Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| investigational new treatments for clostridium difficile infection. | significant progress has been made by industry and academia in the past two years to address the medical threats posed by clostridium difficile infection. these developments provide an excellent example of how patient need has driven a surge of innovation in drug discovery. indeed, only two drugs were approved for the infection in the past 30 years but there are 13 treatment candidates in clinical trials today. what makes the latter number even more remarkable is the diversity in the strategies ... | 2015 | 25499664 |
| non-selective and selective enrichment media for the recovery of clostridium difficile from chopped beef. | clostridium difficile exists within the intestines of animals and in meat products. enrichment of c. difficile in an appropriate medium is necessary for the detection of c. difficile in meat products. non-selective media (brain heart infusion medium [tbhi] and cooked meat medium containing sodium taurocholate [tcm]) and selective media (cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose medium [tccfb] and c. difficile moxalactam-norfloxacin medium containing antibiotics and sodium taurocholate [tcdmn]) can be used ... | 2015 | 25499549 |
| the potential use of cholestyramine to reduce the risk of developing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients receiving long-term intravenous ceftriaxone. | intravenous pharmacotherapy with the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone is unfortunately associated with a relatively high incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. cholestyramine (colestyramine) is an anion-binding resin which can bind luminal c.difficile toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) and which may be beneficial in the treatment of recurrent antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. we therefore hypothesised that concomitant oral cholestyramine might reduce the ... | 2015 | 25497389 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b inhibits the secretory response of human mast cell line-1 (hmc-1) cells stimulated with high free-ca²⁺ and gtpγs. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b (tcda and tcdb) belong to the class of large clostridial cytotoxins and inactivate by glucosylation some low molecular mass gtpases of the rho-family (predominantly rho, rac and cdc42), known as regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. tcda and b also represent the main virulence factors of the anaerobic gram-positive bacterium that is the causal agent of pseudomembranous colitis. in our study, tcdb was chosen instead of tcda for the well-known higher cytotoxic ... | 2015 | 25497110 |
| practice parameters for the management of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25489690 | |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile infection presenting to us eds. | the objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) presenting to emergency departments (eds) in the united states. secondary objectives included defining the burden of cdi. | 2015 | 25488337 |
| mechanisms of protection against clostridium difficile infection by the monoclonal antitoxin antibodies actoxumab and bezlotoxumab. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents the most prevalent cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal infections in health care facilities in the developed world. disease symptoms are caused by the two homologous exotoxins, tcda and tcdb. standard therapy for cdi involves administration of antibiotics that are associated with a high rate of disease recurrence, highlighting the need for novel treatment paradigms that target the toxins rather than the organism itself. a combination o ... | 2015 | 25486992 |
| typhlocolitis associated with clostridium difficile ribotypes 078 and 110 in neonatal piglets from a commercial irish pig herd. | clostridium difficile is a recognised cause of typhlocolitis and diarrhoea in neonatal pigs but has never been confirmed in association with pathology and disease in irish pigs. | 2015 | 27547375 |
| the epidemiological and clinical analysis of clostridium difficile infections in patients hospitalized due to the infection at the department of infectious diseases in bytom. | clostridium difficile infections are becoming a more serious problem as hospital-acquired infections and the consequence of common antibiotic therapy, also on an out-patient basis. | 2015 | 27139349 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: a review of emerging indications beyond relapsing clostridium difficile toxin colitis. | the symbiotic relationship between gut microbiota and humans has been forged over many millennia. this relationship has evolved to establish an intimate partnership that we are only beginning to understand. gut microbiota were once considered pathogenic, but the concept of gut microbiota and their influence in human health is undergoing a major paradigm shift, as there is mounting evidence of their impact in the homeostasis of intestinal development, metabolic activities, and the immune system. ... | 2015 | 27099570 |
| implementation of a clinical decision support alert for the management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infections are common in hospitalized patients and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. it is imperative to optimize the management of c. difficile infections to help minimize disease complications. antimicrobial stewardship techniques including guidelines, order sets and other clinical decision support functionalities may be utilized to assist with therapy optimization. we implemented a novel alert within our electronic medical record to direct providers to t ... | 2015 | 27025646 |
| a review of management of clostridium difficile infection: primary and recurrence. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a potentially fatal illness, especially in the elderly and hospitalized individuals. the recurrence and rates of cdi are increasing. in addition, some cases of cdi are refractory to the currently available antibiotics. the search for improved modalities for the management of primary and recurrent cdi is underway. this review discusses the current antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) and other options such as immunotherapy and administration ... | 2015 | 27025632 |
| antimicrobial resistance and reduced susceptibility in clostridium difficile: potential consequences for induction, treatment, and recurrence of c. difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains a substantial burden on healthcare systems and is likely to remain so given our reliance on antimicrobial therapies to treat bacterial infections, especially in an aging population in whom multiple co-morbidities are common. antimicrobial agents are a key component in the aetiology of cdi, both in the establishment of the infection and also in its treatment. the purpose of this review is to summarise the role of antimicrobial agents in primary and re ... | 2015 | 27025625 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: expanding horizons for clostridium difficile infections and beyond. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) methodology has been progressively refined over the past several years. the procedure has an extensive track record of success curing clostridium difficile infection (cdi) with remarkably few adverse effects. it achieves similar levels of success whether the cdi occurs in the young or elderly, previously normal or profoundly ill patients, or those with cdi in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). while using fmt to treat cdi, however, we learned that using the ... | 2015 | 27025624 |
| antimicrobial use, human gut microbiota and clostridium difficile colonization and infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. broad-spectrum antimicrobials have profound detrimental effects on the structure and diversity of the indigenous intestinal microbiota. these alterations often impair colonization resistance, allowing the establishment and proliferation of c. difficile in the gut. studies involving animal models have begun to decipher the precise mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota mediates colonization resistance ... | 2015 | 27025623 |
| doxycycline and tigecycline: two friendly drugs with a low association with clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is known to be associated with prior exposure to many classes of antibiotics. standard therapy for cdi (i.e., metronidazole and vancomycin) is associated with high recurrence rates. although tetracycline derivatives such as tetracycline, doxycycline or tigecycline are not the standard therapeutic choices for cdi, they may serve as an alternative or a component of combination therapy. previous tetracycline or doxycycline usage had been shown to have less asso ... | 2015 | 27025622 |
| the antimicrobial stewardship approach to combating clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile remains a major public health threat and continues to contribute to excess morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. antimicrobial stewardship programs have demonstrated success in combating c. difficile, primarily through antibiotic restrictive strategies. as the incidence and prevalence of c. difficile associate disease continues to increase both in the hospital and community setting, additional stewardship approaches are needed. this manuscript reviews stewardship inter ... | 2015 | 27025621 |
| [intestinal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection]. | the infections caused by c. difficile, responsible for the antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, are the growing health problem. an increasing number of c. difficile infection (cdi) cases and the phenomenon of multidrug-resistance of bacteria forces to find new, effective therapeutic methods. intestinal microbiota transplantation ("fecal bacteriotherapy") is a promising remedy for patients suffering from recurrent, severe, not susceptible to standard treatments intestinal ... | 2015 | 27019915 |
| the intestinal microbiota: its role in health and disease. | the intestinal microbiota (previously referred to as "intestinal flora") has entered the focus of research interest not only in microbiology but also in medicine. huge progress has been made with respect to the analysis of composition and functions of the human microbiota. an "imbalance" of the microbiota, frequently also called a "dysbiosis," has been associated with different diseases in recent years. crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis as two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease, irri ... | 2015 | 25563215 |
| seek and you shall find: prevalence of clostridium difficile in wuhan, china. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the leading health care acquired-infections in the united states, but much of the epidemiology and burden of disease is unknown in china. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and possible risk factors of cdi among hospitalized patients with diarrhea in wuhan, china. the overall prevalence of cdi was 28% (31/111). the findings of this study suggest the prevalence of cdi in hospitalized patients with diarrhea is higher then what has ... | 2015 | 25557771 |
| clostridium difficile infection among kidney transplant recipients: frequency, clinical presentation, and outcome. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among kidney transplant recipients and describe the clinical picture in correlation with the presence of certain risk factors. we included kidney transplant recipients with a functioning graft, who were admitted during the period 1/2012-12/2013, and patients with esrd who were admitted to undergo kidney transplantation (ktx) from a deceased or a living donor in the same period. patients were screen ... | 2015 | 25556694 |
| long-term effects of an antimicrobial stewardship programme at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. | antimicrobial stewardship has been shown to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, but there are few data on the long-term benefits of such a programme. antimicrobial use over a 13-year period since implementing an antimicrobial stewardship programme (asp) at our institution was examined. nosocomial rates of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common nosocomial micro-organisms over the same period were also reviewed. total antimicrobial use decreased by ... | 2015 | 25554468 |
| evaluation of the bd max cdiff assay for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in human stool specimens. | the becton dickinson (bd) pcr-based geneohm cdiff assay has demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting clostridium difficile. recently, the bd max platform, using the same principles as bd geneohm, has become available in australia. this study aimed to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of bd max cdiff assay for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile in an australian setting. between december 2013 and january 2014, 406 stool specimens from 349 patients were analysed ... | 2015 | 25551308 |
| overview of management of acute renal failure and its evaluation; a case analysis. | the annual incidence is about 150 per million in the uk, but this figure is six times greater in the >80 years old group. prerenal azotemia is considered as the most serious reason in community or hospital acquired acute renal failure (arf). a 67-year-old middle age male was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of generalized weakness, volume depletion and dysuria. he has treated with metronidazole for diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile considered as the precipitating factor fo ... | 2015 | 28197469 |
| new role for human α-defensin 5 in the fight against hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi), one of the most common hospital-acquired infections, is increasing in incidence and severity with the emergence and diffusion of hypervirulent strains. cdi is precipitated by antibiotic treatment that destroys the equilibrium of the gut microbiota. human α-defensin 5 (hd5), the most abundant enteric antimicrobial peptide, is a key regulator of gut microbiota homeostasis, yet it is still unknown if c. difficile, which successfully evades killing by other hos ... | 2015 | 25547793 |
| effects of tigecycline and vancomycin administration on established clostridium difficile infection. | the glycylcycline antibiotic tigecycline was approved in 2005 for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. tigecycline is broadly active against both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, including clostridium difficile. tigecycline has a low mic against c. difficile in vitro and thus may represent an alternate treatment for c. difficile infection (cdi). to assess the use of tigecycline for treatment of established cdi, 5- ... | 2015 | 25547352 |
| chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 functions as the cellular receptor for clostridium difficile toxin b. | as a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacillus, clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is responsible for severe and fatal pseudomembranous colitis, and poses the most urgent antibiotic resistance threat worldwide. epidemic c. difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea globally, especially diarrhoea due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains associated with high mortality and morbidity. tcdb, one of the key virulence factors secreted by this bacterium, enters host c ... | 2015 | 25547119 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients: encouragement wrapped in caution. | 2015 | 25546336 | |
| emergency department visits related to clostridium difficile infection: results from the nationwide emergency department sample, 2006 through 2010. | the objective was to estimate emergency department (ed) visits for clostridium difficile infection in the united states for the years 2006 through 2010. | 2015 | 25545404 |
| antibiotic policies in acute english nhs trusts: implementation of 'start smart-then focus' and relationship with clostridium difficile infection rates. | the objective of this study was to establish how antibiotic prescribing policies at national health service (nhs) hospitals match the england department of health 'start smart-then focus' recommendations and relate to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates. | 2015 | 25538165 |
| clostridium difficile infection in thailand. | clostridium difficile is the aetiological agent in ca. 20% of cases of antimicrobial-associated diarrhoea in hospitalised adults. diseases caused by this organism range from mild diarrhoea to occasional fatal pseudomembranous colitis. the epidemiology of c. difficile infection (cdi) has changed notably in the past decade, following epidemics in the early 2000s of pcr ribotype (rt) 027 infection in north america and europe, where there was an increase in disease severity and mortality. another ma ... | 2015 | 25537687 |
| dynamics and establishment of clostridium difficile infection in the murine gastrointestinal tract. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) following antibiotic therapy is a major public health threat. while antibiotic disruption of the indigenous microbiota underlies the majority of cases of cdi, the early dynamics of infection in the disturbed intestinal ecosystem are poorly characterized. this study defines the dynamics of infection with c. difficile strain vpi 10463 throughout the gastrointestinal (gi) tract using a murine model of infection. after inducing susceptibility to c. difficile col ... | 2015 | 25534943 |
| antisecretory factor peptide af-16 inhibits the secreted autotransporter toxin-stimulated transcellular and paracellular passages of fluid in cultured human enterocyte-like cells. | both the endogenous antisecretory factor (af) protein and peptide af-16, which has a sequence that matches that of the active n-terminal region of af, inhibit the increase in the epithelial transport of fluid and electrolytes induced by bacterial toxins in animal and ex vivo models. we conducted a study to investigate the inhibitory effect of peptide af-16 against the increase of transcellular passage and paracellular permeability promoted by the secreted autotransporter toxin (sat) in a culture ... | 2015 | 25534938 |
| fluoroquinolone resistance does not impose a cost on the fitness of clostridium difficile in vitro. | point mutations conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones were introduced in the gyr genes of the reference strain clostridium difficile 630. only mutants with the substitution thr-82→ile in gyra, which characterizes the hypervirulent epidemic clone iii/027/nap1, were resistant to all fluoroquinolones tested. the absence of a fitness cost in vitro for the most frequent mutations detected in resistant clinical isolates suggests that resistance will be maintained even in the absence of antibiotic ... | 2015 | 25534738 |
| multicenter, randomized clinical trial to compare the safety and efficacy of lff571 and vancomycin for clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection causes serious diarrheal disease. although several drugs are available for treatment, including vancomycin, recurrences remain a problem. lff571 is a semisynthetic thiopeptide with potency against c. difficile in vitro. in this phase 2 exploratory study, we compared the safety and efficacy (based on a noninferiority analysis) of lff571 to those of vancomycin used in adults with primary episodes or first recurrences of moderate c. difficile infection. patients were ... | 2015 | 25534727 |
| pharmacokinetics of lff571 and vancomycin in patients with moderate clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection causes diarrheal disease with potentially fatal complications. although treatments are available, including vancomycin, metronidazole, and fidaxomicin, the recurrence of disease after therapy remains a problem. lff571 is a novel thiopeptide antibacterial that shows in vitro potency against c. difficile that is comparable to or greater than that of other clinically used antibiotics. here, we compare the pharmacokinetics (pk) of lff571 and vancomycin in patients wit ... | 2015 | 25534724 |
| fidaxomicin therapy in critically ill patients with clostridium difficile infection. | fidaxomicin use to treat proven clostridium difficile infection (cdi) was compared between 20 patients receiving care in critical care units (ccus) and 30 patients treated on general medical floors. at baseline, the ccu patients had more initial cdi episodes, more severe and complicated disease, and more concurrent broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage. on multivariate analysis, the response to fidaxomicin therapy among the critically ill patients was comparable to that among patients in the genera ... | 2015 | 25534722 |
| use of a daily disinfectant cleaner instead of a daily cleaner reduced hospital-acquired infection rates. | documenting effective approaches to eliminate environmental reservoirs and reduce the spread of hospital-acquired infections (hais) has been difficult. this was a prospective study to determine if hospital-wide implementation of a disinfectant cleaner in a disposable wipe system to replace a cleaner alone could reduce hais over 1 year when housekeeping compliance was ≥80%. | 2015 | 25534117 |
| [clostridium difficile infections in internal medicine departments. addendum]. | 2015 | 25533745 | |
| clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: what gastroenterologists and surgeons should know. | over the past two decades there has been a dramatic increase worldwide in both incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). paralleling the rising incidence of cdi in the general population, there has been an even higher increase in the incidence of cdi among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). cdi may mimic a flare of ibd as symptoms and laboratory parameters are often similar, and therefore, screening for cdi is recommended at every flare in such patients. enzym ... | 2015 | 25532244 |
| human neutrophils are activated by a peptide fragment of clostridium difficile toxin b presumably via formyl peptide receptor. | clostridium difficile may induce antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and, in severe cases, pseudomembranous colitis characterized by tremendous neutrophil infiltration. all symptoms are caused by two exotoxins: tcda and tcdb. we describe here the activation of isolated human blood neutrophils by tcdb and, moreover, by toxin fragments generated by limited proteolytical digestion. kinetics and profiles of tcdb-induced rise in intracellular-free ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species production were simila ... | 2015 | 25529763 |
| use of mcherry red fluorescent protein for studies of protein localization and gene expression in clostridium difficile. | fluorescent proteins are powerful reporters in biology, but most require o2 for chromophore maturation, making them inherently difficult to use in anaerobic bacteria. clostridium difficile, a strict anaerobe with a genomic gc content of only 29%, is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in developed countries, and new methods for studying this pathogen are sorely needed. we recently demonstrated that a cyan fluorescent protein called cfpopt that has been codon optimized for production ... | 2015 | 25527559 |
| effect of airborne hydrogen peroxide on spores of clostridium difficile. | contamination of surfaces by spores of clostridium difficile is a major factor influencing the spread of healthcare-associated c. difficile infection. the aim of this study was to test the effect of an automated room disinfection system that provides an aerosol of 7.5 % hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) disinfectant, on spores of two different strains of c. difficile, and to evaluate the impact of biological soiling on the efficacy of h2o2 disinfection. | 2015 | 25527140 |
| a possible route for foodborne transmission of clostridium difficile? | spores of toxigenic clostridium difficile and spores of food-poisoning strains of clostridium perfringens show a similar prevalence in meats. spores of both species are heat resistant and can survive cooking of foods. c. perfringens is a major cause of foodborne illness; studies are needed to determine whether c. difficile transmission by a similar route is a cause of infection. | 2015 | 25599421 |
| evaluation of the cepheid xpert c. difficile/epi and meridian bioscience illumigene c. difficile assays for detecting clostridium difficile ribotype 033 strains. | clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 033 (rt033) is found in the gastrointestinal tracts of production animals and, occasionally, humans. the illumigene c. difficile assay (meridian bioscience, inc.) failed to detect any of 52 c. difficile rt033 isolates, while all strains signaled positive for the binary toxin genes but were reported as negative for c. difficile by the xpert c. difficile/epi assay (cepheid). | 2015 | 25520452 |
| evaluation of a focused virtual library of heterobifunctional ligands for clostridium difficile toxins. | a focused library of virtual heterobifunctional ligands was generated in silico and a set of ligands with recombined fragments was synthesized and evaluated for binding to clostridium difficile toxins. the position of the trisaccharide fragment was used as a reference for filtering docked poses during virtual screening to match the trisaccharide ligand in a crystal structure. the peptoid, a diversity fragment probing the protein surface area adjacent to a known binding site, was generated by a m ... | 2015 | 25367771 |
| simple faecal preparation and efficacy of frozen inoculum in faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection--an observational cohort study. | faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an effective treatment for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi). the finding of suitable donor, donor screening and preparation of faecal transplants are challenging in clinical work. | 2015 | 25355279 |
| implementing an intensified antibiotic stewardship programme targeting cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone use in a 200-bed community hospital in germany. | prescription of third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has been linked to an increasing incidence of gram-negative bacteria producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and nosocomial infection with clostridium difficile. antibiotic stewardship (abs) programmes offer evidence-based tools to control antibiotic prescription rates and thereby influence the incidence of nosocomial infection and contain the development of multidrug-resistant b ... | 2015 | 25344419 |
| precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to clostridium difficile. | the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals are colonized by hundreds of microbial species that contribute to health, including colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. many antibiotics destroy intestinal microbial communities and increase susceptibility to intestinal pathogens. among these, clostridium difficile, a major cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhoea, greatly increases morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. which intestinal bacteria provide resistance to c. difficile ... | 2015 | 25337874 |
| interleukin-22 and cd160 play additive roles in the host mucosal response to clostridium difficile infection in mice. | our previous work has shown the significant up-regulation of il22 and increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) as part of the mucosal inflammatory response to clostridium difficile infection in mice. others have shown that phosphorylation of stat3 at mucosal surfaces includes interleukin-22 (il-22) and cd160-mediated components. the current study sought to determine the potential role(s) of il-22 and/or cd160 in the mucosal response to c. difficile ... | 2015 | 25327211 |
| nationwide surveillance study of clostridium difficile in australian neonatal pigs shows high prevalence and heterogeneity of pcr ribotypes. | clostridium difficile is an important enteric pathogen of humans and the cause of diarrhea and enteritis in neonatal pigs. outside australia, prevalence in piglets can be up to 73%, with a single pcr ribotype (rt), 078, predominating. we investigated the prevalence and genotype of c. difficile in australian pig herds. rectal swabs (n = 229) were collected from piglets aged <7 days from 21 farms across australia. selective culture for c. difficile was performed and isolates characterized by pcr f ... | 2015 | 25326297 |
| community and hospital acquired clostridium difficile in south australia - ribotyping of isolates and a comparison of laboratory detection methods. | a total of 274 samples were screened for toxigenic clostridium difficile using a combination of several commercially available assays, and positive isolates ribotyped. a two-step algorithm assisted in demonstrating an increased prevalence of c. difficile infection in south australia of 9·8%, most of which were ribotypes 014 and 052. a glutamate dehydrogenase assay followed by the detection of genes associated with toxin production was the most sensitive and specific algorithm for screening for t ... | 2015 | 25274056 |
| persistence and toxin production by clostridium difficile within human intestinal organoids result in disruption of epithelial paracellular barrier function. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhea. the pathogenesis of c. difficile infection (cdi) results from the interactions between the pathogen, intestinal epithelium, host immune system, and gastrointestinal microbiota. previous studies of the host-pathogen interaction in cdi have utilized either simple cell monolayers or in vivo models. while much has been learned by utilizing these approaches, little is known about the direct interaction of the bacterium with ... | 2015 | 25312952 |
| antibiotic resistance patterns and pcr-ribotyping of clostridium difficile strains isolated from swine and dogs in italy. | recent studies suggest animals, in particular farm and companion animals, as possible reservoir for clostridium difficile human pathogenic strains. the aim of this study was to give a first characterization of c. difficile isolates from italian swine and dogs. in total, 10 different pcr-ribotypes were identified among porcine strains and six among canine strains. the predominant type found among porcine strains was 078 (50%), whereas the most frequently detected among canine strains was the non- ... | 2015 | 25316022 |
| adverse reactions associated with oral and parenteral use of cephalosporins: a retrospective population-based analysis. | few studies have provided population-based, route-specific data on allergy to cephalosporin or incidence of serious adverse drug reactions (adrs). | 2015 | 25262461 |
| β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors versus carbapenems for the treatment of sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | data on the relative efficacy of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (bl/blis) versus carbapenems are scant. | 2015 | 25261419 |
| similar proportions of stool specimens from hospitalized children with and without diarrhea test positive for clostridium difficile. | many laboratories use polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assays to detect the clostridium difficile toxin b gene (tcdb) in stool. however, pcr testing experience in pediatric patients is limited. we compared the detection of c. difficile by pcr in hospitalized children with and without diarrhea. | 2015 | 25247582 |
| molecular characterization of toxigenic clostridium difficile in a northern italian hospital. | clostridium difficile is responsible for more than 90 % of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the most important virulence factors are two toxins called enterotoxin a and cytotoxin b; some c. difficile strains contain the c. difficile binary toxin (cdt). the aim of our study was to prospectively analyze c. difficile clinical isolates in a single center to determine the molecular features of collected strains. among the 252 isolates, 217 were a + b + (86.1 %), 3 ... | 2015 | 25245958 |
| novel receptors for bacterial protein toxins. | while bacterial effectors are often directly introduced into eukaryotic target cells by various types of injection machines, toxins enter the cytosol of host cells from endosomal compartments or after retrograde transport via golgi from the er. a first crucial step of toxin-host interaction is receptor binding. using optimized protocols and new methods novel toxin receptors have been identified, including metalloprotease adam 10 for staphylococcus aureus α-toxin, laminin receptor lu/bcam for esc ... | 2015 | 25461573 |
| single domain antibody coated gold nanoparticles as enhancer for clostridium difficile toxin detection by electrochemical impedance immunosensors. | this work presents a sandwich-type electrochemical impedance immunosensor for detecting clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). single domain antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles were applied to amplify the detection signal. gold nanoparticles (au nps) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and uv–vis spectra. the electron transfer resistance (ret) of the working electrode surface was used as a parameter in the measurement of the biosensor. with the increase of ... | 2015 | 25460611 |
| development of fecal microbiota transplantation suitable for mainstream medicine. | fecal microbiota transplantation has emerged as an increasingly common treatment for patients with refractory clostridium difficile infection. although it can be relatively simple to perform, a number of challenges need to be overcome before this procedure is widely accepted in mainstream clinical practice. most of the solutions to these challenges already exist, but some need further optimization and testing. standardized fecal microbiota is being developed as a therapeutic agent, although it c ... | 2015 | 25460566 |
| [fecal microbiota transplantation]. | bacteria can no longer be seen as an enemy. nowadays, there is enough evidence to place the microbiota as a key element in human homeostasis. despite initial skepticism, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a real therapeutic alternative for patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection. moreover, this procedure has shown promising results in ulcerative colitis and other non-gastrointestinal disorders. there is still a lack of knowledge and clinical trials with long- term follow-u ... | 2015 | 25454597 |
| missed diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection; a prospective evaluation of unselected stool samples. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea in developed countries, however a high proportion of cdi episodes go undiagnosed, either because physicians do not request identification of toxigenic c. difficile or microbiologists do not perform the appropriate tests. | 2015 | 25452039 |
| broad coverage of genetically diverse strains of clostridium difficile by actoxumab and bezlotoxumab predicted by in vitro neutralization and epitope modeling. | clostridium difficile infections (cdis) are the leading cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea and primarily involve two exotoxins, tcda and tcdb. actoxumab and bezlotoxumab are human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize the cytotoxic/cytopathic effects of tcda and tcdb, respectively. in a phase ii clinical study, the actoxumab-bezlotoxumab combination reduced the rate of cdi recurrence in patients who were also treated with standard-of-care antibiotics. however, it is not known whether ... | 2015 | 25451052 |
| molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in japan. | clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. in this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of c. difficile from a university hospital in tokyo, japan. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and eburst analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotyping. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined for six antibiotics, and the ... | 2015 | 25471195 |
| clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxin a/b do not play a role in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs. | although an association between clostridial pathogens and canine idiopathic acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (ahds) has been described, the relevance of those bacteria and their toxins remains unclear. the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between severity of clinical signs and presence of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and clostridium difficile toxin a/b (cdt a/b) in faeces of dogs with ahds. faecal samples of 54 dogs with idiopathic ahds were tested by qualitati ... | 2015 | 25467148 |
| development of antimicrobial resistance in the normal anaerobic microbiota during one year after administration of clindamycin or ciprofloxacin. | thirty healthy subjects (15 males and 15 females) were randomly assigned in three groups and clindamycin (150 mg qid) or ciprofloxacin (500 mg bid) or placebo was given for a 10-day period. skin, nasal, saliva, faeces samples were collected at day - 1, day 11, 1 month, 2 months, 4 months and 12 months post administration for microbiological analysis. ciprofloxacin or clindamycin had no impact on the anaerobic skin microbiota and the proportions of antibiotic resistant anaerobic bacteria were sim ... | 2015 | 25445201 |
| characterization of a multidrug resistant c. difficile meat isolate. | clostridium difficile is a pathogen of significant public health concern causing a life-threatening, toxin-mediated enteric disease in humans. the incidence and severity of the disease associated with c. difficile have increased in the us with the emergence of hypervirulent strains and community associated outbreaks. the detection of genotypically similar and identical c. difficile strains implicated from human infections in foods and food animals indicates the potential role of food as a source ... | 2015 | 25440554 |
| [clostridium difficile in visceral surgery]. | for surgeons the early identification of patients with clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is important, because the incidence and virulence of this potentially life-threatening disease are increasing. | 2015 | 25432576 |
| total synthesis of the protected aglycon of fidaxomicin (tiacumicin b, lipiarmycin a3). | fidaxomicin, also known as tiacumicin b or lipiarmycin a3, is a novel macrocyclic antibiotic that is used in hospitals for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections. this natural product has also been shown to have excellent bactericidal activity against multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis. in spite of its attractive biological activity, no total synthesis has been reported to date. the enantioselective synthesis of the central 18-membered macrolactone is reported herein. the ... | 2015 | 25431322 |
| a new type of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strain lacking a complete tcda gene. | toxins a and b are the main virulence factors of clostridium difficile and are the targets for molecular diagnostic tests. here, we describe a new toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive, binary toxin cdt (clostridium difficile transferase)-negative (a(-) b(+) cdt(-)) toxinotype (xxxii) characterized by a variant type of pathogenicity locus (paloc) without tcda and with atypical organization of the paloc integration site. | 2015 | 25428159 |
| which severity indices for clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25426981 | |
| safety issues and drug-drug interactions with commonly used quinolones. | quinolones are widely used antimicrobials with good efficacy and favourable safety. recently, forms of quinolone toxicity such as peripheral neuropathy, retinal detachment or qtc-prolongation have attracted attention. | 2015 | 25423877 |
| proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists in the intensive care setting: focus on therapeutic and adverse events. | histamine-2 receptor antagonists (h2ra) and proton pump inhibitors (ppi) are frequently used to prevent stress-related mucosal bleeding (srmb). a paucity of data implicates these agents with pneumonia and clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2015 | 25423448 |
| lack of evidence for an unmet need to treat clostridium difficile infection in infants aged <2 years: expert recommendations on how to address this issue. | the role of clostridium difficile in causing disease in infants is unclear, and the existence of c. difficile infection (cdi) in this population is controversial. as part of the drug licensing process for new cdi therapies, a pediatric investigation plan is required to define studies in infants aged <2 years. this assumes an unmet medical need, even though clinical trials in this age group may not be feasible. three pharmaceutical companies developing cdi treatments came together to seek advice ... | 2015 | 25422389 |
| concomitant pseudomembranous colitis in colonic resection for acute diverticulitis. | diverticulitis and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are common conditions in the surgical population. however, they are usually 2 distinct clinical entities. here, we report the case of acute diverticulitis with concomitant pseudomembranous colitis, presumably due to cdi. the clinical course as well as gross and microscopic pathology findings are discussed. a literature search revealed a single previous report of these findings concomitant in a surgical specimen. a brief discussion of the p ... | 2015 | 25421617 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile: real-time pcr detection of toxin genes in faecal samples is more sensitive compared to toxigenic culture. | the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) requires the detection of toxigenic c. difficile or its toxins and a clinical assessment. we evaluated the performance of four nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) detecting toxigenic c. difficile directly from faeces compared to routine toxigenic culture. in total, 300 faecal samples from danish hospitalised patients with diarrhoea were included consecutively. culture was performed in duplicate (routine and 'expanded toxigenic culture': ... | 2015 | 25421216 |
| sporicides for clostridium difficile—do they do what it says on the tin? | 2015 | 25443502 | |
| is fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) an effective treatment for patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgid)? | despite its high prevalence and significant effect on quality of life, the etiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders (fgid), and specifically irritable bowel syndrome (ibs), has yet to be fully elucidated. while alterations in immunity, motility, and the brain-gut axis have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, the intestinal microbiota are increasingly being shown to play a role and numerous studies have demonstrated significant differences from normal in the intestinal flora of pati ... | 2015 | 25424663 |
| disproportionate rise in clostridium difficile-associated hospitalizations among us youth with inflammatory bowel disease, 1997-2011. | our aim was to characterize the temporal changes in burden that clostridium difficile infection (cdi) added to the hospital care of children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) in the united states. | 2015 | 25419679 |
| dna microarray-based pcr ribotyping of clostridium difficile. | this study presents a dna microarray-based assay for fast and simple pcr ribotyping of clostridium difficile strains. hybridization probes were designed to query the modularly structured intergenic spacer region (isr), which is also the template for conventional and pcr ribotyping with subsequent capillary gel electrophoresis (seq-pcr) ribotyping. the probes were derived from sequences available in genbank as well as from theoretical isr module combinations. a database of reference hybridization ... | 2015 | 25411174 |
| risk factors associated with clostridium difficile infection in adult oncology patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) prevention is particularly important for cancer patients, because diarrhea often results in dose reductions or delays of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. we conducted this study to better ascertain the incidence, susceptibility, and risk factors for cdi in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy at our hospital. | 2015 | 25410088 |
| predictors and outcomes of readmission for clostridium difficile in a national sample of medicare beneficiaries. | rates of clostridium difficile (cd) infections are increasing. elderly patients may be at particular risk of recurrent cd infection. little is known about the risk for cd readmission specifically in this age group. | 2015 | 25408315 |
| tigecycline for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection refractory to metronidazole in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | 2015 | 25407220 | |
| critical roles of clostridium difficile toxin b enzymatic activities in pathogenesis. | tcdb is one of the key virulence factors of clostridium difficile that is responsible for causing serious and potentially fatal colitis. the toxin contains at least two enzymatic domains: an effector glucosyltransferase domain for inactivating host rho gtpases and a cysteine protease domain for the delivery of the effector domain into host cytosol. here, we describe a novel intrabody approach to examine the role of these enzymes of tcdb in cellular intoxication. by screening a single-domain heav ... | 2015 | 25404023 |
| the effect of clostridium difficile infection on cardiac surgery outcomes. | clostridium difficile (cd) is a common cause of healthcare-associated infectious colitis that complicates about 1% of all hospital stays in the u.s. the impact of cd on outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (cabg) and valvular surgery (vs) is not well known. | 2015 | 25402213 |
| the role of gr-1(+) cells and tumour necrosis factor-α signalling during clostridium difficile colitis in mice. | the host response to clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic-treated mice is characterized by robust recruitment of gr-1(+) cells, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-α (tnf-α), and the development of severe epithelial damage. to investigate the role of gr-1(+) cells and tnf-α during c. difficile colitis, we treated infected mice with monoclonal antibodies against gr-1 or tnf-α. mice were challenged with vegetative cells of c. difficile strain vp ... | 2015 | 25399934 |
| the molecular basis of clostridium difficile disease and host response. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) ranges from asymptomatic colonization to severe colitis and death. the physiologic and molecular mechanisms determining disease outcome are thus far poorly understood. here, we review recent advances in the relationship between host response to infection and disease outcome. furthermore, we review recent studies on the relationship between intestinal microbial ecology and pathogenesis of cdi. | 2015 | 25394235 |
| comparison of genomera c. difficile and xpert c. difficile as confirmatory tests in a multistep algorithm for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | we compared two multistep diagnostic algorithms based on c. diff quik chek complete and, as confirmatory tests, genomera c. difficile and xpert c. difficile. the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 87.2%, 99.7%, 97.1%, and 98.3%, respectively, for the genomera-based algorithm and 89.7%, 99.4%, 95.5%, and 98.6%, respectively, for the xpert-based algorithm. genomera represents an alternative to xpert as a confirmatory test of a multistep algorith ... | 2015 | 25392360 |
| toxin-mediated paracellular transport of antitoxin antibodies facilitates protection against clostridium difficile infection. | the exotoxins tcda and tcdb are the major virulence factors of clostridium difficile. circulating neutralizing antitoxin antibodies are protective in c. difficile infection (cdi), as demonstrated, in part, by the protective effects of actoxumab and bezlotoxumab, which bind to and neutralize tcda and tcdb, respectively. the question of how systemic igg antibodies neutralize toxins in the gut lumen remains unresolved, although it has been suggested that the fc receptor fcrn may be involved in acti ... | 2015 | 25385797 |
| infection: microbiota reconstitution for resistance to clostridium difficile infection--fight fire with fire? | 2015 | 25385229 | |
| clostridium difficile isolates with high linezolid mics harbor the multiresistance gene cfr. | we studied the molecular mechanisms of linezolid resistance in 9 isolates of toxigenic clostridium difficile with high linezolid mics. the activity of linezolid was determined against 891 clinical isolates of toxigenic c. difficile. the mic50 and mic90 of linezolid were 0.75 μg/ml and 1.5 μg/ml, respectively. nine strains (1%) showed high linezolid mics (6 μg/ml to 16 μg/ml) and also were resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol. these strains were selected for molecular studi ... | 2015 | 25385106 |
| hyperimmune bovine colostrum as a novel therapy to combat clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is a primary cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea that typically develops when gut microbiota is altered. conventional treatment for c. difficile infection (cdi) is additional antimicrobial administration, which further disrupts normal intestinal microbiota, often resulting in poor treatment outcomes. | 2015 | 25381448 |
| real-time microfluidic recombinase polymerase amplification for the toxin b gene of clostridium difficile on a slipchip platform. | clostridium difficile is one of the key bacterial pathogens that cause infectious diarrhoea both in the developed and developing world. isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods are increasingly used for identification of toxinogenic infection by clinical labs. for this purpose, we developed a low-cost microfluidic platform based on the slipchip concept and implemented real-time isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa). the on-chip rpa assay targets the clostridium difficile tox ... | 2015 | 25371968 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation via nasogastric tube for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a safe and effective therapy for adults with recurrent clostridium difficile colitis, but data regarding fmt in children are limited and focus on colonoscopic administration of fmt. we present 10 consecutive children who received fmt via nasogastric tube for treatment of recurrent c difficile infection. median age was 5.4 years, and 30% were receiving simultaneous immunosuppression. median follow-up was 44 days, and 90% of patients resolved their c diffi ... | 2015 | 25162365 |
| tigecycline suppresses toxin a and b production and sporulation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is mediated by potent extracellular toxins and is spread largely via bacterial spores. we and others have shown that some antibiotics stimulate c. difficile toxin production in a strain-specific manner; however, the effects of newer anti-c. difficile antibiotics on this process remain to be investigated. | 2015 | 25151204 |
| the first case of severe clostridium difficile ribotype 027 infection in taiwan. | 2015 | 25150914 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile: a hospital-based descriptive study in argentina and mexico. | a prospective study was conducted in four tertiary hospitals in argentina and mexico in order to describe the occurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in these settings. the objective was to evaluate the incidence of cdi in at-risk populations in argentina (one center) and mexico (three centers) and to further explore potential study sites for vaccine development in this region. a prospective, descriptive, cdi surveillance study was conducted among hospitalized patients aged ≥40 years ... | 2015 | 25179510 |
| novel risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in children. | clostridium difficile, a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, has been reported to recur in high rates in adults. the rates and risk factors for recurrent c difficile infection (rcdi) in children have not been well established. | 2015 | 25199038 |
| the roles of host and pathogen factors and the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the most common cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis. the clinical manifestation of c. difficile infection (cdi) is highly variable, from asymptomatic carriage, to mild self-limiting diarrhea, to the more severe pseudomembranous colitis. furthermore, in extreme cases, colonic inflammation and tissue damage can lead to toxic megacolon, a condition requiring surgical intervention. c. difficile ... | 2015 | 25242213 |