Publications

detection of 54-kda protein overexpressed by chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei anka strain in pyronaridine-resistant p berghei anka strain.	a 54-kda protein overexpressed by chloroquine-resistant (cr) plasmodium berghei anka strain was first reported by us. this study is conducted to detect the protein in pyronaridine-resistant (pr) p berghei anka strain.	1995	7771189
inhibitory activity of the anti-malarial atovaquone (566c80) against ookinetes, oocysts, and sporozoites of plasmodium berghei.	ookinete formation from mature plasmodium berghei gametocytes in vitro was partially inhibited by 0.05-0.1 microm atovaquone and almost totally blocked at a concentration of 0.25 microm. microgametocyte exflagellation was not affected by atovaquone at concentrations up to 300 microm. ookinete formation was also inhibited in culture when addition of 0.20 microm atovaquone was delayed by 4 hr, by which time dna replication was likely to have been completed. inhibition of ookinete formation by atov ...	1995	7776134
antimalarial activity of novel ring-contracted artemisinin derivatives.	bromoacetal 2 undergoes a novel ring-contracted reaction to give the aldehyde 3 in the presence of dbu or triethylamine. the aldehyde 3 is reduced to the alcohol 4 and oxidized to the carboxylic acid 5. the alcohol 4 reacts with dihydroartemisinin to give the two diastereoisomers 38 and 39. all the compounds were tested for antimalarial activity in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive plasmodium berghei. if the activity of a compound was comparable to that of the standard compound, such as a ...	1995	7783124
cd8 modulation of t-cell antigen receptor-ligand interactions on living cytotoxic t lymphocytes.	thymocytes and class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocytes express predominantly heterodimeric alpha/beta cd8. by interacting with non-polymorphic regions of mhc class i molecules cd8 can mediate adhesion or by binding the same mhc molecules that interact with the t-cell antigen receptor (tcr) function as coreceptor in tcr-ligand binding and t-cell activation. using tcr photoaffinity labelling with a soluble, monomeric photoreactive h-2kd-peptide derivative ...	1995	7830771
co-localization of inducible-nitric oxide synthase and plasmodium berghei in hepatocytes from rats immunized with irradiated sporozoites.	both cd8+ t cells and ifn-gamma (ifn-gamma) are important components in the regulation of inducible-nitric oxide synthase (inos) which contribute to liver stage anti-malarial activity in rodents immunized with irradiated sporozoites. ifn-gamma, provided by malaria-specific cd8+ t cells, stimulates liver cells to produce nitric oxide (no) for the destruction of infected hepatocytes or the parasite within these cells. to identify the cell source of inos in livers from brown norway rats challenged ...	1995	7534796
developmental changes in the circumsporozoite proteins of plasmodium berghei and p. gallinaceum in their mosquito vectors.	the circumsporozoite (cs) protein covers the surface of the sporozoite of plasmodia. its role in the development of the malaria parasite in mosquito vectors remains unknown. cs-epitope-containing proteins appear on undifferentiated oocysts on day 7 in plasmodium berghei and on day 5 in p. gallinaceum as demonstrated by indirect fluorescence antibody tests using monoclonal antibodies directed against the cs-protein repeats. the three-dimensional distribution of the cs-epitope-containing proteins ...	1995	7536921
structure-activity relationships of lactone ring-opened analogs of the antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin.	1,2,4-trioxane benzylic ethers 8a-e were prepared as simplified, tricyclic versions of the clinically used tetracyclic antimalarial drug artemisinin (1). five additional artemisinin analogs (9-11) were prepared. neither water solubility (analogs 8e and 11b) nor chelating ability (analogs 9 and 10), however, produced trioxanes of especially high in vitro antimalarial activity. trioxane fluorobenzyl ether 8b is the most active in this series (more active than artemisinin) against plasmodium falcip ...	1995	7861408
activity of azithromycin as a blood schizonticide against rodent and human plasmodia in vivo.	we compared the efficacy of azithromycin to the clinical antimalarial doxycycline in plasmodium berghei-infected mice and in p. falciparum-infected aotus monkeys. when mice were administered drug orally twice a day for three days, the minimum total dose of azithromycin that cured all mice was 768 mg/kg. doxycycline at a dose of 1,536 mg/kg cured no mice. the efficacy of fast-acting blood schizonticides (quinine, halofantrine, artemisinin) against p. berghei was augmented by azithromycin. in monk ...	1995	7872444
plasmodium berghei: production and quantitation of hepatic stages derived from irradiated sporozoites in rats and mice.	immunization with irradiated-attenuated malaria sporozoites has been shown to protect both rodents and humans against a homologous sporozoite challenge. irradiated-attenuated sporozoites retain their capacity to invade hepatocytes and transform into trophozoites without undergoing complete schizogony. as a result, the minute size of these trophozoites (4-8 microns) makes their detection by conventional microscopy difficult. an additional problem lies in obtaining sufficient quantities of exoeryt ...	1995	7876979
protection against murine cerebral malaria by dietary-induced oxidative stress.	feeding 20% (w/w) menhaden-fish oil in a standard laboratory chow diet for 4 wk partially protected cba/caj mice from the central nervous system consequences of infection with plasmodium berghei (anka). full protection (complete survival for 14 days postinfection) could be obtained by feeding a purified pro-oxidant vitamin e-deficient diet containing 4% (w/w) menhaden oil (mo - ve diet). the purified pro-oxidant mo - ve diet also exerted a pronounced suppressive effect against the parasite (depr ...	1995	7876987
experimental cerebral malaria: possible new mechanisms in the tnf-induced microvascular pathology.	in order to contribute to the prevention of malaria morbidity and mortality, especially in endemic zones, we have carried out a series of studies on cytokine interactions in an experimental model of cerebral malaria (cm). this rapidly lethal syndrome develops, in some strains of mice, upon infection with plasmodium berghei anka (pba). a crucial mediator of neurovascular lesions appears to be tnf, found in high amounts in relation with cerebral complications, in both experimental and human cm. in ...	1995	7900436
plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei: effect of magnesium on the development of parasitemia.	the in vitro growth of plasmodium falciparum was reduced by 35 and 43% through high concentrations (5 mmole/liter) of magnesium in rpmi medium and magnesium-free medium, respectively, after 48 hr, whereas no significant inhibition could be observed under these conditions after 24 hr cultivation in the respective medium. levels of magnesium between 0.5 and 3 mmole/liter showed no inhibitory effect on the in vitro growth of p. falciparum even after long-term exposure for 7 days. the 50 and 90% chl ...	1995	7895830
plasmodium berghei: the application of cultivation and purification techniques to molecular studies of malaria parasites.	species of malaria parasites that infect rodents provide models for the study of the biology of malaria parasites that infect humans. in this article, chris janse and andy waters describe some of the recent advances in the cultivation and purification methodology of one of these species, plasmodium berghei. the improvement of these techniques, and the increasing knowledge about the molecular biology of p. berghei enhance the value of this particular rodent model for the investigation of many asp ...	1995	15275357
effects of endotoxin and dexamethasone on cerebral malaria in mice.	cba/t6 and dba/2j mice inoculated with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) develop cerebral involvement 6-8 days post-inoculation, from which the cba mice almost invariably die and the dba mice recover. dexamethasone (dxm; 80 mg/kg) given to inoculated cba mice twice, on day 3 and again within 48 h, reduced the cerebral symptoms and prevented death from cerebral malaria. plasma tumour necrosis factor (tnf) levels, which increased at the time of the cerebral symptoms, were also reduced in these dxm-tre ...	1995	11023408
ro 42-1611 (arteflene), a new effective antimalarial: chemical structure and biological activity.	the discovery of the natural peroxides qinghaosu (arteannuin a, artemisinin) (1) and yingzhaosu a (3) from traditional chinese herbal medicines was a major advance in the search for new antimalarials (fig. 1). whereas qinghaosu can be produced from natural sources and has been well studied, yingzhaosu a has never been available for full evaluation as anti-malarial. we have designed a synthesis of the novel ring system present in yingzhaosu a, the 2,3-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and prepared a seri ...	1994	7899801
antimalarial activity of the bicyclic peroxide ro 42-1611 (arteflene) in experimental models.	the sesquiterpene peroxide ro 42-1611 (arteflene), a synthetic derivative of yingzhaosu, was evaluated extensively against various drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lines of plasmodium falciparum in vitro and p. berghei in vivo in mice. the potential therapeutic and prophylactic activities were studied comparatively with the standard antimalarials chloroquine, mefloquine and quinine, as well as qinghaosu and the derivatives artemether and artesunic acid. experimentally arteflene proved to be a h ...	1994	7899802
regular initiation of translation of plasmodium berghei aldolase-2 after pre-mrna splicing.	in plasmodium falciparum aldolase a uag or a regular aug codon has been proposed for the initiation of ribosomal protein synthesis. a uag codon present at the beginning of the coding sequence of the aldolase 2 gene (aldo-2) of plasmodium berghei is not recognised in vitro as an initiation codon, which suggests addition of a regular aug codon by mrna splicing. sequence analysis of cdna amplified by the reversed polymerase chain reaction reveals addition of an atg codon with a splice donor consens ...	1994	8008025
inhibitory action of the anti-malarial compound atovaquone (566c80) against plasmodium berghei anka in the mosquito, anopheles stephensi.	the activity of atovaquone against plasmodium berghei anka during sporogonic development has been examined. anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were fed on gametocyte infected mice which had been treated 8 h previously with atovaquone or diluent alone. mosquito midguts were examined for oocysts, and salivary gland infections were estimated using an elisa for the circumsporozoite protein (csp). the number of oocysts per midgut fell by at least 97% when mosquitoes were fed on mice dosed with 0.1-10 mg ...	1994	8008451
comparison of in vivo and in vitro antimalarial activity of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin and sodium artesunate in the plasmodium berghei-rodent model.	the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of artemisinin, artesunate and dihydroartemisinin has been compared using the plasmodium berghei-rodent model. drugs were added to synchronized short-term in vitro cultures of the erythrocytic stages and inhibition of parasite development was determined by measuring dna synthesis by flow cytometry. dihydroartemisinin was the most effective drug. ic50 values of artemisinin, artesunate and dihydroartemisinin were 1.9, 1.1 and 0.3 x 10(-8) m, respectiv ...	1994	8082988
possible isozyme-specific effects of experimental malaria infection with plasmodium berghei on cytochrome p450 activity in rat liver microsomes.	we have investigated the effect of experimental malaria infection on rat cytochrome p450-mediated drug metabolism using ethoxyresorufin and metoprolol as probe compounds. malaria infection caused a significant reduction in total intrinsic clearance of ethoxyresorufin in both low and high parasitaemia malaria compared with control (control 18.7 +/- 7.2; low parasitaemia 10.5 +/- 4.1; high parasitaemia 4.3 +/- 1.4 ml min-1). however, clearance of metoprolol was unchanged in malaria infection compa ...	1994	8083805
picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy of a single-chain class i major histocompatibility complex encoded protein in its peptide loaded and unloaded states.	the tryptophan fluorescence properties of two different peptide complexes of the single-chain h-2kd (sc-kd) were studied by means of the single-photon counting technique. the latter enables time-resolved measurements of fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decay parameters relevant to structural and dynamic properties of proteins. while the isolated sc-kd molecules in their 'original' purified form represent the unloaded state, i.e., containing endogenous low-affinity peptides, the loaded sc-kd ...	1994	8088870
antimalarial activity of dihydroartemisinin derivatives by transdermal application.	in addition to artelinic acid, which was demonstrated previously to possess good prophylactic as well as curative antimalarial activity against plasmodium berghei by transdermal administration, seven artemisinin derivatives in a gel formulation were assessed for their antimalarial activities in this study. artemisinin, the parent compound of the series, showed moderate prophylactic but poor curative activity. although methyl artelinate was more active against p. berghei than artelinic acid and s ...	1994	8024074
hemoglobins from plasmodium-infected rat erythrocytes: functional and molecular characteristics.	aiming to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for altered o2-transporting properties in blood of plasmodium-infected animals, stripped (cofactor-free) hemoglobin (hb) solutions were prepared from infected erythrocytes (ie) and noninfected erythrocytes (nie) of rats inoculated with plasmodium berghei bergei for functional and structural characterization. at normal intraerythrocytic ph (+/- 7.2), hb from ie showed a higher affinity, a larger bohr effect, and lower sensitivities to 2,3-diphosphogly ...	1994	8025289
remarkable activation of polyamine biosynthesis in hematopoiesis and hyperplasia of spleen in mice with hemolytic anemia caused by infection with plasmodium berghei.	ornithine decarboxylase (odc) activity was markedly induced in the spleen of mice infected with plasmodium berghei, showing maximal activity at 8 days after the infection. the increase of spleen weight, on the other hand, reached its peak after 14 days of infection. in the blood of p. berghei-infected mice, no increase of odc activity was observed. this indicated that odc was induced in the spleen cells, but not in the parasites themselves which existed in the blood. polyamines (putrescine, sper ...	1994	8026898
characterization of the effector mechanisms of a transmission-blocking antibody upon differentiation of plasmodium berghei gametocytes into ookinetes in vitro.	the transmission-blocking monoclonal antibody 13.1, which recognizes the ookinete surface antigen pbs21 of plasmodium berghei, and an igg2a isotype control antibody 26.37 were purified by caprylic acid and ammonium sulphate precipitation. fab fragments were prepared by papain digestion. igg but not fab from antibody 13.1 reduced ookinete formation by p. berghei in culture by as much as 94% at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. there was little difference in antibody efficacy in the range 6.25 ...	1994	8058360
murine aids protects mice against experimental cerebral malaria: down-regulation by interleukin 10 of a t-helper type 1 cd4+ cell-mediated pathology.	the retrovirus lp-bm5 murine leukemia virus induces murine aids in c57bl/6 mice that has many similarities with human aids; plasmodium berghei anka causes experimental cerebral malaria in the same strain of mice. the outcome of malaria infection was studied in mice concurrently infected with the two pathogens. the retrovirus significantly reduced the gravity of the neurological manifestations associated with plasmodium berghei anka infection. the protection against experimental cerebral malaria ...	1994	8058763
plasmodium sporozoites possess both positively and negatively charged sites accessible on their surface.	studies were conducted on the distribution of anionic and cationic sites on the surface of intact plasmodium berghei and p. yoelii sporozoites. anionic and cationic ferritins were used as probes for electron microscope studies and fluorescein conjugates of the same charged ferritins were used for correlative studies by fluorescence light microscopy. we found that the surfaces of mature sporozoites from mosquito salivary glands possess both negatively and positively charged sites that are accessi ...	1994	8064519
effects of plasmodium berghei (apicomplexa) on nippostrongylus brasiliensis (nematoda) infection in the mouse, mus musculus.	ova and free oxygen radical production and relative peripheral eosinophilia during single and concurrent infections in mice with p. berghei and n. brasiliensis were investigated. prolonged helminth patent periods indicate that nippostrongylus self-cure in concurrently infected mice was suppressed. differential white blood cell determinations showed that the relative number of peripheral blood eosinophils steadily increased (p < or = 0.05) during a nippostrongylus infection when compared to nonin ...	1994	8070956
experiments on the possible role of leeches as vectors of animal and human pathogens: a light and electron microscopy study.	the presence and survival of pathogens inside the gut of leeches were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. in african leeches from cameroon, blood was serologically positive for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b; blood of hirudo medicinalis bought in german pharmacies contained up to 11 different species of bacteria. in experiments done at low (3 degrees c) and high (22 degrees, 32 degrees c) temperatures, it was shown that ingested red and white blood cells surviv ...	1994	8073013
immunoglobulin g2a isotype may have a protective role in plasmodium berghei nk65 infection in immunised mice.	all cba mice that had been immunised by means of four successive inoculations of plasmodium berghei nk65, each inoculation being followed by chemotherapy, survived an intravenous challenge inoculation of parasite, with 4/12 mice developing patent parasitaemia that resolved within 2 weeks. in contrast, all non-immunised control mice died before the 10th day post-challenge. examination of sera for antibodies revealed that the immunised mice, all of which survived the challenge, had significantly h ...	1994	7886031
mechanisms of pyrimethamine resistance in two different strains of plasmodium berghei.		1994	7891743
intrasplenic immunization with infected hepatocytes: a mouse model for studying protective immunity against malaria pre-erythrocytic stage.	malaria liver forms are the target of antibody or t-cell-mediated immune mechanisms induced by previous or subsequent developmental stages of the parasite. the potential for vaccine development of antigens expressed exclusively in the liver stages has not been fully explored partly because of the lack of an experimental animal model. here we show that protective immunity against sporozoite-induced infection with plasmodium yoelii and p. berghei can be obtained by intrasplenic injection of a smal ...	1994	7913914
the immunomodulating effect of a new polyamine (the map-1987) administered with chloroquine in plasmodia infected mice.	the biological activity of a new synthetic polypeptide, the map-1987 was proved in the rodent malaria system. the administration of 4 micrograms/kg of map-1987 prevents the haemolysis of the plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes but not the plasmodium vinckei infected ones. the map-1987 given alone changes neither the survival time of the infected mice nor the rate of parasitaemia. the chloroquine given alone increases the survival time of the mice infected with p. berghei under the standardi ...	1994	7921853
picroliv affects gamma-glutamyl cycle in liver and brain of mastomys natalensis infected with plasmodium berghei.	picroliv, the standardized preparation of iridoid glycosides from picrorhiza kurrooa, at the dose of 6 mg/kg, po for two weeks provided significant protection against depletion of reduced glutathione levels in liver and brain of plasmodium berghei infected mastomys natalensis. the activation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzyme and decreased levels of cysteine, sulphydryl groups as well as glutathione synthesis in both tissues due to p. berghei infection were reversed by picroliv. enzymatic a ...	1994	7927525
susceptibility of different strains of mice to hepatic infection with plasmodium berghei.	despite the low susceptibility of balb/c mice to hepatic infection by plasmodium berghei, this animal model is routinely used to investigate the basic biology of the malaria parasite and to test vaccines and the immune response against exoerythrocytic (ee) stages derived from sporozoites. a murine model in which a large number of ee parasites are established would be useful for furthering such investigations. therefore, we assayed six mouse strains for susceptibility to erythrocytic and hepatic ...	1994	7927764
effect of plasmodium berghei infection and antimalarial treatment on heme synthesis in mice.	plasmodium berghei infection impaired the hepatic heme synthesizing machinery of mice. key enzymes, viz. s-aminolevulinic acid synthase, s-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase and ferrochelatase were found to be decreased. in contrast, tryptophane pyrrolase noticeably increased during parasitic infection. oral feeding of chloroquine [16 mg (kg body weight)-1 x 4 days] cleared the parasitaemia from infected mice within 72 h and returned the altered levels of enzymes almost to normal a week after cessati ...	1994	7928069
[a comparative restriction analysis of the dna of strains of the malarial parasite sensitive and resistant to chloroquine].	a comparative restriction analysis was made for dna in malaria parasites, strain h sensitive to chloroquinone, strain lnk-65 with spontaneously occurred resistance to the agent, and breeding strain lnk-65 chlr highly resistant to it. dna hydrolysis with ecor1, hindiii, and bamh1 endonucleases revealed permanent differences in the dna restriction pattern of malaria parasites. there were additional restriction bands as part of dna restricts in the strain lnk-65 chl bred from lnk-65 for high resist ...	1994	7935181
in vitro development of infectious liver stages of p. yoelii and p. berghei malaria in human cell lines.	the preerythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite are the focus of intense efforts to identify new immunological and pharmacological methods for the control of the malaria parasite. the study of the malaria hepatic stages requires an in vitro system to facilitate the analysis of parasite/host cell interactions and the characterization of exoerythrocytic form (eef) antigens. at the present time, only the rodent malaria, plasmodium berghei, and the human malaria, plasmodium vivax, develop into ma ...	1994	7957756
effect of malaria infection on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in rat.	1. paracetamol (p; 50 and 300 mg/kg i.v.) was administered to the control and malaria-infected (mi) male wistar rat in order to assess the effect of mi on the metabolism of paracetamol to its glucuronide (pg) and sulphate (ps) conjugates and their excretion in urine. 2. at a dose of 50 mg/kg, neither total clearance (clt) (controls, 20.3 +/- 0.5; mi, 19.9 +/- 0.9, ml/min/kg; mean +/- sd, p > 0.05) nor the renal clearance of p (clr) were affected by mi. although the formation clearance of pg (clf ...	1994	7975718
[synthesis and biological activities of 2,4-diamino-5-fluoro-6-substituted benzylamino quinazolines].	the title compounds were synthesized by condensation of 5-fluoro- 2, 4, 6-triaminoquinazoline (6a) with various substituted benzaldehydes to produce the corresponding schiff bases, followed by reduction. ii and iii were obtained by formylation and nitrosation of i, respectively, iv were obtained by reduction of ii. primary screening for suppressive therapeutic effects against p. berghei in mice showed that six of the twenty-two compounds produced 100% suppression when administered orally at a do ...	1994	7976341
[synthesis of 4-methyl-5-substituted phenoxy-primaquine analogues and preliminary evaluation on their antimalarial activity].	on basis of our previous work, seven 4-methyl-5-substituted phenoxy-6-methoxy-8-(1-methyl-4-amino-butylamino)-quinolines (ii2-8) were synthesized and their antimalarial activities were preliminarily evaluated. the target compounds were prepared from 2-nitro-4-methoxy-5-bromo-acetanilide as previously described. the structures of ii2-8 and all of the unknown intermediates were confirmed by elementary and spectral analyses. preliminary biological evaluation revealed that all of ii2-8 exhibited sig ...	1994	7976342
sexual development of malaria parasites is inhibited in vitro by the neem extract azadirachtin, and its semi-synthetic analogues.	we have shown that azadirachtin, a compound from the neem tree, azadirachta indica, and selected semi-synthetic derivatives, block the development of the motile male malarial gamete in vitro. changes in the hemiacetal group at position c11 in the molecule result in a loss of activity in this assay. the motility of fully formed male gametes, and other selected flagellated cells, is unaffected by azadirachtin in vitro. these findings raise the possibility of developing azadirachtin-based compounds ...	1994	7980823
antimalarial activity of wr 243251, a dihydroacridinedione.	wr 243251 is a dihydroacridinedione that was evaluated for antimalarial blood schizonticidal activity in vitro and in vivo. the in vitro doses calculated to kill 50% of organisms were 11 nm for a chloroquine-susceptible, mefloquine-resistant standard strain and 25 nm for a chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant standard strain. the total dose needed to cure 100% of mice infected with a drug-susceptible strain of plasmodium berghei was 12 to 20 mg/kg of body weight for both oral and subcutaneou ...	1994	7986005
enzymatic amplification of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus.	to improve the detection of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (ldv), we developed a pcr assay. primers were selected from orf7, encoding nucleocapsid protein vp1. no specific amplification was observed with any other common murine virus or with rnas from the closely related lelystad virus and equine arteritis virus. in experimentally infected mice, ldv could be detected in plasma in both the acute and the persistent phases. ldv was also detected by the pcr in contaminated pools of plasmodium ...	1994	7989557
the small ribosomal subunit rna isoforms in plasmodium cynomolgi.	we report the isolation, characterization and analysis of the small subunit rrna genes in plasmodium cynomolgi (ceylon). as in other plasmodium species, these genes are present in low copy number, are unlinked and form two types that are distinct in sequence and are expressed stage specifically. the asexually expressed (type a) genes are present in four copies in the ceylon- and in five copies in the berok-strain. surprisingly, the sexually expressed (type b) gene is present in a single copy. th ...	1994	8005440
[effect of trifluoroacetoprimaquine on erythrocytic schizonts of rodent malaria].	effect of trifluoroacetoprimaquine oxalate (m8506) and primaquine (pq) on blood schizonts of plasmodium berghei were determined using the method of 4-day suppressive test within extended observation period of 60 d. when mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka strain were treated ig with m8506 or pq at a same daily dose of 20 mg/kg for 4 d, the cure rates were 100% and 90%, respectively. the two drugs also showed prominent suppressive effects on chloroquine-resistant p. berghei ns line and pyr ...	1994	7867162
nitric oxide: cytokine-regulation of nitric oxide in host resistance to intracellular pathogens.	to discover how nitric oxide (no) synthesis is controlled in different tissues as cells within these tissues combat intracellular pathogens, we examined three distinctively different experimental murine models designed for studying parasite-host interactions: macrophage killing of leishmania major; nonspecific protection against tularemia (francisella tularensis) by mycobacterium bovis (bcg); and specific vaccine-induced protection against hepatic malaria with plasmodium berghei. each model para ...	1994	7537721
[present status and new approach to anti-parasite therapy].	new highly effective molecules have been developed for the treatment of human parasites due to the development resistances and newly described types of parasitosis. in man as in animals, chemoresistant strains of parasites are rare, even for plasmodium species where decreased sensibility has been observed basically due to monotherapies given for too short periods. many resistance mechanisms have been elucidated. most antiparasite drugs are metabolized in the liver and alterations in the mitochon ...	1994	7831211
immunization with irradiated plasmodium berghei sporozoites induces il-2 and ifn gamma but not il-4.	protective immunity against plasmodium induced by immunization with irradiated sporozoites (spz) depends on both humoral and cellular responses. although circumsporozoite protein (csp)-specific cytolytic t lymphocyte responses have been established as an effector system, other cell types are required for protection. we have previously demonstrated that although protective immunity and t cell proliferative reactivity to spz are mouse strain- and spz dose-dependent, no correlation between the two ...	1994	7838597
effect of an experimental malaria infection on the metabolism of phenacetin in the rat isolated perfused liver.	1. the effect of infection with the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei on the metabolism of phenacetin has been investigated in a rat isolated perfused liver preparation. 2. a bolus dose of phenacetin (10 mg) was introduced into the perfusate reservoir of both control (n = 4) and malaria-infected (n = 4) liver preparations, and samples of bile and perfusate were collected (0-4 h) for hplc analysis of phenacetin, paracetamol and its phase ii metabolites. 3. whereas malaria had no effect o ...	1994	7839701
antimalarial activity of cyclosporins a, c and d.	cyclosporin a (csa) is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in organ transplants. it is also accumulated by the erythrocyte, a site that accommodates one of the stages of malaria parasite. we observe that csa and its less potent immunosuppressive analogues csc and csd were as effective as chloroquine in inhibiting p. berghei malaria parasite development in vivo (when administered orally) and p. falciparum parasite in vitro. they were, however, not inhibitory to the liver stages and the gametocy ...	1994	7839946
anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-malarial activities of a west african medicinal plant--picralima nitida.	a preliminary pharmacological screening of the methanolic extract of picralima nitida fruit was carried out. the extract showed potent and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-malarial activities. given intraperitoneally, it inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema with ic50 of 102mg/kg, and with the highest dose tested (300mg/kg) producing 72.2% inhibition. on the lps-induced pyrexia in rabbits, 50mg/kg of the extract produced a mean percentage antipyrexia of (38.7%) compa ...	1994	7839951
dynamics of telomere turnover in plasmodium berghei.	non-uniform composition in telomeric repeats at the extremities of plasmodium chromosomes was exploited in order to obtain data on intraclonal diversification of telomeric sequences, relevant for the study of telomere regeneration dynamics. families of sibling telomeric clones were obtained from several chromosomal ends of plasmodium berghei, and analysed so as to determine the exact points from which individual clones start to diverge. as much as 90% of the telomeric tract appears to be subject ...	1994	7845395
characterization of the modes of action of anti-pbs21 malaria transmission-blocking immunity: ookinete to oocyst differentiation in vivo.	the impact of immune sera, and peripheral blood cells (pbc) from mice immunized with plasmodium berghei ookinetes; and of purified immunoglobulin or fab fragments from anti-pbs21 monoclonal antibody 13.1, upon establishment of oocyst infections in the mosquito was studied. infections were initiated either from gametocyte-infected mice, or membrane feeders which contained either gametocytes or mature ookinetes. pbc from ookinete-immunized mice presented with non-immune serum failed to show any tr ...	1994	7800408
the role of free radicals and antioxidative enzymes in erythrocytes and liver cells in the course of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium vinckei infection of mice.	blood schisontocidal test of d0 + d3 type revealed different characteristics of the plasmodium berghei and plasmodium vinckei infection. both types of the rodent plasmodia kill the untreated mice. chloroquine treatment alone does not prevent the death of the p. berghei infected animals and they died at a low level of parasitaemia. the animals cured with chloroquine plus map survive. the infection with p. vinckei produces a high level of parasitaemia and the chloroquine treatment alone prevents t ...	1994	7804719
[histopathologic findings in cd1 albino mice infected with plasmodium berghei in pregnancy. experimental model for pathology of the feto- placental unit in malaria].	three study groups of pregnant cd1 albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with plasmodium berghei on the 6th (group i), 13th (group ii) and 18th (group iii) day of gestation. two control groups were included, one of non pregnant mice (group iv) and the other of pregnant non inoculated mice. group iv was inoculated in the same day of group i. all mice of these two groups died. of the 20 mice in group ii 8 died, 7 delivered prematurely and 5 gave birth of low birth weight offspring. the 15 ...	1994	7808800
immunoliposomes in vivo.	attachment of antibodies to the surface of liposomes was performed to confer specificity for a certain cell or organ expressing the targeted antigenic determinant. these so-called immunoliposomes are expected to be applied as targeted drug carriers. in this article, the literature concerning in vivo studies of the targeting of immunoliposomes to various sites in the body is reviewed. the anatomical, physiological, and pathological constraints and current progress are described. moreover, perspec ...	1994	7820456
modulation of resistance to chloroquine by ascorbic acid and cyproheptadine in plasmodium berghei in vivo.		1994	7821987
synthesis and biological evaluation of some potential antimalarials.	malaria chemotherapy has been well reviewed. malarial parasites gaining resistance is the major problem in the treatment of the disease. some strains are resistant not only to chloroquine but also to amodiaquine. few new drugs are available or foreseen for the near future. the principal metabolite of cinchona alkaloids appears to be oxidized at c-2. this may result in a loss of activity. pinder and burger suggested that a trifluoromethyl group will prevent this oxidation. so 2-tribromomethyl-6-m ...	1994	7826202
cure with cisplatin (ii) or murine malaria infection and in vitro inhibition of a chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum isolate.	antiplasmodium properties of cisplatin [cis-platinum (ii) diamine dichloride], a neoplastic drug, have been assessed in in vivo and in vitro model systems of malarial parasite. a well-tolerated dose of 6 mg/kg body weight of the compound cured the mice infected with plasmodium berghei and the amount of cisplatin required for in vitro inhibition (ic50) of a chloroquine-resistant plasmodium falciparum isolate was smaller than either chloroquine or quinine. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic ...	1994	7739147
in situ detection of pbs21 mrna during sexual development of plasmodium berghei.	the patterns of expression of ribosomal rna and mrna encoding the parasite surface antigen pbs21 have been investigated during the sexual stages of development of the malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, using the technique of non-radioactive in situ rna hybridisation. an rna probe complementary to a region of the small subunit of p. berghei ribosomal rna hybridised to parasites at all stages of development in a smear of blood taken from mice infected with p. berghei. messenger rna encoding pbs ...	1994	7739665
differential expression in blood stages of the gene coding for the 21-kilodalton surface protein of ookinetes of plasmodium berghei as detected by rna in situ hybridisation.	the developmentally regulated transcription of the gene encoding the ookinete surface protein, pbs21, has been investigated in the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, by rna in situ hybridisation using fluorescently labelled dna probes. we used a procedure that will allow the visualisation of cytoplasmic mrna in the parasite and of high copy dna repeats in the nucleus. specific hybridisation to pbs21 mrna occurred in the cytoplasm of female gametocytes, zygotes and ookinetes, while asex ...	1994	7739671
conserved location of genes on polymorphic chromosomes of four species of malaria parasites.	the number of chromosomes and the chromosomal location and linkage of more than 50 probes, mainly of genes, have been established in four species of plasmodium which infect african murine rodents. we expected that the location and linkage of genes would not be conserved between these species of malaria parasites since extensive inter- and intraspecific size differences of the chromosomes existed and large scale internal rearrangements and chromosome translocations in parasites from laboratory li ...	1994	7739674
efficient in vivo induction of ctl by cell-associated covalent h-2kd-peptide complexes.	a novel procedure is presented describing the induction of antigen-specific cytolytic t lymphocytes (ctl) in vivo, that uses as immunogen syngeneic concanavalin a stimulated spleen cells expressing h-2kd (kd) molecules photocrosslinked with a photoreactive peptide derivative. the kd restricted plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (pbcs) peptide 253-260 (yipsaeki) was conjugated with photoreactive iodo-4-azidosalicylic acid (iasa) at the nh2-terminus and with 4-azidobenzoic acid (aba) at the tcr c ...	1994	8176239
synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 9-anilino-3,6-diaminoacridines active against a multidrug-resistant strain of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum.	a series of 9-anilinoacridines have been prepared and evaluated for their activity against a multidrug-resistant k1 strain of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum in erythrocyte suspensions. 3,6-diamino substitution on the acridine ring resulted in lower mammalian cell cytotoxicity and higher antiparasitic activity than other substitution patterns, providing compounds with the highest in vitro therapeutic indices. a new synthesis of 3,6-diamino-9-anilinoacridines, via reduction of the corr ...	1994	8182707
in vivo activity of ajoene against rodent malaria.	ajoene (4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene 9-oxide), a product initially isolated from extracts of garlic (allium sativum), was tested for its antimalarial activity in vivo in a well-characterized murine model. a single ajoene dose of 50 mg/kg, on the day of infection, suppressed the development of parasitemia; there were no obvious acute toxic effects from the tested dose. the combination of ajoene (50 mg/kg) and chloroquine (4.5 mg/kg), given as a single dose on the day of the infection, comple ...	1994	8192460
t lymphocyte-dependent development of cerebral symptoms in wm/ms rats infected with plasmodium berghei.		1994	8192520
effects of hormones and cysteine protease modulators on infection of hepg2 cells by plasmodium berghei sporozoites in vitro determined by elisa immunoassay.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) detecting a plasmodium berghei liver-stage-specific protein pbl-1 is described. the quantitative detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 microgram of parasite protein. qualitatively the assay detected as little as 0.001 microgram pbl-1 per well. using the elisa dexamethasone and insulin together was shown to promote higher parasite infections in hepg2 cells compared to unsupplemented medium. anti-cowpea-protease cysteine inhibitor significantly incr ...	1994	8195943
prevention of sporogony of plasmodium falciparum and p. berghei in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes by transmission-blocking antimalarials.	the sporontocidal activity of three 8-aminoquinolines, a 1,4-naphthoquinone, and three dihydroacridine-diones was determined against the anka clone of plasmodium berghei and both chloroquine-sensitive (nf54) and chloroquine-resistant (7g8) p. falciparum. anopheles stephensi mosquitoes previously fed on p. berghei--infected mice or p. falciparum--infected cultures were refed on uninfected mice treated previously with a given drug. sporontocidal activity was determined by assessing both oocyst and ...	1994	8203716
oxygen transport properties in malaria-infected rodents--a comparison between infected and noninfected erythrocytes.	this study was performed to investigate oxygen transport properties in whole blood (wb) of malaria-infected rats as well as in infected erythrocytes (ie) and noninfected erythrocytes (nie) separated by density centrifugation. one week after inoculation with plasmodium berghei, mean parasitemia was 26.5% and high correlations were found between parasitemia and hemoglobin concentration ([hb]; r = -.902), mean cellular hb concentration (mchc; r = -.712), methb (r = .923), and base excess (r = -.922 ...	1994	8204895
effect of pyrimethamine resistance on sporogony in a plasmodium berghei/anopheles stephensi model.	a pyrimethamine-resistant line of plasmodium berghei was derived by treating infected mice with high doses of pyrimethamine and selecting for recrudescence. this resistant line was compared with the parental pyrimethamine-sensitive line in order to ascertain whether drug resistance is associated with a biological advantage. overall, the pyrimethamine-resistant line is quite similar to the sensitive line, except that it proceeds through sporogonic development more slowly than the pyrimethamine-se ...	1994	8119374
photoaffinity labeling of the t cell receptor on cloned cytotoxic t lymphocytes by covalent photoreactive ligand.	the interaction of the t cell antigen receptor with a photoreactive antigenic peptide derivative bound covalently to the h-2kd (kd) molecule was studied by photoaffinity labeling on cloned, cd8 positive cytotoxic t lymphocytes. the kd-restricted plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide 253-260 (yips-aeki) was conjugated with iodo-4-azidosalicylic acid at the n terminus and with 4-azidobenzoic acid at the t cell receptor residue lys-259. cell-associated or soluble kd molecules were photoaffini ...	1994	8119892
role of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes and their integrin cd11a (lfa-1) in the pathogenesis of severe murine malaria.	infection of cba mice with plasmodium berghei anka results in severe malaria, which is characterized by mortality 6 to 10 days after infection and is associated with alterations of the brain microcirculation. these alterations consist of (i) intravascular sequestration of monocytes, (ii) an increase in vascular permeability as documented by evans blue diffusion, and (iii) microhemorrhages. this syndrome may be due to an increase of production of tumor necrosis factor alpha which upregulates the ...	1994	8132319
studies on the immunogenicity of a recombinant ookinete surface antigen pbs21 from plasmodium berghei expressed in escherichia coli.	plasmodium berghei ookinete surface antigen (pbs21), was produced as a fusion product with maltose binding protein (mbp) in escherichia coli and used to induce transmission-blocking immunity in mice. specificity of induced antibody was confirmed by western blotting with native ookinete pbs21, and by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test on ookinete bloodfilms. immunized mice were infected with p. berghei and transmission to anopheles stephensi mosquitoes determined by both the intensity a ...	1994	8152832
demonstration of heat-shock protein 70 in the sporozoite stage of malaria parasites.	three monoclonal antibodies generated by immunization of mice with plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells were found to react with the 75-kda heat-shock protein (hsp70) present in liver stages and erythrocytic forms of the parasites. these antibodies were shown to react with a recombinant protein encoding the carboxyl terminal half of pfhsp70 (aa 365-681). differently from earlier results, we clearly demonstrated that hsp70 was also expressed in the sporozoite stage, using these monoclonal ...	1994	8153120
requirements for glycosylphosphatidylinositol attachment are similar but not identical in mammalian cells and parasitic protozoa.	the general features of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) signal have been conserved in evolution. to test whether the requirements for gpi attachment are indeed the same in mammalian cells and parasitic protozoa, we expressed the prototype gpi-linked protein of trypanosoma brucei, the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg), in cos cells. although large amounts of vsg were produced, only a small fraction became gpi linked. this impaired processing is not caused by the vsg ectodomain, since repl ...	1994	8163550
new, antimalarial, tricyclic 1,2,4-trioxanes: evaluations in mice and monkeys.	we have concluded initial preclinical studies with synthetic trioxanes numbered 3-9 and have compared them with artemisinin (numbered 1) using cd-1 mice infected with plasmodium berghei. based on their antimalarial effectiveness in mice, two of these synthetic trioxanes were selected for evaluation in aotus monkeys infected with multidrug-resistant (mdr) p. falciparum. trioxane numbered 8 (12 and 48 mg/kg), trioxane numbered 9 (12 and 48 mg/kg) and arteether (numbered 2, 48 mg/kg) were administe ...	1994	8166360
aminopeptidases from plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and plasmodium berghei.	using fluorogenic substrates and polyacrylamide gels we detected in cell-free extracts of plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi and plasmodium berghei only a single aminopeptidase. a comparative study of the aminopeptidase activity in each extract revealed that the enzymes have similar specificities and kinetics, a near-neutral ph optima of 7.2 and are moderately thermophilic. each has an apparent molecular weight of 80,000 +/- 10,000, determined by high performance liquid chromato ...	1994	8167617
inhibition of malaria parasite development in mosquitoes by anti-mosquito-midgut antibodies.	the mosquito midgut plays a central role in the development and subsequent transmission of malaria parasites. using a rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, and the mosquito vector anopheles stephensi, we investigated the effect of anti-mosquito-midgut antibodies on the development of malaria parasites in the mosquito. in agreement with previous studies, we found that mosquitoes that ingested antimidgut antibodies along with infectious parasites had significantly fewer oocysts than mosquit ...	1994	8262645
plasmodium berghei: serum-mediated inhibition of infectivity of infected mice to anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.	the transmission of plasmodium berghei-infected mice to anopheles stephensi mosquitoes showed a peak number of oocysts early in the infection prior to the peak of gametocytaemia. this was followed by a precipitous decline on days 4 and 5 (see also dearsley et al., parasitology, 100, 359-368, 1990). by measuring percentage relative infectivity (using membrane feeds with viable gametocytes), we have shown that serum collected daily during the course of a blood-induced infection blocked infectivity ...	1994	8299757
[casual influence of the stimulation of macrophage production by proteose-peptone, in the experimental infection of mice by plasmodium berghei].	proteose-peptone is a known powerful stimulator of macrophages. this stimulation was studied in an experimental malaria infection model, using plasmodium berghei in mice. parasitemia and mortality did not change in stimulated animals, and macrophage mobilization, contrary to other published papers, was not effective to increase either parasite levels in the blood or mortality.	1994	7610336
subtelomeric structure of plasmodium falciparum chromosomes.	previous studies of subtelomeric regions in plasmodium berghei led to the identification of subtelomeric repeats (2.3kb long) present in a variable number at many chromosomal ends. both loss and increase in 2.3kb-repeat copy number are involved in chromosome-size polymorphisms. subtelomeric losses leading to chromosome-size polymorphisms have been described by several authors in p.falciparum where the structure of subtelomeric regions is not known in detail. we therefore undertook their characte ...	1994	7565127
isolation of a distally located gene possibly correlated with gametocyte production ability.	previous studies were focussed on the attempt to correlate observable variations in the size of plasmodium berghei chromosomes with the loss of ability to produce viable gametocytes. a temporal coincidence between the appearance of a subtelomeric deletion on p. berghei chromosome 5 and the loss of the ability to produce viable gametocytes was observed in a clone (hpe) directly derived from the high gametocyte-producer clone 8417 during mechanical passages. interestingly enough, three p. berghei ...	1994	7565128
attempted isolation of the gene encoding the 21 kd plasmodium berghei ookinete transmission blocking antigen from plasmodium yoelli and plasmodium vivax.	the 21kd ookinete antigen of plasmodium berghei (pbs 21) has been shown to elicit an effective and long lasting transmission blocking immune response in mice. having cloned and sequenced this antigen (paton et al. 1993) the sequence was compared to the genes of the same family previously identified in p. falciparum, p. gallinaceum (kaslow et al. 1989) and p. reichenowi (lal et al. 1990). four conserved areas were identified in this comparison, to which degenerate oligonucleotides were designed. ...	1994	7565129
induction of nitric oxide synthase protects against malaria in mice exposed to irradiated plasmodium berghei infected mosquitoes: involvement of interferon gamma and cd8+ t cells.	exposure of balb/c mice to mosquitoes infected with irradiated plasmodium berghei confers protective immunity against subsequent sporozoite challenge. immunized mice challenged with viable sporozoites develop parasitemia when treated orally with substrate inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (nos). this suggests that the production of nitric oxide (no) prevents the development of exoerythrocytic stages of malaria in liver. liver tissue from immunized mice expressed maximal levels of mrna for indu ...	1994	7516412
antibody-dependent neutrophil-mediated parasite killing in non-lethal rodent malaria.	the effects of administrating recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhg-csf) and passively transferring immune serum on infection with an attenuated variant of plasmodium berghei xat (pb xat), in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice were examined. in immune competent (c.b-17) mice, the attenuated parasite infection was inevitably self-resolving and degenerating forms inside erythrocytes appeared, coinciding with the drop in parasitaemia, whereas scid mice were unable t ...	1994	7532294
flow cytometry in malaria detection.		1994	7533245
characterization and pathological significance of monoclonal dna-binding antibodies from mice with experimental malaria infection.	malaria infection is accompanied by the production of a number of autoantibodies, including some that react with dna. epidemiological evidence implicates these in the nephritides that arise in human quartan malaria and in experimental malaria infections in mice. through parallels with the involvement of dna-reactive antibodies in the autoimmune syndrome systemic lupus erythematosus, a role for dna-reactive antibodies in forming phlogistic immune deposits in the kidneys is implied. to more fully ...	1994	8168966
immunomodulation by morphine in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	the effect of morphine on immunomodulation and host defense have been investigated during plasmodium berghei infection in balb/c mice. a single low (5.0 mg/kg) subcutaneous dose of morphine strongly suppressed (sometimes completely eliminated) the parasitaemia, whereas a high dose (80.0 mg/kg) exerted mild potentiating effect. mice treated with the low dose showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the total number of circulating leukocytes, the number (pool-size) of peritoneal macrophages, an ...	1994	8289594
rodent malaria parasites: molecular karyotypes characterize species, subspecies and lines.	the molecular karyotypes of the african murine malaria parasites p. berghei (3 strains, 2 lines) p. yoeli (2 strains) p. chabaudi (3 strains, 1 line) and p. vinckei (4 strains) have been studied using orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis (ofage). the genome of each species was resolved into 9 to 11 distinct chromosomal dna banas molecules of varying intensities which seem to represent 14 chromosomes ranging in size from 600 kb to 3500 kb. the position of certain chromosomes allowed t ...	1994	9140471
ionic regulation and signal transduction system involved in the induction of gametogenesis in malaria parasites.		1993	9137587
amelioration of murine cerebral malaria by dietary restriction.	cba/t6 strain mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka develop cerebral symptoms and die, with mononuclear cell attachment to the cerebral microvascular endothelium, petechial haemorrhages and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, some 6-7 days post-inoculation. the effects of dietary restriction on this process were examined. mice were fed ab libitum (group 1) or their food was restricted to produce body weight loss of 1.0-2.0% (group 2), 2.5-3.5% (group 3), 4.0-6.5% (group 4) or 7.0-9.5% (gr ...	1993	8295786
comparisons between microvascular changes in cerebral and non-cerebral malaria in mice, using the retinal whole-mount technique.	cba/t6 mice inoculated with plasmodium berghei anka strain (pba) exhibited cerebral symptoms and died from cerebral malaria 6-8 days p.i. whereas dba/2j mice developed (around days 6-9) a non-fatal cerebral malaria, with milder cerebral symptoms, and died between days 15 and 22 from other malaria-related complications. when inoculated with p. berghei k173 (pb) these mouse strains did not develop cerebral malaria. these mouse/parasite strain combinations were used, in conjunction with the retinal ...	1993	8295787
[immunoelectron-microscopic localization of a 54-kda protein overexpressed by chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei anka strain].	a 54-kda protein overexpressed by chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei anka strain was first reported by us. in this paper, the localization of this protein by immunoelectron microscopy is presented. the results showed that the protein was mainly scattered inside the cytoplasm of the early, late trophozoites and schizonts of erythrocytic stage of p. berghei anka strain, and some of it was also found in cytoplasm of erythrocytes infected with parasites. the protein content was much higher in ...	1993	8174210
[fluidity of red blood cell membrane from mouse infected with malaria parasite].	the fluidity of membrane lipid regions of plasmodium berghei- or plasmodium yoelii-infected red blood cells has been determined by the fluorescence polarization technique using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (dph) as a probe. the results showed that the fluidity of plasmodium (berghei or yoelii)-infected red blood cell membranes was increased significantly as compared with that of normal controls judging from the degree of polarization and the microviscosity. its mechanism was discussed briefly.	1993	8174215
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. l. the activities of some synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant parasites. part 3: observations on 'fenozan-50f', a difluorinated 3,3'-spirocyclopentane 1,2,4-trioxane.	a novel difluorinated 3,3'-spirocyclopentane 1,2,4-trioxane ('fenozan-50f') is a potent blood schizontocide against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant rodent malaria parasites. it also exerts some action against pre-erythrocytic schizogony, is a potent gametocytocide, and exerts a direct sporontocidal effect in infected mosquitoes. in the '4-day test' the ed90s are 6.8 and 6.0 mg/kg/day for four consecutive days by the subcutaneous and oral routes respectively against drug-sensitive plasmodium be ...	1993	8561518
mhc class i h-2kd-restricted antigenic peptides: additional constraints for the binding motif.	the previously defined binding motif of mhc class i h-2kd-restricted antigenic peptides consists of a y residue in position p2 and a hydrophobic residue with a large aliphatic side chain (l, i, or v) in position p9/p10 of optimal 9- or 10-mer peptides. we show now that the presence of a charged or a f residue in position p5 reduces the kd-restricted competitor activity of several cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitopes and model peptides, at a degree comparable to a substitutions for the p2 or the ...	1993	7505110
effect of recombinant human colony-stimulating factor on the course of parasitaemia in non-lethal rodent malaria.	the effect of repeated subcutaneous injections of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhg-csf) on the attenuated plasmodium berghei xat infection in cba mice was examined. when mice were injected with rhg-csf daily beginning 2 days before infection, the neutrophil count in the peripheral blood increased 5 times higher than that of control mice and the development of parasitaemia was suppressed significantly during the early phase of the infection. this suppressive effect of ...	1993	7507593
murine malaria: anti-erythrocytic antibodies recognize n-acetyl neuraminic acid residues.	a cell-elisa was developed using monolayers of glutaraldehyde-fixed normal as well as plasmodium berghei-infected mouse erythrocytes for quantification and characterization of anti-erythrocytic autoantibodies in murine malaria. testing normal (nms) and peak parasitaemic sera (pps) on erythrocyte monolayers treated with trypsin, sodium meta periodate, neuraminidase or heat, and competitive inhibition of antibodies with soluble sialic acid, revealed that some anti-erythrocytic antibodies (which in ...	1993	7508418
role of macrophages in experimental malaria: i. development of immunobioassay indicators.	the role of macrophages in immunogenic mechanisms of malaria was studied. the first part of the study aimed at development of indicators for assessing immunobioassay. accordingly, data on the natural course of lethal plasmodium berghei infection in mice were collected, and baseline estimates of a set of indicators were made. the indicators along with their estimated means are: prepatent period (pp), 2.57 +/- 0.06 days; survival period (sp), 17.63 +/- 0.29 days; median survival day (msd), 17.20 d ...	1993	8319812