Publications

tb policy and the badger culling trials.		2006	16517828
serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus.	canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov) has recently been detected in dogs; it is a group 2 coronavirus showing similarity to bovine coronavirus (bcov) but is distinct from canine enteric coronavirus (cecov). crcov may play an important role in canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) either by predisposing to further and potentially more serious viral and bacterial infections or possibly as a primary pathogen. the prevalence of serum antibodies to crcov, in a population of dogs in the south ...	2006	16551493
seasonal variations in the developmental competence of bovine oocytes matured in vitro.	ovaries were collected over a period of two years from heifers slaughtered at under 30 months of age and used to harvest 1757 oocytes. after in vitro maturation, fertilisation and culture, the proportions of oocytes and cleaved embryos that developed to blastocysts were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the autumn, from september to november, than in the spring, from march to may. in contrast, embryo development, as assessed by oocytes that developed to eight or more cells and blastocysts, was lo ...	2006	16603551
bovine tuberculosis in cats.		2006	16603556
tb policy and the badger culling trials.		2006	16617053
an investigation into the role of chlamydophila spp. in bovine upper respiratory tract disease.	an outbreak of upper respiratory tract disease was investigated in a group of 17 housed home-bred calves on a mixed dairy, beef and sheep farm in devon. conjunctival swabs were collected and tested for chlamydophila spp. dna using a pcr test that detects chlamydophila abortus and chlamydophila psittaci. six of the calves tested gave a positive result. further epidemiological observations and laboratory testing indicated that the adult dairy cows, from which the affected calves originated, were t ...	2006	16624729
premovement testing for bovine tb.		2006	16632537
outbreak of e. coli o157 infection in the south west of the uk: risks from streams crossing seaside beaches.	in august 2004 seven cases of escherichia coli o157 infection were identified in children on holiday in cornwall, southwest england, all of whom had stayed at different sites in the area. isolates from all seven cases were confirmed as e. coli serogroup o157 phage type 21/28. we carried out a case-control study among holidaymakers who visited the beach. a standardised questionnaire was administered by telephone to parents. they were asked where on the beach the children had played, whether they ...	2006	16645246
tb policy and the badger culling trials.		2006	16699140
risk factors associated with the salmonella status of dairy farms in england and wales.	between october 1999 and february 2001 the salmonella status of 449 dairy farms in england and wales was determined by environmental sampling on up to four occasions. data were collected through interview-based questionnaires, and multivariable analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with the farms either being salmonella positive (prevalence data) or becoming salmonella positive (incidence data). region, herd size, month of visit and the lack of a clean visitor parking area were ...	2006	17189598
comparison of different control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease: a study of the epidemics in canada in 1951/52, hampshire in 1967 and northumberland in 1966.	the measures used to control the epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease in canada in 1951/52 (29 outbreaks) were compared with those used in the epidemic in hampshire in 1967 (29 outbreaks). in both epidemics the disease spread more from premises where the disease was reported late and the imposition of quarantine or restrictions on infected premises was delayed. in hampshire, area restrictions were imposed, susceptible livestock on infected premises and on premises in direct contact were slaughter ...	2006	16400097
seasonal variation of bulk milk somatic cell counts in uk dairy herds: investigations of the summer rise.	individual cow somatic cell count (scc) patterns were explored over a one year period in 33 dairy herds to investigate the reason for a summer rise in bulk milk somatic cell counts (bmscc). cow test day somatic cell counts were categorised according to the magnitude of change since the previous test day reading, to examine which categories were responsible for the summer increase. multilevel models using markov chain monte carlo methods were specified to estimate the number of somatic cells/ml p ...	2006	16427149
herd-level risk factors associated with tuberculosis breakdowns among cattle herds in england before the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic.	a case-control study of the factors associated with the risk of a bovine tuberculosis (tb) breakdown in cattle herds was undertaken within the randomized badger culling trial (rbct). tb breakdowns occurring prior to the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in three rbct triplets were eligible to be cases; controls were selected from the same rbct area. data from 151 case farms and 117 control farms were analysed using logistic regression. the strongest factors associated with an increased tb ris ...	2005	17148126
testing requirements for replacing the otm rule.		2005	16085719
surveillance of suspect animal toxicoses with potential food safety implications in england and wales between 1990 and 2002.	the potential chemical contamination incidents investigated by the veterinary laboratories agency (vla) between 1990 and 2002 are reviewed. incidents were identified in the course of the vla's surveillance of food animal disease and further investigations were carried out on behalf of the food standards agency in order to identify and control the contamination of food animals and animal products with chemical hazards. in total 876 incidents were investigated, of which 588 involved the poisoning ...	2005	16227381
change in the prevalence of thelazia species in bovine eyes in england.		2005	16258137
antioxidant activity of five vegetables traditionally consumed by south-asian migrants in bradford, yorkshire, uk.	five vegetables traditionally consumed among south-asian migrants in bradford (yorkshire, uk) were tested for their free radical scavenging activity (frsa) in the dpph (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical) screening assay (using extracts prepared both by cold maceration and also by boiling the plant in the solvent under reflux) and for their in vitro non-enzymatic inhibition of bovine brain lipid peroxidation. in both antioxidant assays a strong activity was shown by extracts derived from okra ...	2005	16261524
emergence of fasciolosis in cattle in east anglia.	liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) infection caused weight loss, diarrhoea, decreased milk yield and occasionally death in cattle in east anglia during the winters of 2001 to 2003. the condition had previously been limited mainly to stock imported into this part of britain from endemically infected areas. in composite faecal samples collected by 16 farm animal veterinary practices in norfolk, suffolk and essex, fluke eggs were found in 15 (28.8 per cent) of 52 previously unaffected suckler herds an ...	2005	16272544
spatial and temporal epidemiology of sporadic human cases of escherichia coli o157 in scotland, 1996-1999.	in scotland, between 1995 and 2000 there were between 4 and 10 cases of illness per 100000 population per year identified as being caused by escherichia coli o157, whereas in england and wales there were between 1 and 2 cases per 100000 population per year. within scotland there is significant regional variation. a cluster of high rate areas was identified in the northeast of scotland and a cluster of low rate areas in central-west scotland. temporal trends follow a seasonal pattern whilst spati ...	2005	16274499
validation of a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of campylobacter fetus.	a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was compared with the routine culture methodology for the detection of campylobacter fetus subspecies from bovine and ovine field samples inoculated into clark's transport enrichment medium (tem). the work was a collaboration between two different diagnostic laboratories, one in canada and the other in england. in both labs, tem samples were incubated for 4 days at 35 degrees c and then tested by culture ...	2005	16275938
fifth outbreak of disease associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2.		2005	16284327
prevalence, incidence and geographical distribution of serovars of salmonella on dairy farms in england and wales.	a study of randomly selected dairy farms in england and wales was made between october 1999 and february 2001 to estimate the prevalence and incidence of salmonella serovars. the farms were enrolled through five milk-buying companies, which represented 63 per cent of the dairy farms in england and wales, and they were sampled on up to four occasions (449 farms at visit 1, 272 farms at visit 2, 251 farms at visit 3 and 243 farms at visit 4). in total, 19,296 samples of pooled faecal pats and slur ...	2005	16311384
observations on bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection in cattle in the uk.		2005	15675530
prevalence and associations between bacterial isolates from dry mammary glands of dairy cows.	to assess the prevalence and patterns of bacterial isolates, cultures were made from the dry mammary glands of dairy cows in six commercial dairy herds in the uk. milk samples were taken from all four quarters of 480 cows at drying off and at weekly intervals from 14 days before to seven days after calving. a major mastitis pathogen was isolated from at least one quarter of 220 (45.8 per cent) of the cows and from more than one quarter of 90 (18.8 per cent) of them. during the late dry to calvin ...	2005	15689035
persistence of escherichia coli o157 isolates on bovine farms in england and wales.	we performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis on escherichia coli o157 isolates (n = 318) from 199 healthy animals in a longitudinal study carried out on nine farms. investigation of the restriction types proved that at the farm level, the same clones can be detected on sampling occasions separated by as much as 17 months. the cohort animals were repeatedly sampled, and for some of these, the same clones were obtained on sampling occasions separated by as much as 8 months.	2005	15695700
control of bovine tb: preferences of farmers who have suffered a tb breakdown.		2005	15715006
bovine digital dermatitis and severe virulent ovine foot rot: a common spirochaetal pathogenesis.	a potential pathological role for spirochaetes in bovine digital dermatitis (bovine dd) and severe virulent ovine foot rot (svofr) has been considered and a treponeme isolate obtained from each disease in the uk. in this work, we have investigated the hypothesis that the two diseases may have a shared (common) spirochaetal aetiology. experiments were designed to identify serological similarities and differences between the two spirochaetes; an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was develo ...	2005	15727915
emotional and deliberative reactions to a public crisis: mad cow disease in france.	although most theories of choice are cognitive, recent research has emphasized the role of emotions. we used a novel context--the mad cow crisis in france--to investigate how emotions alter choice even when consequences are held constant. a field study showed that individuals reduced beef consumption in months after many newspaper articles featured the emotional label "mad cow," but beef consumption was unaffected after articles featured scientific labels for the same disease. the reverse patter ...	2005	15733207
the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in dumfries and galloway, 2001. 1: characteristics and control.	the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in dumfries and galloway in south-west scotland comprised 177 infected premises (ips) in 24 geographical clusters, and ran from march 1 until may 23, 2001. initial seeding of infection was by livestock (predominantly sheep) that had passed through longtown market in adjacent cumbria. thereafter, spread within existing, and to new, clusters was associated with the movement of personnel and vehicles, with further transmission by longtown market contacts and acro ...	2005	15751571
sporadic cryptosporidiosis decline after membrane filtration of public water supplies, england, 1996-2002.	the incidence of sporadic cryptosporidiosis among 106,000 residents of 2 local government districts in northwest england before and after installation of membrane filtration of public water supplies was compared to that of 59,700 residents whose public water supplies remained unchanged. a national outbreak of foot and mouth disease in livestock during 2001 was associated with a decline in sporadic human cryptosporidiosis in all regions of the united kingdom. in a poisson regression model, membra ...	2005	15752443
disease risks from foods, england and wales, 1996-2000.	data from population-based studies and national surveillance systems were collated and analyzed to estimate the impact of disease and risks associated with eating different foods in england and wales. from 1996 to 2000, an estimated 1,724,315 cases of indigenous foodborne disease per year resulted in 21,997 hospitalizations and 687 deaths. the greatest impact on the healthcare sector arose from foodborne campylobacter infection (160,788 primary care visits and 15,918 hospitalizations), while sal ...	2005	15757549
prevalence and genetic diversity of campylobacter spp. in environmental water samples from a 100-square-kilometer predominantly dairy farming area.	water samples were taken systematically from a 100-km2 area of mainly dairy farmland in northwestern england and examined for campylobacter spp. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pfge-rflp) and flaa strain typing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates were done. data on the water source and the adjacent environment were recorded and examined as explanatory variables. campylobacter spp. were isolated from 40.5% (n = 119) of the water sampl ...	2005	15812015
mycoplasma bovis isolated from brain tissue of calves.		2005	15816191
area-level risks for bse in british cattle before and after the july 1988 meat and bone meal feed ban.	in this paper we investigate area-level risk factors for bse for the cattle population present in great britain between 1986 and 1997. by dividing this population into two birth cohorts, those born before the july 1988 ban on feeding ruminant-derived meat and bone meal to ruminants and those born after, second-order regional influences are distinguished from the strong first-order south-to-north gradient of area-level bse risk using bayesian hierarchical models that account for structured (spati ...	2005	15899301
cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in great britain.	for 20 years, bovine tuberculosis (btb) has been spreading in great britain (england, wales and scotland) and is now endemic in the southwest and parts of central england and in southwest wales, and occurs sporadically elsewhere. although its transmission pathways remain poorly understood, the disease's distribution was previously modelled statistically by using environmental variables and measures of their seasonality. movements of infected animals have long been considered a critical factor in ...	2005	15917808
prevalence of fasciola hepatica in dairy herds in england and wales measured with an elisa applied to bulk-tank milk.	an elisa developed to diagnose fasciola hepatica infection in cattle by detecting serum antibodies was adapted and validated for use with samples of bulk-tank milk. the prevalence of the infection in 61 dairy herds was established by using serum antibody levels or faecal egg counts measured in a proportion of the cows in each herd. the correlation between the results of the elisa and the herd seroprevalence was 0.83. using a cut-off value of 27 per cent positive, the bulk-tank elisa identified h ...	2005	15937238
the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in the united kingdom: epidemiological and meteorological case studies.	the possibility of the airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the uk has been investigated in three epidemiological case studies. on the basis of evidence from field investigations, and a simple meteorological analysis, it is concluded that the spread of disease was consistent with the airborne transport of virus. the distances ranged from less than 1 km to 16 km; six of the farms were over 6 km from the source and involved the passage of virus over the sea combine ...	2005	15965003
outbreak of candida rugosa mastitis in a dairy herd after intramammary antibiotic treatment.		2005	15965006
investigations of cattle herd breakdowns with bovine tuberculosis in four counties of england and wales using vetnet data.	cattle herd breakdown (hbr) with bovine tuberculosis (btb) was investigated for farms in four counties of england and wales outside southwest england from 1986 to early 2000. data from the national database of tb testing history (vetnet) were used. factors that influenced hbr included calendar time, herd size, number of cattle tested, the test type, the inter-test interval and spatial grouping of farms. herd tests other than routine herd tests had an increased risk of hbr in all four counties. i ...	2005	15979173
genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of a campylobacter coli population isolated from dairy farmland in the united kingdom.	campylobacter infections are the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans, and nearly 8% of such infections are caused by campylobacter coli. most studies have concentrated on campylobacter jejuni, frequently isolated from intensively farmed poultry and livestock production units, and few studies have examined the spread and relatedness of campylobacter across a range of geographical and host boundaries. systematic sampling of a 100-km2 area of mixed farmland in northwest england yield ...	2004	14766560
a generic spreadsheet model of a disease epidemic with application to the first 100 days of the 2001 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the uk.	a generic, stochastic spreadsheet model was developed to calculate the number of cases within the first 100 days of a propagating epidemic and with the ability to incorporate generic control measures. foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epidemics were simulated with a range of assumptions about the number of cases incubating the disease on day 1 and the efficiency of control measures. particularly severe epidemics resulted from scenarios with low efficiency of control measures and high numbers incubati ...	2004	14975391
quantitative estimates of the risk of new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease as a result of burning pyres.	the risk of dispersing foot-and-mouth disease virus into the atmosphere, and spreading it to susceptible holdings as a result of burning large numbers of carcases together on open pyres, has been estimated for six selected pyres burned during the 2001 outbreak in the uk. the probability of an animal or holding becoming infected was dependent on the estimated level of exposure to the virus predicted from the concentrations of virus calculated by the met office, bracknell. in general, the probabil ...	2004	14979669
variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease and the acquired and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	in 1995 a fatal epidemic of spongiform encephalopathy appeared in great britain. the new epidemic condition was clinically and pathologically similar to creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), a rare sporadic encephalopathy, and was called "variant cjd" (vcjd). the vcjd epidemic was detected by active epidemiologic surveillance, which had been set up in response to a british epizootic of another new disease called "bovine spongiform encephalopathy" (bse). widespread cattle exposure to the bse agent (a ...	2004	14986255
ischaemic necrosis of the base of the teat in dairy cows.		2004	14994866
national survey for salmonella in pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain (1999-2000).	the objective of these surveys was to estimate the prevalence of faecal carriage of salmonella in healthy pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter, and of pig carcase contamination with salmonella. these data can be used as a baseline against which future change in salmonella prevalence in these species at slaughter can be monitored.	2004	15012813
factors influencing the incidence and scale of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in southwest england.	bovine tuberculosis (tb) in cattle is a major economic problem in britain. in the past 25 years, the infection has been concentrated in the southwest region of england. we investigated the effects of agricultural and farm-management characteristics on the occurrence and scale of tb in cattle in the region (1988-1996) using logistic and linear regression. factors relating to the existence of previous infection in cattle and the management of cattle and badgers are all linked to the incidence of t ...	2004	15099712
histophilus somni myocarditis in cattle in the uk.		2004	15160854
risk of foot-and-mouth disease associated with proximity in space and time to infected premises and the implications for control policy during the 2001 epidemic in cumbria.	an analysis was made that calculated the risk of disease for premises in the most heavily affected parts of the county of cumbria during the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the uk in 2001. in over half the cases the occurrence of the disease was not directly attributable to a recently infected premises being located within 1.5 km. premises more than 1.5 km from recently infected premises faced sufficiently high infection risks that culling within a 1.5 km radius of the infected premises alone ...	2004	15180396
identification and treatment of dermatophilosis in a cumbrian cattle herd.		2004	15180399
effects of three types of trace element supplementation on the fertility of three commercial dairy herds.	the effects on the fertility of three commercial dairy herds of three types of copper- and selenium-containing mineral supplements was investigated. as the cows on each farm were dried off they were allocated to one of three treatment groups, and treated with either subcutaneous injections of copper and selenium, or two matrix intraruminal trace element boluses, or two glass intraruminal trace element boluses. when the data from the 406 cows on the three farms were combined, there was a signific ...	2004	15198313
recent association of cattle botulism with poultry litter.		2004	15214523
assessment of pasteurisation of milk and cream produced by on-farm dairies using a fluorimetric method for alkaline phosphatase activity.	the alkaline phosphatase test is used as an indicator of adequate pasteurisation of milk and cream. a proprietary fluorimetric technique (fluorophos) is a sensitive and quantitative method for the determination of alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity in milk products. currently, adequate pasteurisation of milk products is regarded as confirmed in samples that contain a residual bovine alp activity of < or =500 mu/litre. this is equivalent to the statutory acceptable level of 4ug phenol/ml require ...	2004	15259408
polioencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in a heifer.		2004	15260453
disposal and disease rates in british dairy herds between april 1998 and march 2002.	data derived over four years from 434 dairy herds in 1998/99 to 244 in 2001/02 revealed average disposal rates of 22.6 per cent per year, half of which were for poor fertility, mastitis and lameness. the quartile of herds with the lowest disposal rates sold an average of 11.5 per cent annually and the quartile with the highest rates sold 35.5 per cent. average annual disease rates over the four years were as follows: for assisted calving 7.8 per cent, for digestive disease 1.2 per cent, for keto ...	2004	15285282
acetonaemia and displaced abomasum.		2004	15285289
characterisation of attaching-effacing escherichia coli isolated from animals at slaughter in england and wales.	escherichia coli isolates were recovered from faecal samples taken from cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in england and wales. isolates (n = 1227) selected at random from this collection were each hybridised in colony dot-blot experiments with an eae gene probe that presumptively identified attaching-effacing e. coli (aeec). of the 99 (8.1%) eae positive isolates 72 were of ovine origin, 24 were of bovine origin and three of porcine origin. none were typed as o157:h7 whereas 78 were assigned ...	2004	15288926
a chimeric bovine enteric calicivirus: evidence for genomic recombination in genogroup iii of the norovirus genus of the caliciviridae.	the norovirus genus of the caliciviridae encompasses viruses that cause outbreaks of gastroenteritis in human and viruses that have been associated with diarrhea in cattle. the two bovine noroviruses, bo/newbury2/76/uk and bo/jena/80/de, represent two distinct genetic clusters in the newly described genogroup iii. in the present study, jena-like polymerase sequences were identified for the first time in the uk, but one of these, bo/thirsk10/00/uk, was a chimeric virus. bo/thirsk10/00/uk had a je ...	2004	15302209
risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat.	uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the animal by-products regulations. this paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. th ...	2004	15311800
sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping.	we report a case-control study of sporadic cryptosporidiosis with genotyping of isolates from case-patients. a postal questionnaire was completed by 427 patients and 427 controls. we obtained genotyping data on isolates from 191 patients; 115 were cryptosporidium hominis, and 76 were c. parvum. when all cryptosporidiosis cases were analyzed, three variables were strongly associated with illness: travel outside the united kingdom, contact with another person with diarrhea, and touching cattle. ea ...	2004	15324544
is mad cow disease caused by a bacteria?	transmissible spongioform enchephalopathies (tse's), include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also called bse or "mad cow disease"), creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. they remain a mystery, their cause hotly debated. but between 1994 and 1996, 12 people in england came down with cjd, the human form of mad cow, and all had eaten beef from suspect cows. current mad cow diagnosis lies solely in the detection of late appearing "prions", an acronym for hypothesized, ge ...	2004	15325025
the use of markov chain monte carlo for analysis of correlated binary data: patterns of somatic cells in milk and the risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows.	two analytical approaches were used to investigate the relationship between somatic cell concentrations in monthly quarter milk samples and subsequent, naturally occurring clinical mastitis in three dairy herds. firstly, cows with clinical mastitis were selected and a conventional matched analysis was used to compare affected and unaffected quarters of the same cow. the second analysis included all cows, and in order to overcome potential bias associated with the correlation structure, a hierarc ...	2004	15325770
apparent subclinical hepatopathy due to excess copper intake in lactating holstein cattle.		2004	15328742
increased reporting of displaced abomasum.		2004	15328747
brucellosis outbreak: no evidence for further spread.		2004	15338703
tyre wire disease causes further losses in cornish cattle in june.		2004	15384502
investigation of calf health and welfare on dairy farms in south-west england.	a questionnaire was designed to investigate calf health and welfare on dairy farms in the south west of england with regard to the degree of compliance with the welfare of farmed animals (england) regulations 2000. the level of veterinary involvement in calf rearing and management on dairy farms in the south west of england was also assessed. the questionnaire was sent to 32 large animal practices in the catchment area of the veterinary laboratories agency--langford. compliance with the regulati ...	2004	15461363
fatty liver syndrome and displaced abomasum affect dairy cows in july.		2004	15478498
evaluation of the application of veterinary judgement in the pre-emptive cull of contiguous premises during the epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in cumbria in 2001.	this paper presents a detailed analysis of the application of contiguous culling in cumbria between may 1 and september 30, during the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 2001. the analysis shows that the application of veterinary risk assessment and judgement identified and removed groups of susceptible stock which were at risk of direct transmission of infection and avoided infected animals being left that might have spread the disease. when compared with an automatic contiguous cull, fewer ...	2004	15493602
fmd and the contiguous cull.		2004	15508850
genetic diversity among pasteurella multocida strains of avian, bovine, ovine and porcine origin from england and wales by comparative sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene.	genetic diversity among 86 pasteurella multocida isolates was investigated by comparative sequence analysis of a 1468 bp fragment of the 16s rrna gene. the strains included 79 field isolates recovered from birds (poultry) (22), cattle (21), pigs (26) and sheep (10) within england and wales, four asian isolates associated with bovine haemorrhagic septicaemia, and the type strains of the three subspecies of p. multocida. dulcitol and sorbitol fermentation patterns were also determined to establish ...	2004	15583172
effect of trace element supplementation on the fertility of dairy herds.		2004	15651554
escherichia coli in the rumen and colon of slaughter cattle, with particular reference to e. coli o157.	the distribution of escherichia coli o157 and of total e. coli was surveyed in the digestive tract of cattle under 30 months of age, slaughtered between august 1999 and may 2000 in three abattoirs in southern england. samples were taken from the dorsal and ventral rumen wall, the rumen contents, the colon wall and colon contents, and from faeces or caudal rectal contents. gut wall samples were processed by vortex-mixer to release loosely adherent bacteria, and by stomacher to release firmly atta ...	2003	12618075
fasciolosis causes losses in cattle, sheep and camelids.		2003	12620032
abortion epidemic in a dairy herd associated with horizontally transmitted neospora caninum infection.	a dairy herd experienced an abortion epidemic during which 43 per cent of the cows at risk aborted. neospora caninum infection was demonstrated in four of six fetuses suitable for examination and the group of at-risk cows that aborted had significantly higher n. caninum antibody concentrations than the at-risk cows that delivered a live calf at term (p<0.001). the antibody concentrations in the cow herd were significantly higher than in the youngstock (p<0.001), and the concentrations in the you ...	2003	12620035
verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli infection and private farm visits.		2003	12678261
mastitis and somatic cell counts.		2003	12678268
professional advantage and public health: british veterinarians and state veterinary services, 1865-1939.	at the beginning of the twentieth century, municipal authorities in england and wales, and in scotland, began to develop systems of veterinary public health which encompassed both the welfare of animals and the safety of meat and milk intended for human consumption. this paper examines the motives behind veterinary attempts to extend the integration of human and animal health considerations within the public health framework in the inter-war period. in 1938 the ministry of agriculture implemente ...	2003	12688295
clinical and laboratory investigations of five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the united kingdom.	clinical and laboratory investigations of five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) were made during the early stages of the 2001 epidemic in the uk. the first outbreak, confirmed on february 20, was at an abattoir in essex which specialised in the processing of culled sows and boars. on february 23, the disease was confirmed at a pig farm in northumberland which held cull sows and boars fed on waste food; the findings indicated that it was the first of the five premises to be infected. the ...	2003	12733557
analysis of passive surveillance data for antimicrobial resistance from cases of neonatal bovine enteritis.		2003	12739603
crushed tail head syndrome in cattle.		2003	12739606
crushed tail head syndrome in cattle.		2003	12762492
control of bovine tuberculosis.		2003	12762493
crushed tail head syndrome in cattle.		2003	12790244
the association between quarter somatic-cell counts and clinical mastitis in three british dairy herds.	the association between quarter somatic-cell counts (qsccs) of milk and the risk of clinical mastitis (cm) was investigated in a 1-year study on three dairy herds in somerset, uk. the three herds had 95-130 milking cows and an annual mean bulk milk somatic-cell count (bmscc) of <150 x 10(3)cells/ml. the farms were visited every 4-6 weeks at morning milking when quarter-milk samples were collected. the farmers recorded all cases of cm and were trained to collect sterile milk samples from affected ...	2003	12809761
a comparison of antimicrobial susceptibilities in nontyphoidal salmonellas from humans and food animals in england and wales in 2000.	a joint study by the public health laboratory service and the veterinary laboratories agency of resistance to antimicrobials in isolates of salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis, typhimurium, hadar, and virchow from humans and food-producing animals in england and wales in 2000 has demonstrated that resistance was most common in typhimurium, particularly in strains of definitive phage type (dt) 104. however resistance was also common in other phage types, particularly dts 193 and 208 and pha ...	2003	12820804
the geographical distribution of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease cases in the uk: what can we learn from it?	the causative agents of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) and of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) are currently indistinguishable. however, the route(s) by which humans became infected remain unknown. the path by which humans were infected with the bse agent might impact on the geographical distribution of cases and we therefore sought evidence of regional variation and local clustering of vcjd cases. with the notable exception of a group of five cases in leicestershire, the absence ...	2003	12828244
warble fly survey results, 2002/03.		2003	12877221
dehorning cattle.		2003	12877223
average milk quality data for great britain.		2003	12877224
genetic diversity among escherichia coli o157:h7 isolates from bovines living on farms in england and wales.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of escherichia coli o157:h7 isolates (n = 228) from 122 healthy animals on 11 farms discriminated 57 types. most clones were found only on individual farms. numerous clones were found within each farm, with a prevalent clone normally found in several animals. a variety of clones were found within the different phage types.	2003	12904402
some thoughts on fmd vaccine, outbreaks.		2003	12930077
assessment of the welfare of dairy cattle using animal-based measurements: direct observations and investigation of farm records.	a protocol was developed by consultation with experts on the welfare of cattle to use direct observations of cattle and an examination of farm records to assess welfare. fifty-three dairy farms in england were visited and assessed during the winter of 2000/01. the findings were compiled and the results of the welfare measurements were examined by 50 experts who indicated at what level they considered that improvement was required. more than 75 per cent of them considered that 32 of the 53 farms ...	2003	12956296
effect of the rspca freedom food scheme on the welfare of dairy cattle.	to evaluate the effect of the royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals freedom food (ff) scheme on the welfare of dairy cattle in england, 28 ff and 25 non-ff farms were assessed during the winter of 2000 to 2001. the assessments were based on a protocol which included the examination of the farms' records, the farmers' estimates of the incidence of disease, and independent observations of the behaviour and physical condition of the cows. the data were analysed to identify which me ...	2003	12967145
modelling vaccination strategies against foot-and-mouth disease.	vaccination has proved a powerful defence against a range of infectious diseases of humans and animals. however, its potential to control major epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in livestock is contentious. using an individual farm-based model, we consider either national prophylactic vaccination campaigns in advance of an outbreak, or combinations of reactive vaccination and culling strategies during an epidemic. consistent with standard epidemiological theory, mass prophylactic vaccina ...	2003	12508120
foot and mouth disease and cryptosporidiosis: possible interaction between two emerging infectious diseases.	during 2001, a large outbreak of foot and mouth disease occurred in the united kingdom, during which approximately 2,030 confirmed cases of the disease were reported, >6 million animals were slaughtered, and strict restrictions on access to the countryside were imposed. we report a dramatic decline in the reported incidence of human cryptosporidiosis in northwest england during weeks 13-38 in 2001, compared with the previous 11 years. this decline coincided with the period of foot and mouth rest ...	2003	12533291
conditions in lairages at abattoirs for ruminants in southwest england and in vitro survival of escherichia coli o157, salmonella kedougou, and campylobacter jejuni on lairage-related substrates.	information on lairages (regarding design, construction materials, and use of bedding and cleaning regimes) was collected for 21 commercial cattle and/or sheep abattoirs in southwest england. overall, roughened or grooved concrete was the most common lairage flooring material. straw bedding was used in the majority of lairages and was changed between animal batches, daily, weekly, and monthly in roughly 5, 60, 15, and 10%, respectively, of the surveyed lairages. lairages were commonly washed wit ...	2003	14503707
fmd control strategies.		2003	14509580
long-term study of cryptosporidium prevalence on a lowland farm in the united kingdom.	a longitudinal sample survey testing for cryptosporidium in livestock and small wild mammals conducted over 6 years (1992-1997) on a lowland farm in warwickshire, england, has shown the parasite to be endemic and persistently present in all mammalian categories. faecal samples were taken throughout the year and oocysts concentrated by a formal ether sedimentation method for detection by immunofluorescence staining using a commercially available genus specific monoclonal antibody. cryptosporidium ...	2003	14519315
a longitudinal study of a natural lice infestation in growing cattle over two winter periods.	a group of 61 cattle which were naturally infested with lice was followed over two winter periods. data were collected on the number of lice found at various body sites over this period. summary statistics were produced and due to the repeated measured and hierarchical structure of the data, multi-level analysis was used to model the population dynamics of bovicola bovis and assess the influence of the various hierarchical levels. a four level poisson model was produced-level one, the individual ...	2003	14519329
"unfit for human consumption": tuberculosis and the problem of infected meat in late victorian britain.	by the 1890s, questions about tuberculous meat in britain served to transform the issue of infected meat from an ill-defined to a concrete threat. veterinarians, building on european inoculation (or transmission) experiments, played a prominent part in constructing the debate, with medical officers of health following. with the emergence of bacteriology in the 1880s, a consensus emerged about the dangers of tuberculous meat: robert koch's identification of the tubercle bacillus in 1882, and the ...	2003	14523263