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fluorescent protein vectors for promoter analysis in lactic acid bacteria and escherichia coli.fluorescent reporter genes are valuable tools for real-time monitoring of gene expression in living cells. in this study we describe the construction of novel promoter-probe vectors containing a synthetic mcherry fluorescent protein gene, codon-optimized for lactic acid bacteria, divergently linked, or not, to a gene encoding the s65t and f64l variant of the green fluorescent protein. the utility of the transcriptional fusion vectors was demonstrated by the cloning of a single or two divergent p ...201222534822
intensive care unit dissemination of multiple clones of linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium.outbreaks caused by linezolid-resistant (lr) enterococci remain rare. we report the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of the multiclonal dissemination of lr enterococci in the intensive care unit (icu) of a greek hospital.201222532462
first study on antimicriobial activity and synergy between isothiocyanates and antibiotics against selected gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria from clinical and animal source.the emergence of new diseases and the resurgence of several infections that were controlled in the past, associated with recent increase of bacterial resistance have created the necessity for more studies towards to the development of new antimicrobials and new treatment strategies. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro synergy between different classes of important glucosinolates hydrolysis products-isothiocyanates with antibiotics (gentamycin and vancomycin), against import ...201222530889
presence of the resistance genes vanc1 and pbp5 in phenotypically vancomycin and ampicillin susceptible enterococcus faecalis.ampicillin and vancomycin are important antibiotics for the therapy of enterococcus faecalis infections. the ampicillin resistance gene pbp5 is intrinsic in enterococcus faecium. the vanc1 gene confers resistance to vancomycin and serves as a species marker for enterococcus gallinarum. both genes are chromosomally located. resistance to ampicillin and vancomycin was determined in 484 e. faecalis of human and porcine origin by microdilution. since e. faecalis are highly skilled to acquire resista ...201222524613
profile of antibiotic consumption, sensitivity and resistance in an urban area of andhra pradesh, india.antibiotics are an important category of drugs in which indiscriminate use can affect the susceptibility patterns among infectious organisms, resulting in antibiotic resistance.201222511051
biochemical and structural basis for inhibition of enterococcus faecalis hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa synthase, mvas, by hymeglusin.hymeglusin (1233a, f244, l-659-699) is established as a specific β-lactone inhibitor of eukaryotic hydroxymethylglutaryl-coa synthase (hmgcs). inhibition results from formation of a thioester adduct to the active site cysteine. in contrast, the effects of hymeglusin on bacterial hmg-coa synthase, mvas, have been minimally characterized. hymeglusin blocks growth of enterococcus faecalis. after removal of the inhibitor from culture media, a growth curve inflection point at 3.1 h is observed (vs 0. ...201222510038
the spx regulator modulates stress responses and virulence in enterococcus faecalis.the ability to cope with endogenous or host-generated reactive oxygen species is considered a key virulence attribute of the opportunistic pathogen enterococcus faecalis, a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. in this study, we used in silico and mutational analyses to identify and characterize the role of the spx global regulator in oxidative stress tolerance and virulence in e. faecalis. while the δspx strain grew as well as the wild-type strain under anaerobic conditions, the mutant ...201222508863
worldwide appraisal and update (2010) of telavancin activity tested against a collection of gram-positive clinical pathogens from five continents.a total of 15,480 gram-positive pathogens were collected from 89 sites in the united states, europe, the asia-pacific region, and latin america in 2010. telavancin was active against indicated staphylococcus aureus (mic(50/90), 0.12/0.25 μg/ml), vancomycin-susceptible enterococcus faecalis (mic(50/90), 0.5/0.5 μg/ml), and beta-hemolytic (mic(50/90), 0.06/0.12 μg/ml) and viridans group streptococcus (mic(50/90), 0.03/0.06 μg/ml) isolates. these mic results showed potency for telavancin equal to o ...201222508304
bactericidal activity and oral pathogen inactivation by electromagnetic wave irradiation.the aim of this work was to clarify the effects of electromagnetic wave irradiation (emwi) on oral bacterial pathogens.201222507081
multi-drug-resistant enterococcus spp. as a cause of non-responsive septic synovitis in three horses.three thoroughbred horses, a 6-week-old filly (case 1), a 15-year-old broodmare (case 2) and a yearling filly (case 3), sustained synovial sepsis secondary to trauma.201222506887
the surface lipids of non-tuberculous mycobacteria suppress production of phagocyte activating cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.the genus mycobacterium includes obligate pathogens as well as opportunistic and non-pathogenic species ubiquitous in the environment. mycobacteria have a unique cell wall abundant in lipids. here we investigated cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) in response to the opportunistic mycobacteria mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium abscessus, the non-pathogenic mycobacterium gordonae and extracted surface lipids from the three species. the cytokine response elic ...201222497872
transcriptional regulator pera influences biofilm-associated, platelet binding, and metabolic gene expression in enterococcus faecalis.enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of nosocomial infections, traits facilitated by the ability to quickly acquire and transfer virulence determinants. a 150 kb pathogenicity island (pai) comprised of genes contributing to virulence is found in many enterococcal isolates and is known to undergo horizontal transfer. we have shown that the pai-encoded transcriptional regulator pera contributes to pathogenicity in the mouse peritonitis infection model. in this stu ...201222496800
complete genome sequence of enterococcal bacteriophage sap6.enterococcus faecalis is an important bacterium for use as a probiotic and is an opportunistic pathogen in human beings. the antibiotic resistance acquired by e. faecalis is restricted to antibiotics used in the clinical setting. while screening for alternative antibiotics for use against multidrug-resistant e. faecalis, we isolated a virulent enterococcal bacteriophage, sap6, belonging to the family siphoviridae. to our knowledge, this study is the first to report the complete genome sequence o ...201222492926
transferable plasmid-mediated resistance to linezolid due to cfr in a human clinical isolate of enterococcus faecalis.nonmutational resistance to linezolid is due to the presence of cfr, which encodes a methyltransferase responsible for methylation of a2503 in the 23s rrna. the cfr gene was first described in animal isolates of staphylococci, and more recently, it has been identified in staphylococcus aureus from human clinical infections, including in an outbreak of methicillin-resistant s. aureus. in enterococci, cfr has been described in an animal isolate of enterococcus faecalis from china. here, we report ...201222491691
myasthenia, spondylitis and enterococcus faecalis endocarditis.parasympathomimetics, immunosuppression and plasmapheresis have considerably improved management and prognosis of myasthenia gravis. side effects of these measures, however, may complicate the course of the disease. in a 66-year-old male with myasthenia gravis and lower back pain, blood cultures, echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging led to the diagnosis of endocarditis and spondylodiscitis. enterococcus faecalis grew in the blood cultures as well as on the aortic and tricuspid valve v ...201222487784
enterococci of animal origin and their significance for public health.enterococci are commensal bacteria in the intestines of humans and animals, but also cause infections in humans. most often, enterococcus faecium isolates from clinical outbreaks belong to different types than e. faecium from animals, food, and humans in the community. the same variants of the vana gene cluster (tn1546) encoding vancomycin resistance can be detected in enterococci of both human and animal origin. this could indicate horizontal transfer of tn1546 between enterococci of different ...201222487203
decontamination efficacy of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (pips) of irrigants using low-energy laser settings: an ex vivo study.to assess ex vivo, the antibacterial effectiveness of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (pips) of irrigants using an er:yag laser equipped with a newly designed, stripped and tapered tip in extracted teeth with infected root canals.201222486805
contribution of catalase to hydrogen peroxide resistance in enterococcus faecalis.enterococcus faecalis exhibits high resistance to oxidative stress. several enzymes are responsible for this trait. the role of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (ahp), thiol peroxidase (tpx), and nadh peroxidase (npr) in oxidative stress defense was recently characterized. enterococcus faecalis, in contrast to many other streptococci, contains a catalase (kata), but this enzyme can only be formed when the bacterium is supplied with heme. we have used this heme dependency of catalase activity and mu ...201222486165
phage endolysins with broad antimicrobial activity against enterococcus faecalis clinical strains.increasing antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens has drawn the attention to the potential use of bacteriophage endolysins as alternative antibacterial agents. here we have identified, characterized, and studied the lytic potential of two endolysins, lys168 and lys170, from phages infecting enterococcus faecalis. lys168 and lys170 belong to the cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolases/peptidases (chap) and amidase-2 protein families, respectively. lys168 is quite a unique enterococcal ...201222480295
isolation and lytic activity of the listeria bacteriophage endolysin lysz5 against listeria monocytogenes in soya milk.the endolysin gene (lysz5) from the genome of the listeria monocytogenes phage fwllm3 was cloned in escherichia coli and characterized. comparative sequence analysis revealed that lysz5 resembled the murein hydrolase ply511 encoded by l. monocytogenes phage a511. the encoded protein lysz5 had a predicted molecular mass of 35.8 kda and was expressed in e. coli as an n-terminal fusion protein of 41.5 kda. addition of purified fusion protein to lawns of indicator bacteria showed that lysz5 could ly ...201222475951
bioactivity of the essential oil of an argentine collection of acanthospermum hispidum (asteraceae).the essential oil of an argentine collection of the annual herb acanthospermum hispidum dc. (asteraceae), which contains the sesquiterpenoids beta-caryophyllene (35.2%), alpha-bisabolol (11.4%), and germacrene d (11.1%) as major constituents, displayed molluscicidal effects on an adult population of biomphalaria peregrina orbigny (ld50 37.8 microg/ml) and produced alteration of the feeding and oviposition behavior of the polyphagous insect spodoptera frugiperda smith when incorporated in the lar ...201222474971
essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of monticalia greenmaniana (asteraceae).the essential oils from fresh aerial parts of monticalia greenmaniana (hieron) c. jeffrey (asteraceae) collected in march, were analyzed by gc/ms. oil yields (w/v) of 0.1% (flowers), 0.07%, (stems) and 0.1% (leaves) were obtained by hydrodistillation. thirteen, sixteen and eighteen components, respectively, were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with those in the wiley gc-ms library data base. the major components of the flower and stem oils were 1-nonane (38.8% flowers; 33.5% stems ...201222474970
evaluation of standard- and high-dose daptomycin versus linezolid against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus isolates in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations.daptomycin mics for enterococci are typically 1- to 2-fold higher than those for staphylococcus aureus, and there is an imminent need to establish the optimal dose for appropriate treatment of enterococcal infections. we investigated the bactericidal activity of daptomycin at various dose exposures compared to that of linezolid against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model utilizing simulated endocardial vegetations over 96 h. daptomycin at ...201222470111
[diaper cystitis as recurrent cause of urinary infections in geriatric community hospital].chronic cystitis in diaper-dependent elderly patients can be a causative pathology for recurrent urinary tract infections (utis) in community hospitals.201222466781
oral application of bacterial lysate in infancy decreases the risk of atopic dermatitis in children with 1 atopic parent in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.lower prevalence of atopy was found in children with continuous exposure to livestock and thus to microbial compounds. in animal models exposure to endotoxin (lps) decreases allergic sensitization and airway inflammation.201222464674
in vitro antimicrobial effect of a cold plasma jet against enterococcus faecalis biofilms.the hypothesis that a cold plasma jet has the antimicrobial effect against enterococcus faecalis biofilms was tested in vitro. 27 hydroxyapatite discs were incubated with e. faecalis for six days to form a monoculture biofilm on the disc surface. the prepared substrata were divided into three groups: the negative control, the positive control (5.25% naocl solution), and the plasma treatment group. resultant colony-forming unit counts were associated with observations of bacterial cell morphology ...201222461988
in vitro study of elution kinetics and bio-activity of meropenem-loaded acrylic bone cement.use of antibiotic-loaded acrylic bone cement to treat orthopaedic infections continues to remain popular, but resistance to routinely used antibiotics has led to the search for alternative, more effective antibiotics. we studied, in vitro, the elution kinetics and bio-activity of different concentrations of meropenem-loaded acrylic bone cement.201222461001
tigecycline-resistant enterococcus faecalis associated with omeprazole use in a surgical patient. 201222454491
quantitative molecular and culture analyses of bacterial elimination in oval-shaped root canals by a single-file instrumentation technique.bacterial reduction in oval-shaped root canals by a single-instrument technique was compared ex vivo with a conventional nickel-titanium rotary technique. data obtained from two quantification methods, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) and culture, were also compared.201222452547
antioxidant/antibacterial activities of a topical phytopharmaceutical formulation containing a standardized extract of baccharis incarum, an extremophile plant species from argentine puna.the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of standardized extracts of baccharis incarum in 60° and 80° ethanol and of a phytopharmaceutical formulation obtained from them were measured. baccharis tinctures showed antimicrobial activity against clinically isolated antibiotic resistant staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus faecalis, with mic values of 40-80 µg gae/ml. both tinctures exhibited abts(●+) scavenging activity with sc(50) values between 1.6 and 4.0 µg gae/ml. the tinctures were not ...201222451265
efficacy of ceftobiprole medocaril against enterococcus faecalis in a murine urinary tract infection model.we evaluated ceftobiprole against the well-characterized enterococcus faecalis strain og1rf (with and without the β-lactamase [bla] plasmid pbem10) in a murine urinary tract infection (uti) model. ceftobiprole was equally effective for bla(+) and bla(-) og1 strains, while ampicillin was moderately to markedly (depending on the inoculum) less effective against bla(+) than bla(-) og1 strains. these data illustrate an in vivo effect on ampicillin of bla production by e. faecalis and the stability a ...201222450988
antibacterial activity of wine phenolic compounds and oenological extracts against potential respiratory pathogens.to investigate the effect of seven wine phenolic compounds and six oenological phenolic extracts on the growth of pathogenic bacteria associated with respiratory diseases (pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis, enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus sp group f, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pneumoniae).201222449241
transcriptomic response of enterococcus faecalis to iron excess.iron is an essential nutrient for sustaining bacterial growth; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern gene expression during the homeostatic response to iron availability. in this study we analyzed the global transcriptional response of enterococcus faecalis to a non-toxic iron excess in order to identify the set of genes that respond to an increment of intracellular iron. our results showed an up-regulation of transcriptional regulators of the fur family (perr and z ...201222447126
differences in biofilm formation and virulence factors between clinical and fecal enterococcal isolates of human and animal origin.the present study investigated the possible correlation between carriage of the virulence genes esp and fsrb, production of hemolysin and gelatinase and biofilm formation in human vs. animal enterococcal isolates. a collection of 219 enterococcal isolates recovered from clinical and fecal surveillance samples of hospitalized patients and 132 isolates from animal feces were studied. isolates were tested for hemolysin and gelatinase phenotypically and for quantitative biofilm production by a micro ...201222445820
antibacterial substantivity of a new antibiotic-based endodontic irrigation solution.the aim of this study was to evaluate the residual antibacterial activity of tetraclean, mtad and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (naocl) in bovine root dentin in vitro. one hundred and ten dentin tubes prepared from bovine incisor teeth were infected in vitro for 14 days with enterococcus faecalis. thereafter, the specimens were divided into five groups as follows: tetraclean; mtad; 5.25% naocl; infected dentin tubes (positive control); and sterile dentin tubes (negative control). dentin chips were c ...201222432823
bacterial leakage of guttaflow-filled root canals compared with resilon/epiphany and gutta-percha/ah26-filled root canals.the purpose of this study was to assess bacterial apical leakage in root canals obturated with guttaflow and compare this with the leakage of root canals obturated with resilon/epiphany or gutta-percha/ah26. a total of 55 single-rooted human teeth were divided randomly into three experimental (n = 15) and two control groups (n = 5). following a standardised preparation, the teeth were obturated with either guttaflow, resilon/epiphany or gutta-percha/ah26. a two-chamber bacterial model using ente ...201222432820
[the influence of different alkaline ph conditions on enterococcus faecalis in planktonic and biofilm mode].to study the influence of different ph conditions on enterococcus faecalis(e. faecalis) in planktonic and biofilm mode.201222431038
action of linezolid or vancomycin on biofilms in ventriculoperitoneal shunts in vitro.cerebrospinal fluid (csf) shunts used to treat hydrocephalus have an overall infection rate of about 10% of operations. the commonest causative bacteria are staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. major difficulties are encountered with nonsurgical treatment due to biofilm development in the shunt tubing and inability to achieve sufficiently high csf drug levels by intravenous administration. recently, three cases of s. epidermidis csf shunt infection have ...201222430965
the enterococcus faecalis exoproteome: identification and temporal regulation by fsr.analysis of the culture supernatant exoproteins produced by two pfge clusters of high-level gentamicin and ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of enterococcus faecalis from the uk and ireland revealed two distinct protein profiles. this grouping distinguished og1rf and gele metalloprotease-expressing isolates from jh2-2 and other gele-negative isolates. the integrity of the fsrabdc operon was found to determine the exoproteome composition, since an fsrb mutant of strain og1rf appeared very ...201222428053
candidiasis caused by candida kefyr in a neonate: case report.systemic candidia infections are of major concern in neonates, especially in those with risk factors such as longer use of broad spectrum antibiotics. recent studies showed that also term babies with underlying gastrointestinal or urinary tract abnormalities are much more prone to systemic candida infection. we report a very rare case of candidiasis caused by candida kefyr in a term neonate.201222424058
prevalence of enterococcus faecalis in saliva and filled root canals of teeth associated with apical periodontitis.to investigate the prevalence of enterococcus faecalis in saliva and filled root canals of patients requiring endodontic retreatment for apical periodontitis. patients with apical periodontitis who were referred for endodontic retreatment were examined. the type and quality of the restoration, symptoms, quality of obturation were recorded. during retreatment, an oral rinse sample and root canal sample were cultured using brain-heart infusion agar and bile esculinazide agar to select for e. faeca ...201222422085
antibacterial activity of dentine and pulp extracellular matrix extracts.to determine whether extracellular matrix (ecm) preparations from pulp (pecm) and dentine (decm) possess antimicrobial activity.201222416895
treatment of root canal biofilms of enterococcus faecalis with ozone gas and passive ultrasound activation.biofilms of resistant species such as enterococcus faecalis pose a major challenge in the treatment of root canals with established periapical disease. this study examined the effects of gaseous ozone delivered into saline on biofilms of e. faecalis in root canals of extracted teeth with and without the use of passive ultrasonic agitation.201222414842
correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from fifteen eucalyptus species growing in the korbous and jbel abderrahman arboreta (north east tunisia).the essential oils of fifteen eucalyptus species harvested from the jbel abderrahman and korbous arboreta (north east tunisia) were screened for their antibacterial activities by the agar disc diffusion method. eighteen major components as identified by gc/fid and gc/ms were selected for a study of the chemical and biological activity variability. the main one was 1,8-cineole, followed by spathulenol, trans-pinocarveol, α-pinene, p-cymene, globulol, cryptone, β-phellandrene, viridiflorol, borneo ...201222410416
comparison of swab transport media for recovery of listeria monocytogenes from environmental samples.environmental monitoring is recognized as an important strategy for controlling listeria monocytogenes in food processing facilities. samples are taken by swabbing environmental surfaces, and the swabs are immersed in a medium for transport to the laboratory. in this study, buffered peptone water (bpw), dey-engley neutralizing broth (de), neutralizing buffer (nb), letheen broth (le), and newly described mcc buffer (mcc) were evaluated as transport media for recovery of sanitizer-stressed l. mono ...201222410235
characterization of microbiota of root canal-treated teeth with posttreatment disease.this study evaluated the microbiota of root canals undergoing retreatment. the most prevalent taxa detected by checkerboard included propionibacterium species, fusobacterium nucleatum, streptococci, and pseudoramibacter alactolyticus. quantitative real-time pcr detected enterococcus faecalis and streptococci in 38% and 41% of the cases, comprising 9.76% and 65.78% of the total bacterial counts, respectively. the findings call into question the status of e. faecalis as the main pathogen and sugge ...201222403423
residual activity of chelating agents and their combinations with cetrimide on root canals infected with enterococcus faecalis.the use of chelating agents in endodontic treatment is required to remove the smear layer and to achieve better disinfection within the root canal system. the aim of this study was to evaluate the residual antimicrobial activity of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta), 7% maleic acid (ma), and 10% lactic acid (la) alone and combined with 0.2% cetrimide (ctr) on infected root canals with enterococcus faecalis.201222595119
structural characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of atractyloside, atractyligenin, and 15-didehydroatractyligenin methyl ester.we report the first complete structure elucidation of the ent-kaurane diterpenoid glycoside atractyloside (1) by means of nmr and x-ray diffractometry techniques. extensive one- and two-dimensional nmr experiments were employed to assign the proton and carbon signals of 1, and crystallography experiments established the configurations of all stereogenic centers. furthermore, we present a novel semisynthetic route for the preparation of the highly cytotoxic aglycone derivative of 1, 15-didehydroa ...201222594797
oral administration of enterococcus faecalis fk-23 suppresses th17 cell development and attenuates allergic airway responses in mice.evidence is increasing that oral administration of probiotics can attenuate asthmatic responses both in murine models and clinical trials. t-helper 17 (th17) cells, a subset of cd4+ t cells have been implicated as having an important role in the development of several allergic disorders, but the relationship between oral administration of probiotics and th17 development has not been well studied. balb/c mice were given lysed enterococcus faecalis fk-23 (lfk) orally for 28 days. after sensitizati ...201222641478
the preterm gut microbiota: changes associated with necrotizing enterocolitis and infection.to describe gut colonization in preterm infants using standard culture and 16s gene rrna profiling, exploring differences in healthy infants and those who developed nec/late onset sepsis (los).201222845166
construction and application of a luxabcde reporter system for real-time monitoring of enterococcus faecalis gene expression and growth.the present work describes the construction of a novel molecular tool for luciferase-based bioluminescence (bl) tagging of enterococcus faecalis. to this end, a vector (psl101) and its derivatives conferring a genetically encoded bioluminescent phenotype on all tested strains of e. faecalis were constructed. psl101 harbors the luxabcde operon from ppl2lux and the preg696 broad-host-range replicon and axe-txe toxin-antitoxin cassette, providing segregational stability for long-term plasmid persis ...201222843522
biological activities of extracts from chenopodium ambrosioides lineu and kielmeyera neglecta saddi.chenopodium ambrosioides and kielmeyera neglecta are plants traditionally used in brazil to treat various infectious diseases. the study of the biological activities of these plants is of great importance for the detection of biologically active compounds.201222839690
comment on: intensive care unit dissemination of multiple clones of linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium. 201222833641
detection of vana-containing enterococcus species in faecal microbiota of gilthead seabream (sparus aurata).vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis, e. faecium and e. durans isolates with the genotype vana were detected in 7 of 118 faecal samples (5.9%) of natural gilthead seabream recovered off the coast of portugal, and one vancomycin-resistant isolate/sample was further characterized. the genes erm(b), tet(l), tet(m), aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-iiia and/or ant(6)-ia were identified in most of the 7 vancomycin-resistant enterococci. sequence types st273, st313 and st76 were detected in three e. fae ...201222641152
the antimicrobial activity of the appetite peptide hormone ghrelin.the present study examined the antimicrobial activity of the peptide ghrelin. both major forms of ghrelin, acylated ghrelin (ag) and desacylated ghrelin (dag), demonstrated the same degree of bactericidal activity against gram-negative escherichia coli (e. coli) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa), while bactericidal effects against gram-positive staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) and enterococcus faecalis (e. faecalis) were minimal or absent, respectively. to elucidate the bactericidal me ...201222634233
gender and age-dependent etiology of community-acquired urinary tract infections.urinary tract infections (utis) are among the most frequent community-acquired infections worldwide. escherichia coli is the most common uti pathogen although underlying host factors such as patients' age and gender may influence prevalence of causative agents. in this study, 61 273 consecutive urine samples received over a 22-month period from outpatients clinics of an urban area of north italy underwent microbiological culture with subsequent bacterial identification and antimicrobial suscepti ...201222629135
genetic modifications and introduction of heterologous pdc genes in enterococcus faecalis for its use in production of bioethanol.genetically-modified enterococcus faecalis has a potential of survival and can be used in ethanolic fermentations. fermentation profiles of e. faecalis jh2-2 were assessed using glucose and lactose as carbon sources. deletion of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) genes increased the ethanol production from 0.25 to 0.82 g/l, which was further increased to 0.96 g/l by the insertion of a pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) gene (from sarcina ventriculi or clostridium acetobutylicum) in place ldh1. when grown on ...201222628022
antimicrobial activity of wild mushroom extracts against clinical isolates resistant to different antibiotics.this work aimed to screen the antimicrobial activity of aqueous methanolic extracts of 13 mushroom species, collected in bragança, against several clinical isolates obtained in hospital center of trás-os-montes and alto douro, portugal.201222621239
vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) isolates isolated in rajavithi hospital between 1999 and 2009.from 1999 to 2009, a total of 10,470 clinical enterococcal strains from patients in rajavithi hospital were isolated. of these, 201 (1.9%) vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) including 199 (99.0%) enterococcus faecium and 2 (1.00%) enterococcus faecalis were found. the incidence of vre was 1.8% in 1999, 3.3% in 2000, 5.1% in 2001, 1.0% in 2002, 0.0% in 2003 and 2004, 1.1% in 2005, 4.7% in 2006, 1.9% in 2007, 2.2% in 2008 and 0.9% in 2009. seventy-one vre isolates were classified to vana pheno ...201222619881
selective grazing by protists upon enteric bacteria in an aquatic system.it is well known that protozoan grazing can be an important agent of mortality for suspended bacteria, both in marine and freshwater environments. considering that the presence of fecal contamination is a frequent phenomenon in tríese environments, and that escherichia coli and the genus enterococcus are indicators of microbiological water quality, the effect of protozoan grazing on e. coli and enterococcus faecalis in los padres lagoon waters (buenos aires, argentina, 37° 56'30" s, 57° 44'30" w ...201222610287
isolation and characterization of a novel bacteriophage φ4d lytic against enterococcus faecalis strains.in recent years, enterococcus faecalis has emerged as an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen capable of causing dangerous infections. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel antibacterial agents to control this pathogen. bacteriophages have very effective bactericidal activity and several advantages over other antimicrobial agents and so far, no serious or irreversible side effects of phage therapy have been described. the objective of this study was to characterize a novel v ...201222669253
emergence and characterisation of vanb vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis in rio de janeiro, brazil.here we describe the detection and characterisation of three isolates of vancomycin-resistant vanb-type enterococcus faecalis. sequence analysis suggested that these isolates harboured the vanb1 gene. the isolates were susceptible to the majority of antimicrobial agents tested, with the exception of chloramphenicol, erythromycin and vancomycin, and showed distinct profiles of high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. analysis of the clonal relatedness of the vanb e. faecalis isolates showed simi ...201222666871
correlation between mutations in liafsr of enterococcus faecium and mic of daptomycin: revisiting daptomycin breakpoints.mutations in liafsr, a three-component regulatory system controlling cell-envelope stress response, were recently linked with the emergence of daptomycin (dap) resistance in enterococci. our previous work showed that a liaf mutation increased the dap mic of a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis strain from 1 to 3 μg/ml (the dap breakpoint is 4 μg/ml), suggesting that mutations in the liafsr system could be a pivotal initial event in the development of dap resistance. with the hypothesis t ...201222664970
role of m2b macrophages in the acceleration of bacterial translocation and subsequent sepsis in mice exposed to whole body [137cs] γ-irradiation.the influence of whole-body gamma-irradiation on the antibacterial host defense against enterococcus faecalis translocation was investigated. mice irradiated with or without 5 gy [(137)cs] gamma-rays were orally infected with 10(6) cfu/mouse e. faecalis. the pathogen was detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of irradiated mice 1-4 d postinfection, whereas e. faecalis was not isolated from mlns of normal mice. all irradiated mice died within 5 d of infection, whereas no mortality was show ...201222664870
fatal meningitis caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci: report of two cases from south india.vancomycin-resistant enterococci rarely cause meningitis and present a therapeutic challenge. antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for strains of enterococcus species isolated from csf samples of patients with meningitis by phenotypic methods. multiplex polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the genetic basis of vancomycin resistance of such isolates. we report here two cases of enterococcal meningitis caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus species. one of the isolate ...201222664449
molecular screening of virulence genes in high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens in northwest iran.the present study screened clinical isolates of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium to determine the prevalence of high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci and the potential virulence genes among them.201222664433
enterococcal endocarditis: can we win the war?treatment of enterococcal infections has long been recognized as an important clinical challenge, particularly in the setting of infective endocarditis (ie). furthermore, the increase prevalence of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance (mdr) to traditional anti-enterococcal antibiotics such as ampicillin, vancomycin and aminoglycosides (high-level resistance) poses immense therapeutic dilemmas in hospitals around the world. unlike ie caused by most isolates of enterococcus faecalis, which sti ...201222661339
a novel method for simultaneous enterococcus species identification/typing and van genotyping by high resolution melt analysis.in order to develop a typing and identification method for van gene containing enterococcus faecium, two multiplex pcr reactions were developed for use in hrm-pcr (high resolution melt-pcr): (i) vana, vanb, vanc, vanc23 to detect van genes from different enterococcus species; (ii) isr (intergenic spacer region between the 16s and 23s rrna genes) to detect all enterococcus species and obtain species and isolate specific hrm curves. to test and validate the method three groups of isolates were tes ...201222658426
global transcriptional analysis of the stringent response in enterococcus faecalis.in enterococcus faecalis, production of guanosine tetraphosphate/guanosine pentaphosphate [(p)ppgpp], the effector molecule of the stringent response, is controlled by the bifunctional synthetase/hydrolase rela and the monofunctional synthetase relq. previously, the (p)ppgpp profiles of strains lacking rela, relq or both genes indicated that rela is the primary enzyme responsible for (p)ppgpp synthesis under stress conditions, while the contributions of relq to the stringent response and cell ho ...201222653948
device-associated infection rates, device utilization, and antimicrobial resistance in long-term acute care hospitals reporting to the national healthcare safety network, 2010.to evaluate national data on healthcare-associated infections (hais), device utilization, and antimicrobial resistance in long-term acute care hospitals (ltachs).201222961018
municipal wastewater treatment plants as pathogen removal systems and as a contamination source of noroviruses and enterococcus faecalis.municipal wastewater treatment plants play a crucial role in reducing the microbial and pathogen load of human wastes before the end-products are discharged to surface waters (final effluent) or land spread (biosolids). this study investigated the occurrence frequency of noroviruses, enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium in influent, final effluent and biosolids from four secondary wastewater treatment plants in northwestern ireland (plants a-d) and observed the seasonal and spatial var ...201222960482
antimicrobial resistance profiles of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolated from artisanal food of animal origin in argentina.enterococci are part of the indigenous microbiota of human gastrointestinal tract and food of animal origin. enterococci inhabiting non-human reservoirs play a critical role in the acquisition and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants. the aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance in enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium strains recovered from artisanal food of animal origin. samples of goat cheese (n = 42), cow cheese (n = 40), artisanal salami ( ...201222953740
the structure of enterococcus faecalis thymidylate synthase provides clues about folate bacterial metabolism.drug resistance to therapeutic antibiotics poses a challenge to the identification of novel targets and drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. infections caused by enterococcus faecalis are a major health problem. thymidylate synthase (ts) from e. faecalis is a potential target for antibacterial therapy. the x-ray crystallographic structure of e. faecalis thymidylate synthase (efts), which was obtained as a native binary complex composed of efts and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-fthf), ha ...201222948925
structure and mode of peptide binding of pheromone receptor prgz.we present the crystal structure of the pheromone receptor protein prgz from enterococcus faecalis in complex with the heptapeptide ccf10 (lvtlvfv), which is used in signaling between conjugative recipient and donor cells. comparison of prgz with homologous oligopeptide-binding proteins (appa and oppa) explains the high specificity of prgz for hydrophobic heptapeptides versus the promiscuity of peptide binding in the homologous proteins.201222948145
antibiotic-resistant enterococcus faecalis in abattoir pigs and plasmid colocalization and cotransfer of tet(m) and erm(b) genes.this study was conducted to determine plasmid colocalization and transferability of both erm(b) and tet(m) genes in enterococcus faecalis isolates from abattoir pigs in canada. a total of 124 e. faecalis isolates from cecal contents of abattoir pigs were examined for antibiotic susceptibility. high percentages of resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines were found. two predominant multiresistance patterns of e. faecalis were examined by pcr and sequencing for the presence of genes encoding ant ...201222947466
chemomechanical preparation by hand instrumentation and by mtwo engine-driven rotary files, an ex vivo study.to compare the disinfecting efficacy of the sodium hypochlorite irrigation by root canal preparation with stainless steel hand files, taper 0.02 and nickel-titanium mtwo files with taper 0.04-0.06.201224558545
antibiotic resistance and virulence traits in clinical and environmental enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolates.this study compared virulence and antibiotic resistance traits in clinical and environmental enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolates. e. faecalis isolates harboured a broader spectrum of virulence determinants compared to e. faecium isolates. the virulence traits cyl-a, cyl-b, cyl-m, gel-e, esp and acm were tested and environmental isolates predominantly harboured gel-e (80% of e. faecalis and 31.9% of e. faecium) whereas esp was more prevalent in clinical isolates (67.8% of e. f ...201222742879
antimicrobial phenylpropanoids from the argentinean highland plant parastrephia lucida (meyen) cabrera.the argentinean highland plant parastrephia lucida (meyen) cabrera is used in traditional medicine as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory crude drug.201222735664
antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity analysis of halistanol trisulphate from marine sponge petromica citrina.an aqueous extract and fraction from the marine sponge petromica citrina have antibacterial activity. we performed a chemical and biological characterization of the antibiotic substance from p. citrina and investigated its mode of action on staphylococcus aureus cells.201222729926
[enterococcus faecalis meningitis after spinal anesthesia successfully managed with linezolid]. 201222727505
role of mprf1 and mprf2 in the pathogenicity of enterococcus faecalis.enterococcus faecalis is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. due to its innate and acquired resistance to most antibiotics, identification of new targets for antimicrobial treatment of e. faecalis is a high priority. the multiple peptide resistance factor mprf, which was first described in staphylococcus aureus, modifies phosphatidylglycerol with lysin and reduces the negative charge of the membrane, thus increasing resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. we studied the ef ...201222723861
enterococcus faecalis clones in poultry and in humans with urinary tract infections, vietnam.enterococcus spp. as pathogens have increased, but the sources of infection often remain unclear. to investigate whether poultry might be a reservoir for e. faecalis-associated urinary tract infections (utis) in humans, we characterized e. faecalis isolates from patients in vietnam with utis during january 2008-january 2010 and poultry living in close contact with them by multilocus sequence typing (mlst), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, analysis of antimicrobial drug susceptibility patterns, ...201222709904
lantibiotic production by pathogenic microorganisms.lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesised, post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptides produced by gram positive bacteria, many which have broad-ranging antimicrobial activities. lantibiotics have long been the subject of investigation with a view to their application as food preservatives or chemotherapeutic agents for clinical and veterinary medicine, while the associated biosynthetic machinery has been employed for peptide engineering purposes. however, although many lantibiotics are ...201222708496
transmission and genetic diversity of enterococcus faecalis during hatch of broiler chicks.the normal gastrointestinal flora of poultry includes enterococcus faecalis. e. faecalis is also associated with first week mortality of chickens, but it is not clear whether this is due to vertical or horizontal transmission. aims of the present study were to investigate transmission and genetic diversity of e. faecalis during hatching of broiler chicks. when hatching started, 15% of the chicks were colonized with e. faecalis. this colonization was interpreted as vertical transmission and was h ...201222704244
the effect of detergents on the antibacterial activity of disinfecting solutions in dentin.detergents have been added into different disinfecting solutions to lower their surface tension and to enhance their antibacterial effects. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dentin disinfection by different antibacterial solutions in the presence and absence of detergents using a novel dentin infection model and confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm).201222703659
antimicrobial substantivity over time of chlorhexidine and cetrimide.to reach an adequate control of dentin infection and to promote success in endodontic therapy, antimicrobial irrigating solutions with confirmed substantivity are recommended. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial substantivity against enterococcus faecalis of a dentin-volumetric unit exposed for 1 minute to chlorhexidine (chx) and cetrimide (ctr).201222703655
extracellular dextran and dna affect the formation of enterococcus faecalis biofilms and their susceptibility to 2% chlorhexidine.enterococcus faecalis is frequently recovered from root-filled teeth with refractory apical periodontitis. the ability of e. faecalis to form a matrix-encased biofilm contributes to its pathogenicity; however, the role of extracellular dextran and dna in biofilm formation and its effect on the susceptibility of the biofilm to chlorhexidine remains poorly understood.201222703650
abundance of enterococcus species, enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium, essential indicators of fecal pollution, in river water.enterococci such as enterococcus faecalis and e. faecium are considered as the most suitable indicators of fecal pollution in an aquatic environment, and new methods for enterococcus determination have been developed, namely, membrane filtration (mf) using membrane-enterococcus indoxyl-β-d-glucoside agar (mei) and defined substrate technology (dst) using enterolert®. this study used pcr analysis to identify e. faecalis and e. faecium among enterococcus strains in river water isolated using both ...201222702808
isolation and characterization of kluyvera georgiana strain with the potential for acrylamide biodegradation.worldwide contamination by acrylamide, a neurotoxicant and carcinogen in animals, is becoming a significant problem. we isolated three novel acrylamide-degrading bacteria from domestic wastewater in chonburi, thailand. using biochemical characteristics and 16s rrna gene sequencing, the strains were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, kluyvera georgiana and enterococcus faecalis. k. georgiana strain no. 2 was selected for further characterization due to its degradation potential of high concentr ...201222702807
bacteriophage control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in cattle compost.to isolate bacteriophage that infects vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and to investigate the ability of this phage to diminish vre number in vitro and in experimentally vre-inoculated compost.201222702478
molecular evidence of enterococcus faecalis in an occluding coronary thrombus from a patient with late prosthetic valve endocarditis. 201222688276
pharmacodynamics of early, high-dose linezolid against vancomycin-resistant enterococci with elevated mics and pre-existing genetic mutations.vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) have emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen in medical centres worldwide. this study evaluated the impact of front-loading of linezolid on bacterial killing and suppression of resistance against vre strains with defined genetic mutations.201222685161
the role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in young women with recurrent urinary tract infections: to treat or not to treat?little is known about the role of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ab) treatment in young women affected by recurrent urinary tract infection (uti). we aimed to evaluate the impact of ab treatment on the recurrence rate among young women affected by recurrent uti.201222677710
improved identification including maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis of group d streptococci from bovine mastitis and subsequent molecular characterization of corresponding enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolates.we examined 199 group d streptococci isolated from clinically defined and epidemiologically unrelated cases of bovine mastitis. samples were collected during a 5-month period from 2010 to 2011 from diseased animals in 199 herds (1 isolate per herd) raised in different counties and federal states in germany. a classical enterococcal species identification procedure started with pyrase and catalase assays, growth on enterococcoselagar(®) and gcg(®) agar plates and in 6.5% nacl followed by a bioche ...201222677481
incongruence between the cps type 2 genotype and host-related phenotypes of an enterococcus faecalis food isolate.enterococcus faecalis is a nosocomial opportunistic pathogen, but is also found in fermented food products where it plays a fundamental role in the fermentation process. previously, we have described the non-starter e. faecalis cheese isolate qa29b as harboring virulence genes and proven to be virulent in galleria mellonella virulence model. in this study, we further characterized this food strain concerning traits relevant for the host-pathogen relationship. qa29b was found to belong to sequenc ...201222831818
the metal ion-dependent adhesion site motif of the enterococcus faecalis ebpa pilin mediates pilus function in catheter-associated urinary tract infection.though the bacterial opportunist enterococcus faecalis causes a myriad of hospital-acquired infections (hais), including catheter-associated urinary tract infections (cautis), little is known about the virulence mechanisms that it employs. however, the endocarditis- and biofilm-associated pilus (ebp), a member of the sortase-assembled pilus family, was shown to play a role in a mouse model of e. faecalis ascending uti. the ebp pilus comprises the major ebpc shaft subunit and the ebpa and ebpb mi ...201222829678
an agar diffusion study comparing the antimicrobial activity of nanoseal with some other endodontic sealers.the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a new experimental nano-hydroxyapatite epoxy resin-based sealer (nanoseal) with several other commercially available sealers; ah26, tubliseal, sealapex and roekoseal against enterococcus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus sobrinus and escherichia coli for up to 7 days. agar diffusion was used in this study. fifty muller-hinton agar plates were prepared and divided into five experimental groups ...201222827817
screening fecal enterococci from greek healthy infants for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.enterococci are among the first lactic acid bacteria to colonize the neonatal gastrointestinal tract, but they are also characterized as significant nosocomial pathogens. the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of antibiotic resistance in enterococci isolated from neonates' gut microbiota as well as the presence of genetic determinants encoding for certain antibiotic resistance traits. a total of 263 fecal samples derived from 97 infants were collected on day 4, 30, and 90 after d ...201222827719
polymicrobial peritonitis following colonoscopic polypectomy in a peritoneal dialysis patient.patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd) are at an increased risk of peritonitis following colonoscopy with or without polypectomy. guidelines for peritoneal dialysis patients recommend administration of prophylactic antibiotics and drainage of the abdomen before colonoscopy. in this report, we describe a 53-year-old woman on capd who underwent colonoscopy with polypectomy and developed peritonitis within 24 hours. she presented with severe abdominal pain, typical reb ...201222821097
fecal indicator bacteria transport and deposition in saturated and unsaturated porous media.beach sediment and sand are recognized as nonpoint fecal indicator bacteria (fib) sources capable of causing water quality and health risks for beach-goers. a comprehensive understanding of the key factors and mechanisms governing the migration and exchange of fib between beach water column and sediment is desired to better predict fib concentration variations and assess the associated risk. the transport and retention behavior of two model fib enterococcus faecalis (e. faecalis) and escherichia ...201222809290
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