Publications

investigations of the efficacy of european h1n1- and h3n2-based swine influenza vaccines against the novel h1n2 subtype.	the efficacy of a commercial swine influenza vaccine based on a/new jersey/8/76 (h1n1) and a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) strains was tested against challenge with an h1n2 swine influenza virus. influenza virus-seronegative pigs were vaccinated twice with the vaccine when they were four and eight weeks old, or with the same vaccine supplemented with an h1n2 component. control pigs were left unvaccinated. three weeks after the second vaccination, all the pigs were challenged intratracheally with the ...	2003	12877210
[differences in oligomerization of nucleocapsid protein of epidemic human influenza a(h1n1), a(h1n2) and b viruses].	a comparative analysis of involving the nucleocapsid protein (np) into shaping-up of sds-resistant oligomers was carried out presently in circulating epidemic strains of human influenza, viruses a and b. the study results of viral isolates obtained from clinical samples and recent standard strains revealed that the involvement of np in the sds-resistant oligomers, which are different in various subtypes of influenza a viruses. according to this sign, the human viruses a(9h3n2) are close to the a ...	2003	12894477
estimating efficacy of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) against influenza a (h1n1) and b using surveillance cultures.	the authors report on a community-based, nonrandomized, open-label study, conducted during the 2000-2001 influenza season in temple-belton, texas, of the protective effectiveness of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) in children aged 18 months-18 years. the dominant circulating strains in 2000-2001 were influenza a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1) and influenza b/sichuan/379/99. children had access to caiv-t during the 1998-1999, 1999-2000, and 2000-2001 influenza seasons. the v ...	2003	12915495
[development of a live culture of cold-adapted reassortant influenza vaccines].	optimal conditions for the cultivation of the mdck cell lines in the laboratory spinner or by using the eagle-mem with or without fetal serum were worked out. the cold-adapted reassortant vaccine strains of virus influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b are well replicated in the mdck cells both in a monolayer and in the spinner by using the serum-free medium. a maximum virus titer depends on a multiplicity of infection used in a fetal medium and on the addition of trypsin. under the optimal conditions, t ...	2003	12924092
economic evaluation of influenza vaccination in thai chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.	to determine the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) patients the authors conducted a stratified randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from june 1997 to november 1998 at a university hospital in thailand. a total of 125 copd patients were stratified based on their fev1 as mild copd (fev1 > or = 70% predicted), moderate copd (fev1 50-69% predicted) and severe copd (fev1 < 50% predicted) and in each severity stra ...	2003	12924797
[influenza in poland in 2001].	in 2001 the number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ili) registered in poland amounted to 576,449. this is 36.1% of the number of cases recorded in 2000. the highest influenza incidence was found in dolnoślaskie voivodship (3013.4 per 100,000), mazowieckie voivodship (2688.5 per 100,000) and zachodniopomorskie voivodship (2132.2 per 100,000). in children aged 0 to 14 years the number of influenza and ili cases amounted to 275,358 (incidence was 3851.4 per 100,000) and this is 47 ...	2003	12926309
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2002.	surveillance for influenza in australia in 2002 was based on notifications to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system from all states and territories, national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness and reports of influenza virus isolations from a laboratory network. the impact of influenza was assessed by absenteeism data from a major national employer. influenza a was the dominant type, 99 per cent of which were subtype h3n2 with only a single h ...	2003	12926731
epidemiology and control of influenza.	influenza causes frequent epidemics and periodic pandemics, and is a major public health problem. pandemics occurred in 1918 (swine influenza), 1957 (asian influenza), 1968 (hong kong influenza) and 1977 (russian influenza) due to major antigenic variation of the type a influenza virus. frequent epidemics occur after pandemics as a result of minor antigenic variation of the pandemic virus strains. minor antigenic variant strains of type a (h1n1), a (h3n2) and type b influenza viruses are current ...	2003	12929857
characterization of sialidase from an influenza a (h3n2) virus strain: kinetic parameters and substrate specificity.	neuraminidase (na) of influenza a (h3n2) viruses was characterized after purification by gel filtration and proteolytic treatment, using the x-31 variant strain that is a reassortment between the influenza a/victoria/3/75 (responsible for the 1975 pandemic) and the influenza a/pr/8/34 virus samples, as a model. in the purification process, na heads, that is the spike responsible for the virus sialidase activity, were purified by filtration through a bio-gel polyacrylamide column. the enzyme acti ...	2003	12931027
restriction of amino acid change in influenza a virus h3ha: comparison of amino acid changes observed in nature and in vitro.	we introduced 248 single-point amino acid changes into hemagglutinin (ha) protein of the a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) strain by a pcr random mutation method. these changes were classified as positive or negative according to their effect on hemadsorption activity. we observed following results. (i) the percentage of surviving amino acid changes on the ha1 domain that did not abrogate hemadsorption activity was calculated to be ca. 44%. in nature, it is estimated to be ca. 39.6%. this difference in surviv ...	2003	12941919
[spread and properties of epidemic influenza a and b virus strains accountable for morbidity in russia during 1999-2002].	the strains of influenza a -a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses were shown in the paper to have been circulating in russia in 1999-2002. a co-circulation of viruses of 2 to 3 types was detected in all epidemic seasons. a majority of strains was isolated on the culture of cells mdck. a study of epidemic strains revealed the predominance of viruses a(h3n2) in 1999-2000, the predominance of viruses a(h1n1) in 2000-2001, and the predominance of influenza b viruses in 2001-2002. according to the conducted ...	2003	12945200
human influenza a viruses are proteolytically activated and do not induce apoptosis in caco-2 cells.	replication of human influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses was studied in human caco-2 cells, a continuous line of intestinal epithelial differentiated cells. hemagglutinin (ha) was cleaved in these cells by an endogenous protease. thus, infectious virus was produced that underwent multiple cycle replication and plaque formation in the absence of trypsin added to the media. cleavage of de novo-synthesized ha occurred at a late stage of the exocytic pathway as indicated by pulse-chase labeling and ...	2003	12951033
influenza virus vaccine live intranasal--medimmune vaccines: caiv-t, influenza vaccine live intranasal.	medimmune vaccines (formerly aviron) has developed a cold-adapted live influenza virus vaccine [flumist] that can be administered by nasal spray. flumist is the first live virus influenza vaccine and also the first nasally administered vaccine to be marketed in the us. the vaccine will be formulated to contain live attenuated (att) influenza virus reassortants of the strains recommended by the us public health service for each 'flu season. the vaccine is termed cold-adapted (ca) because the viru ...	2003	12952502
receptor-binding properties of modern human influenza viruses primarily isolated in vero and mdck cells and chicken embryonated eggs.	to study the receptor specificity of modern human influenza h1n1 and h3n2 viruses, the analogs of natural receptors, namely sialyloligosaccharides conjugated with high molecular weight (about 1500 kda) polyacrylamide as biotinylated and label-free probes, have been used. viruses isolated from clinical specimens were grown in african green monkey kidney (vero) or madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells and chicken embryonated eggs. all vero-derived viruses had hemagglutinin (ha) sequences indistin ...	2003	12954214
antigenic and genomic relation between human influenza viruses that circulated in argentina in the period 1995-1999 and the corresponding vaccine components.	the analysis of epidemic influenza virus has been focused on antigenic and genomic characterization of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein in order to detect new variants for the recommendation of the vaccine strains in each season. since october 1998, who organized a second meeting to evaluate the vaccine formula for the southern hemisphere.	2003	12957183
isolation and identification of influenza virus strains circulating in thailand in 2001.	local influenza surveillance plays an important role in preparing for, and responding to, epidemics and pandemics. between january and december 2001, the national institute of health of thailand collected a total of 711 throat swab specimens from outpatients affected with acute respiratory symptoms from several centers throughout thailand, of which 374 were virus-positive. of these, 338 (90.4%) were positive for influenza virus by immunofluorescence testing. by hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) t ...	2003	12971520
generation and characterization of a cold-adapted influenza a h9n2 reassortant as a live pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidate.	h9n2 subtype influenza a viruses have been identified in avian species worldwide and were isolated from humans in 1999, raising concerns about their pandemic potential and prompting the development of candidate vaccines to protect humans against this subtype of influenza a virus. reassortant h1n1 and h3n2 human influenza a viruses with the internal genes of the influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 (h2n2) (aa) cold-adapted (ca) virus have proven to be attenuated and safe as live virus vaccines in humans. u ...	2003	14505926
are the 2-isomers of the drug rimantadine active anti-influenza a agents?	there is a lack of information in the medical chemistry literature concerning the anti-influenza a activity of the drug rimantadine's 2-isomer (2-rimantadine). we now present results showing that, although 2-adamantanamine (2-amantadine) 3 is only moderately active, some 2-rimantadine analogues are effective anti-influenza a virus agents in vitro. the 2-rimantadine analogues and their spirocyclobutane and spirocyclopentane congeners were synthesized through interesting routes. the 2-rimantadine ...	2003	14521332
burden of influenza in children: preliminary data from a pilot survey network on community diseases.	the burden of influenza and its clinical presentation are both poorly documented in french children.	2003	14551477
influenza burden in children newborn to eleven months of age in a pediatric emergency department during the peak of an influenza epidemic.	the aim of this study was to determine the burden of influenza-related diseases in children 0 to 11 months of age during the peak of the 2001 to 2002 influenza epidemic.	2003	14551479
[the 2002/2003 influenza season in the netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2003/2004 season].	as in the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons, the influenza epidemic in the 2002/2003 season started late (week 7 of 2003) and was only moderate in size. influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses were detected in equal numbers among patients of general practitioners and these two viruses were therefore equally responsible for the epidemic. however, h3n2 viruses dominated isolates taken from hospitals. in haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assays most of the h3n2 viruses proved highly reactive with antiserum ...	2003	14574782
the quest of influenza a viruses for new hosts.	there is increasing evidence that stable lineages of influenza viruses are being established in chickens. h9n2 viruses are established in chickens in eurasia, and there are increasing reports of h3n2, h6n1, and h6n2 influenza viruses in chickens both in asia and north america. surveillance in a live poultry market in nanchang, south central china, reveals that influenza viruses were isolated form 1% of fecal samples taken from healthy poultry over the course of 16 months. the highest isolation r ...	2003	14575076
land-based birds as potential disseminators of avian mammalian reassortant influenza a viruses.	chickens, quail, and other land-based birds are extensively farmed around the world. they have been recently implicated in zoonotic outbreaks of avian influenza in hong kong. the possibility that land-based birds could act as mixing vessels or disseminators of avian/mammalian reassortant influenza a viruses with pandemic potential has not been evaluated. in this report, we investigated whether chickens and japanese quail are susceptible to a mammalian influenza virus (a/swine/texas/4199-2/98 [h3 ...	2003	14575124
generation and characterization of an h9n2 cold-adapted reassortant as a vaccine candidate.	h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses have been identified in avian species worldwide, and infections in pigs were confirmed in hong kong in 1998. subsequently, h9n2 viruses were isolated from two children in hong kong in 1999, and five human infections were reported from china, raising the possibility that h9n2 viruses pose a potential pandemic threat for humans. these events prompted us to develop a vaccine candidate to protect humans against this subtype of influenza a viruses. reassortant h1n ...	2003	14575127
assaying susceptibility of avian and other influenza a viruses to zanamivir: comparison of fluorescent and chemiluminescent neuraminidase assays.	zanamivir has been shown to inhibit both human and avian influenza viral neuraminidases (nas) and has been approved in several countries for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infection. reliable monitoring of drug resistance is important for assessment of the impact of drug therapy on circulating virus populations. this study compares the current fluorometric (fl) method for evaluating zanamivir susceptibility with a recently developed chemiluminescent (cl) na activity assay using virus ...	2003	14575130
recombinant protein comprising multi-neutralizing epitopes induced high titer of antibodies against influenza a virus.	in previous studies, we suggested that epitope-vaccine might be a new strategy against virus infection. based on this hypothesis, we designed and expressed a recombinant immunogen (multi-epitope-peptide) comprising repeats of three neutralizing-epitopes (neutralizing epitopes: aa92-105, 127-133 and 183-195) of hemagglutininin (ha) of influenza virus (h3n2) in e. coli. after vaccination, the recombinant multi-epitope protein could induce a high level of antibodies with predefined multi-epitope-sp ...	2003	14575146
assessment of development of resistance to antivirals in the ferret model of influenza virus infection.	we attempted to develop in vivo resistance of influenza virus to amantadine and to zanamivir, by use of the ferret model of influenza virus infection. resistance of influenza virus a/losangeles/1/87 (h3n2) to amantadine was generated within 6 days, during a single course of treatment, and mutations in the m2 gene that are characteristic of human infections were observed. in contrast, during an identical single course of treatment with zanamivir, no evidence of reduced susceptibility was demonstr ...	2003	14593594
[the use of bromelain in obtaining the subviral particles of influenza a and b viruses].	subviral particles of modern strains of influenza a viruses, i.e. a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2), reassortant x-31 (subtype h3n2) and b/sichuan/379/99, were obtained by using two preparations of bromeline ("sigma co., catalogues' nos. b2252 and b5144). a selective ability of bromeline b5144 was detected to the proteolytic splitting of hemagglutinin of influenza a and b viruses. an influence of enzyme b5144 produced on influenza b viruses brought about an appearance of subvir ...	2003	14598475
reassortants in recent human influenza a and b isolates from south east asia and oceania.	from 2000 to 2002, human influenza a and b viruses that were genetic reassortants of contemporary circulating human strains, were isolated in south east asia and oceania. similar to reports from other regions, a(h1n2) isolates were found to be reassortants of circulating a(h3n2) viruses that had acquired only the haemagglutinin gene of an a(h1n1) virus. some of these reassortants from thailand and singapore predate those previously recorded during the winter of 2001-2002 in europe and the middle ...	2003	14609628
[influenza activity in japan, 2002/03 season].	influenza epidemic in 2002/03 season in japan was second largest among recent 10 seasons. both influenza a(h3) and b viruses circulated widely this season. nationally, influenza a(h3) viruses predominated during the first half of the season, but after the week ending february 16, influenza b viruses were reported more frequently than influenza a viruses. influenza a(h3n2) isolates were reported to be similar to a/panama/2007/99, the h3n2 component of the 2002/03 influenza vaccine. antigenic char ...	2003	14619424
[the possibility and preparedness for pandemic of new influenza].	influenza is endemic in the world. influenza a/h1n1(ussr), a/h3n2(hong kong), and b are the major strain for human influenza. both influenza a/h1n1 and h3n2 has been overrun for 20-20 years, and it has been warned new influenza a virus should appeared in near future. as foretaste, avian influenza a/h5n1 was transmitted to human in hong kong in 1997 and 2003, and avian influenza a/h7n7 was transmitted to human in netherlands in 2003. who requests member states to prepare influenza pandemic and to ...	2003	14619429
effect of physical activity on the production of specific antibody in response to the 1998-99 influenza virus vaccine in older adults.	the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of physical activity on the production of specific antibody in response to a defined antigen, in particular, the hemagglutinin-inhibition response to the h3n2 (a/sidney/05/97) and h1n1 (a/ beij-ing/262/95) component of the 1998-99 influenza virus vaccine.	2003	14625524
influenza.	influenza a(h3n2) viruses are predominating and causing most outbreaks in north america (canada and united states) and in some european countries (finland, norway, portugal, spain and the united kingdom). a rising trend in influenza a(h3n2) activity has been observed. the only outbreak due to influenza a(h1) virus was reported in iceland but has declined since week 45.	2003	14669457
mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the united states.	influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause substantial morbidity and mortality. statistical methods used to estimate deaths in the united states attributable to influenza have not accounted for rsv circulation.	2003	12517228
induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza a virus using a dna vaccine expressing hemagglutinin-c3d fusion proteins.	cross-protection between different subtypes of influenza a virus has been attributed to heterosubtypic immunity (hsi). although, hsi can occur in the absence of anti-ha or anti-na antibodies, hsi seems to be mediated, in part, by cross-reactive antibodies. in this study, we examined the effects of a dna vaccine expressing an influenza ha fused to three copies of murine c3d of complement (ha-mc3d(3)). ha-mc3d(3) elicited heterosubtypic immunity more efficiently than non-fused forms of ha and prot ...	2003	12547601
the influenza virus gene pool in a poultry market in south central china.	we surveyed influenza activity in a live poultry market in central china for 16 months, isolating viruses from 1% of 6360 fecal samples. we obtained multiple h3n6, h9n2, h2n9, h3n3, and h4n6 isolates and single h1n1 and h3n2 isolates. two distinct h3 molecules were identified; other hemagglutinin subtypes were phylogenetically homogeneous. the h3n6 viruses (9 genotypes) and h9n2 viruses (4 genotypes) were genetically heterogeneous, whereas the h2n9, h3n3 and h4n6 viruses had single genotypes. th ...	2003	12573572
evaluation of neuraminidase enzyme assays using different substrates to measure susceptibility of influenza virus clinical isolates to neuraminidase inhibitors: report of the neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network.	the increasing use of influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nis) necessitates the development of reliable methods for assessing the ni susceptibility of clinical isolates. we evaluated three na inhibition assays against a panel of five clinical isolates each of influenza virus a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b strains and four viruses with a defined resistance genotype (r292k, h274y, r152k, and e119v). for fluorometric enzyme assay (fa) 1 (fa-1), 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-d-n-acetylneuraminic ...	2003	12574276
isolation of h3n2 swine influenza virus in south korea.	swine influenza is a significant respiratory disease causing occasional reproductive problems in naïve swine herds. although different subtypes of swine influenza virus (siv) have been implicated in clinical outbreaks of swine influenza in asian countries, no virus isolation has been made to identify siv of subtypes other than the h1n1 subtype in the korean swine population. in december 1998, an outbreak of acute respiratory disease was identified in a commercial swine farm located in the kyungg ...	2003	12580292
reverse genetics studies on the filamentous morphology of influenza a virus.	we have investigated the genetic determinants responsible for the filamentous morphology of influenza a viruses, a property characteristic of primary virus isolates. a plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to transfer the m segment of influenza a/udorn/72 (h3n2) virus into influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus. while wsn virions display spherical morphology, recombinant wsn-mud virus acquired the ability of the parental udorn strain to form filamentous virus particles. this was determined by ...	2003	12604801
protection against a european h1n2 swine influenza virus in pigs previously infected with h1n1 and/or h3n2 subtypes.	a novel swine influenza virus, h1n2, circulates in european swine populations together with h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. this study examines whether post-infection immunity to h1n1 and/or h3n2 viruses provides cross-protection against h1n2 infection. pigs (n=51) were inoculated intranasally with either sw/belgium/1/98 (h1n1) or sw/flanders/1/98 (h3n2), or with both viruses at a 5-week interval. control groups were left uninoculated or inoculated with sw/gent/7625/99 (h1n2). four weeks later, all the p ...	2003	12615433
chemoenzymatic synthesis and application of glycopolymers containing multivalent sialyloligosaccharides with a poly(l-glutamic acid) backbone for inhibition of infection by influenza viruses.	highly water-soluble glycopolymers with poly(alpha-l-glutamic acid) (pga) backbones carrying multivalent sialyl oligosaccharides units were chemoenzymatically synthesized as polymeric inhibitors of infection by human influenza viruses. p-aminophenyl disaccharide glycosides were coupled with gamma-carboxyl groups of pga side chains and enzymatically converted to neu5acalpha2-3galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-, neu5acalpha2-6galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-, neu5acalpha2-3galbeta1-3galnacalpha-, and neu5acalpha2-3galbet ...	2003	12626382
pathologic mechanisms of influenza encephalitis with an abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines and accumulation of mini-plasmin.	the pathogenesis of influenza encephalopathy or encephalitis is poorly understood. this review summarizes our recent studies of the roles played by inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), adhesion molecules and mini-plasmin in influenza encephalitis. after the intranasal infection of newborn mice with the non-neurotropic strain of influenza a virus (iav) aichi/2/68/h3n2, encephalitis and severe brain edema were observed within 3-5 days. iav-rna and abnormalities in the bl ...	2003	12630563
comparison of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a split and a subunit-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in elderly subjects.	a randomised, open study was carried out among an elderly population in order to compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated, split virion influenza vaccine (vaxigrip, aventis pasteur msd, lyon, france) with that of an mf59-adjuvanted, subunit vaccine (fluad, chiron vaccines, siena, italy). both vaccines contained the three strains: a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2), a/beijing/262/95 (h1n1) and b/beijing/184/93, recommended by the who for the 1998-1999 influenza season. a total of 2150 su ...	2003	12559808
genetic characterization of a porcine h1n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany.	we examined selected influenza virus strains from various outbreaks of respiratory diseases among pigs in germany. besides h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes presently circulating in europe, an h1n2 influenza virus was isolated in 2000. sequence analysis of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix genes indicated that this virus is a reassortant of human h1n1 and human h3n2 strains with an internal gene, the m gene of avian origin. it is a result of a multiple reassortment event.	2003	12566701
nosocomial influenza infection among post-influenza-vaccinated patients with severe pulmonary diseases.	to report an outbreak of nosocomial influenza in thirteen out of twenty-two admitted patients suffering from severe lung emphysema.	2003	12634075
influenza vaccination of dialysis patients: cross-reactivity of induced haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to h3n2 subtype antigenic variants is comparable with the response of naturally infected young healthy adults.	annual influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with chronic renal failure, although vaccination responses in haemodialysis (hd) patients may be suboptimal. typically, the seroreactivity has been analysed against the vaccine virus or the corresponding year's epidemic virus. no studies analysing cross-reactivity against subsequent years' viruses have been presented.	2003	12637648
influenza ah1n2 viruses, united kingdom, 2001-02 influenza season.	during the winter of 2001-02, influenza ah1n2 viruses were detected for the first time in humans in the u.k. the h1n2 viruses co-circulated with h3n2 viruses and a very small number of h1n1 viruses and were isolated in the community and hospitalized patients, predominantly from children <15 years of age. characterization of h1n2 viruses indicated that they were antigenically and genetically homogeneous, deriving the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from recently circulating a/new caledonia/20/99-like h1n ...	2003	12643824
multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for respiratory viruses in acute otitis media.	because respiratory viruses play an important role in the causation and pathogenesis of acute otitis media (aom), determining which virus has infected a child is important with respect to vaccines and antiviral drugs. in some instances, this information might be used to prevent the occurrence of aom. we used a rapid, economical, and sensitive diagnostic system involving a multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay to detect various respiratory viruses in clin ...	2003	12656418
distinct host range of influenza h3n2 virus isolates in vero and mdck cells is determined by cell specific glycosylation pattern.	influenza a viruses were isolated in vero, mdck cells and chicken embryos. in contrast to mdck-derived variants all h3n2 isolates obtained in vero cells neither agglutinated chicken erythrocytes nor grew in chicken eggs. these host range differences of h3n2 vero and mdck isolates were noticed even in the absence of amino acid substitutions in the ha1 molecule. evaluation of ha glycosylation pattern by treatment with endoglycosidases h and f revealed that vero-variants contained more oligosacchar ...	2003	12667817
[influenza activity in china from 2000 to 2001].	to understand the epidemics and antigenic drift of influenza viruses in china from 2000 to 2001.	2003	12678953
[application of molecular biological techniques in the surveillance of influenza viruses in infants and young children].	to establish a rapid, specific and effective technique for identifying subtyping a(1), a(3) and b of influenza virus isolates and clinical specimens as well as to analyze the sequences of nucleotides and deduced amino acids of ha1 regions from isolates of influenza virus a(3) isolated from 1996 to 2002.	2003	12678954
[comparison of characterization of hemagglutination and ha1 sequence of currently circulating strains of influenza a (h3n2) virus in zhejiang province and in japan].	to compare the characterization of hemagglutination and the sequence of ha1 region of the influenza a (h3n2) virus in zhejiang province and japan in recent years.	2003	12678955
[analysis on the aetiology of influenza in children in tianjin].	to analyse the pathogen of child patients with influenza in tianjin area.	2003	12678956
liposome-mediated dna immunisation via the subcutaneous route.	compared to naked dna immunisation, entrapment of plasmid-based dna vaccines into liposomes by the dehydration-rehydration method has shown to enhance both humoural and cell-mediated immune responses to encoded antigens administered by a variety of routes. in this paper, we have investigated the application of liposome-entrapped dna and their cationic lipid composition on such potency after subcutaneous immunisation. plasmid pi.18sfi/np containing the nucleoprotein (np) gene of a/sichuan/2/87 (h ...	2003	15203925
heterogeneous influenza activity across europe during the winter of 2002-2003.	influenza activity varied across europe during the 2002-2003 season both in terms of the intensity of clinical activity and the circulating virus types/subtypes. influenza b was generally predominant in the 'western' parts of europe (portugal, spain, the united kingdom and ireland) and influenza a (h3n2) in the 'central' and 'eastern' areas (germany, italy, denmark, switzerland, poland, slovenia, the slovak republic, the netherlands). a number of countries experienced mixed seasons, first experi ...	2003	14724332
[epidemics of acute respiratory infections in madagascar in 2002: from alert to confirmation].	an epidemiological investigation (ministry of health/institut pasteur de madagascar (ipm)) was conducted in july 2002, in two districts of a same province (fianarantsoa: fianarantsoa ii and ikongo) considering the high frequency of deaths linked with acute respiratory infection (ari). morbidity and mortality data was collected in the centre de santé de base (csb) which gave the alert (village of sahafata, district fianarantsoa ii). analysis of monthly activity reports (mar) allowed calculation o ...	2003	15678810
[influenza epidemiologic and virologic surveillance in antananarivo from 1995 to 2002].	the "institut pasteur de madagascar" virology laboratory is the national who centre for influenza surveillance in madagascar. on this surveillance collaborate the ministry of health with 9 sentinel centres. in the present article, the authors relate the results of influenza surveillance in antananarivo between 1995 and 2002. among 6341 patients with nasal and/or pharyngeal swabs, influenza virus were isolated from 427 patients (6.7%): 307 (68.4%) influenza virus a (h3n2), 124 (27.1%) influenza v ...	2003	15678811
evaluation of a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for subtyping hemagglutinin genes 1 and 3 of swine influenza type a virus in clinical samples.	a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed to detect and identify subtypes of hemagglutinin (h) 1 and h3 swine influenza virus (siv). two oligonucleotide primer sets were prepared using published sequence data for h1n1 and h3n2. the pcr products with unique size characteristics of each subtype were sequenced, and the sequences were confirmed to be subtype specific for h gene 1 or 3. these primer sets did not amplify when rt-pcr assay was performed fo ...	2002	12680647
natural influenza a virus infection of mice elicits strong antibody response to ha2 glycopolypeptide.	two influenza viruses, a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) and a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2) were adapted to balb/c mice. groups of balb/c mice were intranasally (i.n.) infected with either single dose of particular virus strain or successively with both virus strains and titers of serum antibodies against influenza virus antigens ("influenza virus antibodies") and those just against the ha2 part of hemagglutinin (ha) ("ha2 antibodies") were determined. successive infection with virus strains dunedin and mississi ...	2002	12693859
[application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for surveillance of influenza virus in beijing].	to establish the rt-pcr method to type the influenza virus.	2002	12641973
outbreak of influenza, madagascar, july-august 2002.	preliminary investigation found that a large outbreak of influenza-like illness occurred in madagascar during july-august 2002, with 30 304 cases and 754 deaths reported. most cases were reported from the highland regions of fianarantsoa province, in centre madagascar. the majority of the cases lived in rural areas, and children under five years and adults 60 years and older were the most affected. the outbreak was attributable to an a/panama/2007/99-like (h3n2) virus, which has been circulating ...	2002	12631982
mild to moderate influenza activity in europe and the detection of novel a(h1n2) and b viruses during the winter of 2001-02.	influenza activity in europe during the 2001-02 influenza season was mild to moderate. compared to historical data, the intensity was low in six countries, medium in eleven and high in one country (spain). the dominant virus circulating in europe was influenza a(h3n2). two novel influenza virus strains were isolated during the 2001-02 season: influenza a(h1n2) viruses (mainly isolated in the united kingdom and ireland, but also in belgium, france, germany, the netherlands, portugal, sweden, swit ...	2002	12631987
quality control assessment of influenza and rsv testing in europe: 2000-01 season.	the quality control assessment (qca) was initiated to evaluate the quality of the influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) testing in the national reference centres belonging to the european influenza surveillance scheme (eiss) network. samples were coded and sent in two panels of 12 samples within a two week interval to 16 laboratories during the 2000-01 winter season. the antibodies titration by hi test was reported by 60% of the laboratories (n=16), and the results were correct for 56% ...	2002	12631989
detection of human influenza virus in yucatan, mexico.	influenza virus is the most common cause of acute respiratory infections (ari) world wide. in patients with chronic condition, infection by the influenza virus can cause complications such as pneumonia which may have fatal outcome. the aim of this work was to determine the frequency of human influenza virus in outpatients with influenza-like illness (ili) and in those patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia (cap) in yucatan, mexico (october 1998-july 1999).	2002	12587415
[antineuraminidase activity of inactivated influenza vaccines in elderly people].	the antineuraminidase activity of 5 inactivated split and subunit influenza vaccines (iiv) was studied in individuals aged above 65 years. postvaccinal antibody titers were determined in the lectin test. all the vaccines were shown to have a high antigenicity, by providing high titers of neuraminidase antibodies in most vaccinated persons: the mean geometric titers (mgt) to influenza viruses a(h1n1) and a(h3n2), and b were 7.4-8.0, 8.5-9.2, and 6.8-8.5 log2, respectively. neuraminidases showed a ...	2002	12522964
effect of maclorides on duration and resolution of symptoms and complication of pneumonia in children with influenza.	we randomly administered cephalosporins or macrolides to 365 pediatric patients with influenza-like symptoms and compared the clinical course and complication rate of pneumonia. one hundred and fifty-four patients received cephalosporins (group 1) and 211 received macrolides (group 2). there were no significant differences in age, male/female ratio and body weight between the two groups. macrolides alleviated fever significantly faster than cephalospoins (3.8plus minus 1.4 days vs 4.3plus minus ...	2002	11847511
standardization of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for mutant screening of influenza a (h3n2) virus samples.	because of the extensive genetic variability of the influenza viruses, new virus mutants arise worldwide. in the human population, some strains may become potentially epidemic after evading the immune response of the host. at present, molecular methods have made it possible to identify these variants. however, if a large number of samples need to be analyzed the identification of randomly mutated nucleotides cannot be achieved by sequencing analysis or restriction fragment length polymorphism (r ...	2002	11849689
supplementation of conventional trivalent influenza vaccine with purified viral n1 and n2 neuraminidases induces a balanced immune response without antigenic competition.	influenza viruses neuraminidase (na) were chromatographically extracted from influenza viruses a/nanchang/933/95 h3(nc)n2(nc) [r] and a/johannesburg/82/96 h1(jh)n1(jh) [r] and used to supplement conventional inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine. immunization of mice with this preparation resulted in high titers of antibodies to both hemagglutinins (ha) and neuraminidases (na); there were no significant differences in the anti-ha antibody titers between the conventional and the supplemented va ...	2002	11858877
influenza: prospect for prevention and control.	influenza is an emerging and re-emerging disease. since the late 1930s influenza viruses have been isolated yearly from different parts of the world during epidemics and pandemics. the "epidemiologic success" of influenza is due largely to rapid and unpredictable antigenic changes (antigenic drift) among human influenza viruses, and the emergence of new subtypes (antigenic shift), mostly from reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses. antigenic shifts were attributed to the global p ...	2002	12515400
[changes in phospholipid components of pulmonary surfactant in experimental influenza infection and their correction by remantadin and deitiforine].	changes in the levels of total phospholipids and phospholipid fractions of pulmonary surfactant fractions of albino mice intranasally infected with influenza a/aichi/2/68(h3n2) virus in a dose of 5 ld50 were studied. reproduction of influenza virus in mice is paralleled by fluctuations in the level of total lipids and changes in the phospholipid components of pulmonary surfactant. antiviral drugs remantadin and deitiforine injected in accordance with the treatment and prophylaxis protocol to inf ...	2002	12046462
susceptibility of recent canadian influenza a and b virus isolates to different neuraminidase inhibitors.	forty-two influenza a and 23 influenza b isolates collected from untreated subjects during the 1999-2000 influenza season in canada were tested for their susceptibility to three neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate and rwj-270201 or bcx-1812) using a chemiluminescent neuraminidase assay. influenza b isolates were less susceptible than a viruses to all tested drugs. rwj-270201 was the most potent drug against both influenza a(h3n2) (mean ic(50): 0.60 nm) and b (mean ic(50) ...	2002	12062387
influenza virus carrying neuraminidase with reduced sensitivity to oseltamivir carboxylate has altered properties in vitro and is compromised for infectivity and replicative ability in vivo.	oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu, ro 64-0796) is the first orally administered neuraminidase (na) inhibitor approved for use in treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection in man. oseltamivir phosphate is the pro-drug of the active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (ro 64-0802). extensive monitoring throughout the oseltamivir development programme has identified a very low incidence of patients who have carried drug-resistant virus. the predominant mutation seen is the substitution of a ...	2002	12062393
influenza virus carrying an r292k mutation in the neuraminidase gene is not transmitted in ferrets.	a model of influenza transmission has been established in ferrets in which wild-type influenza infection in a donor ferret can be transmitted sequentially to other ferrets. we have studied the transmission in ferrets of a clinical isolate of a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) carrying the neuraminidase 292k mutation compared with the corresponding wild-type virus from the same subject. donor ferrets (n=four per group) were inoculated intranasally with mutant or wild-type virus and each housed with three naïve ...	2002	12062395
avian influenza and human health.	natural infections with influenza a viruses have been reported in a variety of animal species including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, mustelids and birds. occasionally devastating pandemics occur in humans. although viruses of relatively few ha and na subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all 15 ha subtypes and all 9 na subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. in the 20th century the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains transmis ...	2002	12062786
[differences in receptor specificity between the influenza a viruses isolated from the duck, chicken, and human].	the affinity of the duck, chicken, and human influenza viruses to the host cell sialosides was determined, and considerable distinctions between duck and chicken viruses were found. duck viruses bind to a wide range of sialosides, including the short-stem gangliosides. most of the chicken viruses, like human ones, lose the ability to bind these gangliosides, which strictly correlates with the appearance of carbohydrate at position 158-160. the affinity of the chicken viruses to sialoglycoconjuga ...	2002	12068641
polymeric inhibitor of influenza virus attachment protects mice from experimental influenza infection.	synthetic sialic acid-containing macromolecules inhibit influenza virus attachment to target cells and suppress the virus-mediated hemagglutination and neutralize virus infectivity in cell culture. to test the protective effects of attachment inhibitors in vivo, mice were infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and treated with synthetic polyacrylamide-based sialylglycopolymer paa-yds bearing moieties of (neu5acalpha2-6galbeta1-4glcnacbeta1-2manalpha1)2-3,6manbeta1-4glcna ...	2002	12076764
influenza activity in china: 1998-1999.	during 1989-1999, influenza a h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes and b type viruses were still co-circulating in human population in china, while influenza a (h3n2) virus was predominant strain. the two antigenically and genetically distinguishable strains of influenza b virus were also still co-circulating in men in southern china. the antigenic analysis indicated that most of the h3n2 viruses were a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2)-like strain, the most of the h1n1 viruses were antigenically similar to a/beijing/262 ...	2002	12110253
the role of live influenza vaccines in children.	live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccines (caivs) have been developed over the past two decades by taking advantage of the segmented rna genome of influenza and creating attenuated reassortants containing contemporary hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes. these vaccines have been shown to be easily administered, safe and immunogenic in adults and children. recent trials of a trivalent live attenuated caiv (caiv-t, tradename flumist, aviron, mt. view, ca) in children have demonst ...	2002	12110263
prevalence of swine influenza virus subtypes on swine farms in the united states.	serologic and virologic prevalence of infection with different swine influenza virus (siv) subtypes was investigated using swine sera, nasal swabs and lung samples that had been submitted for a diagnosis to the minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory. a total of 111,418 pig sera were tested for siv antibody between 1998 and 2000, and 25,348 sera (22.8%) were found to be positive by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. of the positive samples, 16,807 (66.7%) and 8,541 (33.7%) had antibod ...	2002	12111430
influenza-associated encephalopathy in japan.	although the clinical entity of influenza-associated encephalopathy (influenza encephalopathy) has not gained universal recognition, it has been reported frequently as a complication of influenza in japanese children. the influenza type a (h3n2) virus was detected in most cases. most of the patients have been young children. influenza encephalopathy typically is associated with a sudden onset of high fever, severe convulsions, rapidly progressive coma, and death within 2 or 3 days. influenza enc ...	2002	12122956
eight-plasmid system for rapid generation of influenza virus vaccines.	the antigenic variation of influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) glycoproteins requires frequent changes in vaccine formulation. the classical method of creating influenza virus seed strains for vaccine production is to generate 6 + 2 reassortants that contain six genes from a high-yield virus, such as a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and the ha and na genes of the circulating strains. the techniques currently used are time-consuming because of the selection process required to isolate the ...	2002	12163268
cleavage of influenza a virus hemagglutinin in human respiratory epithelium is cell associated and sensitive to exogenous antiproteases.	proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin (ha) of human influenza viruses a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and a/wsn/34 (h1n1) from ha0 to ha1/ha2 was studied in primary human adenoid epithelial cells (haec). haec contain a mixture of ciliated and nonciliated secretory cells and mimic the epithelium membrane of the human respiratory tract. pulse-chase labeling with [(35)s]methionine and western blot analysis with anti-ha antibodies of cellular and virion polypeptides showed that haec cleaved newly synthesize ...	2002	12163588
[development of immunoenzyme assay for subtype-specific detection of antibodies to influenza viruses a (h1n1) and a (h3n2)].	conditions were developed for obtaining surface viral glycoprotein (gp) fraction intended for solid phase sensitization with the aim of constructing enzyme immunoassay test systems (eiats) for detection of subtypical igg and igg to influenza a (h1n1) and a (h3n2) viruses. new variants of test systems were compared with the traditional methods for serological diagnosis of influenza. gp-based eiats more often diagnosed influenza than eiats based on purified whole-virion (wv) suspensions, hemagglut ...	2002	12173436
phylogenetic analysis of h1n2 isolates of influenza a virus from pigs in the united states.	twenty-four h1n2 influenza a viruses were newly isolated from pigs in the united states. these isolates originated from 19 farms in 9 different swine producing states between 1999 and 2001. all farms had clinical histories of respiratory problem and/or abortion. the viral isolates were characterized genetically to determine the origin of all eight gene segments. the results showed that all h1n2 isolates were reassortants of classical swine h1n1 and triple reassortant h3n2 viruses. the neuraminid ...	2002	12191781
immune-globulin prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients undergoing stem-cell transplantation.	thirty-two patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation were given respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immune globulin (rsvig) at the time of transplantation and again 3 weeks later. antibody titers to rsv, human parainfluenza virus 3, measles, and influenza h1n1, h3n2, and b were measured prior to administration of rsvig and 6 more times over the course of the subsequent 6 weeks. baseline antiviral titers and increases in antibody after administration of rsvig were extre ...	2002	12198619
[effect of influenza epidemics on mortality in santa fe, argentina, during 1992-1999].	to define the effect of influenza epidemics on mortality and to establish the best criterion for predicting mortality so as to provide a method for advance warning of the severity of an influenza epidemic.	2002	12202022
[prevention and control of influenza].	this piece summarizes a report that updates the recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices of the united states of america with regard to the use of the influenza vaccine and of specific antiviral agents for influenza. the recommended 2002-2003 trivalent vaccine virus strains are a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like, and b/hong kong/330/2001- like. the piece defines the groups who should be vaccinated and the persons who should not be, as well as ...	2002	12202027
emergence of influenza a h1n2 reassortant viruses in the human population during 2001.	influenza a h1n2 viruses, which emerged during 2001, are genetic reassortants between h1n1 and h3n2 subtype viruses which have cocirculated in the human population since 1977. they possess a h1 hemagglutinin antigenically and genetically similar to contemporary a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like viruses and seven genes closely related to those of recent a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like viruses. the viruses have spread to many regions of the world and have predominated over h1n1 viruses in several count ...	2002	12202200
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2001.	surveillance of influenza in australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. in 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). influenza a was the dominant type, 81 per cent of which were subtype h1n1 and 19 per cent were subtype h3n ...	2002	12206371
mortality in dioxin-exposed mice infected with influenza: mitochondrial toxicity (reye's-like syndrome) versus enhanced inflammation as the mode of action.	increased mortality following influenza a infection was reported in b6c3f1 mice exposed to a low (0.01 micro g/kg) dose of dioxin. however, mortality was not associated with increased viral load and antibody titers to the virus were not decreased at doses of tcdd < or = 10 micro g/kg, suggesting that viral overgrowth, secondary to immunosuppression, was not the proximate cause of death. we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial toxicity and dysfunction, similar to reye's syndrome (rs) in human ...	2002	12215664
antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in european wild boars from southcentral spain.	serum samples from 78 european wild boars (sus scrofa) harvested during the 1999-2000 hunting season were tested for antibodies to brucella spp., classical swine fever virus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, haemophilus parasuis, leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, salmonella serogroups b, c, and d, streptococcus suis, and swine influenza virus (siv) serotypes h1n1 a ...	2002	12238391
characterization of 2 influenza a(h3n2) clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors due to mutations in the hemagglutinin gene.	previous studies have shown that amino acid changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of influenza viruses may result in decreased susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) in vitro. however, the emergence and characteristics of such ha variants in the clinical setting remain poorly studied. herein, we report 2 influenza a(h3n2) isolates, from untreated patients, harboring an arg229-->ile substitution in the ha1 gene. the ile229 variants were as sensitive as the arg229 viruses to zanamivir ...	2002	12355356
a pilot study of seroprevalence of influenza virus type a in vellore, south india.	influenza virus type a is active in many regions of the world. however, information from many parts of india is sparse. hence we carried out a serological study on the prevalence of antibodies to influenza virus type a in vellore, south india.	2002	12362555
comparison of colorimetric, fluorometric, and visual methods for determining anti-influenza (h1n1 and h3n2) virus activities and toxicities of compounds.	methods have been developed previously for rapid evaluation of compounds for antiviral activity in 96-well microplates, which include visual quantitation of antiviral activity based upon inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect (cpe) or by less subjective colorimetric or fluorometric means. in the present studies we compared a number of colorimetric (crystal violet, mtt [3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide], and neutral red) and fluorometric (alamar blue, bisbenzimi ...	2002	12367731
[the 2001/2002 influenza season and the vaccine composition for the 2002/2003 season].	the epidemic in the influenza season 2001/2002 was of moderate activity just like in 2000/2001. the influenza epidemic started in week 2 of 2002 when the clinical influenza activity reported by the general practitioner network of the netherlands institute of primary health care (nivel) increased. this was caused by influenza a viruses of the h3n2 subtype in particular. all influenza a viruses of this subtype were closely related to the vaccine strain for this subtype, a/moscow/10/99. influenza b ...	2002	12382372
disruption of services in an internal medicine unit due to a nosocomial influenza outbreak.	to describe a nosocomial influenza a outbreak, how it was managed, what impact it had on subsequent delivery of health care, and the additional charges attributable to it	2002	12400893
prevention of influenza pneumonitis by sialic acid-conjugated dendritic polymers.	influenza a viral infection begins by hemagglutinin glycoproteins on the viral envelope binding to cell membrane sialic acid (sa). free sa monomers cannot block hemagglutinin adhesion in vivo because of toxicity. polyvalent, generation 4 (g4) sa-conjugated polyamidoamine (pamam) dendrimer (g4-sa) was evaluated as a means of preventing adhesion of 3 influenza a subtypes (h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2). in hemagglutination-inhibition assays, g4-sa was found to inhibit all h3n2 and 3 of 5 h1n1 influenza sub ...	2002	12402191
phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated from conscripts receiving influenza vaccine prior to the epidemic season of 1998/9.	roughly half (54%) of the 910 young conscripts at a garrison in finland were vaccinated with commercial influenza vaccines in autumn 1998. during the influenza outbreak in february 1999, 12 h3n2-subtype virus strains were isolated from vaccinated patients, and 11 such strains were isolated from unvaccinated patients. the isolates were related to the vaccine strain a/sydney/5/97 and could be classified into three subgroups based on sequence variation in the ha1 gene coding for the variable domain ...	2002	12403110
intercontinental circulation of human influenza a(h1n2) reassortant viruses during the 2001-2002 influenza season.	reassortant influenza a viruses bearing the h1 subtype of hemagglutinin (ha) and the n2 subtype of neuraminidase (na) were isolated from humans in the united states, canada, singapore, malaysia, india, oman, egypt, and several countries in europe during the 2001-2002 influenza season. the has of these h1n2 viruses were similar to that of the a/new caledonia/20/99(h1n1) vaccine strain both antigenically and genetically, and the nas were antigenically and genetically related to those of recent hum ...	2002	12404167
antibody epitopes on the neuraminidase of a recent h3n2 influenza virus (a/memphis/31/98).	we have characterized monoclonal antibodies raised against the neuraminidase (na) of a sydney-like influenza virus (a/memphis/31/98, h3n2) in a reassortant virus a/nws/33(ha)-a/mem/31/98(na) (h1n2) and nine escape mutants selected by these monoclonal antibodies. five of the antibodies use the same heavy chain vdj genes and may not be independent. another antibody, mem5, uses the same v(h) and j genes with a different d gene and different isotype. sequence changes in escape mutants selected by th ...	2002	12414967