Publications

microbiological analysis of environmental samples collected from child care facilities in north and south carolina.	children cared for outside the home are at an increased risk of enteric disease. microbiological analyses were performed on environmental samples collected from child care facilities in north and south carolina.	2014	25278392
longitudinal prevalence, faecal shedding and molecular characterisation of campylobacter spp. and salmonella enterica in sheep.	faecal excretion of campylobacter spp. and salmonella enterica in sheep in australia was determined using a quantitative multiplex pcr (qpcr) targeting the campylobacter spp. purine biosynthesis gene (pura) and the s. enterica outer membrane protein (ompf). the mutiplex qpcr was specific and campylobacter spp. and s. enterica were each detected with a sensitivity of 5 organisms/µl faecal dna extract. this multiplex qpcr was used to determine the prevalence and concentration of campylobacter spp. ...	2014	25175721
generalized linear mixed model analysis of risk factors for contamination of moisture-enhanced pork with campylobacter jejuni and salmonella enterica typhimurium.	translocation of foodborne pathogens into the interior tissues of pork through moisture enhancement may be of concern if the meat is undercooked. in the present study, a five-strain mixture of campylobacter jejuni or salmonella enterica typhimurium was evenly spread on the surface of fresh pork loins. pork loins were injected, sliced, vacuum packaged, and stored. after storage, sliced pork was cooked by traditional grilling. survival of salmonella typhimurium and c. jejuni in the interior tissue ...	2014	25072538
decay of genetic markers for fecal bacterial indicators and pathogens in sand from lake superior.	beach sands impact water quality and pathogen loads, however, the comparative decay of the fecal indicator bacteria (fib) enterococcus spp. and escherichia coli, and pathogens in freshwater sand have not been examined. in this study, freshwater sand microcosms were inoculated with sewage and pure cultures of bacterial pathogens to compare relative decay rates. the abundance of culturable enterococcus spp. and e. coli, genetic markers for enterococcus spp. (entero1), total bacteroides (allbac), a ...	2014	24793108
a modified molecular beacons-based multiplex real-time pcr assay for simultaneous detection of eight foodborne pathogens in a single reaction and its application.	foodborne disease outbreaks are often caused by one of the major pathogens. early identification of the causal pathogen is crucial for disease control and prevention. we describe a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtpcr) assay that can identify, in a single reaction, up to eight common foodborne bacterial pathogens, including salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157, vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus, campylobacter jejuni, enterobacter sakazakii ...	2014	24328501
nitric oxide from ifnγ-primed macrophages modulates the antimicrobial activity of β-lactams against the intracellular pathogens burkholderia pseudomallei and nontyphoidal salmonella.	our investigations show that nonlethal concentrations of nitric oxide (no) abrogate the antibiotic activity of β-lactam antibiotics against burkholderia pseudomallei, escherichia coli and nontyphoidal salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. no protects b. pseudomallei already exposed to β-lactams, suggesting that this diatomic radical tolerizes bacteria against the antimicrobial activity of this important class of antibiotics. the concentrations of no that elicit antibiotic tolerance repress co ...	2014	25121731
synergistic effects of bifidobacterium thermophilum rbl67 and selected prebiotics on inhibition of salmonella colonization in the swine proximal colon polyferms model.	probiotics and prebiotics are promising strategies to counteract salmonella prevalence in swine. in the present study, we investigated the effects of prebiotics (fructo- (fos), galacto- (gos) and mannan- (mos) oligosaccharides) and the bacteriocinogenic bifidobacterium thermophilum rbl67 (rbl67) on salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium n-15 (n-15) colonization using the polyferms in vitro continuous fermentation model simulating the swine proximal colon.	2014	25364390
assessing the effects of exposure to environmental stress on some functional properties of bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis.	this study assessed the effects of exposing a strain of bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis to acid, bile and osmotic stresses on antagonistic properties, biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility/resistance profile. exposure to each stress factor appeared to have no significant effect on the antagonism against escherichia coli nctc 12900 and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis pt4. no suppression in biofilm formation due to exposure to stress was observed. bile and osmotic stresses r ...	2014	25097108
mortality and translocation assay to study the protective capacity of bifidobacterium lactis inl1 against salmonella typhimurium infection in mice.	the mouse has been largely used for the study of the protective capacity of probiotics against intestinal infections caused by salmonella. in this work we aimed at comparing the mortality and translocation assay for the study of the protective capacity of the human breast milk-derived strain bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis inl1 on a model of gut infection by salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. different doses of s. typhimurium funed and b. animalis subsp. lactis inl 1 ...	2014	24902954
antimicrobial activity of fermented theobroma cacao pod husk extract.	theobroma cacao l. contains more than 500 different chemical compounds some of which have been traditionally used for their antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory, vasodilatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial activities. spontaneous aerobic fermentation of cacao husks yields a crude husk extract (che) with antimicrobial activity. che was fractioned by solvent partition with polar solvent extraction or by silica gel chromatography and a total of 12 sub-fractions were analyzed for chemical ...	2014	25299086
genome-scale co-expression network comparison across escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium reveals significant conservation at the regulon level of local regulators despite their dissimilar lifestyles.	availability of genome-wide gene expression datasets provides the opportunity to study gene expression across different organisms under a plethora of experimental conditions. in our previous work, we developed an algorithm called comodo (conserved modules across organisms) that identifies conserved expression modules between two species. in the present study, we expanded comodo to detect the co-expression conservation across three organisms by adapting the statistics behind it. we applied comodo ...	2014	25101984
flgn is required for flagellum-based motility by bacillus subtilis.	the assembly of the bacterial flagellum is exquisitely controlled. flagellar biosynthesis is underpinned by a specialized type iii secretion system that allows export of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nascent structure. bacillus subtilis regulates flagellar assembly using both conserved and species-specific mechanisms. here, we show that yvyg is essential for flagellar filament assembly. we define yvyg as an orthologue of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium type iii secretion system ...	2014	24706744
regulation of bacterial physiology by lysine acetylation of proteins.	post-translational modification of proteins is a reversible mechanism of cellular adaptation to changing environmental conditions. in eukaryotes, the physiological relevance of n-ɛ-lysine protein acetylation is well demonstrated. in recent times, important roles in the regulation of metabolic processes in bacteria are being uncovered, adding complexity to cellular regulatory networks. the aim of this mini-review is to sum up the current state-of-the-art in the regulation of bacterial physiology ...	2014	24636882
high-level expression, purification and characterisation of porcine β-defensin 2 in pichia pastoris and its potential as a cost-efficient growth promoter in porcine feed.	porcine β-defensin 2 (pbd2), a recently discovered porcine defensin that is produced by the intestine, exerts antimicrobial activities and innate immune effects that are linked to intestinal diseases in pigs. here, we report a codon-optimised protein corresponding to mature pbd2 cdna that was expressed and purified in pichia pastoris yeast. the highest amount of secreted protein (3,694.0 mg/l) was reached 144 h into a 150-h induction during high-density cultivation. precipitation followed by gel ...	2014	24515729
antimicrobial function of shβap, a novel hemoglobin β chain-related antimicrobial peptide, isolated from the liver of skipjack tuna, katsuwonus pelamis.	a 2.3 kda of antimicrobial peptide was purified from an acidified liver extract of skipjack tuna, katsuwonus pelamis, by preparative acid-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and c18 reversed-phase hplc. a comparison of the amino acid sequence of the purified peptide with those of other known polypeptides revealed high homology with the c-terminus of hemoglobin β-chain; thus, this peptide was designated as the skipjack hemoglobin β chain-related antimicrobial peptide (shβap). shβap showed pot ...	2014	24495783
novel kojic acid-polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites for medical applications.	iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (mnps) were synthesized by the coprecipitation of iron salts in sodium hydroxide followed by coating separately with chitosan (cs) and polyethylene glycol (peg) to form cs-mnps and peg-mnps nanoparticles, respectively. they were then loaded with kojic acid (ka), a pharmacologically bioactive natural compound, to form ka-cs-mnps and ka-peg-mnps nanocomposites, respectively. the mnps and their nanocomposites were characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, fouri ...	2014	24453486
use of metagenomics and isolation of actinobacteria in brazil's atlantic rainforest soil for antimicrobial prospecting.	modern techniques involving molecular biology, such as metagenomics, have the advantage of exploiting a higher number of microorganisms; however, classic isolation and culture methods used to obtain antimicrobials continue to be promising, especially in the isolation of actinobacteria, which are responsible for the production of many of these compounds. in this work, two methodologies were used to search for antimicrobial substances-isolation of actinobacteria and metagenomics of the atlantic ra ...	2014	25937991
discovery of selective inhibitors of the clostridium difficile dehydroquinate dehydratase.	a vibrant and healthy gut flora is essential for preventing the proliferation of clostridium difficile, a pathogenic bacterium that causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms. in fact, most c. difficile infections (cdis) occur after broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, which, by eradicating the commensal gut bacteria, allows its spores to proliferate. hence, a c. difficile specific antibiotic that spares the gut flora would be highly beneficial in treating cdi. towards this goal, we set out to disc ...	2014	24586713
bacterial virulence analysis using brine shrimp as an infection model in relation to the importance of quorum sensing and proteases.	brine shrimp are aquatic crustaceans belonging to a genus of artemia. this organism is widely used for testing the toxicity of chemicals. in this study, brine shrimp were evaluated as an infection model organism to study bacterial virulence. artemia nauplii were infected with various pathogenic bacteria, such as vibrio vulnificus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia vietnamiensis, staphylococcus aureus, and escherichia coli, and the susceptibility to these bacteria was investigated by counting ...	2014	25420421
unsaturated fatty acid, cis-2-decenoic acid, in combination with disinfectants or antibiotics removes pre-established biofilms formed by food-related bacteria.	biofilm formation by food-related bacteria and food-related pathogenesis are significant problems in the food industry. even though much disinfection and mechanical procedure exist for removal of biofilms, they may fail to eliminate pre-established biofilms. cis-2 decenoic acid (cda), an unsaturated fatty acid messenger produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa, is reportedly capable of inducing the dispersion of established biofilms by multiple types of microorganisms. however, whether cda has potenti ...	2014	25000301
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content.	grapes produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading phytopathogens. these metabolites include numerous phenolic compounds that are also active against human pathogens. grapes are used to produce a variety of wines, grape juices, and raisins. grape pomace, seeds, and skins, the remains of the grapes that are a byproduct of winemaking, also contain numerous bioactive compounds that differ from those found in grapes and wines. this overview surveys an ...	2014	24945318
development of 23 individual taqman® real-time pcr assays for identifying common foodborne pathogens using a single set of amplification conditions.	most of the acute intestinal diseases are caused by foodborne pathogens with infants and elderly people being at major risk. the aim of this study was to develop a procedure to simultaneously detect 20 foodborne pathogens in complex alimentary matrices such as milk, cheese and meat. the list of targets include, among the others, listeria spp., salmonella spp., shigella spp., escherichia coli spp., campylobacter spp., clostridium spp. and staphylococcus aureus. the accuracy of detection was deter ...	2014	24929880
radiation-treated ready-to-eat (rte) chicken breast adobo for immuno-compromised patients.	usually in hospitals low-bacterial diets are served to immuno-compromised patients (icps). however, low-bacterial diets still pose a high risk of microbial infections and limit the food selection of the patients. thus, pathogen-free dishes must be made available. this study presents the development of pathogen-free ready-to-eat (rte) filipino ethnic food chicken breast adobo, sterilized by exposure to high-dose gamma rays (25 kgy) in combination with conventional treatments. frozen vacuum-packed ...	2014	24912709
phytochemistry and preliminary assessment of the antibacterial activity of chloroform extract of amburana cearensis (allemão) a.c. sm. against klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing strains.	the chloroform extract of the stem bark of amburana cearensis was chemically characterized and tested for antibacterial activity.the extract was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. the main compounds identified were 4-methoxy-3-methylphenol (76.7%), triciclene (3.9%), α -pinene (1.0%), β -pinene (2.2%), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3.1%). preliminary antibacterial tests were carried out against species of distinct morphophysiological characteristics: escherichia coli, salmonella ...	2014	24772183
survival of foodborne pathogenic bacteria (bacillus cereus, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes) and bacillus cereus spores in fermented alcoholic beverages (beer and refined rice wine).	only limited information is available on the microbiological safety of fermented alcoholic beverages because it is still a common belief that such beverages do not provide a favorable environment for bacterial growth and survival. thus, in this study, we examined the survival of major foodborne pathogens and spores in fermented alcoholic beverages. foodborne pathogens (bacillus cereus, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus a ...	2014	24674433
antibacterial activity of different natural honeys from transylvania, romania.	honey is used in food industry and medicine due to its nutritive, therapeutic and dietetic qualities. the microbiological characteristics of 10 unpasteurized honey samples of known origin, collected from transylvania beekeepers (romania) were determined. the antibacterial activity of these types of honey against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella anatum, salmonella choleraesuis, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis subsp. spizize ...	2014	24380618
a large outbreak of salmonellosis associated with sandwiches contaminated with multiple bacterial pathogens purchased via an online shopping service.	food sold over the internet is an emerging business that also presents a concern with regard to food safety. a nationwide foodborne disease outbreak associated with sandwiches purchased from an online shop in july 2010 is reported. consumers were telephone interviewed with a structured questionnaire and specimens were collected for etiological examination. a total of 886 consumers were successfully contacted and completed the questionnaires; 36.6% had become ill, with a median incubation period ...	2014	24313786
chemical assessment and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of endophytic fungi extracts isolated from costus spiralis (jacq.) roscoe (costaceae).	costus spiralis (costaceae) is a species native to the amazon region and is used in traditional medicine. the endophytic fungi used in this study were obtained from leaves of this plant. 13 strains were selected to obtain hydroethanolic extracts and were submitted to hydroalcoholic extraction and evaluated for antioxidant activity by dpph (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) and frap (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and all of the fungi had positive results. the antimicrobial action of crude extra ...	2014	25587339
effect of white mustard essential oil on the growth of foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms and the effect of food components on its efficacy.	antimicrobial preservative compounds are added to foods to target specific pathogens and spoilage organisms. white mustard essential oil (wmeo) is an extract that contains 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate, a compound which has been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity in limited studies. the objective of this research was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of wmeo against gram-positive and gram-negative spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and determine the effect of food componen ...	2014	25474051
synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of biodegradable films prepared from schiff bases of zein.	pure zein is known to be very hydrophobic, but is still inappropriate for coating and film applications because of their brittle nature. in an attempt to improve the flexibility and the antimicrobial activity of these coatings and films, chemical modification of zein through forming schiff bases with different phenolic aldhydes was tried. influence of this modifications on mechanical, topographical, wetting properties and antimicrobial activity of zein films were evaluated. the chemical structur ...	2014	25328181
mutualistic interaction between salmonella enterica and aspergillus niger and its effects on zea mays colonization.	salmonella typhimurium inhabits a variety of environments and is able to infect a broad range of hosts. throughout its life cycle, some hosts can act as intermediates in the path to the infection of others. aspergillus niger is a ubiquitous fungus that can often be found in soil or associated to plants and microbial consortia. recently, s. typhimurium was shown to establish biofilms on the hyphae of a. niger. in this work, we have found that this interaction is stable for weeks without a noticea ...	2014	25351041
targeting dxp synthase in human pathogens: enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial activity of butylacetylphosphonate.	the unique methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential in most bacterial pathogens. the first enzyme in this pathway, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (dxp) synthase, catalyzes a distinct thiamin diphosphate (thdp)-dependent reaction to form dxp from d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (d-gap) and pyruvate and represents a potential anti-infective drug target. we have previously demonstrated that the unnatural bisubstrate analog, butylacetylphosphonate (bap), exhibits sele ...	2014	24169798
[sensitivity of three inmunocromathographic tests in faeces samples for campylobacter and salmonella detection in comparison to culture].	introduction: campylobacter sp. and salmonella enterica are two of the main organisms causing gastroenteritis in our environment. immunochromatographic tests for antigen detection performed directly on stool samples for its simplicity and rapid results may make them useful diagnostic elements in the context of primary care.	2014	24940890
co-occurrence of free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on dishcloths: implications for food safety.	in the present study, the occurrence of free-living protozoa (flp) and foodborne bacterial pathogens on dishcloths was investigated. dishcloths form a potentially important source of cross-contamination with flp and foodborne pathogens in food-related environments. first various protocols for recovering and quantifying flp from dishcloths were assessed. the stomacher technique is recommended to recover flagellates and amoebae from dishcloths. ciliates, however, were more efficiently recovered us ...	2014	25260173
arcobacter butzleri induces a pro-inflammatory response in thp-1 derived macrophages and has limited ability for intracellular survival.	recent case reports have identified arcobacter (a.) butzleri to be another emerging pathogen of the family campylobacteraceae causing foodborne diseases. however, little is known about its interaction with the human immune system. as macrophages act as first defense against bacterial infections, we studied for the first time the impact of a. butzleri on human macrophages using thp-1 derived macrophages as an in vitro infection model. our investigations considered the inflammatory response, intra ...	2014	25245281
evaluation of gram-negative bacterial infection by a stable and conjugative bioluminescence plasmid in a mouse model.	the green fluorescence protein (gfp)-associated fluorescence method and the luciferase-associated bioluminescence method are the two major methods for ivis imaging system to investigate the bacterial infection in animal models. the aim of this study was to evaluate the infection route of gram-negative bacteria carrying a stable and broad range of conjugative bioluminescence plasmid pse-lux1 in a mouse model.	2014	25135473
lethal synergy involving bicyclomycin: an approach for reviving old antibiotics.	one way to address the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance is to revive old compounds that may have intrinsic lethal activity that is obscured by protective factors. bicyclomycin is an old inhibitor of the rho transcription terminator that by itself shows little rapid lethal activity. however, bicyclomycin participates in bacteriostatic synergy, which raises the possibility that conditions for lethal synergy may exist, perhaps through a suppression of protective factors.	2014	25085655
a broad-spectrum antibiofilm peptide enhances antibiotic action against bacterial biofilms.	biofilm-related infections account for at least 65% of all human infections, but there are no available antimicrobials that specifically target biofilms. their elimination by available treatments is inefficient since biofilm cells are between 10- and 1,000-fold more resistant to conventional antibiotics than planktonic cells. here we describe the synergistic interactions, with different classes of antibiotics, of a recently characterized antibiofilm peptide, 1018, to potently prevent and eradica ...	2014	24982074
pathogenic enterobacteria in lemurs associated with anthropogenic disturbance.	as human population density continues to increase exponentially, speeding the reduction and fragmentation of primate habitat, greater human-primate contact is inevitable, making higher rates of pathogen transmission likely. anthropogenic effects are particularly evident in madagascar, where a diversity of endemic lemur species are threatened by rapid habitat loss. despite these risks, knowledge of how anthropogenic activities affect lemur exposure to pathogens is limited. to improve our understa ...	2014	25328106
systematic analysis of the ability of nitric oxide donors to dislodge biofilms formed by salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7.	biofilms in the industrial environment could be problematic. encased in extracellular polymeric substances, pathogens within biofilms are significantly more resistant to chlorine and other disinfectants. recent studies suggest that compounds capable of manipulating nitric oxide-mediated signaling in bacteria could induce dispersal of sessile bacteria and provide a foundation for novel approaches to controlling biofilms formed by some microorganisms. in this work, we compared the ability of five ...	2014	24995149
three-dimensional structure of a protozoal double-stranded rna virus that infects the enteric pathogen giardia lamblia.	giardia lamblia virus (glv) is a small, nonenveloped, nonsegmented double-stranded rna (dsrna) virus infecting giardia lamblia, the most common protozoan pathogen of the human intestine and a major agent of waterborne diarrheal disease worldwide. glv (genus giardiavirus) is a member of family totiviridae, along with several other groups of protozoal or fungal viruses, including leishmania rna viruses and trichomonas vaginalis viruses. interestingly, glv is more closely related than other totivir ...	2014	25378500
live vaccination tactics: possible approaches for controlling visceral leishmaniasis.	vaccination with durable immunity is the main goal and fundamental to control leishmaniasis. to stimulate the immune response, small numbers of parasites are necessary to be presented in the mammalian host. similar to natural course of infection, strategy using live vaccine is more attractive when compared to other approaches. live vaccines present the whole spectrum of antigens to the host immune system in the absence of any adjuvant. leishmanization was the first effort for live vaccination an ...	2014	24744757
transcriptional specialization of human dendritic cell subsets in response to microbial vaccines.	the mechanisms by which microbial vaccines interact with human apcs remain elusive. herein, we describe the transcriptional programs induced in human dcs by pathogens, innate receptor ligands and vaccines. exposure of dcs to influenza, salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus allows us to build a modular framework containing 204 transcript clusters. we use this framework to characterize the responses of human monocytes, monocyte-derived dcs and blood dc subsets to 13 vaccines. different vac ...	2014	25335753
travel-acquired infections and illnesses in canadians: surveillance report from cantravnet surveillance data, 2009-2011.	important knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of migration medicine practice and the impact of pathogens imported by canadian travellers. we present here a comprehensive, canada-specific surveillance summary of illness in a cohort of returned canadian travellers and new immigrants.	2014	25009682
activation of rida chaperone function by n-chlorination.	escherichia coli rida is a member of a structurally conserved, yet functionally highly diverse protein family involved in translation inhibition (human), hsp90-like chaperone activity (fruit fly) and enamine/imine deamination (salmonella enterica). here, we show that e. coli rida modified with hocl acts as a highly effective chaperone. although activation of rida is reversed by treatment with dtt, ascorbic acid, the thioredoxin system and glutathione, it is independent of cysteine modification. ...	2014	25517874
curli synthesis and biofilm formation in enteric bacteria are controlled by a dynamic small rna module made up of a pseudoknot assisted by an rna chaperone.	rydc pseudoknot aided by hfq is a dynamic regulatory module. we report that rydc reduces expression of curli-specific gene d transcription factor required for adhesion and biofilm production in enterobacteria. during curli formation, csgd messenger rna (mrna) synthesis increases when endogenous levels of rydc are lacking. in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, stimulation of rydc expression also reduces biofilm formation by impairing curli synthesis. inducing rydc early on in growth lowers ...	2014	24489123
sensitization of intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to aminoglycosides in vitro and in vivo by a host-targeted antimicrobial agent.	aminoglycosides exhibit relatively poor activity against intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium due to their low permeativity across eukaryotic cell membranes. previously, we identified the unique ability of ar-12, a celecoxib-derived small-molecule agent, to eradicate intracellular salmonella typhimurium in macrophages by facilitating autophagosome formation and suppressing akt kinase signaling. in light of this unique mode of antibacterial action, we investigated the ability of ...	2014	25267669
an inducible and secreted eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinase of salmonella enterica serovar typhi promotes intracellular survival and pathogenesis.	eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases (estks) constitute an important family of bacterial virulence factors. genome analysis had predicted putative estks in salmonella enterica serovar typhi, although their functional characterization and the elucidation of their role in pathogenesis are still awaited. we show here that the primary sequence and secondary structure of the t4519 locus of salmonella typhi ty2 have all the signatures of eukaryotic superfamily kinases. t4519 encodes a ∼39-kda prote ...	2014	25404028
the role of clpp, rpos and csra in growth and filament formation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium at low temperature.	salmonellae are food-borne pathogens of great health and economic importance. to pose a threat to humans, salmonellae normally have to cope with a series of stressful conditions in the food chain, including low temperature. in the current study, we evaluated the importance of the clp proteolytic complex and the carbon starvation protein, csra, for the ability of salmonella typhimurium to grow at low temperature.	2014	25123657
identification of metabolic pathways essential for fitness of salmonella typhimurium in vivo.	bacterial infections remain a threat to human and animal health worldwide, and there is an urgent need to find novel targets for intervention. in the current study we used a computer model of the metabolic network of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and identified pairs of reactions (cut sets) predicted to be required for growth in vivo. we termed such cut sets synthetic auxotrophic pairs. we tested whether these would reveal possible combined targets for new antibiotics by analyzing the ...	2014	24992475
the salmonella spi1 virulence regulatory protein hild directly activates transcription of the flagellar master operon flhdc.	infection of intestinal epithelial cells is dependent on the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 (spi1)-encoded type iii injectisome system and flagellar motility. thus, the expression of virulence and flagellar genes is subject to tight regulatory control mechanisms in order to ensure the correct spatiotemporal production of the respective gene products. in this work, we reveal a new level of cross-regulation between the spi1 and flagellar regulatory systems. transpos ...	2014	24488311
control of a salmonella virulence operon by proline-charged trna(pro).	the intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium requires the mgtc gene to cause disease. the mgtc transcript includes a long leader region that harbors a short proline codon-rich orf--termed mgtp--the translation of which is predicted to favor formation of one of two alternative stem-loop structures. we now report that the mgtp proline codons are critical for expression of the mgtc coding region inside host cells, for salmonella survival inside macrophages, and for virulence i ...	2014	24516160
the vi capsular polysaccharide enables salmonella enterica serovar typhi to evade microbe-guided neutrophil chemotaxis.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) causes typhoid fever, a disseminated infection, while the closely related pathogen s. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is associated with a localized gastroenteritis in humans. here we investigated whether both pathogens differ in the chemotactic response they induce in neutrophils using a single-cell experimental approach. surprisingly, neutrophils extended chemotactic pseudopodia toward escherichia coli and s. typhimurium, but not towar ...	2014	25101794
c-terminal domain swapping of ssb changes the size of the ssdna binding site.	single-stranded dna-binding protein (ssb) plays an important role in dna metabolism, including dna replication, repair, and recombination, and is therefore essential for cell survival. bacterial ssb consists of an n-terminal ssdna-binding/oligomerization domain and a flexible c-terminal protein-protein interaction domain. we characterized the ssdna-binding properties of klebsiella pneumoniae ssb (kpssb), salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 ssb (stssb), pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 ssb (pa ...	2014	25162017
resistance to β-lactam antibiotics conferred by point mutations in penicillin-binding proteins pbp3, pbp4 and pbp6 in salmonella enterica.	penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) are enzymes responsible for the polymerization of the glycan strand and the cross-linking between glycan chains as well as the target proteins for β-lactam antibiotics. mutational alterations in pbps can confer resistance either by reducing binding of the antibiotic to the active site or by evolving a β-lactamase activity that degrades the antibiotic. as no systematic studies have been performed to examine the potential of all pbps present in one bacterial spec ...	2014	24810745
inflammasome activation causes dual recruitment of nlrc4 and nlrp3 to the same macromolecular complex.	pathogen recognition by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (nlr) results in the formation of a macromolecular protein complex (inflammasome) that drives protective inflammatory responses in the host. it is thought that the number of inflammasome complexes forming in a cell is determined by the number of nlrs being activated, with each nlr initiating its own inflammasome assembly independent of one another; however, we show here that the important foodborne pathogen salmonell ...	2014	24803432
multiplex isothermal solid-phase recombinase polymerase amplification for the specific and fast dna-based detection of three bacterial pathogens.	we report on the development of an on-chip rpa (recombinase polymerase amplification) with simultaneous multiplex isothermal amplification and detection on a solid surface. the isothermal rpa was applied to amplify specific target sequences from the pathogens neisseria gonorrhoeae, salmonella enterica and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) using genomic dna. additionally, a positive plasmid control was established as an internal control. the four targets were amplified simultaneo ...	2014	25253912
the cytokine il-22 promotes pathogen colonization by suppressing related commensal bacteria.	interleukin-22 (il-22) is highly induced in response to infections with a variety of pathogens, and its main functions are considered to be tissue repair and host defense at mucosal surfaces. here we showed that il-22 has a unique role during infection in that its expression suppressed the intestinal microbiota and enhanced the colonization of a pathogen. il-22 induced the expression of antimicrobial proteins, including lipocalin-2 and calprotectin, which sequester essential metal ions from micr ...	2014	24508234
design of glycoconjugate vaccines against invasive african salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	nontyphoidal salmonellae, particularly salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, are a major cause of invasive disease in africa, affecting mainly young children and hiv-infected individuals. glycoconjugate vaccines provide a safe and reliable strategy against invasive polysaccharide-encapsulated pathogens, and lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a target of protective immune responses. with the aim of designing an effective vaccine against s. typhimurium, we have synthesized different glycoconjugates, b ...	2014	25547792
the molecular epidemiological characteristics and genetic diversity of salmonella typhimurium in guangdong, china, 2007-2011.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is the most important serovar associated with human salmonellosis worldwide. here we aimed to explore the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of this serovar in guangdong, china.	2014	25380053
effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on plasma bactericidal activity against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection have increased susceptibility to invasive disease caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. studies from africa have suggested that this susceptibility is related in part to the development of a high level of lipopolysaccharide (lps)-specific igg that is able to inhibit the killing of s. typhimurium by bactericidal antibodies in healthy individuals. to explore this issue further, we examined the bactericidal activity against ...	2014	25121777
decoration of outer membrane vesicles with multiple antigens by using an autotransporter approach.	outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are spherical nanoparticles that naturally shed from gram-negative bacteria. they are rich in immunostimulatory proteins and lipopolysaccharide but do not replicate, which increases their safety profile and renders them attractive vaccine vectors. by packaging foreign polypeptides in omvs, specific immune responses can be raised toward heterologous antigens in the context of an intrinsic adjuvant. antigens exposed at the vesicle surface have been suggested to elici ...	2014	25038093
transient darwinian selection in salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a during 450 years of global spread of enteric fever.	multiple epidemic diseases have been designated as emerging or reemerging because the numbers of clinical cases have increased. emerging diseases are often suspected to be driven by increased virulence or fitness, possibly associated with the gain of novel genes or mutations. however, the time period over which humans have been afflicted by such diseases is only known for very few bacterial pathogens, and the evidence for recently increased virulence or fitness is scanty. has darwinian (diversif ...	2014	25092320
structural insights into the lipoprotein outer membrane regulator of penicillin-binding protein 1b.	in bacteria, the synthesis of the protective peptidoglycan sacculus is a dynamic process that is tightly regulated at multiple levels. recently, the lipoprotein co-factor lpob has been found essential for the in vivo function of the major peptidoglycan synthase pbp1b in enterobacteriaceae. here, we reveal the crystal structures of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli lpob. the lpob protein can be modeled as a ball and tether, consisting of a disordered n-terminal region followed by a compact ...	2014	24808177
salmonella enterica serovar virchow meningitis in a young man in italy: a case report.	salmonella enterica is a leading cause of foodborne infections worldwide and includes more than 2500 different serovars, causing primarily gastroenteritis. however, the infection may occur elsewhere and produce characteristic clinical syndromes. meningitis is a rare complication that occurs in less than 1% of clinical salmonellosis.	2014	24884674
serum bactericidal assays to evaluate typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella vaccines.	invasive salmonella infections for which improved or new vaccines are being developed include enteric fever caused by salmonella enterica serovars typhi, paratyphi a, and paratyphi b and sepsis and meningitis in young children in sub-saharan africa caused by nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) serovars, particularly s. enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis. assays are needed to measure functional antibodies elicited by the new vaccines to assess their immunogenicities and potential protective ...	2014	24623629
crispr is an optimal target for the design of specific pcr assays for salmonella enterica serotypes typhi and paratyphi a.	serotype-specific pcr assays targeting salmonella enterica serotypes typhi and paratyphi a, the causal agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, are required to accelerate formal diagnosis and to overcome the lack of typing sera and, in some situations, the need for culture. however, the sensitivity and specificity of such assays must be demonstrated on large collections of strains representative of the targeted serotypes and all other bacterial populations producing similar clinical symptoms.	2014	24498453
lipopolysaccharides belonging to different salmonella serovars are differentially capable of activating toll-like receptor 4.	salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar (serotype) abortusovis is a member of the enterobacteriaceae. this serotype is naturally restricted to ovine species and does not infect humans. limited information is available about the immune response of sheep to s. abortusovis. s. abortusovis, like salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi, causes a systemic infection in which, under natural conditions, animals are not able to raise a rapid immune response. failure to induce the appropriate ...	2014	25135686
patterns of expression and translocation of the ubiquitin ligase slrp in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	slrp is an e3 ubiquitin ligase that can be translocated into eukaryotic host cells by the two type iii secretion systems that are expressed by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and are encoded in salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 (spi1) and 2 (spi2). expression of slrp and translocation of its product were examined using lac, 3×flag, and cyaa' translational fusions. although slrp was expressed in different media, optimal expression was found under conditions that imitate the intravacuolar ...	2014	25182488
tc52 amino-terminal-domain dna carried by attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium induces protection against a trypanosoma cruzi lethal challenge.	in this work we immunized mice with dna encoding full-length tc52 or its amino- or carboxy-terminal (n- and c-term, respectively) domain carried by attenuated salmonella as a dna delivery system. as expected, salmonella-mediated dna delivery resulted in low antibody titers and a predominantly th1 response, as shown by the ratio of igg2a/igg1-specific antibodies. despite modest expression of tc52 in trypomastigotes, the antibodies elicited by vaccination were able to mediate lysis of the trypomas ...	2014	25069980
phage-host interplay: examples from tailed phages and gram-negative bacterial pathogens.	complex interactions between bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts play significant roles in shaping the structure of environmental microbial communities, not only by genetic transduction but also by modification of bacterial gene expression patterns. survival of phages solely depends on their ability to infect their bacterial hosts, most importantly during phage entry. successful dynamic adaptation of bacteriophages when facing selective pressures, such as host adaptation and resistance, dic ...	2014	25191318
invasion-inhibitory antibodies elicited by immunization with plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen-1 expressed in pichia pastoris yeast.	in a recent vaccine trial performed with african children, immunization with a recombinant protein based on plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (ama-1) conferred a significant degree of strain-specific resistance against malaria. to contribute to the efforts of generating a vaccine against plasmodium vivax malaria, we expressed the ectodomain of p. vivax ama-1 (pvama-1) as a secreted soluble protein in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. recognized by a high percentage of sera ...	2014	24379279
the natural antimicrobial carvacrol inhibits quorum sensing in chromobacterium violaceum and reduces bacterial biofilm formation at sub-lethal concentrations.	the formation of biofilm by bacteria confers resistance to biocides and presents problems in medical and veterinary clinical settings. here we report the effect of carvacrol, one of the major antimicrobial components of oregano oil, on the formation of biofilms and its activity on existing biofilms. assays were carried out in polystyrene microplates to observe (a) the effect of 0-0.8 mm carvacrol on the formation of biofilms by selected bacterial pathogens over 24 h and (b) the effect of 0-8 mm ...	2014	24691035
analysis of factors that affect flgm-dependent type iii secretion for protein purification with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the flgm protein is secreted in response to flagellar hook-basal body secretion and can be used as a secretion signal to direct selected protein secretion via the flagellar type iii secretion (t3s) system [h. m. singer, m. erhardt, a. m. steiner, m. m. zhang, d. yoshikami, g. bulaj, b. m. olivera, and k. t. hughes, mbio 3(3):e00115-12, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00115-12]. conditions known to affect flagellar gene expression, flgm stability, and flagellar t3s were tested either alone o ...	2014	24706743
oxa-48 carbapenemase-producing salmonella enterica serovar kentucky isolate of sequence type 198 in a patient transferred from libya to switzerland.	here, we report a case of oxa-48-producing salmonella enterica serovar kentucky of sequence type 198 (st198) from perianal screening cultures of a patient transferred from libya to switzerland. the blaoxa-48 gene was carried by tn1999.2 and located on an ∼60-kb incl/m plasmid. this salmonella strain also possessed the blaveb-8, aac(6)-ib, tet(a), sul1, and mpha resistance genes and substitutions in gyra (ser83phe and asp87asn) and parc (ser80ile). this finding emphasizes that prompt screening st ...	2014	24468781
emergence of kpc-2-producing salmonella enterica serotype schwarzengrund in argentina.		2014	25114136
fructose-asparagine is a primary nutrient during growth of salmonella in the inflamed intestine.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella) is one of the most significant food-borne pathogens affecting both humans and agriculture. we have determined that salmonella encodes an uptake and utilization pathway specific for a novel nutrient, fructose-asparagine (f-asn), which is essential for salmonella fitness in the inflamed intestine (modeled using germ-free, streptomycin-treated, ex-germ-free with human microbiota, and il10-/- mice). the locus encoding f-asn utilization, fra, provi ...	2014	24967579
laser optical sensor, a label-free on-plate salmonella enterica colony detection tool.	we investigated the application capabilities of a laser optical sensor, bardot (bacterial rapid detection using optical scatter technology) to generate differentiating scatter patterns for the 20 most frequently reported serovars of salmonella enterica. initially, the study tested the classification ability of bardot by using six salmonella serovars grown on brain heart infusion, brilliant green, xylose lysine deoxycholate, and xylose lysine tergitol 4 (xlt4) agar plates. highly accurate discrim ...	2014	24496794
inflammatory effects of edwardsiella ictaluri lipopolysaccharide modifications in catfish gut.	bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps) are structural components of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria and also are potent inducers of inflammation in mammals. higher vertebrates are extremely sensitive to lps, but lower vertebrates, like fish, are resistant to their systemic toxic effects. however, the effects of lps on the fish intestinal mucosa remain unknown. edwardsiella ictaluri is a primitive member of the enterobacteriaceae family that causes enteric septicemia in channel catfish ...	2014	24866806
transmission and retention of salmonella enterica by phytophagous hemipteran insects.	several pest insects of human and livestock habitations are known as vectors of salmonella enterica; however, the role of plant-feeding insects as vectors of s. enterica to agricultural crops remains unexamined. using a hemipteran insect pest-lettuce system, we investigated the potential for transmission and retention of s. enterica. specifically, macrosteles quadrilineatus and myzus persicae insects were fed s. enterica-inoculated lettuce leaf discs or artificial liquid diets confined in parafi ...	2014	24973069
thiouracil-forming bacteria identified and characterized upon porcine in vitro digestion of brassicaceae feed.	in recent years, the frequent detection of the banned thyreostat thiouracil (tu) in livestock urine has been related to endogenous tu formation following digestion of glucosinolate-rich brassicaceae crops. recently, it was demonstrated that, upon in vitro digestion of brassicaceae, fecal bacteria induce tu detection in livestock (porcine livestock > bovines). therefore, the present study was intended to isolate and identify bacteria involved in this intestinal tu formation upon brassicaceae dige ...	2014	25261511
long-term dissemination of ctx-m-5-producing hypermutable salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sequence type 328 strains in russia, belarus, and kazakhstan.	in this paper, we present evidence of long-term circulation of cefotaxime-resistant clonally related salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains over a broad geographic area. the genetic relatedness of 88 isolates collected from multiple outbreaks and sporadic cases of nosocomial salmonellosis in various parts of russia, belarus, and kazakhstan from 1996 to 2009 was established by multilocus tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst). the isolates belong to sequence ...	2014	24957829
high resolution assembly and characterization of genomes of canadian isolates of salmonella enteritidis.	there is a need to characterize genomes of the foodborne pathogen, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) and identify genetic information that could be ultimately deployed for differentiating strains of the organism, a need that is yet to be addressed mainly because of the high degree of clonality of the organism. in an effort to achieve the first characterization of the genomes of se of canadian origin, we carried out massively parallel sequencing of the nucleotide sequence of 11 se isol ...	2014	25156331
bacterial meningitis in malawian infants <2 months of age: etiology and susceptibility to world health organization first-line antibiotics.	neonatal meningitis is an important cause of morbidity in sub-saharan africa and requires urgent empiric treatment with parenteral administered antibiotics. here we describe the etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and suitability of the world health organization first-line recommended antibiotics (penicillin and gentamicin) for bacterial meningitis in young infants in malawi.	2014	24378940
fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of salmonella enterica: detection of acquired resistance and selection of zone diameter breakpoints for levofloxacin and ofloxacin.	fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) have become a mainstay for treating severe salmonella infections in adults. fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella is mostly due to mutations in the topoisomerase genes, but plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) mechanisms have also been described. in 2012, the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) revised the ciprofloxacin interpretive criteria (breakpoints) for disk diffusion and mic test methods for salmonella. in 2013, the clsi pub ...	2014	24391204
the agricultural antibiotic carbadox induces phage-mediated gene transfer in salmonella.	antibiotics are used for disease therapeutic or preventative effects in humans and animals, as well as for enhanced feed conversion efficiency in livestock. antibiotics can also cause undesirable effects in microbial populations, including selection for antibiotic resistance, enhanced pathogen invasion, and stimulation of horizontal gene transfer. carbadox is a veterinary antibiotic used in the us during the starter phase of swine production for improved feed efficiency and control of swine dyse ...	2014	24575089
comparative genomics of closely related salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains reveals genome dynamics and the acquisition of novel pathogenic elements.	typhoid fever is an infectious disease of global importance that is caused by salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). this disease causes an estimated 200,000 deaths per year and remains a serious global health threat. s. typhi is strictly a human pathogen, and some recovered individuals become long-term carriers who continue to shed the bacteria in their faeces, thus becoming main reservoirs of infection.	2014	25412680
the structure and regulation of flagella in bacillus subtilis.	bacterial flagellar motility is among the most extensively studied physiological systems in biology, but most research has been restricted to using the highly similar gram-negative species escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. here, we review the recent advances in the study of flagellar structure and regulation of the distantly related and genetically tractable gram-positive bacterium bacillus subtilis. b. subtilis has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan and lacks the outer membrane of the gra ...	2014	25251856
metabolic engineering of salmonella vaccine bacteria to boost human vγ2vδ2 t cell immunity.	human vγ2vδ2 t cells monitor isoprenoid metabolism by recognizing foreign (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (hmbpp), a metabolite in the 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway used by most eubacteria and apicomplexan parasites, and self isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a metabolite in the mevalonate pathway used by humans. whereas microbial infections elicit prolonged expansion of memory vγ2vδ2 t cells, immunization with prenyl pyrophosphates or aminobisphosphonates elicit short-ter ...	2014	24943221
a sequence-based approach for prediction of csra/rsma targets in bacteria with experimental validation in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	csra/rsma homologs are an extensive family of ribonucleic acid (rna)-binding proteins that function as global post-transcriptional regulators controlling important cellular processes such as secondary metabolism, motility, biofilm formation and the production and secretion of virulence factors in diverse bacterial species. while direct messenger rna binding by csra/rsma has been studied in detail for some genes, it is anticipated that there are numerous additional, as yet undiscovered, direct ta ...	2014	24782516
molecular architecture of the bacterial flagellar motor in cells.	the flagellum is one of the most sophisticated self-assembling molecular machines in bacteria. powered by the proton-motive force, the flagellum rapidly rotates in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, which ultimately controls bacterial motility and behavior. escherichia coli and salmonella enterica have served as important model systems for extensive genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis of the flagellum, providing unparalleled insights into its structure, function, and gen ...	2014	24697492
detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal rattus norvegicus in new york city.	norway rats (rattus norvegicus) are globally distributed and concentrate in urban environments, where they live and feed in closer proximity to human populations than most other mammals. despite the potential role of rats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases, the microbial diversity present in urban rat populations remains unexplored. in this study, we used targeted molecular assays to detect known bacterial, viral, and protozoan human pathogens and unbiased high-throughput sequencing to identify ...	2014	25316698
intraspecies competition for niches in the distal gut dictate transmission during persistent salmonella infection.	in order to be transmitted, a pathogen must first successfully colonize and multiply within a host. ecological principles can be applied to study host-pathogen interactions to predict transmission dynamics. little is known about the population biology of salmonella during persistent infection. to define salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium population structure in this context, 129svj mice were oral gavaged with a mixture of eight wild-type isogenic tagged salmonella (wits) strains. distinct s ...	2014	25474319
identification of antigenic proteins of the nosocomial pathogen klebsiella pneumoniae.	the continuous expansion of nosocomial infections around the globe has become a precarious situation. key challenges include mounting dissemination of multiple resistances to antibiotics, the easy transmission and the growing mortality rates of hospital-acquired bacterial diseases. thus, new ways to rapidly detect these infections are vital. consequently, researchers around the globe pursue innovative approaches for point-of-care devices. in many cases the specific interaction of an antigen and ...	2014	25333280
salmonella enterica in the chicken: how it has helped our understanding of immunology in a non-biomedical model species.	salmonella infection of the chicken is important both as a source of foodborne human salmonellosis and as a source of disease in the chicken itself. vaccination and other control strategies require an understanding of the immune response and as such have been important in understanding both mucosal immunity and more generally the response to bacterial infection. in this review, we discuss the contribution the study of avian salmonellosis has made to understanding innate immunity including the fu ...	2014	25346731
spread and transmission of bacterial pathogens in experimental populations of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans.	caenorhabditis elegans is frequently used as a model species for the study of bacterial virulence and innate immunity. in recent years, diverse mechanisms contributing to the nematode's immune response to bacterial infection have been discovered. yet despite growing interest in the biochemical and molecular basis of nematode-bacterium associations, many questions remain about their ecology. although recent studies have demonstrated that free-living nematodes could act as vectors of opportunistic ...	2014	24973073
gastroenteritis due to typhoidal salmonella: a decade of observation at an urban and a rural diarrheal disease hospital in bangladesh.	the study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of typhoidal salmonella (salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi) (ts) with diarrhea between urban and rural bangladesh.	2014	25098316
epidemiology of pathogenic enterobacteria in humans, livestock, and peridomestic rodents in rural madagascar.	among the families of enteric bacteria are globally important diarrheal agents. despite their potential for zoonotic and environmental transmission, few studies have examined the epidemiology of these pathogens in rural systems characterized by extensive overlap among humans, domesticated and peridomestic animals. we investigated patterns of infection with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella enterica, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia spp. (enterocolitica, and pseudotuberculo ...	2014	24983990
the focal complex of epithelial cells provides a signalling platform for interleukin-8 induction in response to bacterial pathogens.	bacterial pathogens can induce an inflammatory response from epithelial tissues due to secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (il-8). many bacterial pathogens manipulate components of the focal complex (fc) to induce signalling events in host cells. we examined the interaction of several bacterial pathogens with host cells, including campylobacter jejuni, to determine if the fc is required for induction of chemokine signalling in response to bacterial pathogens. our data indic ...	2014	24779413
the evolutionary history and diagnostic utility of the crispr-cas system within salmonella enterica ssp. enterica.	evolutionary studies of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs) and their associated (cas) genes can provide insights into host-pathogen co-evolutionary dynamics and the frequency at which different genomic events (e.g., horizontal vs. vertical transmission) occur. within this study, we used whole genome sequence (wgs) data to determine the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of crispr loci and cas genes among a diverse set of 427 salmonella enterica ssp. enter ...	2014	24765574