Publications

efficient use of lactose for the lac promoter-controlled overexpression of the main antigenic protein of the foot and mouth disease virus in escherichia coli under fed-batch fermentation conditions.	derivatives of the lac promoter (tac, pac, rac) belong to the strongest bacterial promoters which are frequently used for the induced overexpression of foreign genes in escherichia coli. however, their use in fermentation processes is strongly restricted because of the high cost of the inducer iso-propyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg). the aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using lac-derived promoters in high cell density processes resulting in a high yield of the induce ...	1994	8011364
development of cowpea mosaic virus as a high-yielding system for the presentation of foreign peptides.	it has recently been shown that cowpea plants can be infected with a cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) chimera containing an antigenic site from foot-and-mouth disease virus (usha et al., virology 197, 366-374, 1993). analysis of progeny rna produced during such an infection has revealed that the inserted sequence is rapidly lost during serial passaging, probably by a process of homologous recombination. using the information gained from this analysis, we have redesigned the chimeras in such a way that ...	1994	8030255
analysis of sites of foot and mouth disease virus persistence in carrier cattle via the polymerase chain reaction.	this study was undertaken in order to explore possible sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) persistence during the carrier state. tissue samples taken from experimentally infected animals at different times post-infection (p.i.) were examined by conventional viral isolation and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. the analysis of samples from several organs taken from 17 bovines between 3 and 270 days p.i. allowed the following conclusions: 1) virus present in oesophageal-phary ...	1994	8031235
the structure of an immunodominant loop on foot and mouth disease virus, serotype o1, determined under reducing conditions.	residues 136-159 of vpi of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) comprise the g-h loop of the protein and form a prominent feature on the surface of virus particles. this sequence contains an immunodominant neutralizing epitope, which can be mimicked with synthetic peptides, and includes an arg, gly, asp motif which has been implicated in the binding of the virus to cellular receptors. crystallographic analysis of native virus particles failed to resolve the structure of this region due to its dis ...	1994	8032279
comparison of liquid-phase and mab-blocking elisa for assessment of the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus.		1994	8034975
animal-derived antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a12 have low affinity for cells in culture.	we recently have shown that binding of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to cells in culture requires an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) sequence in the g-h loop of the capsid protein vp1 (p. w. mason, e. rieder, and b. baxt, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 91:1932-1936, 1994). in this report, we show that fmdv type a12 viruses found in infected bovine tongue tissue (btt) differ from their tissue culture-grown derivatives at amino acid residues near the rgd. viruses genetically engineered to c ...	1994	8035529
ompa-fmdv vp1 fusion proteins: production, cell surface exposure and immune responses to the major antigenic domain of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	exposure at the bacterial outer surface of the major antigenic epitope of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmdv) viral protein vp1 was studied using protein fusion with outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella dysenteriae for production and transport of the foreign polypeptide to the outer membrane of escherichia coli. fusion constructs with vp1 peptide insertions of up to 56 amino acids in the third outer domain of ompa could be demonstrated on the bacterial surface by indirect immunofluorescence ...	1994	8036821
modelling the spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease is an economically important viral disease in animals. it is shown that airborne diffusion is one of the main sources of contamination between animals and between herds. epidemiological data linked to viral particle excretion can thus be used in a predictive model, added to meteorological data related to the few days before the slaughter of animals. the model computes, on a 10 km radius around the outbreak and in every space direction, the quantity of viral particles that ...	1994	8038801
a comparative study of serological and biochemical methods for strain differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease type a viruses.	three serological and three biochemical methods were used to compare five field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from western india with nine reference vaccine strains and five field isolates from other countries. the serological tests (liquid-phase elisa and virus neutralization) were able to distinguish between the three reference vaccine strains examined, but the five indian field isolates reacted poorly with antisera produced against these vaccine strains. analysis of monoclon ...	1994	8042276
induction of effective cross-reactive immunity by fmdv peptides is critically dependent upon specific mhc-peptide-t cell interactions.	bocd4+ t-cell clones specific for a peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus envelope protein, vp1 (fmdv15) were generated from two responder cattle. one animal was a high and the other was an intermediate responder in terms of both t-cell and antibody responses. however both animals had identical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii dr-like types (drbf3,6) according to a one-dimensional isoelectric focusing method which distinguishes dr-like alleles. in contrast, mixed lymph ...	1994	8045586
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: purification of the lb form and determination of its cleavage site on eif-4 gamma.	many picornaviruses cause a dramatic decrease in the translation of cellular mrnas in the infected cell, without affecting the translation of their own rna. specific proteolysis of protein synthesis initiation factor eif-4 gamma occurs during infection with rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, and aphthoviruses, apparently leading to an inability of the ribosomes to bind capped mrnas. cleavage of eif-4 gamma in human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses is carried out by the viral 2a proteinase; in aphthoviru ...	1994	8057448
dituftsin and polytuftsin induce an anti-peptide igg response to non-immunogenic peptides in mice.	the effect of covalently attaching multiple forms of the immunomodulating tetrapeptide tuftsin to normally non-immunogenic peptides was studied in balb/c and c57bl/6 mice. the peptides: (nanp)3 from the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein and peptides 136-152 and 205-213 derived from the capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus were coupled to polytuftsin or dituftsin. anti-peptide igg titers were determined after two immunizations. all of these three non-immunogenic peptides co ...	1994	8070848
direct pcr detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a pcr assay for the detection and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus was developed. the procedure allows rt-pcr amplification following direct adsorption of viral suspensions to microtiter plates, avoiding previous steps of phenol-extraction or heating. using this procedure, fmdv-specific (based on 3d gene sequences), as well as serotype-specific (based on vp1 gene sequences) amplification were achieved for viral samples of serotypes a, o and c, either from cell culture supernatant ...	1994	8071421
sequence of the s fragment of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a12.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome contains a 5' untranslated region (s fragment) capable of forming a stem-loop structure of over 350 bases, which is separated from the remainder of the genome by a homopolymeric cytidylic acid tract (poly(c)) of variable length. the sequence of the s fragment of serotype a12 appears more similar to those of type o1 or type c3 than to subtype a10. the relatively large difference between the s fragment sequences of two type a viruses suggests that the ...	1994	8073639
circular dichroism, molecular modeling, and serology indicate that the structural basis of antigenic variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus is alpha-helix formation.	seven antigenic variants obtained from a single field isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus, serotype a12, differ only at residues 148 and 153 in the immunodominant loop of viral protein vp1. synthetic peptides corresponding to the region 141-160 are highly immunogenic. uv circular dichroism shows that (i) in aqueous solution the peptides are nearly identical, but in 100% trifluoroethanol they display helix-forming properties which correlate well with their serological crossreactivities for an ...	1994	8078900
genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus from field outbreaks to laboratory isolation.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), by nature of its rna genome, possesses a high rate of mutation during replication. this results in extensive genetic polymorphism of virus populations in nature. the emergence of fmdv variants during replication has been reported. genetic changes in the viral capsid protein (vp1) gene can result in amino acid changes affecting the immunodominant epitopes of fmdv. the genetic heterogeneity of fmdv in the field and the antigenic variants observed after cell cul ...	1994	8079512
the structure and antigenicity of a type c foot-and-mouth disease virus.	picornaviruses are responsible for a wide range of mammalian diseases and, in common with other rna viruses, show considerable antigenic variation. foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs) constitute one genus of the picornavirus family and are classified into seven serotypes, each of which shows considerable intratypic variation. this antigenic variation leads to continuing difficulties in controlling the disease. to date the structure of only one serotype, o, has been reported.	1994	8081743
application of monoclonal antibodies to quality control of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.	panels of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) produced against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus types o, a and c were selected for cell culture neutralization titre (nt), mouse protection index (mpi), trypsin sensitivity (ts) and avidity to different epitopes. the selected sets were used to assay the antigen concentration and the fit between fmdv vaccine and challenge strains. it was observed that fmd vaccines protect more than 75% of vaccinated cattle when manufactured with antigens characterized by ...	1994	8091844
function of minor polypeptides in foot-and-mouth disease virus and poliovirus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus and poliovirus each contain several minor polypeptides, in addition to the four structural proteins. one of these, the viral rna polymerase, can also act as a nuclease, hydrolysing the rna and thus destroying viral infectivity. it is tightly bound to the rna and may be the packaging signal for assembly of the particle.	1994	7889327
t-lymphocyte responses in guinea pigs vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the guinea pig provides an alternative experimental model for analysis of the immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the cellular immune response against fmdv in this experimental animal is unknown and was analyzed by in vivo and in vitro studies. in guinea pigs immunized with an fmdv a5 vaccine, a marked change in t-lymphocyte count appeared. for analyzing which functional t-cell compartment was affected, immunofluorescence studies, using monoclonal antibodies directed aga ...	1994	7909182
specific inhibition of aphthovirus infection by rnas transcribed from both the 5' and the 3' noncoding regions.	rna molecules containing the 3' terminal region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna in both antisense and sense orientations were able to inhibit viral fmdv translation and infective particle formation in bhk-21 cells following comicroinjection or cotransfection with infectious viral rna. antisense, but not sense, transcripts from the 5' noncoding region including the proximal element of the internal ribosome entry site and the two functional initiation augs were also inhibitory, both in ...	1994	7933126
foot-and-mouth disease in ethiopia from 1988 to 1991.	during the period 1988 to 1991 samples from 16 foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in ethiopia were examined at the national veterinary institute, ethiopia, and at the fao world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease, uk. typing of the virus responsible was possible in 13 of these outbreaks representing 10 separate disease events; 8 of these were caused by serotype o and 2 by serotype sat2. this is the first record of the presence of serotype sat2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in ethiopia. ...	1994	7809989
demonstration of antibodies against foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o and asia-1 in non-descriptive crossbred calves.	sera from non-descriptive crossbred calves were screened for the presence of neutralizing antibodies against fmdv type o and asia-1 for a period up to 215 days. the antibody titer of 16 remained constant up to 215 days against type o and up to 190 days against type asia-1 virus in some animals. in majority of the animals the antibody titers remained constant up to three months. the possible reason for a frequent breakdown of immunity in the vaccinated animals even 3-4 months after vaccination co ...	1994	7817899
antigenic heterogeneity of a foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype in the field is mediated by very limited sequence variation at several antigenic sites.	antigenic variation in a major discontinuous site (site d) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of serotype c has been evaluated with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. isolates representing the major evolutionary sublines previously defined for serotype c were compared. extensive variation, comparable to that of continuous epitopes within the hypervariable immunodominant site a (the vp1 g-h loop), was found. the amino acid sequences of the complete capsids of three antigenically highly diver ...	1994	8107204
foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a oligopeptide mediated cleavage of an artificial polyprotein.	we describe the construction of a plasmid (pcat2agus) encoding a polyprotein in which a 19 amino acid sequence spanning the 2a region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) polyprotein was inserted between the reporter genes chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) and beta-glucuronidase (gus) maintaining a single, long open reading frame. analysis of translation reactions programmed by this construct showed that the inserted fmdv sequence functioned in a manner similar to that observed in f ...	1994	8112307
analysis of mixed foot-and-mouth disease virus infections in saudi arabia: prolonged circulation of an exotic serotype.	plaque purification of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) type o viruses isolated from cattle in saudi arabia showed the presence of mixed serotype infections. sixteen out of 31 samples collected between 1985 and 1991 also contained asia 1 virus, a serotype which had previously only been isolated from a single outbreak in that country in 1980. nucleotide sequences of the asia 1 component of all these samples revealed little variation and showed that they were closely related to both a russian lapinize ...	1994	8119359
genetic relationships between foot-and-mouth disease type asia 1 viruses.	the sequence of 165 nucleotides at the 3' end of the 1d (vp1) gene of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was determined for 44 type asia 1 strains isolated from throughout asia between 1954-92. analysis of the relationships between the virus genomes showed epidemiological links not previously evident. the possible origin of the only outbreak of fmd asia 1 to have occurred in europe, in greece in 1984, was identified because the nucleotide sequence of this virus was closely-related to the sequenc ...	1994	8119360
rgd sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus is essential for infecting cells via the natural receptor but can be bypassed by an antibody-dependent enhancement pathway.	foot-and-mouth disease virus appears to initiate infection by binding to cells at an arg-gly-asp (rgd) sequence found in the flexible beta g-beta h loop of the viral capsid protein vp1. the role of the rgd sequence in attachment of virus to cells was tested by using synthetic full-length viral rnas mutated within or near the rgd sequence. baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells transfected with three different rnas carrying mutations bordering the rgd sequence produced infectious viruses with wild-type ...	1994	8127909
a rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence dot-immunobinding assay for screening hybridoma supernatants.	the present report describes a simple and rapid dot-immunobinding assay combined with a chemiluminescence detection system for screening hybridoma supernatants for specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs). small rectangular nitrocellulose filters dotted with either crude mixtures of antigens, or with control samples, were placed in six well plates, incubated with hybridoma supernatants, then stained with peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse igg. the reaction was performed with a chemiluminescence detec ...	1994	8157996
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of a monoclonal antibody fab fragment against foot-and-mouth disease virus and of its complex with the main antigenic site peptide.	the fab fragment of the neutralizing monoclonal antibody sd6 elicited against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) c-s8c1 and its complex with a peptide, corresponding to the major antigenic site of fmdv (vp1 residues 136-150, ytasargdlahlttt), have been crystallized using the hanging drop vapor diffusion techniques. for the isolated fab, crystals diffracting to 2.5 a resolution were obtained at room temperature using ammonium sulfate as precipitant. these crystals are monoclinic, space group c2, ...	1994	8159669
picornaviral 3c cysteine proteinases have a fold similar to chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases.	the picornavirus family includes several pathogens such as poliovirus, rhinovirus (the major cause of the common cold), hepatitis a virus and the foot-and-mouth disease virus. picornaviral proteins are expressed by direct translation of the genomic rna into a single, large polyprotein precursor. proteolysis of the viral polyprotein into the mature proteins is assured by the viral 3c enzymes, which are cysteine proteinases. here we report the x-ray crystal structure at 2.3 a resolution of the 3c ...	1994	8164744
rapid cell variation can determine the establishment of a persistent viral infection.	evidence for a mechanism of initiation of viral persistence in which the cell, and not the virus, plays a critical role has been obtained using the important animal pathogen foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). we have developed a virulence assay consisting of quantification of the ability of virus to kill cells and of cells to divide in the presence of virus and to initiate a carrier state. cells were cured of fmdv at early times following a cytolytic infection of bhk-21 monolayers with fmdv. w ...	1994	8170973
experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from carrier african buffalo (syncerus caffer) to cattle in zimbabwe.	four female cattle and three male african buffalo (syncerus caffer) which were free of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus were held together on an island in lake kariba, zimbabwe. the buffalo were experimentally infected with fmd virus type sat2, developed generalised disease and became virus carriers. while the buffalo were in the acute phase of the disease the susceptible contact cattle did not show lesions, no virus was recovered from them and they did not develop serum antibodies. however, f ...	1994	8171808
recognition of b and t cell epitopes by cattle immunized with a synthetic peptide containing the major immunogenic site of vp1 fmdv 01 campos.	the precise location of b and t cell epitopes have been established in a peptide containing the major immunogenic site (residues 135-160) of fmdv strain 01 campos (01c) vp1. the peptide (p135-160), administered free or conjugated to bovine serum albumin, induced complete protection in guinea pigs and a strong neutralizing antibody (nab) response in cattle. using a set of partially overlapping peptides it was shown that although several b cell epitopes were distributed along the p135-160, the res ...	1994	8184548
natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from african buffalo (syncerus caffer) to cattle in a wildlife area of zimbabwe.	an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred during april 1991 in a trypanosomiasis sentinel cattle herd by the rifa river to the east of lake kariba, zimbabwe. despite the cattle having been vaccinated biannually for the previous five years the disease was severe. the viruses isolated from the affected animals were typed as fmd virus type sat 1. free-living african buffalo (syncerus caffer) which had been using the same watering place as the affected cattle were sampled and fmd type sat ...	1994	8197679
antibody response to 146s particle, 12s protein subunit and isolated vp1 polypeptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia-1.	the antibody response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigens of type asia-1 in guinea-pigs was studied by micro-serum neutralization test (msnt) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). one inoculation of as little as 1 microgram of binary ethyleneimine (bei)-inactivated 146s virus particles in guinea-pigs elicited enough neutralizing antibodies to protect them against challenge with virulent virus. however, one inoculation of live 146s virus particles elicited higher levels of ne ...	1994	8203119
expression of a foreign protein by influenza a virus.	in this report we describe the rescue of a transfectant influenza a virus which stably expresses a heterologous protein, bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat). the foreign sequences encoding cat are expressed as part of an essential influenza virus segment, that coding for the neuraminidase (na) protein. the novel way by which this was achieved involved inserting in frame the 16-amino-acid self-cleaving 2a protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus between the cat and the na coding seq ...	1994	8207822
trans complementation by rna of defective foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site elements.	a region of about 435 bases from the 5' noncoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna directs internal initiation of protein synthesis. this region, termed the internal ribosome entry site (ires), is predicted to contain extensive secondary structure. precise deletion of five predicted secondary structure features has been performed. the mutant ires elements have been constructed into vectors which express bicistronic mrnas and assayed within cells. each of the modified ires elements was ...	1994	8289373
foot-and-mouth disease virus particles contain replicase protein 3d.	an antibody against the escherichia coli-expressed rna polymerase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) reacts with the virus in elisa and radioimmunoprecipitation experiments and with a protein of the disrupted virus particle in an immunoblot analysis. treatment of the virus with trypsin, which cleaves capsid protein vp1 and a 56-kda polypeptide present in trace amount in the particles, reduces the level of the reaction in elisa and radioimmunoprecipitation and eliminates the immunoblot reacti ...	1994	8290591
genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in cattle.	genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus o1 campos has been analyzed in consecutive isolates recovered over a one- or two-year period from four cattle with experimental persistent infection. comparisons of rnase t1 two-dimensional maps and nucleotide sequences of the vp1-coding region revealed a continual, although irregular, increase in the fixation of mutations as the infection progressed. most changes were not conserved in consecutive isolates. these results, together with the substa ...	1994	7831963
a modified liquid phase (lp) blocking elisa used to assess type o foot-and-mouth disease virus antigenic variation in thailand.	a selection of type o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses isolated in thailand between 1986 and 1989 were compared to the reference viruses o1 thailand 1960 (o bkk/60) and o nakorn pathom 1965 (o npt/65) using a liquid-phase blocking elisa (lp elisa) to derive serum titres and associated r values. interpolation techniques were used to increase the precision for estimation of r values through a more accurate estimation of serum titres at predicted equivalent levels of antigen input. mean r value ...	1994	7839587
validation of an inhibition elisa using a monoclonal antibody for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) primary diagnosis.	an inhibition elisa (ih-elisa) test for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was validated using 106 epithelial samples from suspected cases of fmd in argentina submitted to the argentine national diagnostics laboratory (gelab) over a period of 12 months and examined in parallel with the complement fixation test (cft). ih-elisa was found to be more sensitive, detecting 25% (26 samples) more fmdv positives than the cft in original suspensions of field samples. the effect of storage conditions on 1 ...	1994	7839753
use of combined shewhart-cusum control charts in internal quality control of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the typing of foot and mouth disease virus antigen.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the typing of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigen was employed for the routine laboratory diagnosis of fmd at a regional veterinary laboratory in northern thailand. an objective procedure was developed to monitor the test performance of the elisa, using absolute test control limits in a shewhart-cusum (cumulative sum) control chart method. the procedure detected significant data trends and 'beyond control limit' situations for each antigen ...	1994	7949345
establishment of a typing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for foot and mouth disease antigen, using reagents against viruses endemic in thailand.	antisera were produced at a central laboratory in thailand against the endemic serotypes (o, a and asia 1) of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus. at a regional veterinary laboratory, these antisera were used in an indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection and serotyping of fmd virus (fmdv) antigen. elisa readings of < 0.10 optical density (od) units were considered negative. this was verified using fifty tissue samples which were known to be negative for fmdv. ...	1994	7949346
t cell-stimulatory fragments of foot-and-mouth disease virus released by mild treatment with cathepsin d.	cathepsin d and cathepsin b are endosomal/lysosomal proteases that are thought to play a role during in vivo antigen processing, releasing fragments for binding to major histocompatibility complex class ii products and subsequent presentation to t cells. here we treated purified foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain a10holland with both enzymes. cathepsin d, but not cathepsin b, was shown to release fragments from reduced or non-reduced fmdv under mild conditions in vitro. twenty-eight pred ...	1994	7964603
haptoglobin response of cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	haptoglobin, a major bovine acute phase protein, was evaluated as a marker of the primary replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in 12 naturally infected cattle from which blood was collected daily. an acute phase response, as measured by an increase in serum haptoglobin concentration and the presence of fever, was not detected during the previraemic stage of disease, but there was a significant increase in serum haptoglobin after the onset of viraemia. it occurred on the same day as the fi ...	1994	7973086
need for cellular and humoral immune responses in bovines to ensure protection from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)--a point of view.	the published studies on immunization of experimental animals, cattle, and sheep with synthetic peptides containing the antigenic domains in fmdv structural protein vp1 were analyzed. the results obtained with various fmdv synthetic peptides designed to stimulate the humoral immune response in bovines were compared to the current knowledge on mhc class i and class ii, and the properties of the peptide binding grooves in each of them. x-ray crystallography of mhc class i proteins provided the thr ...	1994	7975267
nucleotide sequence of the p1 region of serotype asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus.	differences in the amino acid sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) virion proteins (vp) among the various fmdv serotypes, particularly in the vp1 polypeptide, are the basis for antigenic diversity of this virus group. this phenomenon provides the basis for type diagnosis of fmdv by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in order to specifically identify the asia1 fmdv serotype by pcr, the nucleotide sequence of its p1-coding region was determined. the sequence exhibited over 70% homolog ...	1994	7975273
rapid coagglutination test for the detection and typing of foot and mouth disease virus.	protein a containing staphylococcus aureus was used to develop a coagglutination (coa) test for the detection and typing of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) o, a and c serotypes in infected cells and tissues. different batches and amounts of guinea pig anti-fmdv sera were assessed to optimize the preparation of coa conjugates. the sensitivity and specificity of the coa test for the detection of fmdv o, a and c serotypes and heterologous viruses was also characterized. comparison between the c ...	1994	7714052
avridine and lps from brucella ovis: effect on the memory induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccination in mice.	foot-and-mouth disease is one of the more economically important diseases among meat-producing biungulate species. in contrast to natural infection, current foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccines, prepared with inactivated virus and adjuvants, elicit short-lived protection. the immunomodulating effect on fmdv vaccines of avridine and lipopolysaccharide of brucella ovis (lps) was tested in a murine model. the duration of immunity, protection, stimulation of immunocompetent cells producing a ...	1993	8296482
[a rapid solid-phase immunoenzyme method in the diagnosis of viral infections].	an accelerated solid-phase enzyme-immunoassay has been developed which permits identification of antigens and antibodies to them within 30-40 min, even directly at the site of specimen collection. the method was tested on the models of foot-and-mouth disease virus, vesicular disease of swine, vesicular exanthema of swine, aujeszky's disease, leukemia, and coronavirus infection of cattle.	1993	8303893
comparison of surface properties of picornaviruses: strategies for hiding the receptor site from immune surveillance.	the surface topology and sequence conservation of different picornaviruses have been compared using molecular graphics and statistical analyses. the comparisons suggest that the canyons, surface depressions encircling the fivefold axes, are the sites of receptor attachment of enteroviruses as well as human rhinovirus (hrv). in hrv14, the receptor binding footprint extends beyond the canyon (olson et al. (1993), proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 90, 507-511), but these more exposed regions are not conse ...	1993	8337843
antibody-complexed foot-and-mouth disease virus, but not poliovirus, can infect normally insusceptible cells via the fc receptor.	poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiate infection by binding to specific cell surface receptors, which is followed by a poorly understood disassembly process. to probe these early steps of infection, the ability of poliovirus and fmdv to infect cells following binding through an alternative receptor was examined. for these studies, a chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell line expressing the b2 isoform of the murine fc receptor (fcr) was used. both viruses were able to bind to this ...	1993	8380665
methods used in the structure determination of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain o1 bfs 1860 has been determined to 2.9 a resolution using the molecular-replacement method [acharya, fry, stuart, fox, rowlands & brown (1989). nature (london), 337, 709-716]. crystals of the virus with average dimensions 0.12 x 0.06 x 0.12 mm belong to space group i23, a = 345 a with 1/12 of the icosahedral particle per asymmetric unit giving fivefold noncrystallographic redundancy. oscillation diffraction photographs were collected at ...	1993	8382928
phenotypic and functional characterization of mouse attenuated and virulent variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o1 campos.	a series of genetically related variants arising from a parental wild-type isolate of o1 campos and its tissue culture adapted variant were differentiated by various cell culture markers (temperature sensitivity, plaque size, viral yield) and lethality in mice. these isolates were additionally characterized functionally and biochemically by examining poly(c) length, rna synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell receptor binding. in primary bovine kidney cells, the virulent isolates had greater leve ...	1993	8384748
structure of a major immunogenic site on foot-and-mouth disease virus.	attachment of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to its cellular receptor involves a long and highly antigenic loop containing the conserved sequence, arg-gly-asp, a motif known to be a recognition element in many integrin-dependent cell adhesion processes. in our original crystal structure of fmdv the arg-gly-asp-containing loop ('the loop'), located between beta-strands g and h of capsid protein vp1, was disordered and hence essentially invisible. we previously surmised that its disorder is e ...	1993	8385272
foot-and-mouth disease virus proteinase 3c inhibits translation in recombinant escherichia coli.	escherichia coli cultures do not survive the expression of recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus proteinase 3c. this effect is ascribed to degradation of bacterial protein(s), as concluded from the observation of gradual cessation of gene expression upon induction of 3c expression. most likely, translation inhibition is the cause of bacterial death, as (i) cell-free translation of the 3c gene was restored by additional bacterial ribosomes, (ii) ribosomes from proteinase 3c-producing cells dif ...	1993	8386123
the two species of the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader protein, expressed individually, exhibit the same activities.	initiation of protein synthesis on the foot-and-mouth disease virus rna occurs at two sites, thus, two forms of the leader protein, termed lab and lb, are produced. plasmids have been constructed which encode these proteins either together or individually. plasmids encoding the lab protein alone express a modified form of this protein in which the second methionine residue, which corresponds to the first amino acid of lb, is changed to an alternative residue. four different mutant forms of the l ...	1993	8386879
design of primers for pcr amplification of highly variable genomes.	a program to aid in the search of primers for specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of highly variable genomes is presented. it involves the derivation of variability profiles to identify optimal regions for pcr amplification, taking into account stability of dna-primer hybrids. an application of the program to foot-and-mouth disease virus diagnosis is presented.	1993	8386978
an indirect sandwich elisa for the identification of bovine enteroviruses.	an indirect sandwich elisa is described for the detection of bovine enteroviruses. the assay was developed as an alternative to the complement fixation test and proved to be more sensitive and convenient. ten bovine enterovirus prototype strains were easily discriminated. no cross-reactions were observed with other picornaviruses including foot-and-mouth disease viruses, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine enteroviruses and bovine rhinovirus.	1993	8388399
conserved tertiary structural elements in the 5' nontranslated region of cardiovirus, aphthovirus and hepatitis a virus rnas.	statistical analyses of rna folding in 5' nontranslated regions (5'ntr) of encephalomyocarditis virus, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and hepatitis a virus indicate that two highly significant folding regions occur in the 5' and 3' portions of the 5'ntr. the conserved tertiary structural elements are predicted in the unusual folding regions (ufr) for these viral rnas. the theoretical, common structural elements predicted in the 3' parts of the 5'ntr occur ...	1993	8389442
a single nucleotide substitution in the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus leads to enhanced cap-independent translation in vivo.	mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with altered biological properties can be selected during the course of persistent infection of bhk-21 cells with fmdv c-s8c1 (j. c. de la torre, e. martínez-salas, j. díez, a. villaverde, f. gebauer, e. rocha, m. dávila, and e. domingo, j. virol. 62:2050-2058, 1988). two nucleotide substitutions, u to c at position -376 and a to g at position -15, (counting as +1 the a of the first functional aug), were fixed within the internal ribosome entry site ...	1993	8389904
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna in clinical samples and cell culture isolates by amplification of the capsid coding region.	foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important virus diseases of livestock. two important requirements for the control of this disease are rapid laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological investigation. the use of the polymerase chain reaction method (pcr) to amplify specific nucleic acid regions offers the unique possibility of combining swift viral detection with the production of genetic material suitable for sequencing and other methods of molecular epidemiological analysis. ...	1993	8391540
rhipicephalus zambeziensis unlikely to transmit foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the potential of the ixodid tick, rhipicephalus zambeziensis, was investigated as a vector in the transstadial transmission of the foot-and-mouth disease virus by feeding nymphae on viraemic (log 1.0-4.0 tcid50/ml) cattle. suspensions were prepared, at various intervals after detachment, from pools of engorged nymphae--some of which were allowed to moult first. suspensions were inoculated into sucking mice, cell cultures and, in some cases, cattle to detect the fmd virus. newly moulted adult tic ...	1993	8392681
the carrier state in foot and mouth disease--an immunological review.	the carrier state in foot and mouth disease (fmd) is characterized by the asymptomatic low-level excretion of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) from the oropharynx of ruminants for periods that are species and virus strain-dependent. persistent infection with fmdv readily occurs following the failure of virus elimination at the acute stage of infection, a process thought to be mediated through the phagocytosis of antibody/virus immune complexes. recent evidence supports the view that carrier c ...	1993	8392891
large-scale use of liquid-phase blocking sandwich elisa for the evaluation of protective immunity against aphthovirus in cattle vaccinated with oil-adjuvanted vaccines in argentina.	specific serum activity levels against four reference strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were evaluated from 1634 animals vaccinated with commercial quadrivalent oil vaccines and from 746 unvaccinated, naive animals, using the liquid-phase blocking sandwich elisa (lpelisa) test. cows from the fmdv-free area of argentina were tested for the absence of specific fmdv antibodies (sp fmdv abs) and those showing lpelisa titres < 1.0 were grouped in lots of 16 animals. they were vaccinated ...	1993	8393607
a comparative study of the immune responses of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease virus types asia-1 and o peg-concentrated aluminium hydroxide gel and oil-adjuvanted vaccines.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines prepared against types asia-1 and o peg-concentrated and adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide gel were compared with oil-adjuvanted types asia-1 and o vaccines in sheep. the study was conducted by inoculating 0.5 ml of monovalent vaccine under laboratory conditions and 1 ml dose of bivalent vaccine in field conditions. the antibody responses were monitored by serum neutralization and elisa tests. the results indicate that peg-concentrated gel vaccine was of c ...	1993	8393608
identification of a fifth neutralizable site on type o foot-and-mouth disease virus following characterization of single and quintuple monoclonal antibody escape mutants.	a monoclonal antibody (c3) produced against foot-and-mouth disease virus type o1caseros was found to neutralize quadrivalent monoclonal antibody escape mutant (g67) of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o1kaufbeuren. this mutant had been characterized at the sequence level as having distinct changes affecting four non-overlapping neutralizable sites. the c3 monoclonal antibody was used to prepare a quintuple escape mutant from the g67 and a single escape mutant from the parental o1kaufbeuren viru ...	1993	8393912
genetically engineered foot-and-mouth disease viruses with poly(c) tracts of two nucleotides are virulent in mice.	to determine the role of the poly(c) tract found at the 5' end of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus, synthetic rnas (in vitro transcripts) with poly(c) tracts of different lengths have been produced and evaluated. rnas with poly(c) tracts of 35, 25, 16, 6, or 2 residues displayed similar specific infectivities in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells. viruses recovered from cells transfected with in vitro transcripts containing 6 to 35 cs had properties similar to those of the wild-type virus ...	1993	8394441
protection of swine against foot-and-mouth disease with viral capsid proteins expressed in heterologous systems.	three groups of swine were each inoculated with a different antigen preparation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid proteins and challenged by contact exposure to animals infected with fmdv. one group of four animals was inoculated with an extract from cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing the fmdv p1-2a structural protein precursor gene and a portion of the p2 gene. two out of four animals were protected from clinical disease, but not from virus replication. a secon ...	1993	8395128
the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in oesophageal-pharyngeal samples by a polymerase chain reaction technique.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was used to detect the presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in oesophageal-pharyngeal(op) samples from experimentally infected steers. ten-fold dilutions of op samples were also diluted, inoculated onto lamb kidney cell cultures, and incubated overnight. the cultures that did not show overt cytopathogenic effects (cpe) of fmdv infection were frozen and thawed; both the fluid and the cell pellet were tested by the pcr technique. the pcr detec ...	1993	8395537
network models for sequence evolution.	we introduce a general class of models for sequence evolution that includes network phylogenies. networks, a generalization of strictly tree-like phylogenies, are proposed to model situations where multiple lineages contribute to the observed sequences. an algorithm to compute the probability distribution of binary character-state configurations is presented and statistical inference for this model is developed in a likelihood framework. a stepwise procedure based on likelihood ratios is used to ...	1993	8395605
distinctive features of foot-and-mouth disease virus, a member of the picornavirus family; aspects of virus protein synthesis, protein processing and structure.		1993	8396787
cross-reactive idiotopes among anti-foot and mouth disease virus neutralizing antibodies.	foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) viral protein 1 is the only one of the four viral proteins (vp) that induces neutralizing antibodies as an isolated protein. a 32 amino acid (aa) residue (32dimer) of fmdv subtype a12 lp ab vp1 (aa 137-168) was immunogenic against the a12 subtype. three antibody populations each recognizing different epitopes on 32dimer were isolated by affinity chromatography (afc) from the serum of a steer which had been immunized with the 32dimer. the 32dimer contains an aa ...	1993	8406565
recent advances in bovine vaccine technology.	a description of new commercial and experimental vaccines for viral and bacterial diseases of cattle can be broadly divided into those used for both beef and dairy cows and those used predominantly in dairy cattle. for both types of cattle, newer and experimental vaccines are directed against several of the important viral (e.g., bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza type 3, and foot-and-mouth disease virus) and bacterial pathogens ( ...	1993	8408872
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o.	a phylogenetic tree based on the vpi sequences of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been derived. direct sequencing of pcr products has been used to obtain the vp1 gene sequences of new isolates. the tree exhibits four main lineages that largely correlate with the geographical origin of isolates. the analysis supports a close relationship between european o1 field isolates and vaccine strains, with the exception of o thalheim aus/81 and o wuppertal ger/82 which were probably of non- ...	1993	8409952
dilute passage promotes expression of genetic and phenotypic variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cell culture.	we have studied the extent of genetic and phenotypic diversification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) upon 15 serial passages of clonal viral populations in mt-4 cell cultures. several genetic and phenotypic modifications previously noted during evolution of hiv-1 in infected humans were also observed upon passages of the virus in cell culture. notably, the transition from non-syncytium-inducing to syncytium-inducing phenotype (previously observed during disease progression) and fi ...	1993	8474182
characterization of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease expressed in escherichia coli.	we have constructed a clone encoding the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 3c protease gene (p3c) using the polymerase chain reaction. the construct was engineered to contain initiation and termination codons and cloned into a plasmid under the control of the bacteriophage t7 promoter. the p3c gene was expressed both in an in vitro transcription-translation system and in vivo in an escherichia coli system containing an inducible t7 rna polymerase gene. in both systems the expressed products we ...	1993	8212567
split decomposition: a technique to analyze viral evolution.	a clustering technique allowing a restricted amount of overlapping and based on an abstract theory of coherent decompositions of finite metrics is used to analyze the evolution of foot-and-mouth disease viruses. the emerging picture is compatible with the existence of viral populations with a quasispecies structure and illustrates various forms of evolution of this virus family. in addition, it allows the correlation of these forms with geographic occurrence.	1993	8234292
transient inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of bhk-21 cells by antisense oligonucleotides directed against the second functional initiator aug.	the antiviral activity of antisense oligonucleotides corresponding to different regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome has been assessed in bhk-21 cells. the locations of the oligonucleotides used were: (i) two regions within the internal ribosome entry site (ires), involved in the regulation of the translation initiation of the viral polyprotein; (ii) each of the two functional initiator augs; (iii) an internal sequence of p2a gene; and (iv) a region at the 3' end non-coding regi ...	1993	8250540
co-replication of several isotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	genome segments of the foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates o1lombardy and o3 venezuela that encode, among other products, capsid protein vp1 were amplified using pcr, and the products were cloned and sequenced. the alignment of up to 11 o3-specific sequences revealed six silent nucleotide changes a well as six changes that cause amino acid substitutions in capsid protein vp1 at positions 45, 83, 141, 145, 170 and 178. the heterogeneity of three o1-specific sequences consisted of seven silent e ...	1993	8277282
viral antibodies in bovine fetuses in argentina.	in order to establish the prevalence of viral infections of the bovine fetus in argentina, a serological survey for antibodies against viral agents currently affecting cattle in this country was conducted. antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine leukaemia virus (blv), bovine rotavirus (brv), bovine coronavirus (bcv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) were investigated in a total of 315 fetal serum samples. conventi ...	1993	8284507
effects of different continium dielectric models in a molecular dynamics and energy minimization study of the antigenic loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	this study presents the influence of the dielectric constant on the final structure of the major antigenic loop of the fmdv serotype c. minimizations have been performed on the nine-residue peptide ac-tasargdla-nhme, using two expressions for the dielectric constant: a distance-independent (epsilon = kappa), and a distance-dependent (epsilon = kappa *r) forms, and for kappa values from 1 to 10. in addition, kappa = 40 and 80 has also been considered for the constant expression of the dielectrics ...	1993	8286066
construction and use of integrative vectors to express foreign genes in mycobacteria.	we have constructed a mycobacterial integrative vector by placing two copies of the insertion sequence is900 flanking a kanamycin-resistance gene into a 'suicide' vector unable to replicate in mycobacteria. the mycobacterium leprae gene encoding the m. leprae 18 kda protein was cloned between the two copies of is900 to provide expression signals. constructs were introduced into mycobacterium species smegmatis, vaccae and bovis bcg by electroporation and selection for kanamycin resistance. the ex ...	1993	7934874
experiments on an early protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the influence of the peptide diacetylsplenopentin (sp5) on an early protection of guinea pigs against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was investigated. 80% protection was achieved if sp5 was applied in a dose of 2 mg one day before challenge with fmd virus (fmdv) type o1 lausanne strain. in comparison with this a conventional commercial adsorbate vaccine protected guinea pigs about 7 days after vaccination. an earlier protection can be obtained in general by vaccination with a higher content of the ...	1993	8105663
uses of beta-galactosidase tag in on-line monitoring production of fusion proteins and gene expression in escherichia coli.	a simple method for monitoring and quantifying automatically the production by fermentation of beta-galactosidase fusion proteins, making use of the remaining activity of the beta-galactosidase part, is considered. a hybrid protein carrying the major antigenic domain of foot-and-mouth disease virus c1 joined at the n-terminus of beta-galactosidase has been expressed in escherichia coli. the yield of the chimeric protein has been monitored by flow injection analysis (fia) during batch fermentatio ...	1993	7764038
enhanced production of pl-controlled recombinant proteins and plasmid stability in escherichia coli reca+ strains.	overexpression of pl-controlled foot-and-mouth disease virus recombinant proteins was studied in escherichia coli reca+ strains and in a reca mutant. higher protein yield and extractable plasmid dna amounts were found in wild type cells, in absence of detectable reca proteolytic activity. minor but still significant differences in pbr322 dna amounts were also detected between reca+ and its reca13 and lexa1 derivatives. these data should be seriously considered to select expression systems and to ...	1993	7764065
expression of the vp3-vp1 sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in escherichia coli.	1. cdna recombinants containing the vp3 and vp1 sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus were isolated and the vp3-vp1 sequence was reconstructed. 2. the reconstructed vp3-vp1 sequence was subcloned into expression vector pex31b and a fusion protein of about 62,000 da was expressed. 3. when injected into mice, the fusion protein was able to elicit the production of antibodies that recognized viral vp1 and vp3. 4. antibodies present in sera from mice immunized with vp3-vp1 protein did not neutra ...	1993	7504968
characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus by monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus types o1 campos br1/58, a24 cruzeiro br1/55, and c3 indaial br1/71, which are the strains used for production of fmd vaccines in the majority of south american countries. within the library of mabs produced, a group was selected on the basis of their neutralizing titer in cell culture, protective titer in suckling mice, sensitivity to trypsin, and specificity for virus structural proteins. the mabs were utilize ...	1993	7507329
topology of phoe porin: the 'eyelet' region.	a model for the topology of the phoe porin has been proposed according to which the polypeptide traverses the outer membrane sixteen times mostly as amphipathic beta-sheets, thereby exposing eight loops at the cell surface. until now, no evidence has been obtained for the surface exposure of the third loop. recently, the structure of porin of rhodobacter capsulatus has been determined. the proposed model of phoe is very similar to the structure of the r. capsulatus porin, which has an 'eyelet' r ...	1993	7679770
amino acid changes outside the g-h loop of capsid protein vp1 of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus confer resistance to neutralization by antipeptide g-h serum.	antiserum to a peptide corresponding to the 135-154 sequence of capsid protein vp1 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus o1 kaufbeuren was raised in a pig. although this serum contained neutralizing antibodies, the pig showed clinical symptoms after challenge. virus isolated from this pig was identified as a mutant, with changes at positions 50, 198 and 211 of vp1 and at position 209 of vp2. this mutant, as well as a plaque isolate of it, differing from the challenge virus at positions 198 on vp1 ...	1993	7680514
genotypic and phenotypic changes of bhk-21 cells grown in suspension cultures.	the propagation of foot-and-mouth disease virus on bhk-21 suspension cells, although economically convenient, may yield a scarcely immunizing antigen. helpful insights were obtained by investigating a few genotypic and phenotypic features of the cell cultures. the appearance of polyploid populations, higher cell concentrations at the end of culturing, the progressive reduction of spreading on surfaces and an abnormal expression of the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin were found to be correlated with the ...	1993	7686770
cyclic disulfide model of the major antigenic site of serotype-c foot-and-mouth disease virus. synthetic, conformational and immunochemical studies.	a cyclic disulfide peptide representing antigenic site a of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain c-s8c1 (residues 134 to 155 of viral protein 1 (vp1) with tyr136 and arg153 replaced by cystine; ttctasargdlahlttthachl) was synthesized by solid phase methods. formation of the cyclic disulfide was carried out by air oxidation of the fully deprotected and reduced bis-cysteine precursor, under high dilution conditions. the identity of the cyclic peptide was confirmed by both physical and enzyma ...	1993	7688321
use of the enterobacterial outer membrane protein phoe in the development of new vaccines and dna probes.	phoe protein is a major outer membrane protein of escherichia coli. the polypeptide spans the membrane 16 times, thereby exposing 8 regions at the cell surface. insertions in these regions did not affect the biogenesis of the protein. therefore, we considered the possibility of using phoe as a vector for the exposure of foreign antigenic determinants at the cell surface, with the ultimate goal of constructing new (live oral) vaccines. via recombinant dna techniques, b-cell epitopes of vp1 protei ...	1993	7688607
distinct repertoire of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the presence or absence of immune selection.	antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were generated and frequently became dominant in clonal populations of fmdv (clone c-s8c1) grown in the absence of anti-fmdv antibodies. we have now passaged eight samples of the same fmdv clone in the presence of a limited amount of neutralizing polyclonal antibodies directed to the major antigenic site a of capsid protein vp1. complex populations of variants showing increased resistance to polyclonal sera and to site a-specific monoclon ...	1993	7690417
use of substituted and tandem-repeated peptides to probe the relevance of the highly conserved rgd tripeptide in the immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	antigenic site a of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an exposed, mobile loop which includes a central, highly conserved arg-gly-asp tripeptide (rgd, vp1 residues 141-143 in serotype c) thought to be part of the cell attachment site. we have analyzed the contribution of rgd to the interaction of site a with antibodies by incorporating selected amino acid replacements at rgd into synthetic peptides representing site a, and analyzing the reactivity of substituted peptides with site a-specific ...	1993	7690714
the use of monoclonal antibodies in the molecular typing of animal viruses.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are biological reagents which have a definite structure. they identify epitopes with total specificity. such specificity is based on the exact physico-chemical structure of antigens. thus mabs provide a unique link between chemical structure and antigenic properties and can give great insight into the functional properties of biological agents. the author describes a number of applications of mabs in the characterisation of foot and mouth disease viruses for diagnost ...	1993	7691272
characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a type sat 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus.	this paper is the first to describe characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against a south african territories 2 (sat 2) foot-and-mouth disease virus (isolate rho 1/48). twelve mabs which neutralized homologous virus were characterized in indirect and sandwich elisa using purified rho 1/48 virus particles, subunits, trypsin-treated, and chemically denatured virus. all the mabs inhibited haemagglutination by parental virus. binding of the mabs to 73 sat 2 field isolates was measured in ...	1993	7691630
new observations on antigenic diversification of rna viruses. antigenic variation is not dependent on immune selection.	recent results have revealed novel features in the process of antigenic diversification of fmdv. (i) antigenic variation is not necessarily the result of immune selection. (ii) single, critical amino acid replacements may either have a minor effect on antigenic specificity or cause a drastic antigenic change affecting many epitopes on an antigenic site. (iii) the effect of such a critical replacement may be suppressed by additional substitutions at neighbouring sites. (iv) antigenic diversificat ...	1993	7691985
expression of an animal virus antigenic site on the surface of a plant virus particle.	to investigate if cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles can be used to express foreign protein sequences, oligonucleotides encoding an epitope derived from vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were cloned into the region of the cpmv genome encoding the small (s) coat protein. the chimeras were designed so that the foreign sequence was expressed either as an insertion or as a replacement for part of the wild-type sequence. while rna from both chimeras was able to replicate in cowpea protopla ...	1993	7692669