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[monitoring of viral pathogens in pediatric intensive care unit and analysis of clinical significance].to study the characteristics of viral spectrum and clinical features of children in pediatric intensive care unit (picu).201324131585
a novel assay for detecting virus-specific antibodies triggering activation of fcγ receptors.igg responses are crucial in antiviral defence and instrumental for the serodiagnosis of infections. fcγ receptors (fcγrs), which recognize the fc-part of igg, differ regarding their igg binding affinity, igg subclass preference, cellular expression profile and pathogen elimination mechanisms elicited upon activation. assessing their activation in vitro is of fundamental importance, but technically difficult. therefore, a novel assay for measuring antiviral igg antibodies triggering activation o ...201323023090
epidemiology of respiratory viral infection using multiplex rt-pcr in cheonan, korea (2006-2010).multiplex rt-pcr was used to detect respiratory viruses in 5,318 clinical samples referred to the laboratory of a tertiary teaching hospital from december 2006 to november 2010. the acquired data were analyzed with respect to types, ratio, and co-infection trends of infected respiratory viruses. trends in respiratory viral infection according to sex, age, and period of infection were also analyzed. of the 5,318 submitted clinical samples, 3,350 (63.0%) specimens were positive for at least one re ...201323412071
antiviral activity of folium isatidis derived extracts in vitro and in vivo.folium isatidis is a native chinese herbaceous plant widely used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. however, few studies have focused on the leaves of isatis indigotica. in this report, we isolated a series of four fractions (i-iv) from folium isatidis and explored the antiviral activity of each tested extract. the extracts were active against a panel of rna and dna viruses in vitro, namely influenza a virus (iav), coxsackie virus b3 (cvb3), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and ade ...201323895163
clinical characteristics of children with viral single- and co-infections and a petechial rash.children with petechial rash are more likely to undergo invasive diagnostics, to be treated with antibiotics for potential bacterial infection and to be hospitalized. however, viruses have also been associated with petechial rash. nonetheless, a systematic analysis of viral infections with modern available techniques as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in the context of petechial rash is lacking. the purpose of this pediatric study was to prospectively uncover viral pathogens tha ...201323249918
[how i manage respiratory syncytial virus, human herpesvirus 6 and adenovirus reactivation or infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a report of the sfgm-tc].in the attempt to harmonize clinical practices between different french transplantation centers, the french society of bone marrow transplantation and cell therapy (sfgm-tc) set up the third annual series of workshops which brought together practitioners from all member centers and took place in october 2012 in lille. here we report our results and recommendations regarding the management of virus respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human herpes virus 6 (hhv6) or adenovirus allogeneic stem cell t ...201324011959
the baff/april system: emerging functions beyond b cell biology and autoimmunity.the baff system plays a key role in the development of autoimmunity, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). this often leads to the assumption that baff is mostly a b cell factor with a specific role in autoimmunity. focus on baff and autoimmunity, driven by pharmaceutical successes with the recent approval of a novel targeted therapy belimumab, has relegated other potential roles of baff to the background. far from being sle-specific, the baff system has a much broader relevance in i ...201323684423
respiratory virus detection in nasopharyngeal aspirate versus bronchoalveolar lavage is dependent on virus type in children with chronic respiratory symptoms.the comparative yield of respiratory virus detection from nasopharyngeal aspirate (npa) versus bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) is uncertain. furthermore, the significance of virus detection and its relationship to lower airway neutrophilic inflammation is poorly studied.201324125830
epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection hospitalizations among hiv-infected and hiv-uninfected south african children, 2010-2011.there are limited data on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection among children in settings with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). we studied the epidemiology of rsv-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection (alrti) hospitalizations among hiv-infected and hiv-uninfected children in south africa.201324265481
lower respiratory tract infections associated with rhinovirus during infancy and increased risk of wheezing during childhood. a cohort study.although association between respiratory syncytial virus infection and later asthma development has been established, little is known about the role of other respiratory viruses. rhinovirus was considered a mild pathogen of the upper respiratory tract but current evidence suggests that rhinovirus is highly prevalent among children with lower respiratory tract infections (lrti). the aim of the study was to evaluate whether lrti hospitalization associated with rhinovirus during infancy was associa ...201323935997
[respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus in the adult population: description of 16 cases].respiratory infections of viral etiology are frequent in the adult population. those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are a little known entity. the aim of this study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with respiratory infection due to rsv.201323831404
cationic host defence peptides: potential as antiviral therapeutics.there is a pressing need to develop new antiviral treatments; of the 60 drugs currently available, half are aimed at hiv-1 and the remainder target only a further six viruses. this demand has led to the emergence of possible peptide therapies, with 15 currently in clinical trials. advancements in understanding the antiviral potential of naturally occurring host defence peptides highlights the potential of a whole new class of molecules to be considered as antiviral therapeutics. cationic host de ...201323649937
surfactant protein d modulates hiv infection of both t-cells and dendritic cells.surfactant protein d (sp-d) is an oligomerized c-type lectin molecule with immunomodulatory properties and involvement in lung surfactant homeostasis in the respiratory tract. sp-d binds to the enveloped viruses, influenza a virus and respiratory syncytial virus and inhibits their replication in vitro and in vivo. sp-d has been shown to bind to hiv via the hiv envelope protein gp120 and inhibit infectivity in vitro. here we show that sp-d binds to different strains of hiv (bal and iiib) and the ...201323527085
severity of respiratory signs and symptoms and virus profiles in japanese children with acute respiratory illness.associations between the severity of respiratory signs and symptoms and the respiratory viruses identified in 214 japanese children with acute respiratory illness (ari) enrolled between january and december 2012 were studied. respiratory rate, wheezing, cyanosis, and the use of accessory muscles were used as indices of respiratory severity and phylogenetic analysis of the viruses identified in these children was performed. respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human rhin ...201324117766
molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses in virus-induced asthma.acute respiratory illness (ari) due to various viruses is not only the most common cause of upper respiratory infection in humans but is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality, leading to diseases such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. previous studies have shown that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human rhinovirus (hrv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), human parainfluenza virus (hpiv), and human enterovirus infections may be associated with virus-induced asthma. for example, it has been ...201324062735
respiratory syncytial virus infection induces higher toll-like receptor-3 expression and tnf-α production than human metapneumovirus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are common causes of respiratory infections in children. diseases caused by hmpv are generally considered to be less severe than those caused by rsv; the underlying mechanisms, however, remain unknown. in the present study, the expressions of tlrs in airway epithelial cells and lungs of balb/c mice infected by hmpv or rsv were measured in an attempt to explore the differences in the airway inflammation caused by the two viruses. ...201324039959
host-viral interactions: role of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) in human pneumovirus infections.acute respiratory tract infection (rti) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the majority of rtis are caused by viruses, among which respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and the closely related human metapneumovirus (hmpv) figure prominently. host innate immune response has been implicated in recognition, protection and immune pathological mechanisms. host-viral interactions are generally initiated via host recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) of the ...201324244872
epidemiology of virus-induced wheezing/asthma in children.wheezing is a lower respiratory tract symptom induced by various viral respiratory infections. epidemiological studies have revealed the phenotypes of wheezing in early childhood which have different risk factors for the development of asthma among school age children. the major viral species causing wheezing in children include respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus and influenza viruses. it has been shown that the impact on the development of asthma is different between ...201324379810
acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in cambodian children: clinical and epidemiologic characteristics.viruses are detected in most hospitalized children admitted for acute respiratory infections. etiologic understanding is needed to improve clinical management and prevention, particularly in resource-limited tropical countries.201322926214
synthesis and metabolic studies of host directed inhibitors for anti viral therapy.targeting host cell factors required for virus replication provides an alternative to targeting pathogen components and represents a promising approach to develop broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics. high-throughput screening (hts) identified two classes of inhibitors (2 and 3) with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against ortho- and paramyxoviruses including influenza a virus (iav), measles virus (mev), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3). hit-to-l ...201323956816
evaluation of a novel immunogenic vaccine platform based on a genome replication-deficient sendai vector.we developed a novel vaccine platform based on a paramyxoviral, genome replication-deficient sendai virus vector that can express heterologous genes inserted into the genome. to validate the novel approach in vivo, we generated a combined vaccine candidate against human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3). the present study compares two different methods of displaying heterologous antigens: (i) the rsv fusion (f) protein, encoded as a secretable version ...201323831325
genetic stability of rsv-f expression and the restricted growth phenotype of a live attenuated piv3 vectored rsv vaccine candidate (medi-534) following restrictive growth in human lung cells.medi-534 is the first live, attenuated and vectored respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine to be evaluated in seronegative children. it consists of a bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) backbone with the rsv fusion glycoprotein (rsv-f) expressed from the second position. the piv3 fusion and hemaglutinin-neuraminidase proteins are human-derived. no small animal appropriately replicates the restrictive growth of bovine piv3 (bpiv3) based viruses relative to human piv3 (hpiv3) observe ...201323623857
impact of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia: results of a study of 17 respiratory viruses.little is known about the prevalence of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap).201322329841
recent developments with live-attenuated recombinant paramyxovirus vaccines.there is no vaccine currently approved for paramyxovirus-induced respiratory diseases in humans, despite their major clinical importance. we review the development and evaluation of new vaccine strategies based on live-attenuated chimeric and recombinant vaccines against human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and human parainfluenza viruses types 1 to 3, which are significant causes of upper and lower tract respiratory diseases. most promising strategies are based on virus atte ...201322570186
a comparison of characteristics and outcomes in severe human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in children treated in an intensive care unit.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are among the leading causes of respiratory tract infections requiring admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (picu). we evaluated the risk factors, clinical courses and outcomes of severe hmpv disease relative to severe rsv in children admitted to the picu.201323811741
respiratory virus infections in hospitalized children and adults in lao pdr.acute respiratory infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a major burden of disease in developing countries. the relative contribution of viruses in acute lower respiratory infections (alri) is, however, poorly documented in lao pdr.201323796419
dendritic cells in human pneumovirus and metapneumovirus infections.lung dendritic cells (dc) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens, as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses in the respiratory tract. their strategic localization at the site of pathogen entry makes them particularly susceptible to initial viral invasion. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) belong to the paramyxoviridae family, within the pneumovirus and metapneumovirus genera, respectively. hrsv and hmpv are significant human respira ...201323787776
respiratory virus rna is detectable in airborne and droplet particles.aerosol transmission routes of respiratory viruses have been classified by the who on the basis of equilibrium particle size. droplet transmission is associated with particles sized >5 µm in diameter and airborne transmission is associated with particles sized ≤5 µm in diameter. current infection control measures for respiratory viruses are directed at preventing droplet transmission, although epidemiological evidence suggests concurrent airborne transmission also occurs. understanding the size ...201323959825
seroepidemiologies of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in young children, determined with a new recombinant fusion protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.we compared antibodies against human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in children. the antibody nadirs for both viruses were at 3 to 5 months, and the majority of children were seropositive for both by 2 years. there was no significant difference in the kinetics of maternal antibody decline or seroconversion relative to the two viruses.201323945161
clinical impact of human coronaviruses 229e and oc43 infection in diverse adult populations.the incidence and clinical impact of coronavirus (cov) infection in elderly persons and those with underlying cardiopulmonary disease over a long duration is not well described. we determined the incidence and clinical impact of 229e and oc43 cov in this population during 4 consecutive winters, and compared illnesses to influenza a, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus.201323922367
clinical features of different genotypes/genogroups of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children.to explore the clinical features of different human metapneumovirus (hmpv) genotypes/genogroups in hospitalized children.201323022463
evaluation of viral co-infections in hospitalized and non-hospitalized children with respiratory infections using microarrays.the impact of viral co-infections and recently discovered viruses on the epidemiology of respiratory infections in children is still unclear. to simultaneously detect viruses that are involved in the aetiology of respiratory infections, we used a dna/rna microarray assay that identifies 17 different viruses or viral subtypes. rhinopharyngeal washes were taken from 611 children (aged 1 month to 14 years) who presented in the emergency department with respiratory infections from june 2010 to june ...201323020634
respiratory viruses in neonates hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections.the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in neonates has not been clearly studied. the aims of this study were to determine the overall distribution of respiratory viruses in neonates hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infectiosns (alri) and to describe the clinical characteristics of rsv infections in these neonates.201322978535
additional diagnostic yield of adding serology to pcr in diagnosing viral acute respiratory infections in kenyan patients 5 years of age and older.the role of serology in the setting of pcr-based diagnosis of acute respiratory infections (aris) is unclear. we found that acute- and convalescent-phase paired-sample serologic testing increased the diagnostic yield of naso/oropharyngeal swabs for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses beyond pcr by 0.4% to 10.7%. although still limited for clinical use, serology, along with pcr, can maximize etiologic diagnosis in epidem ...201323114699
human metapneumovirus associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children in beijing, china.community-acquired pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. however, few studies have been conducted on the infection of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) associated with pediatric community-acquired pneumonia in china. nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected between july 2008 and june 2010 from 1,028 children, aged ≤16.5 years, who were diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia in beijing, china. reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to screen ...201323097275
seasonal distribution and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in pediatric inpatients in southeast china.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important respiratory pathogen in young children whose seasonal activity varies substantially from year to year among different populations. this study was conducted to investigate if there was a seasonal variation in the incidence of hmpv infection in young children and possible associations between hmpv infection and local meteorological parameters in suzhou, china. a total of 6,655 children with acute respiratory tract infection (arti) admitted to the childr ...201323074040
laboratory surveillance of influenza-like illness in seven teaching hospitals, south korea: 2011-2012 season.a well-constructed and properly operating influenza surveillance scheme is essential for public health. this study was conducted to evaluate the distribution of respiratory viruses in patients with influenza-like illness (ili) through the first teaching hospital-based surveillance scheme for ili in south korea.201323717587
viral etiologies of infant bronchiolitis, croup and upper respiratory illness during 4 consecutive years.prospective data on viral etiology and clinical characteristics of bronchiolitis and upper respiratory illness (uri) in infants are limited.201323694832
mortality rates of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a common respiratory virus, can cause severe disease in pre- and post-hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct) recipients. we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis in hct patients with hmpv (n = 23) or respiratory syncytial virus (n = 23) detected in bronchoalveolar lavage samples by reverse transcription pcr between 2006 and 2011 to determine disease characteristics and factors associated with outcome. mortality rates at 100 days were 43% for both hmpv and resp ...201323680472
treatment of severe human metapneumovirus (hmpv) pneumonia in an immunocompromised child with oral ribavirin and ivig.the clinical manifestations of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection resemble those of respiratory syncytial virus with the most severe disease occurring in infants, the elderly, chronically ill, and immunocompromised hosts.201323669731
phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses of human metapneumovirus in buenos aires (argentina) for a three-year period (2009-2011).human metapneumovirus, which belongs to the paramyxoviridae family and has been classified as a member of the pneumovirus genus, is genetically and clinically similar to other family members such as human respiratory syncytial virus. a total of 1146 nasopharyngeal aspirates from pediatric patients with moderate and severe acute lower respiratory tract infections, hospitalized at the ricardo gutierrez childreńs hospital (buenos aires, argentina), were tested by real time rt-pcr for human metapneu ...201323646177
respiratory syncytial virus: co-infection and paediatric lower respiratory tract infections.comprehensive population-based data on the role of respiratory viruses in the development of lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) remain unclear. we investigated the incidence and effect of single and multiple infections with respiratory viruses on the risk of lrtis in vietnam. population-based prospective surveillance and a case-control study of hospitalised paediatric patients with acute respiratory infection (ari) were conducted from april 2007 through to march 2010. healthy controls we ...201323645407
burden of respiratory tract infections among paediatric in and out-patient units during 2010-11.respiratory tract infections due to viral etiology were studied with an objective to identify and compare the pathogens between hospital indoor and outdoor units.201323609364
field evaluation of taqman array card (tac) for the simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory infection.multipathogen reverse transcription real-time pcr (rt-qpcr) platforms have proven useful in surveillance for acute respiratory illness (ari) and study of respiratory outbreaks of unknown etiology. the taqman(®) array card (tac, life technologies™), can simultaneously test 7 clinical specimens for up to 21 individual pathogens (depending on arrangement of controls and use of duplicate wells) by arrayed singleplex rt-qpcr on a single assay card, using minimal amounts of clinical specimens. a previ ...201323608639
the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) as an animal model for respiratory tract infections with human pathogens.respiratory viral infection is a great human health concern, resulting in disease, death and economic losses. cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) have been particularly useful in the study of the pathogenesis of human respiratory virus infections, including the development and testing of antiviral compounds and vaccines. in this article, the authors outline the advantages of the cotton rat compared with the mouse as a model for infection with measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza vir ...201323604159
[analysis of infection status and pathogenic features of human metapneumovirus among children in hangzhou between year 2009 and 2011].to study the infection status and pathogenic features of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) among children with acute respiratory tract infection in hangzhou.201323601519
the impact of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia.for many years viral causes of community-acquired pneumonia were often been given limited attention. the number of published studies on influenza alone increased fivefold from 2001 to 2010. specifically several studies have underlined that the involvement of viruses in community-acquired pneumonia has been underestimated, and this underestimation has been attributed to a lack of appropriate diagnostic methods. now, with the advent of modern molecular assays, it is well recognized that viruses ac ...201323549618
virological and clinical characterizations of respiratory infections in hospitalized children.the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and seasonal distribution of viral etiological agents and to compare their clinical manifestations and disease severity, including single and co infections.201323536956
seasonal patterns of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza a virus, human metapneumovirus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 infections on the basis of virus isolation data between 2004 and 2011 in yamagata, japan.most acute respiratory infections (aris) are thought to be associated with respiratory viruses that cause similar symptoms. therefore, assessment of clinical and epidemiologic features of these viruses is important for diagnosing a viral infection. we collected 13,325 nasopharyngeal specimens from patients with aris and isolated the virus using a microplate method involving 7 cell lines between 2004 and 2011 in yamagata, japan. we isolated a total of 5,483 viruses. respiratory syncytial virus (r ...201323514911
association of the ct values of real-time pcr of viral upper respiratory tract infection with clinical severity, kenya.quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) assay of the upper respiratory tract is used increasingly to diagnose lower respiratory tract infections. the cycle threshold (ct ) values of qrt-pcr are continuous, semi-quantitative measurements of viral load, although interpretation of diagnostic qrt-pcr results are often categorized as positive, indeterminate, or negative, obscuring potentially useful clinical interpretation of ct values. from 2008 to 2010, naso/oropharyngeal swabs w ...201323508918
identification of respiratory viruses with a novel point-of-care multianalyte antigen detection test in children with acute respiratory tract infection.rapid etiological diagnosis of a respiratory virus infection may have impact on antiviral and antibiotic therapy, patient cohorting, and prediction of the clinical course. most point-of-care tests for detection of respiratory viruses have limitations in diagnostic performance and clinical usability. a novel, multianalyte point-of-care antigen detection test system (maripoc(®); arcdia international oy ltd., turku, finland) detects eight respiratory viruses (influenza a and b viruses, respiratory ...201323490399
human metapneumovirus keeps dendritic cells from priming antigen-specific naive t cells.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is the second most common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children, causing a significant public health burden worldwide. given that hmpv can repeatedly infect the host without major antigenic changes, it has been suggested that hmpv may have evolved molecular mechanisms to impair host adaptive immunity and, more specifically, t-cell memory. recent studies have shown that hmpv can interfere with superantigen-induced t-cell activation by infecting ...201323374037
challenges to evaluating respiratory syncytial virus mortality in bangladesh, 2004-2008.acute lower respiratory illness is the most common cause of death among children, globally. data are not available to make accurate estimates on the global mortality from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), specifically.201323365643
severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and toddlers from a non-affluent population: viral etiology and co-detection as risk factors.lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is a major cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality, especially among non-affluent communities. in this study we determine the impact of respiratory viruses and how viral co-detections/infections can affect clinical lrti severity in children in a hospital setting.201323351117
respiratory viral infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children.this study was performed to characterize respiratory viral infections in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). study samples included 402 respiratory specimens obtained from 358 clinical episodes that occurred in the 116 children of the 175 consecutive hsct cohort at seoul national university children's hospital, korea from 2007 to 2010. multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions were performed for rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (r ...201323341709
breaking in: human metapneumovirus fusion and entry.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a leading cause of respiratory infection that causes upper airway and severe lower respiratory tract infections. hmpv infection is initiated by viral surface glycoproteins that attach to cellular receptors and mediate virus membrane fusion with cellular membranes. most paramyxoviruses use two viral glycoproteins to facilitate virus entry-an attachment protein and a fusion (f) protein. however, membrane fusion for the human paramyxoviruses in the pneumovirus subfam ...201323325326
seasonality of acute otitis media and the role of respiratory viral activity in children.acute otitis media (aom) occurs as a complication of viral upper respiratory tract infections in young children. aom and respiratory viruses both display seasonal variation. our objective was to examine the temporal association between circulating respiratory viruses and the occurrence of pediatric ambulatory care visits for aom.201323249910
[etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections morbidity in novosibirsk and novosibirsk region in epidemic season 2011-2012].ari occupying the first place in the structure of total human morbidity. the aim of the study was to investigate the species diversity of the viruses causing ar among residents of the novosibirsk region during epidemic season (october to april).201324340631
the non-structural ns1 protein unique to respiratory syncytial virus: a two-state folding monomer in quasi-equilibrium with a stable spherical oligomer.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major infectious agent that cause pediatric respiratory disease worldwide. considered one of the main virulence factors of hrsv, ns1 is known to suppress type i interferon response and signaling, thus favoring immune evasion. this, together with the fact that ns1 is unique to hrsv among paramyxoviruses, and that has no homology within databases, prompted us to investigate its conformational stability, equilibria and folding. temperature cooperatively ...201324058549
jiawei-yupingfeng-tang, a chinese herbal formula, inhibits respiratory viral infections in vitro and in vivo.jiawei-yupingfeng-tang (jyt) is a chinese herbal formula that is widely used to treat respiratory tract illness. however, the effect of jyt on respiratory viruses remains unknown. the influenza virus (ifv) and the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) cause millions of cases of severe illness per year, and many of these illnesses develop into lethal pneumonia. the aim of this study is to evaluate whether jyt can be used to treat these infections.201324051026
fine modulation of the respiratory syncytial virus m2-1 protein quaternary structure by reversible zinc removal from its cys(3)-his(1) motif.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a worldwide distributed pathogen that causes respiratory disease mostly in infants and the elderly. the m2-1 protein of hrsv functions as a transcription antiterminator and partakes in virus particle budding. it is present only in pneumovirinae, namely, pneumovirus (rsv) and metapneumovirus, making it an interesting target for specific antivirals. hrsv m2-1 is a tight tetramer bearing a cys3-his1 zinc-binding motif, present in ebola vp30 protein and so ...201323984912
infection-enhancing lipopeptides do not improve intranasal immunization of cotton rats with a delta-g candidate live-attenuated human respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.development of live-attenuated human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) vaccines has proven to be difficult. several vaccine candidates were found to be over-attenuated and displayed limited immunogenicity. recently, we identified three synthetic cationic lipopeptides that enhanced paramyxovirus infections in vitro. the infection enhancement proved to be mediated by enhanced virus binding to target cells. we hypothesized that these lipopeptides can be used as adjuvants to promote immune response ...201323955280
[detecting human respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory samples collected from children with acute respiratory infections by reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification].to establish a rapid, sensitive and specific reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detecting human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in respiratory samples collected from children with acute respiratory infections.201323927800
the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein targets to the perimeter of inclusion bodies and facilitates filament formation by a cytoplasmic tail-dependent mechanism.the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) fusion (f) protein cytoplasmic tail (ct) and matrix (m) protein are key mediators of viral assembly, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. a complementation assay was developed to systematically examine the role of the f protein ct in infectious virus production. the ability of f mutants with alanine substitutions in the ct to complement an f-null virus in generating infectious progeny was quantitated by flow cytometry. two ct regions w ...201323903836
human respiratory syncytial virus n, p and m protein interactions in hek-293t cells.characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) protein interactions with host cell components is crucial to devise antiviral strategies. viral nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and matrix protein genes were optimized for human codon usage and cloned into expression vectors. hek-293t cells were transfected with these vectors, viral proteins were immunoprecipitated, and co-immunoprecipitated cellular proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. cell proteins identified with higher ...201323892143
complete genome sequences of two human respiratory syncytial virus genotype a strains from india, rsv-a/niv1114046/11 and rsv-a/niv1114073/11.two complete genomes of human respiratory syncytial virus subtype a (hrsv-a), with and without a 72-nucleotide duplication in the c-terminal glycoprotein g gene, were sequenced and analyzed. characterization of these genomes will improve understanding of the diversity, emergence, virulence, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of a novel rsv-a genotype with a 72-nucleotide g gene duplication.201323887906
water extract of pueraria lobata ohwi has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infects all age groups and causes bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome with a significant mortality rate. to date, only ribavirin has been used to manage hrsv infection. however, ribavirin is expensive with an only modest effect. furthermore, ribavirin has several side effects, which means it has limited clinical benefit. pueraria lobata ohwi (p. lobata) is a common ingredient of ge-gen-tang (kakkon-to) and sheng-ma-ge-gen-tan ...201324296052
human respiratory syncytial virus memphis 37 grown in hep-2 cells causes more severe disease in lambs than virus grown in vero cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants and young children. a small percentage of these individuals develop severe and even fatal disease. to better understand the pathogenesis of severe disease and develop therapies unique to the less-developed infant immune system, a model of infant disease is needed. the neonatal lamb pulmonary development and physiology is similar to that of infants, and sheep are susceptible to ovine, bovine, or human strains o ...201324284879
cd8+ t-cell epitope mapping for pneumonia virus of mice in h-2b mice.the paramyxovirus pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is a rodent model of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) pathogenesis. here we characterized the pvm-specific cd8(+) t-cell repertoire in susceptible c57bl/6 mice. in total, 15 pvm-specific cd8(+) t-cell epitopes restricted by h-2d(b) and/or h-2k(b) were identified. these data open the door for using widely profiled, genetically manipulated c57bl/6 mice to study the contribution of epitope-specific cd8(+) t cells to pvm pathogenesis.201323824814
evaluation of antiviral efficacy against human respiratory syncytial virus using cotton rat and mouse models.infection with human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease in infants, young children, and elderly persons. no vaccine is available today and hrsv treatment options are limited. as a consequence, the treatment of hrsv infection remains largely supportive and new therapeutic options are needed to treat severe lower respiratory tract hrsv disease. several animal models have been developed to study hrsv disease and evaluate novel therapies or preventive me ...201323821282
molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus na1 and ga5 genotypes detected in assam in northeast india, 2009-2012.a significant number of children die each year from acute respiratory tract infections especially in developing countries. human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common virus identified in such cases. genetic characterization and the circulation pattern of rsv is important for future selection of appropriate vaccine strains. limited information is available on the circulation of rsv in developing countries including india. the present study aimed to provide baseline information on t ...201323780643
architecture of respiratory syncytial virus revealed by electron cryotomography.human respiratory syncytial virus is a human pathogen that causes severe infection of the respiratory tract. current information about the structure of the virus and its interaction with host cells is limited. we carried out an electron cryotomographic characterization of cell culture-grown human respiratory syncytial virus to determine the architecture of the virion. the particles ranged from 100 nm to 1,000 nm in diameter and were spherical, filamentous, or a combination of the two. the filame ...201323776214
genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus group a viruses isolated in germany 1996-2008.the genetic and antigenic variability of 18 human respiratory syncytial virus group a viruses isolated in germany from 1996 to 2008 was evaluated by nucleotide sequencing of the complete g and f genes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis with anti-g and anti-f monoclonal antibodies. phylogenetic analyses showed that the g-proteins clustered into the two genotypes ga2 and ga5. the antigenic analysis of g-gene was carried out with a panel of anti-g and anti-f monoclonal antibodies that r ...201323775758
a neutralization assay for respiratory syncytial virus using a quantitative pcr-based endpoint assessment.few studies have used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) as an approach to measure virus neutralization assay endpoints. its lack of use may not be surprising considering that sample nucleic acid extraction and purification can be expensive, labor-intensive, and rate-limiting.201323767960
genetic analysis of attachment glycoprotein (g) gene in new genotype on1 of human respiratory syncytial virus detected in japan.we studied the evolution of the g gene in the new genotype on1 of rsv detected from patients with acute respiratory infection in japan. phylogenetic analyses and the evolutionary timescale were obtained by the bayesian mcmc method. we also analyzed p-distance and positive selection sites. a new genotype on1 emerged around 2001. the evolution rate was rapid (3.57 × 10(-3) substitutions/site per year). the p-distance was short and no positive selection site was found in the present strains. these ...201323750702
intranasal immunization with a helper-dependent adenoviral vector expressing the codon-optimized fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus elicits protective immunity in balb/c mice.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a serious pediatric pathogen of the lower respiratory tract. currently, there is no clinically approved vaccine against rsv infection. recent studies have shown that helper-dependent adenoviral (hdad) vectors may represent effective and safe vaccine vectors. however, viral challenge has not been investigated following mucosal vaccination with hdad vector vaccines.201323742026
molecular epidemiology and phylodynamics of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in northern taiwan.the glycoprotein (g protein) and fusion protein (f protein) of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) both show genetic variability, but few studies have examined the f protein gene. this study aimed to characterize the molecular epidemiology and phylodynamics of the f protein gene in clinical rsv strains isolated in northern taiwan from 2000-2011.201323734183
anti-viral activity of water extract of paeonia lactiflora pallas against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.paeonia lactiflora pallas (p. lactiflora, ranunculaceae) is a common ingredient of sheng-ma-ge-gen-tang (smggt; shoma-kakkon-to) and ge-gen-tang (ggt; kakkon-to). smggt and ggt are different prescriptions of traditional chinese medicine with different ingredients designed for airway symptoms. both smggt and ggt have anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). therefore, p. lactiflora was hypothesized to be the effective ingredient of both smggt and ggt against hrsv. how ...201323711143
molecular evolution of attachment glycoprotein (g) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus detected in japan 2008-2011.we investigated the evolution of the c-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of g gene in the prevalent human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) subgroups a (rsv-a) and b (rsv-b) in japan in 2008-2011. phylogenetic analysis and the evolutionary timescale was obtained by the bayesian markov chain monte carlo method. all 38 rsv-a strains detected were classified into genotype na1 and the 17 rsv-b strains detected belonged to genotypes ba and gb2. na1 subdivided around 1998 in the present phylogenetic t ...201323707845
the comparative genomics of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroups a and b: genetic variability and molecular evolutionary dynamics.genomic variation and related evolutionary dynamics of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a common causative agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections, may affect its transmission behavior. rsv evolutionary patterns are likely to be influenced by a precarious interplay between selection favoring variants with higher replicative fitness and variants that evade host immune responses. studying rsv genetic variation can reveal both the genes and the individual codons within these gene ...201323698290
respiratory syncytial virus and asthma: speed-dating or long-term relationship?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. furthermore, epidemiological evidence has been accumulating that rsv lower respiratory tract infection in infants may be linked to subsequent development of recurrent wheezing and asthma in childhood. this article reviews the epidemiological evidence linking rsv and asthma and some new hypotheses of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of postviral airway inflammation and hyperreac ...201323657245
water extract of licorice had anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.licorice (glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch., leguminosae) has been used in herbal medicine and food supplement worldwide for centuries. licorice is a common ingredient of several prescriptions of traditional chinese medicine which have been proved to inhibit infection of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). there are two preparations of licorice, radix glycyrrhizae and radix glycyrrhizae preparata. however, it is unknown whether licorice or which preparation of licorice is effective against hrsv ...201323643542
circulation of human respiratory syncytial virus strains among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection in malaysia.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major viral pathogen associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis) among hospitalized children. in this study, the genetic diversity of the rsv strains was investigated among nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) taken from children less than 5 years of age hospitalized with alrtis in hospital serdang, malaysia. a total of 165 npa samples were tested for the presence of rsv and other respiratory viruses from june until december 2009. rsv ...201323641140
rage inhibits human respiratory syncytial virus syncytium formation by interfering with f-protein function.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection. infection is critically dependent on the rsv fusion (f) protein, which mediates fusion between the viral envelope and airway epithelial cells. the f protein is also expressed on infected cells and is responsible for fusion of infected cells with adjacent cells, resulting in the formation of multinucleate syncytia. the receptor for advanced glycation end products (rage) is a pattern-recognition r ...201323559480
ifnβ/tnfα synergism induces a non-canonical stat2/irf9-dependent pathway triggering a novel duox2 nadph oxidase-mediated airway antiviral response.airway epithelial cells are key initial innate immune responders in the fight against respiratory viruses, primarily via the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines that act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to trigger the establishment of an antiviral state. it is currently thought that the early antiviral state in airway epithelial cells primarily relies on ifnβ secretion and the subsequent activation of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (isgf3) transcription factor complex, ...201323545780
xiao-qing-long-tang (sho-seiryu-to) inhibited cytopathic effect of human respiratory syncytial virus in cell lines of human respiratory tract.xiao-qing-long-tang (xqlt, tj-19, sho-seiryu-to, so-cheong-ryong-tang) has been used against acute airway diseases for thousands of year in ancient china. most of the acute airway illnesses are caused by virus. however, without activity against influenza virus, xqlt has been questioned to manage respiratory tract viral infection. nevertheless, xqlt might be active against airway viruses other than influenza. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is one of the most common respiratory viral pat ...201323542148
emerging human respiratory syncytial virus genotype on1 found in infants with pneumonia in beijing, china. 201326038462
water extract of cinnamomum cassia blume inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus by preventing viral attachment, internalization, and syncytium formation.cinnamomum cassia blume is a popular traditional chinese herbal medicine that has been used to manage respiratory tract disease, including common cold and chronic bronchitis for thousand years. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is one of the leading causes of severe lower respiratory tract illness worldwide. no effective therapeutic modality against hrsv infection has been proved. it is unknown whether cinnamomum cassia is effective against hrsv.201323518419
respiratory syncytial virus epidemic periods in an equatorial city of brazil.characterization of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) season at the local level has important implications for appropriate decisions on the time period for administration of specific prophylaxis.201323517375
management of severe respiratory tract disease caused by human respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae in captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) are susceptible to many viral and bacterial pathogens of human origin. this case series reports an acute outbreak of respiratory disease due to human respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae in a single group of 30 captive chimpanzees. both pathogens are potentially zoonotic. the diagnosis was made antemortem and enabled a targeted response to the outbreak; but it more importantly, prompted improvements to the disease surveillance, biosecurity for ri ...201323505710
genetic variability of subgroup a and b respiratory syncytial virus strains circulating in southwestern china from 2009 to 2011.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is recognized as a leading pathogen responsible for severe respiratory infections in the pediatric population, particularly in infants and young children. a previous study by the same study group revealed that the rsv ba strain was prevalent in southwestern china in epidemic seasons from 2008 to 2009. the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of rsv in the following two years, the genetic variability of the g gene, and mutations at the 276t ...201323443930
a survey strategy for human respiratory syncytial virus detection among haematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: epidemiological and methodological analysis.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) causes severe infections among children and immunocompromised patients. we compared hrsv infections among haematopoietic stem cell transplant program (hsct) patients and children using direct immunofluorescence (dfa), point-of-care rsv bio easy® and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. overall, 102 samples from hsct patients and 128 from children obtained positivity rate of 18.6% and 14.1% respectively. pcr sensitivity was highest mainly on samples co ...201323440127
genetic characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus detected in hospitalized children in the philippines from 2008 to 2012.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. however, molecular characteristic of hrsv is still unknown in the philippines.201323357644
molecular epidemiology and disease severity of human respiratory syncytial virus in vietnam.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of acute respiratory infections (aris) in children worldwide and can cause high mortality, especially in developing countries. however, information on the clinical and molecular characteristics of rsv infection in developing countries is limited. from april 2010 to may 2011, 1,082 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children with ari admitted to the children's hospital 2, ho chi minh city, vietnam. samples were screened for rsv and genotype ...201323349659
respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitors targeting the f protein.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the main viral cause of respiratory tract infection in infants as well as some elderly and high-risk adults with chronic pulmonary disease and the severely immunocompromised. so far, no specific anti-rsv therapeutics or effective anti-rsv vaccines have been reported. only one humanized monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, has been approved for use in high-risk infants to prevent rsv infection. ribavirin is the only drug licensed for therapy of rsv infectio ...201323325327
a cell based high-throughput screening approach for the discovery of new inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a highly contagious pathogen and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia for infants and children under one year of age. worldwide, greater than 33 million children under five years of age are affected by hrsv resulting in three million hospitalizations and 200,000 deaths. however, severe lower respiratory tract disease may occur at any age, especially among the elderly or those with compromised cardiac, pulmonary, or immune systems. th ...201323302182
an in vitro model to study immune responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to human respiratory syncytial virus infection.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. an important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology. here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an hrsv infection. first, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of hrsv. subsequently, we descr ...201324379004
gene-based vaccine approaches for respiratory syncytial virus.a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine has remained elusive for decades, largely due to the failure of a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine in the 1960s that resulted in enhanced disease upon rsv exposure in the immunized individuals. vaccine development has also been hindered by the incomplete immunity conferred by natural infection allowing for re-infection at any time, and the immature immune system and circulating maternal antibodies present in the neonate, the primary target for a vaccin ...201324362696
respiratory syncytial virus: virology, reverse genetics, and pathogenesis of disease.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-strand rna virus of family paramyxoviridae. rsv is the most complex member of the family in terms of the number of genes and proteins. it is also relatively divergent and distinct from the prototype members of the family. in the past 30 years, we have seen a tremendous increase in our understanding of the molecular biology of rsv based on a succession of advances involving molecular cloning, reverse genetics, and deta ...201324362682
respiratory syncytial virus modified by deletions of the ns2 gene and amino acid s1313 of the l polymerase protein is a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated vaccine candidate that is phenotypically stable at physiological temperature.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children worldwide. in previous work to develop point mutations in rsv with improved genetic stability, we observed that an attenuating mutation at amino acid position 1321 in the l polymerase protein was subject to deattenuation by a spontaneous second-site compensatory mutation at position 1313 (c. luongo, c. c. winter, p. l. collins, and u. j. buchholz, j. virol. 86:10792-10804 ...201323236065
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