more than 160,000 deaths globally caused by covid-19. chinese health authorities, where the virus emerged, have taken prompt strict public health measures to control and prevent the spread of the outbreak. in saudi arabia, unprecede ...202032451260
long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or icu admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis.to determine long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus infections after hospitalization or intensive care unit admission.202032449782
the hallmarks of covid-19 disease.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is a novel coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic of the human respiratory illness covid-19, resulting in a severe threat to public health and safety. analysis of the genetic tree suggests that sars-cov-2 belongs to the same betacoronavirus group as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). although the route for viral transmission remains a mystery, ...202032442210
prevention and treatment of covid-19 disease by controlled modulation of innate immunity.the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses an enormous threat to global public health and economies. human coronaviruses normally cause no or mild respiratory disease but in the past two decades, potentially fatal coronavirus infections have emerged, causing respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. these include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), follow ...202032438473
the role of human coronavirus infection in pediatric acute gastroenteritis.since human coronavirus (hcov)-like particles were detected in the stool specimens of acute gastroenteritis and necrotizing enterocolitis children with electron microscopy, the relationship between hcov and the pediatric gastrointestinal illness had been recognized. in recent years, the overall detection rates have been low and have varied by region. hcovs have not been considered as the major pathogens in pediatric acute gastroenteritis. hcovs detected in children with acute gastroenteritis hav ...202032433226
the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak at king abdul-aziz medical city-riyadh from emergency medical services perspective.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a form of an infectious respiratory disease, discovered in november 2012 in saudi arabia. according to the world health organization (who; geneva, switzerland) reports, a total of 2,519 laboratory-confirmed cases and 866 mers-cov-related deaths were recorded as of march 5, 2016.1 the majority of reported cases originated from saudi arabia (2,121 cases). also, mers-cov is believed to be of zoonotic origin and has been linked to camels in ...202032431260
advances in the relationship between coronavirus infection and cardiovascular diseases.the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has once again aroused people's concern about coronavirus. seven human coronaviruses (hcovs) have been discovered so far, including hcov-229e, hcov-nl63, hcov-oc43, hcov-hku115, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. existing studies show that the cardiovascular disease increased the incidence and severity of coronavirus infection. at the s ...202032428835
covid-19 pandemic: response plan by the johns hopkins aramco healthcare inpatient pharmacy department.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an ongoing pandemic having caused a major health care crises across the globe.pharmacy professionals are considered vital in preparation for optimal response to the covid-19 pandemic. therefore, in response to the estimated potential impact of covid-19 on johns hopkins aramco healthcare (joint venture between saudi aramco and johns hopkins medicine international), several initiatives were taken by the hospital's inpatient pharmacy department with focus ...202032425713
current scenario of covid-19 in pediatric age group and physiology of immune and thymus response.covid-19 pandemic caused by sars-cov-2, continues to manifest with severe acute respiratory syndrome among the adults, however, it offers a convincing indication of less severity and fatality in pediatric age group (0-18 years). the current trend suggests that children may get infected but are less symptomatic with less fatality, which is concordant to earlier epidemic outbreaks of sars-cov and mers-cov, in 2002 and 2012, respectively. according to the available data, children appear to be at lo ...202032425651
analysis of codon usage and nucleotide bias in middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus genes.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is an emerging disease caused by a recently identified human coronavirus (cov). over 2494 laboratory-confirmed cases and 858 mers-related deaths have been reported from 27 countries. mers-cov has been associated with a high case fatality rate, especially in patients with pre-existing conditions. despite the fatal nature of mers-cov infection, a comprehensive study to explore its evolution and adaptation in different hosts is lacking. we performed codon ...202032425493
remdesivir in adults with severe covid-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.no specific antiviral drug has been proven effective for treatment of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). remdesivir (gs-5734), a nucleoside analogue prodrug, has inhibitory effects on pathogenic animal and human coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in vitro, and inhibits middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, sars-cov-1, and sars-cov-2 replication in animal models.202032423584
the rationale for potential pharmacotherapy of covid-19.on 11 march 2020, the coronavirus disease (covid-19) was defined by the world health organization as a pandemic. severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (sars-cov-2) is the newly evolving human coronavirus infection that causes covid-19, and it first appeared in wuhan, china in december 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world. covid-19 is being increasingly investigated through virology, epidemiology, and clinical management strategies. there is currently no established consensus on the standard ...202032423024
identifying research trends and gaps in the context of covid-19.the covid-19 pandemic has affected the world in different ways. not only are people's lives and livelihoods affected, but the virus has also affected people's lifestyles. in the research sector, there have been significant changes, and new research is coming very strongly in the related fields of virology and epidemiology. similar trends were observed after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) episodes of 2003 an ...202032408679
autonomously replicating rnas of bungowannah pestivirus: erns is not essential for the generation of infectious particles.autonomously replicating subgenomic bungowannah virus (bupv) rnas (bupv replicons) with deletions of the genome regions encoding the structural proteins c, erns, e1, and e2 were constructed on the basis of an infectious cdna clone of bupv. nanoluciferase (nluc) insertion was used to compare the replication efficiencies of all constructs after electroporation of in vitro-transcribed rna from the different clones. deletion of c, e1, e2, or the complete structural protein genome region (c-erns-e1-e ...202032404522
mers-cov spike protein vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine formulated with single strand rna adjuvant induce t-cell activation through intranasal immunization in mice.the effectiveness of vaccines is enhanced by adding adjuvants. furthermore, the selection of an inoculation route depends on the type of adjuvant used and is important for achieving optimum vaccine efficacy. we investigated the immunological differences between two types of vaccines-spike protein from the middle east respiratory syndrome virus and inactivated influenza virus vaccine, in combination with a single-stranded rna adjuvant-administered through various routes (intramuscular, intraderma ...202032397649
a quality evaluation of guidelines on five different viruses causing public health emergencies of international concern.this project aims to evaluate the methods and reporting quality of practice guidelines of five different viruses that have caused public health emergencies of international concern (pheic) over 20 past years: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), ebola virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), zika virus and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). we systematically searched databases, guideline websites and government health ...202032395544
a global treatments for coronaviruses including covid-19.in late december 2019 in wuhan, china, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov). so far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and influenza virus. in this article, we have tried to ...202032394467
role of the eye in transmitting human coronavirus: what we know and what we do not know.the outbreak of the current 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov, now named sars-cov-2) infection has become a worldwide health threat. currently, more information is needed so as to further understand the transmission and clinical characteristics of 2019-ncov infection and the infection control procedures required. recently, the role of the eye in transmitting 2019-ncov has been intensively discussed. previous investigations of other highly infectious human covs, that is, severe acute respiratory ...202032391309
the current and future state of vaccines, antivirals and gene therapies against emerging coronaviruses.emerging coronaviruses (cov) are constant global public health threats to society. multiple ongoing clinical trials for vaccines and antivirals against covs showcase the availability of medical interventions to both prevent and treat the future emergence of highly pathogenic covs in human. however, given the diverse nature of covs and our close interactions with wild, domestic and companion animals, the next epidemic zoonotic cov could resist the existing vaccines and antivirals developed, which ...202032390971
improving detection and response to respiratory events - kenya, april 2016-april 2020.respiratory pathogens, such as novel influenza a viruses, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and now, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), are of particular concern because of their high transmissibility and history of global spread (1). clusters of severe respiratory disease are challenging to investigate, especially in resource-limited settings, and disease etiology often is not well understood. in 2014, endorsed by the group of seven (g7),* the g ...202032379727
application of nanomaterials in treatment, anti-infection and detection of coronaviruses.nanotechnology and nanomedicine have excellent potential in dealing with a range of different health problems, including viruses, which are considered to be a serious challenge in the medical field. application of nanobiotechnology could represent a new avenue for the treatment or disinfection of viruses. there is increasing concern regarding the control of coronaviruses, among these, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute res ...202032378459
the indian perspective of covid-19 outbreak.the emerging infection of covid-19 was initiated from wuhan, china, have been spread to more than 210 countries around the globe including india. the clinical symptoms of covid-19 are very similar to other respiratory viruses. the number of laboratory-confirmed cases and associated deaths are increasing regularly in various parts of the world. seven coronaviruses (229e, nl63, oc43, hku1, sars, mers and, covid-19) can naturally infect human beings. out of these four (229e-cov, nl63-cov, oc43-cov, ...202032368570
multicenter evaluation of the cepheid xpert xpress sars-cov-2 test.nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) are the primary means of identifying acute infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). accurate and fast test results may permit more efficient use of protective and isolation resources and allow rapid therapeutic interventions. we evaluated the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of the xpert xpress sars-cov-2 (xpert) test, a rapid, automated molecular test for sars-cov-2. analytical sensitivity and ...202032366669
cardiovascular collapse in covid-19 infection: the role of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (va-ecmo).coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has been associated with cardiovascular complications, including acute cardiac injury, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock (cs). the role of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (va-ecmo) in the event of covid-19-associated cardiovascular collapse has not been established. we reviewed the existing literature surrounding the role of va-ecmo in the treatment of coronavirus-related cardiovascular collapse. covid-19 is associated with a higher inciden ...202032363334
postmortem lung findings in a patient with asthma and coronavirus disease 2019.asthma is increasingly recognized as an underlying risk factor for severe respiratory disease in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), particularly in the united states. here, we report the postmortem lung findings from a 37-year-old man with asthma, who met the clinical criteria for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and died of covid-19 less than 2 weeks after presentation to the hospital. his lungs showed mucus plugging and other histologic changes attributable to asthma, ...202032360729
myocardial injury and covid-19: possible mechanisms.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has quickly progressed to a global health emergency. respiratory illness is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients with the disease spectrum ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infection, to severe pneumonia progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome. there is growing evidence describing pathophysiological resemblance of sars-cov-2 infection with other coronavirus infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ...202032360126
corrigendum to "middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and covid-19 infection during pregnancy" [trav med infect dis. (2020) 101641].[this corrects the article doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101641.].202032359917
demographic, clinical, and outcomes of confirmed cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in najran, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa); a retrospective record based study.mers is caused by a viral infection, which was first identified in ksa, 2012. mers-cov infection consequences with either hospitalization or death.202032354534
covid-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov)-2, a novel coronavirus from the same family as sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, has spread worldwide leading the world health organization to declare a pandemic. the disease caused by sars-cov-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), presents flu-like symptoms which can become serious in high-risk individuals. here, we provide an overview of the known clinical features and treatment options for covid-19. we carried ...202032348588
is the collapse of the respiratory center in the brain responsible for respiratory breakdown in covid-19 patients?following the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, we are now again facing a global highly pathogenic novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) epidemic. although the lungs are one of the most critically affected organs, several other organs, including the brain may also get infected. here, we have highlighted that sars-cov-2 might infect the central nervous system (cns) through the olfactory ...202032348111
[diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of sars-cov-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: back to the future].the ongoing outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) as named by the world health organization has millions of confirmed cases around the world and has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. the virus was named sars-cov-2 in february by international committee on taxonomy of viruses. covid-19 presents as fever, dry cough, dyspnea, headache and pneumonia. in a small subset of severe cases, the disease quickly progresses to respiratory failure and even death. since the 21st century, th ...202032347053
the trinity of covid-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. alongside investigations into the virology of sars-cov-2, understanding the fundamental physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of covid-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies. here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of sars-cov-2 infection. we describe the inter ...202032346093
anesthetic and surgical management of tracheostomy in a patient with covid-19.the ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) infection causes severe respiratory dysfunction and has become an emergent issue for worldwide healthcare. since covid-19 spreads through contact and droplet infection routes, careful attention to infection control and surgical management is important to prevent cross-contamination of patients and medical staff. tracheostomy is an effective method to treat severe respiratory dysfunction with prolonged respiratory management and should be p ...202032345515
analysis of the healthcare mers-cov outbreak in king abdulaziz medical center, riyadh, saudi arabia, june-august 2015 using a seir ward transmission model.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging zoonotic coronavirus that has a tendency to cause significant healthcare outbreaks among patients with serious comorbidities. we analyzed hospital data from the mers-cov outbreak in king abdulaziz medical center, riyadh, saudi arabia, june-august 2015 using the susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (seir) ward transmission model. the seir compartmental model considers several areas within the hospital where transmission oc ...202032340361
animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential.pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. when a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. in this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. we discuss interpretations of the experime ...202032337177
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