Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with differential toll-like receptor-4 expression in chicken macrophages from different genetic backgrounds. | the purpose of this study was to examine inos gene expression and activity in macrophages from different chicken genetic lines against various bacterial lps. furthermore, the possible involvement of surface lps receptors as candidates for differential inos gene induction in these genetic lines of chicken was also examined. sephadex-elicited abdominal macrophages (1 x 10(6)) as well as inos hyper-responder macrophages from a transformed chicken macrophage cell line, mq-ncsu, were exposed to 5 mic ... | 2002 | 11777534 |
| a predominant role for norwalk-like viruses as agents of epidemic gastroenteritis in maryland nursing homes for the elderly. | stool specimens from 156 maryland nursing home residents, who became ill during 20 outbreaks of gastroenteritis from november 1987 through february 1988, were analyzed. all tested negative for astroviruses, enteroviruses, group a rotaviruses, sapporo-like caliciviruses, and enteric bacteria (i.e., salmonella, clostridium, and shigella species). eighty-two (52%) were positive for norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), members of the family caliciviridae. six distinct genetic clusters within genogroups i an ... | 2002 | 11807686 |
| microbiological quality of a waste stabilization pond effluent used for restricted irrigation in valle del cauca, colombia. | this paper discusses the applicability of effluent reuse in agriculture after treatment in a series of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds. the wsp system is located in ginebra municipality, a small town in southwest colombia. the total hrt is 12 days. several samples of the final effluent were taken over a 55 day period and were analysed for e. coli, streptococcus spp. and helminth eggs. some additional grab samples were taken to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria such as sal ... | 2002 | 11833728 |
| shigella sonnei: another cause of sexually acquired reactive arthritis. | we report a case of reactive arthritis attributable to sexually-acquired shigella sonnei infection. this occurred in the context of an outbreak of s. sonnei among homosexually-active men in sydney, australia, in 2000. | 2002 | 11839171 |
| chronic vulvovaginitis caused by antibiotic-resistant shigella flexneri in a prepubertal child. | a 7-year 8-month-old girl was diagnosed with a prolonged course of vulvovaginitis caused by shigella flexneri. the child was symptomatic with intermittent vaginal bleeding, dysuria and foul smelling vaginal discharge for a 3-year period. initial attempts to resolve the infection with successive courses of antibiotic therapy using ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefixime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid failed. the child's infection was finally resolved by a 14-day course of ciprofloxac ... | 2002 | 11840089 |
| shigella spa32 is an essential secretory protein for functional type iii secretion machinery and uniformity of its needle length. | the shigella type iii secretion machinery is responsible for delivering to host cells the set of effectors required for invasion. the type iii secretion complex comprises a needle composed of mxih and mxii and a basal body made up of mxid, mxig, and mxij. in s. flexneri, the needle length has a narrow range, with a mean of approximately 45 nm, suggesting that it is strictly regulated. here we show that spa32, encoded by one of the spa genes, is an essential protein translocated via the type iii ... | 2002 | 11844752 |
| [acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children. 14-year evolution]. | to analyze the etiology and evolution of patients with acute gastroenteritis hospitalized in our pediatric department and to study the clinical and laboratory differences between acute viral and bacterial gastroenteritis. | 2002 | 11827670 |
| activation of shiga toxin type 2d (stx2d) by elastase involves cleavage of the c-terminal two amino acids of the a2 peptide in the context of the appropriate b pentamer. | shiga toxins (stx) are potent ribosome-inactivating toxins that are produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 or certain strains of escherichia coli. these toxins are composed of one a subunit that can be nicked and reduced to an enzymatically active a1(approximately 27 kda) and an a2 peptide (approximately 4 kda) as well as a pentamer of b subunits (approximately 7 kda/monomer) that binds the eukaryotic cell. purified shiga toxin type 2d is activated 10- to 1000-fold for vero cell toxicity by pre ... | 2002 | 11849548 |
| molecular dissection of virb, a key regulator of the virulence cascade of shigella flexneri. | the virb protein is a key regulator of virulence gene expression in the facultative enteroinvasive pathogen shigella flexneri. while genetic evidence has shown that it is required for activation of transcription of virulence genes located on a 230-kb plasmid in this bacterium, hitherto, evidence that virb is a dna-binding protein has been lacking. although virb shows extensive homology to proteins involved in plasmid partitioning, it does not resemble any known conventional transcription factor. ... | 2002 | 11850420 |
| update on traveler's diarrhea. | diarrhea is one of the most common health problems among travelers. although enterotoxigenic escherichia coli is implicated most commonly, enteroaggregative e. coli has recently been described as a major pathogen. shigella, campylobacter, and salmonella organisms are less common causes of acute diarrhea, and intestinal protozoa are typical causes of protracted diarrhea. although education is the mainstay of prevention measures, behavior modification has been shown to be difficult. chemopreventio ... | 2002 | 11853660 |
| shigella flexneri interactions with the basolateral membrane domain of polarized model intestinal epithelium: role of lipopolysaccharide in cell invasion and in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase erk. | an early step governing shigella flexneri pathogenesis is the invasion of the colonic epithelium from the basolateral surface followed by disruption of the colonic epithelial barrier. despite recent insight into s. flexneri-host interactions, much remains to be determined regarding the nature of the initial contact between s. flexneri and the host epithelial basolateral membrane domain. since the lipopolysaccharide (lps) is located at the outermost part of the bacterial membrane, we considered t ... | 2002 | 11854195 |
| cloned shiga toxin 2 b subunit induces apoptosis in ramos burkitt's lymphoma b cells. | the shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2), produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, consist of one a subunit and five b subunits. the stx1 and stx2 b subunits form a pentameric structure that binds to globotriaosylceramide (gb3-cer) receptors on eukaryotic cells and promotes endocytosis. the a subunit then inhibits protein biosynthesis, which triggers apoptosis in the affected cell. in addition to its gb3-cer binding activity, the data in the following report demons ... | 2002 | 11854211 |
| shigella apyrase--a novel variant of bacterial acid phosphatases? | a virulence-associated atp diphosphohydrolase activity in the periplasm of shigella, identified as apyrase, was found to be markedly similar to bacterial non-specific acid phosphatases in primary structure. when the shigella apyrase sequence was threaded in to the recently published 3d structure of the highly similar (73%) escherichia blattae acid phosphatase it was found to have a highly overlapping 3d structure. our analysis, which included assays for phosphatase, haloperoxidase and catalase a ... | 2002 | 11852042 |
| complete genomic sequence of sfv, a serotype-converting temperate bacteriophage of shigella flexneri. | bacteriophage sfv is a temperate serotype-converting phage of shigella flexneri. sfv encodes the factors involved in type v o-antigen modification, and the serotype conversion and integration-excision modules of the phage have been isolated and characterized. we now report on the complete sequence of the sfv genome (37,074 bp). a total of 53 open reading frames were predicted from the nucleotide sequence, and analysis of the corresponding proteins was used to construct a functional map. the gene ... | 2002 | 11889106 |
| origin, originality, functions, subversions and molecular signalling of macropinocytosis. | macropinocytosis refers to the formation of primary large endocytic vesicles of irregular size and shape, generated by actin-driven evaginations of the plasma membrane, whereby cells avidly incorporate extracellular fluid. macropinosomes resemble "empty" phagosomes and show no difference with the "spacious phagosomes" triggered by the enteropathogenic bacteria salmonella and shigella. macropinosomes may fuse with lysosomes or regurgitate their content back to the extracellular space. in multiple ... | 2002 | 11890548 |
| mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance: their clinical relevance in the new millennium. | antimicrobials show selective toxicity. suitable targets for antimicrobials to act at include the bacterial cell wall, bacterial protein and folic acid synthesis, nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria and the bacterial cell membrane. acquired antimicrobial resistance generally can be ascribed to one of five mechanisms. these are production of drug-inactivating enzymes, modification of an existing target, acquisition of a target by-pass system, reduced cell permeability and drug removal from the ce ... | 2002 | 11893225 |
| immunoregulatory functions of interleukin 18 and its role in defense against bacterial pathogens. | interleukin-18 (il-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the il-1 cytokine family, due to its structure, receptor family and signal transduction pathways. similarly to il-1beta, il-18 is synthesized as a precursor requiring caspase-1 for cleavage into an active il-18 molecule. however, with regard to its capacity to induce the production of th1 cytokines and to enhance cell-mediated cytotoxicity, il-18 is also related to il-12. produced mainly by antigen-presenting cells, il-18 is a ... | 2002 | 11894141 |
| phase i evaluation of delta virg shigella sonnei live, attenuated, oral vaccine strain wrss1 in healthy adults. | we conducted a phase i trial with healthy adults to evaluate wrss1, a live, oral delta virg shigella sonnei vaccine candidate. in a double-blind, randomized, dose-escalating fashion, inpatient volunteers received a single dose of either placebo (n = 7) or vaccine (n = 27) at 3 x 10(3) cfu (group 1), 3 x 10(4) cfu (group 2), 3 x 10(5) cfu (group 3), or 3 x 10(6) cfu (group 4). the vaccine was generally well tolerated, although a low-grade fever or mild diarrhea occurred in six (22%) of the vaccin ... | 2002 | 11895966 |
| comparative antibiotic resistance of diarrheal pathogens from vietnam and thailand, 1996-1999. | antimicrobial resistance rates for shigella, campylobacter, nontyphoidal salmonella, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli were compared for vietnam and thailand from 1996 to 1999. resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline was common. quinolone resistance remains low in both countries, except among campylobacter and salmonella organisms in thailand. nalidixic acid resistance among salmonellae has more than doubled since 1995 (to 21%) in thailand bu ... | 2002 | 11897070 |
| genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance in vibrio harveyi. | isolates of vibrio harveyi, a prawn pathogen, have demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents, such as oxytetracycline. in this paper, we describe the cloning and characterization of two tetracycline resistance determinants from v. harveyi strain m3.4l. the first resistance determinant, cloned as a 4,590-bp fragment, was identical to teta and flanking sequences encoded on transposon tn10 from shigella flexneri. the second determinant, cloned as a 3,358-bp f ... | 2002 | 11897587 |
| nuclear, biological, and chemical combined injuries and countermeasures on the battlefield. | the armed forces radiobiological research institute (afrri) has developed a research program to determine the major health risks from exposure to ionizing radiation in combination with biological and chemical warfare agents and to assess the extent to which exposure to ionizing radiation compromises the effectiveness of protective drugs, vaccines, and other biological and chemical warfare prophylactic and treatment strategies. afrri's defense technology objective md22 supports the development of ... | 2002 | 11873528 |
| norwalk virus gastroenteritis among israeli soldiers: lack of evidence for flyborne transmission. | paired sera collected from subjects before and after a fly-control intervention trial conducted in the israel defense force (idf) were tested for seroconversion to norwalk virus (nv) to examine the role of nv as a cause of diarrhea in this population and to ascertain whether flies might also be implicated in transmission. | 2002 | 11876512 |
| low frequency of enteric infections by salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter in patients with acute leukemia. | several authors found that isolation of salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter spp. (ssyc) from stool cultures after the 3rd day of hospitalization is a rare event. the significance of enteric infections caused by these pathogens has not been systematically investigated in severely immunosuppressed patients with acute leukemia. | 2002 | 11878289 |
| rate of seizures in children with shigellosis. | 2002 | 11883810 | |
| wild-type intracellular bacteria deliver dna into mammalian cells. | gene transfer in vitro from intracellular bacteria to mammalian phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells and in vivo in mice has been reported. the bacteria used as dna delivery vectors were engineered to lyze upon entry in the cell due to impaired cell wall synthesis for shigella flexneri and invasive escherichia coli, or production of a phage lysin for listeria mono- cytogenes. in vivo gene transfer was obtained with attenuated salmonella typhimurium and resulted in stimulation of mucosal immunity. ... | 2002 | 11906454 |
| f-like plasmid sequences in enteric bacteria of diverse origin, with implication of horizontal transfer and plasmid host range. | seventy-eight bacterial isolates from human, animal, and plant hosts, representing eight species of the family enterobacteriaceae, were screened for f-like plasmid sequences. of the examined human escherichia coli strains, 28% harbored one or two of the three f-like, repfi replication regions, while 35% of the examined animal and all phytopathogenic strains harbored repfia-specific sequences. comparative analysis of salmonella, shigella, erwinia, and e. coli plasmid repfi sequences showed 100% o ... | 2002 | 11910490 |
| markers of inflammation in bacterial diarrhea among travelers, with a focus on enteroaggregative escherichia coli pathogenicity. | the intestinal inflammatory response of traveler's diarrhea acquired in goa, india, and guadalajara, mexico, was studied. fecal lactoferrin was found in stool samples in which enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec), enterotoxigenic e. coli, or salmonella or shigella species were isolated, with shigella-positive cases showing the highest level. samples from cases of shigella-associated diarrhea had the highest concentrations of fecal cytokines. travelers to india who had eaec-associated diarrh ... | 2002 | 11920319 |
| rapid detection of shiga toxin-producing bacteria in feces by multiplex pcr with molecular beacons on the smart cycler. | we have developed a rapid (1-h) real-time fluorescence-based pcr assay with the smart cycler thermal cycler (cepheid, sunnyvale, calif.) for the detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), as well as other shiga toxin-producing bacteria. based on multiple-sequence alignments, we have designed two pairs of pcr primers that efficiently amplify all variants of the shiga toxin genes stx(1) and stx(2), respectively. these primer pairs were combined for use in a multiplex assay. two mo ... | 2002 | 11923369 |
| epidemic strains of shigella sonnei biotype g carrying integrons. | class 2 integrons (tn7) were found in all randomly selected epidemic (n = 27) and preepidemic (n = 13) strains of multiresistant shigella sonnei biotype g. a class 1 integron was also found in two epidemic strains. gene cassettes within these integrons account for resistance to commonly used therapeutic agents. | 2002 | 11923391 |
| prevalence of the sat gene among clinical isolates of shigella spp. causing travelers' diarrhea: geographical and specific differences. | 2002 | 11923399 | |
| cdc42 facilitates invasion but not the actin-based motility of shigella. | the enteric pathogen shigella utilizes host-encoded proteins to invade the gastrointestinal tract. efficient invasion of host cells requires the stimulation of rho-family gtpases and cytoskeletal alterations by shigella-encoded ipac. following invasion and lysis of the phagosome, shigella exploits the host's actin-based polymerization machinery to assemble an actin tail that serves as the propulsive force required for spreading within and between cells. the shigella surface protein icsa stimulat ... | 2002 | 11864577 |
| prevalence of enteric pathogens among international travelers with diarrhea acquired in kenya (mombasa), india (goa), or jamaica (montego bay). | stools from tourists from europe and north america who acquired diarrhea in mombasa (kenya), goa (india), or montego bay (jamaica) were examined for enteric pathogens. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) was the most common pathogen (25%) identified in the 3 locations. isolation of shigella species was more frequent in goa and mombasa than in montego bay (10%, 9%, and 0.3%, respectively; p <.005). viruses (rotaviruses and enteric adenoviruses) were found in 9% of travelers to the 3 areas. of ... | 2002 | 11865402 |
| development of a p1 phagemid system for the delivery of dna into gram-negative bacteria. | the inability to transform many clinically important gram-negative bacteria has hampered genetic studies addressing the mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis. this report describes the development and construction of a delivery system utilizing the broad-host-range transducing bacteriophage p1. the phagemids used in this system contain a p1 pac initiation site to package the vector, a p1 lytic replicon to generate concatemeric dna, a broad-host-range origin of replication and an antibiotic-resista ... | 2002 | 11932441 |
| modelling and estimation of physical parameters in a sludge drying system. | in this paper is presented the study of a sludge drying system used to kill pathogenic organisms living in sludge. the system is modeled and the physical parameters thermal capacity, thermal resistance and thermal time constant are estimated using conventional estimation methods. | 2002 | 11936658 |
| bacterial enteropathogens isolated in childhood diarrhoea in kuala lumpur--the changing trend. | a retrospective review of all stool samples obtained from children aged < 16 years with diarrhoea from university of malaya medical centre (ummc), kuala lumpur, from 1978 to 1997 was undertaken to ascertain the pattern of bacterial pathogens causing diarrhoea in children in an urban area in malaysia. of 26444 stool samples processed, 2989 (11%) were positive. the five most common bacterial pathogens isolated were non-typhoidal salmonella (57%), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (14%), shigella spp ... | 2002 | 14569714 |
| [etiologic profile of acute diarrhea in children in são paulo] | objective: to evaluate the etiologic profile of acute diarrhea in socioeconomically deprived children assisted at a regional pediatric emergency care service. methods: during two years all children with acute diarrhea assisted at a previously established day and week time schedule were included in the study. other selective criteria were: a) age less than 5 years; b) nonuse of antibiotics in the previous month; and c) no travel outside the city in the previous month. stool examination was used f ... | 2002 | 14647809 |
| first report of vibrio cholerae infection from andaman and nicobar, india. | out of 34 stool samples collected during an outbreak of diarrhoea, vibrio cholerae 01 was isolated from 10 samples contrary to earlier reports that shigella species was the only cause of diarrhoeal disease in andaman & nicobar islands. | 2002 | 14710858 |
| the infrared spectroscopic gram stain. | the attenuated total reflectance (atr) spectra of bacterial colonies were obtained in situ, without their removal from the agar growth media using the infrared microscope. principal components regression (pcr) analysis was used to obtain a measure of the differentiating potential of the atr spectra obtained on two standard sets consisting of 31 and 44 species, respectively, grown on trypticase soy agar. a quantitative response value of +1 was assigned to gram positive species and -1 was assigned ... | 2001 | 11936876 |
| seasonal distribution of enteropathogens detected from diarrheal stool and water samples collected in kathmandu, nepal. | a total of 334 diarrheal fecal samples (from 210 males and 124 females) collected in kathmandu, nepal, were studied for various kinds of enteropathogens. overall, 33% (111/334) fecal samples were positive for one or more enteropathogens. there was no difference in detection rates between males and females. enteropathogen detection rates in summer, winter, spring, and autumn were 61% (40/66), 52% (45/87), 31% (25/81), and 25% (25/100), respectively. altogether eight species of bacteria, three gen ... | 2001 | 11944710 |
| a school waterborne outbreak involving both shigella sonnei and entamoeba histolytica. | in an outbreak of gastroenteritis affecting 730 students, shigella sonnei and entamoeba histolytica were isolated from the stool specimens of patients. environmental investigations revealed the source of infection to be contamination of underground well water by sewage from a toilet. the outbreak ended with the closure of the well water supply. to avoid such problems, institutions and other groups that maintain their own wells, including schools and summer camps, need to be vigilant about mainte ... | 2001 | 11936033 |
| effects of buprenorphine on immunogenicity and protective efficacy in the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model (sereny test). | shigellosis is a disease of global proportions, with an estimated 164.7 million episodes annually throughout the world as well as an estimated 1.1 million associated mortalities in developing countries. due to increasing incidence, and continued emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, shigella vaccine development is considered a top public health priority. the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model, the basis for the sereny test, remains the most reliable in vivo indicator of virulence of shig ... | 2001 | 11924776 |
| antimicrobial activity of prenylflavanones. | among two flavanones [ys01, ys02] and eight prenylflavanones [ys03-ys10], preliminary screening with fifteen test bacterial strains showed that ys06 was the most active agent. ys06 exhibited highly significant antimicrobial action when tested against 228 bacterial strains comprising two gram-positive and six gram-negative genera. the in vitro susceptibility test was carried out by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of ys06 by agar dilution technique. twenty-two out of fifty s ... | 2001 | 11887338 |
| hyperimmune bovine colostrum in the treatment of shigellosis in children: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. | immunological approaches have been considered as an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of enteric infections over the past few years. hyperimmune bovine colostrum (hbc) is a potentially innovative immunological option in the management of shigellosis together with traditional antibiotic therapy. children aged 1-12 y with a history of bloody mucoid diarrhoea of less than 5 d duration were enrolled after their stool specimen was found to be positive for shigella dysenteriae type i an ... | 2001 | 11853331 |
| sodium and water homeostasis in children with shigellosis. | studies in bangladesh have shown that the mortality in shigellosis is significantly higher in hyponatraemic (hn) than in normo- (nn) or hypernatraemic children. the aim of this study was to describe the effect of shigellosis on renal haemodynamics and sodium and water homeostasis before treatment was started. twenty-one moderately ill children infected with shigella dysenteriae type i were studied. eight of them had a serum sodium concentration below 130 mmol/l. renal function was determined by ... | 2001 | 11853332 |
| [study on diarrhea disease and escherichia coli strains harboring hpi pathogenicity island of yersinia enterolitica in shandong province]. | it was found that some e. coli strains previously identified as entero slts-producing and invasive e. coli (esiec), harboring hpi pathogenicity island of yersinia enterolitica. this research was designed to reveal prevalence, susceptible group and clinical features it caused. | 2001 | 11860844 |
| [investigation of a shigellosis outbreak in a rural zone of senegal]. | the investigation of this outbreak took place in niakhar (ird project study area), a rural area located 150 km east of dakar. covering 30 villages, with a population of about 30,000 inhabitants, the area has been under demographic and epidemiological surveillance. in 1999, the surveillance allowed 973 cases of shigellosis to be recorded out of 1,751 cases of dysenteric diarrhoeas. the outbreak reached a peak during the raining season (73% of the cases in september and october). all the villages ... | 2001 | 11861195 |
| shigellocidal properties of three nigerian medicinal plants: ocimum gratissimum, terminalia avicennoides, and momordica balsamina. | the prevalence of multidrug-resistant shigellae is an important concern in the treatment of shigellosis in many developing countries, and other therapies, including herbal agents, may provide an important alternative to antimicrobial agents. in this study, three nigerian medicinal plants: ocimum gratissimum, terminalia avicennoides, and momordica balsamina were investigated for their activities against multidrug-resistant shigella species isolated from patients with bacilliary dysentery in lagos ... | 2001 | 11855356 |
| synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid derivatives. | ethyl 5-(2-furyl)-4-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetate (2), 5-(2-furyl)-4-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid hydrazide (3) and a series of new n-alkylidene/arylidene-5-(2-furyl)-4-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid hydrazides (4a-f) were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus atcc 6538. staphylococcus epidermidis atcc 12228, klebsiella pneumoniae atcc 4352, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 1539, escherichia coli atcc 8739, shige ... | 2001 | 11829115 |
| synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of some 2-[[alpha-(4-substituted benzoyloxy)-alpha-phenylacetyl or methylacetyl]amino]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. | in this study, a new series of 1-[[alpha-(4-substitutedbenzoyloxy)-alpha-phenylacetyl or methylacetyl]amino]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were obtained by condensation of 2-[(alpha-chloro-alpha-phenylacetyl or alpha-bromopropionyl)amino]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)1,3,4-oxadiazoles with sodium salts of 4-substituted benzoic acids. structures of the compounds were assigned on the basis of spectral data (uv, ir, 1h nmr, el ms) and elemental analyses. the antibacterial activities of the novel comp ... | 2001 | 11829119 |
| shigella septicaemia in adults: report of two cases and mini-review. | we report 2 cases of shigella septicaemia in adult patients. | 2001 | 11817302 |
| performance decrement after combined exposure to ionizing radiation and shigella sonnei. | ionizing radiation could increase morbidity from common bacterial infections in military personnel on the modern battlefield. the combined effects of a sublethal dose of ionizing radiation and the bacterial diarrheal agent shigella sonnei on body weight and forelimb grip strength in mice were assessed over a 30-day period. individually housed b6d2f1 female mice were divided into four groups: control, sham irradiation + gavage with saline vehicle; 3 gy 60co gamma radiation at 0.4 gy/min radiation ... | 2001 | 11778444 |
| shigellosis outbreak associated with an unchlorinated fill-and-drain wading pool--iowa, 2001. | on june 15, 2001, local physicians reported 11 cases of diarrhea to a county health department. stool samples from two of these persons were culture confirmed as shigella sonnei, one person was hospitalized. a preliminary investigation found that nine of these persons recently had visited a large city park with a wading pool. the iowa department of public health was asked to assist in an investigation of this outbreak. this report summarizes the results of the investigation, which implicated the ... | 2001 | 11785570 |
| abrupt increase of tacrolimus blood levels during an episode of shigella infection in a child after liver transplantation. | the authors report the case of an 8-year-old girl who underwent a liver transplant at the age of 18 months because of biliary atresia. she was treated with cyclosporin for more than 5 years. increased hirsutism prompted a change to tacrolimus therapy. during 11 months the mean tacrolimus level was 8.2 ng/ml. the patient was hospitalized because of an episode of shigella infection and a threefold increase in tacrolimus level was measured. despite a reduction of tacrolimus dose, the trough tacroli ... | 2001 | 11802098 |
| incidence of colicinogenic strains among human escherichia coli. | during the years 1993-1999, altogether 1,043 escherichia coli strains from colons of different persons were screened for colicinogeny using a most susceptible procedure and indicator system. in control persons (with healthy colons), 41.37% producers of colicins were found. in patients suffering from salmonelloses, the proportion of colicinogenic escherichia coli was the same. in patients with non-specific inflammatory colon diseases, the proportion of colicinogenic escherichia coli strains appea ... | 2001 | 11802547 |
| [isolation of provisional serovars of shigella in diarrheal cases of tourists]. | twenty-four shigella strains of provisional serovars were isolated from travellers with diarrhea during 1993-2000 at osaka airport- and kansai airport-quarantine station. the outline of these cases were as follows. 1) the provisional serovars of these strains (number of cases) were s. dysenteriae 93-119 (2), s. dysenteriae 204/96 (4), s. dysenteriae i9809-73 (4), s. flexneri 88-893 (9), and s. boydii e16553 (5). 2) symptoms of these cases were diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. the r ... | 2001 | 11806136 |
| [priming-phenomenon of neutrophils in patients with flexner infection]. | to study reproducibility of priming phenomenon of neutrophils in patients with acute flexner's dysentery and its realization manifestation. | 2001 | 11806212 |
| antibacterial activity of raspberry cordial in vitro. | raspberry juice cordial has a long anecdotal use in australia for the prophylaxis and treatment of gastroenteritis in livestock, cage birds and humans. the antimicrobial properties of raspberry juice cordial, raspberry juice, raspberry leaf extract and a commercial brand of raspberry leaf tea were investigated against five human pathogenic bacteria and two fungi. raspberry cordial and juice were found to significantly reduce the growth of several species of bacteria, including salmonella, shigel ... | 2001 | 11798288 |
| protective role of human lactoferrin against invasion of shigella flexneri m90t. | lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein found in human mucosal secretions such as milk. a variety of functions have been ascribed to this protein, it appears to contribute to antimicrobial host defense. still its overall physiological role remains to be defined. we sought to study the role of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhlf) in shigella infection. invasion of epithelial cells is essential to the development of bacillary dysentery. shigella flexneri 5 m90t, a virulent strain, was evaluated in ... | 2001 | 11787716 |
| fifty years of dysentery research at the pécs university. | károly rauss was appointed as head of the department of public health of the elisabeth university of pécs in 1946, professor rauss's carrier had started working with professor hugó preisz in budapest. during his residency years he was already appointed to the department of bacteriology chaired by lovrekovics at the national institute of public health. in this institution--as in all organizations affiliated with the rockefeller institute--the state of art diagnostic work together with research fo ... | 2001 | 11791353 |
| post-dysenteric hemolytic uremic syndrome in bulawayo, zimbabwe. | an outbreak of dysentery in zimbabwe was associated with a high mortality, especially in children who developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). to examine the causes of high mortality from hus and to suggest measures that could reduce the case fatality rate, clinical and laboratory features of 91 children with dysentery were reviewed. of these, 14 developed hus; their findings were compared with age-matched controls with dysentery only. persistent alteration of consciousness after rehydration, ... | 2001 | 11793118 |
| neonatal shigellosis. | 2001 | 11794928 | |
| blockade of cd14 aggravates experimental shigellosis. | shigella infections lead to severe inflammation associated with destruction of colonic mucosa. we assessed the effect of in vivo blockade of cd14 on the outcome of experimental shigella infection in rabbits. a total of 17 rabbits were divided into two groups: 8 received a single i.v. dose of anti-rabbit cd14 monoclonal antibody prior to infection with an invasive shigella flexneri strain; the remainder served as controls. the anti-cd14-treated rabbits exhibited more severe tissue destruction and ... | 2001 | 11753214 |
| survival of shigella dysenteriae type 1 on fomites. | studies have shown that various objects, such as utensils, toys, and clothes, can serve as vehicles for transmission of shigella spp. shigellae can become viable but non-culturable (vbnc) when exposed to various environmental conditions as shown in earlier studies. the present study was carried out to detect vbnc shigella dysenteriae type 1 on various fomites by direct viable counting, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and fluorescent antibody methods. s. dysenteriae type 1 was inoculated onto cl ... | 2001 | 11761771 |
| epidemiology of shigellosis in lagos, nigeria: trends in antimicrobial resistance. | antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella spp. and escherichia coli, isolated from diarrhoeal patients in lagos, was studied from march 1999 to february 2000. four hundred fifty-nine isolates were identified as shigellae (62) and e. coli (397). shigella flexneri, s. dysenteriae, s. boydii, and s. sonnei accounted, respectively, for 51.6%, 17.7%, 17.7%, and 13% of the total number of shigellae isolated. eleven cases of shigellosis occurred in the age group of 0-9 years, 22 cases in the age group o ... | 2001 | 11761772 |
| evaluation of culture media for enrichment and isolation of shigella sonnei and s. flexneri. | the performance of gram-negative (gn) broth with (10 microg/ml) and without novobiocin, shigella broth (sb) with 0.5 and 3.0 microg/ml novobiocin, all incubated at 37 degrees c (sb with 3.0 microg/ml novobiocin also at 42 degrees c) and buffered brilliant green bile glucose (ee) broth with 1.0 microg/ml novobiocin incubated at 37 and 42 degrees c were evaluated for resuscitation and growth of shigella sonnei and s. flexneri (eight strains; unstressed, chill-stressed and acid-stressed) and non-sh ... | 2001 | 11764191 |
| [various mechanisms of the depriming effect of bacterial endotoxin on drug metabolism]. | the effect of an endotoxin from sh. boydii on the biotransformation of amidopyrine and acetanilide, the activity of microsomal monooxygenases, hemoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase, the lipid peroxidation (lpo) intensity, the phospholipid spectrum, and the solubilization of microsomal membrane components was studied by intraperitoneal injections (2.5 mg/kg) in rats. it was found that the endotoxin inhibits the reactions of c- and n-acetanilide hydroxylation, n-amidopyrine demethylation, acetanilide ... | 2001 | 11764504 |
| an outbreak of norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis in a frequently penalized food service operation: a case for mandatory training of food handlers in safety and hygiene. | in 1999, in toledo, ohio, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among people who had attended a christmas dinner banquet and had eaten food prepared by a local caterer. overall, 93 of the 137 attendees (67.9 percent) reported illness. eight sought medical care, and one was hospitalized. case-control studies revealed that the illness was associated with eating tossed salad (odds ratio [or] = 2.5, 95 percent confidence interval [ci] = 1.02-6.26). eleven of 12 stool specimens that were taken from ... | 2001 | 11764683 |
| campylobacter, salmonella, shigella and escherichia coli in live and dressed poultry from metropolitan accra. | this study on the microbiology of chicken assessed a total of 97 live birds from three selected farms and 87 carcasses/chicken parts from two supermarkets, two open markets and one wholesale outlet (cold store) in the accra metropolis. campylobacter spp. were isolated from 14 (14.4%) gut contents of live birds from three farms. none of the frozen birds were positive for campylobacter spp. these isolates were sensitive to most common antibiotics but not to ampicillin and tetracyclines. salmonella ... | 2001 | 11764888 |
| [increasing incidence and the mechanism of resistance of nalidixic acid resistant shigella sonnei]. | one hundred and fourteen shigella sonnei strains obtained in 1991 to 2000 were tested for their susceptibilities to 12 antimicrobial agents. nalidixic acid (na) resistance was found in 2 of 15 strains (13.3%) in 1993, 2 of 8 strains (25%) in 1996, one of 5 strains (20%) in 1998, 7 of 21 strains (33.3%) in 1999 and 6 of 12 strains (50%) in 2000. the incidence of resistance to na in s. sonnei strains increased significantly during this period. among those 19 na resistant strains, 11 strains were d ... | 2001 | 11766375 |
| [an epidemiological study on shigella sonnei outbreak associated with contaminated drinking water--nagasaki, japan, may 1998]. | 2001 | 11774704 | |
| effect of midgut bacteria of culex pipiens l. on digestion and reproduction. | an investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of symbiotic bacteria associated with culex pipiens l. on pre-oviposition and blood meal digestion periods, and reproductive potential (fecundity and fertility). aposymbiotic females were obtained by feeding the normal females on 10% sucrose solution mixed with antibiotic (tarivid) for three days before feeding them on normal blood meals from a pigeon host. a total of 4 genera were previously isolated from the midgut of c. pipiens. these ... | 2001 | 11775103 |
| conformation of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1: molecular modeling shows a helical structure with efficient exposure of the antigenic determinant alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp. | the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1, which has the repeating tetrasaccharide unit -->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcnacp-(1--> (a-b-c-d), is a major virulence factor, and it is believed that antibodies against this polysaccharide confer protection to the host. the conformational properties of fragments of this o-antigen were explored using systematic search with a modified hsea method (glycan) and with molecular mechanics mm3 ... | 2001 | 11744629 |
| hiv-1-related morbidity in adults, abidjan, côte d'ivoire: a nidus for bacterial diseases. | we studied mortality and morbidity in 270 hiv-1-infected adults (60% women, median age 31 years, mean baseline cd4 count 331/mm(3) ) observed in a follow-up that lasted a median 10 months in côte d'ivoire. survival and probability of remaining free from any episode of morbidity at 12 months were 0.80 and 0.50, respectively. baseline cd4 count <200/mm(3) was the only variable associated with global morbidity and mortality, with hazard ratios of 2.50 and 7.57, respectively. the most frequent cause ... | 2001 | 11744838 |
| enhanced anti-shigella activity of erythromycin supplemented with sulfadiazine. | sulfadiazine enhanced the anti-shigella activity of erythromycin. erythromycin passes through the type iii secretion apparatus and suppresses the growth of invasive shigella organisms. sulfadiazine enhanced this effect at the concentration under minimum inhibitory concentration and it came from not only the folate-inhibiting activity but also from a new function. it has proved that sulfadiazine stimulated type iii secretion in shigella as determined from the secretion of the pathogenic protein i ... | 2001 | 11750221 |
| gene cloning and characterization of alanine racemases from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei. | alanine racemase genes (alr) from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli jm109. all genes encoded a polypeptide of 359 amino acids, and showed more than 99% sequence identities with each other. in particular, the s. dysenteriae alr was identical with the s. flexneri alr. differences in the amino acid sequences between the four shigella enzymes were only two residues: gly138 in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri (glu ... | 2001 | 11676496 |
| acute diarrhoea in children treated in an outpatient setting in athens, greece. | to describe the epidemiology and aetiology of acute diarrhoea among children treated exclusively in an outpatient setting in greece. | 2001 | 11676518 |
| exploitation of host factors for efficient infection by shigella. | shigellosis is a worldwide endemic ulcerating disease of the large intestine caused by enteroinvasive bacteria. shigella takes the route via m-cells and macrophages to access the basolateral pole of enterocytes. after invasion of and cell-to-cell spread within the epithelial cell layer, the bacterium multiplies within the cytoplasm of enterocytes. induced by a limited number of bacterial effector proteins, shigella makes use of established signaling pathways of the host cell to achieve internali ... | 2001 | 11680789 |
| inactivation of dsba alters the behaviour of shigella flexneri towards murine and human-derived macrophage-like cells. | the mutants of shigella flexneri, sh4 (dsba::kan) and sh42 (dsba33g), behave differently towards murine and human-derived macrophage-like cells in vitro. sh4 was trapped in the phagocytic vacuoles of the murine j774 cells as evidenced by its colony forming units plus and minus chloroquine exposure in a gentamicin protection assay, and by light and transmission electron microscopy (tem). sh42, similar to the wild-type m90ts, was able to escape from the vacuoles and kill host cells presumably by i ... | 2001 | 11682183 |
| shiga-toxin-converting bacteriophages. | shiga toxins (stx) comprise a family of potent cytotoxins that are involved in severe human disease. stx are mainly produced by escherichia coli isolated from human and nonhuman sources, and by shigella dysenteriae type 1. the genes encoding stx are thought to be generally encoded in the genome of lambdoid prophages (stx-converting bacteriophages; stx phages). they share a unique position in the late region of the phage genome downstream of the late promoter pr'. this location suggests that expr ... | 2001 | 11686382 |
| vaccinia virus intracellular movement is associated with microtubules and independent of actin tails. | two mechanisms have been proposed for the intracellular movement of enveloped vaccinia virus virions: rapid actin polymerization and microtubule association. the first mechanism is used by the intracellular pathogens listeria and shigella, and the second is used by cellular vesicles transiting from the golgi network to the plasma membrane. to distinguish between these models, two recombinant vaccinia viruses that express the b5r membrane protein fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (gfp) ... | 2001 | 11689647 |
| trifluoperazine: a broad spectrum bactericide especially active on staphylococci and vibrios. | trifluoperazine showed some significant antimicrobial activity when tested against 293 strains from two gram-positive and eight gram-negative genera. minimum inhibitory concentrations of the drug were measured using an agar dilution technique. forty six of 55 strains of staphylococcus aureus were inhibited by 10-50 microg/ml of trifluoperazine. this drug also inhibited strains of shigella spp., vibrio cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus at a concentration of 10-100 microg/ml. other bacteria includi ... | 2001 | 11691578 |
| mxim and mxij, base elements of the mxi-spa type iii secretion system of shigella, interact with and stabilize the mxid secretin in the cell envelope. | the type iii secretion pathway is broadly distributed across many parasitic bacterial genera and serves as a mechanism for delivering effector proteins to eukaryotic cell surface and cytosolic targets. while the effectors, as well as the host responses elicited, differ among type iii systems, they all utilize a conserved set of 9 to 11 proteins that together form a bacterial envelope-associated secretory organelle or needle complex. the general structure of the needle complex consists of a trans ... | 2001 | 11717255 |
| growth and recovery of selected gram-negative bacteria in reconditioned wastewater. | previous reports indicate that escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and vibrio cholerae can grow in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater over the temperature range of 4 to 46 degrees c when the biological oxygen demand of this water is <2, while its coliform growth response (cgr) is >2. in the current study, we investigated the growth response of vibrio parahaemolyticus, shigella spp., vibrio vulnificus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa in water samples with a cgr of >2 over the temperatur ... | 2001 | 11726156 |
| lifestyles of the intracellular. | 2001 | 11728864 | |
| actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens. | a diverse group of intracellular microorganisms, including listeria monocytogenes, shigella spp., rickettsia spp., and vaccinia virus, utilize actin-based motility to move within and spread between mammalian host cells. these organisms have in common a pathogenic life cycle that involves a stage within the cytoplasm of mammalian host cells. within the cytoplasm of host cells, these organisms activate components of the cellular actin assembly machinery to induce the formation of actin tails on th ... | 2001 | 11729265 |
| the antibacterial action of microcin j25: evidence for disruption of cytoplasmic membrane energization in salmonella newport. | microcin j25 (mccj25) is a cyclic peptide of 21 unmodified amino acid residues produced by a fecal strain of escherichia coli. it has previously been shown that the antibiotic activity of this peptide is mainly directed to enterobacteriaceae, including several pathogenic e. coli, salmonella and shigella strains. in this paper we show that mccj25 acts on the cytoplasmic membrane of salmonella newport cells producing alteration of membrane permeability, and the subsequent gradient dissipation, tha ... | 2001 | 11731133 |
| the filamentous type iii secretion translocon of enteropathogenic escherichia coli. | enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) uses a type iii secretion system (ttss) to inject effector proteins into the plasma membrane and cytosol of infected cells. to translocate proteins, epec, like salmonella and shigella, is believed to assemble a macromolecular complex (type iii secreton) that spans both bacterial membranes and has a short needle-like projection. however, there is a special interest in studying the epec ttss owing to the fact that one of the secreted proteins, espa, is asse ... | 2001 | 11736997 |
| characterization of the interaction partners of secreted proteins and chaperones of shigella flexneri. | the type iii secretion (tts) system of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria is composed of proteins that assemble into the tts machinery, proteins that are secreted by this machinery and specific chaperones that are required for storage and sometimes secretion of these proteins. many sequential protein interactions are involved in the tts pathway to deliver effector proteins to host cells. we used the yeast two-hybrid system to investigate the interaction partners of the shigella flexneri effectors ... | 2001 | 11737652 |
| antimicrobial peptides isolated from skin secretions of the diploid frog, xenopus tropicalis (pipidae). | seven peptides (xt-1-xt-7) with antimicrobial activity were isolated from norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the diploid clawed frog, xenopus tropicalis. structural characterization of the peptides demonstrated that amino acid sequence similarity to antimicrobial peptides previously isolated from xenopus laevis was low, suggesting that the species are not closely related phylogenetically. peptides xt-5 and xt-3 are probably the orthologs of x. laevis peptide glycine-leucine amide (pgl( ... | 2001 | 11738090 |
| an optimised recovery method for thermophilic campylobacter from liver. | the past three decades have witnessed the rise of campylobacter enteritis in man from virtual obscurity to notoriety, with present isolation rates superseding those of other enteric pathogens such as salmonella spp. and shigella spp. in most developed countries. although campylobacters are not completely new to applied bacteriology, they have evaded traditional isolation techniques used for the isolation of pure cultures, apart from single isolations that were free from competing organisms. offa ... | 2001 | 11741507 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. shigellosis outbreak associated with an unchlorinated fill-and-drain wading pool--iowa, 2001. | 2001 | 11693146 | |
| prospective study of the incidence of diarrhoea and prevalence of bacterial pathogens in a cohort of vietnamese children along the red river. | we prospectively studied diarrhoea incidence among 1655 children < 5 years of age in northern vietnam for 1 year using primarily passive surveillance. standard culture methods were used to detect bacterial pathogens. overall 2160 cases occurred (13 cases/child per year). peak rates of diarrhoea occurred in children < 12 months old. rates ranged from 3.3 cases/child per year in children < 1 year old, to 0.7 cases/child per year in 4-year-olds. campylobacter, shigella and enterotoxigenic escherich ... | 2001 | 11693500 |
| frequency of failure to isolate shigella spp. by the direct plating technique and improvement of isolation by enrichment in selenite broth. | in order to clarify the failure to isolate shigella spp. by direct plating, we compared frequencies of shigella spp. isolation by direct plating and by plating after enrichment in selenite broth. a total 67 strains were isolated in this study. the strains of 38 (56.7%) were isolated only by direct plating, and 25 (37.3%) strains were isolated by both direct plating and after enrichment. four strains (6.0%) were isolated after enrichment but not by direct plating. since 6% of isolated shigella sp ... | 2001 | 11693518 |
| pathogenesis of infectious diarrhea. | a brief overview of some of the main features involved in normal physiological bi-directional absorption and secretion of fluid in the gut is given, including the nature and cellular location of key enzymes, ion pumps, symports, antiports and diffusion channels; the microanatomy of intestinal villous vasculature and the dynamics of villus blood flow, which together generate hypertonic zones in villus tip regions; and the production, differentiation, escalator movement (from crypt to villus tip) ... | 2001 | 11694903 |
| bacterial aetiology and anti-microbial resistance of childhood diarrhoea in yemen. | in a 12-month period, 561 stool cultures from yemeni children aged 1-60 months and presenting with diarrhoea, were analysed to identify the bacterial aetiology and their anti-microbial resistance to the commonly used antibiotics. a total of 190 (33.9 per cent) were positive for bacterial culture. most of the positive cultures (58 per cent) were from children aged 1-12 months. the majority of the positive cultures were enteropathogenic escherichia coli (58.4 per cent) salmonella spp., and shigell ... | 2001 | 11695731 |
| role of escf, a putative needle complex protein, in the type iii protein translocation system of enteropathogenic escherichia coli. | type iii secretion systems, designed to deliver effector proteins across the bacterial cell envelope and the plasma membrane of the target eukaryotic cell, are involved in subversion of eukaryotic cell functions in a variety of human, animal and plant pathogens. in enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), several protein substrates for the secretion apparatus were identified, including espa, espb and espd. espa is a structural protein and the major component of a large transiently expressed fil ... | 2001 | 11696035 |
| controlled expression in klebsiella pneumoniae and shigella flexneri using a bacteriophage p1-derived c1-regulated promoter system. | the utility of promoters regulated by the bacteriophage p1 temperature-sensitive c1 repressor was examined in shigella flexneri and klebsiella pneumoniae. promoters carrying c1 operator sites driving lacz expression had induction/repression ratios of up to 240-fold in s. flexneri and up to 50-fold in k. pneumoniae. the promoters exhibited remarkably low basal expression, demonstrated modulation by temperature, and showed rapid induction. this system will provide a new opportunity for controlled ... | 2001 | 11698385 |
| validation of salmonellosis and shigellosis diagnostic test kits at a provincial hospital in thailand. | rapid diagnosis of salmonellosis and shigellosis was performed using six different diagnostic test kits which recently have been made available commercially. they were salmo-dot, typhi-dot, shigel dot a, b, c, and d test kits for detection of salmonella spp., group d salmonellae, and groups a, b, c, and d shigella spp., respectively. the principle of all test kits is a membrane (dot) elisa using specific monoclonal antibodies to the respective pathogens as the detection reagents. the present stu ... | 2001 | 11699718 |
| shigella sonnei outbreak among men who have sex with men--san francisco, california, 2000-2001. | shigella sonnei causes approximately 10,000 cases of gastroenteritis each year in the united states. these infections occur predominately among young children and usually are associated with poor hygienic conditions in child-care settings. outbreaks of shigellosis among men who have sex with men (msm) have occurred because of direct or indirect oral-anal contact but usually are caused by shigella flexneri. this report describes an investigation of s. sonnei cases that occurred among msm in san f ... | 2001 | 11699845 |
| involvement of fis in the h-ns-mediated regulation of virf gene of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. | the mechanism of pathogenicity in shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) requires the co-ordinated expression of several genes located on both the virulence plasmid and the chromosome. we found that cells lacking a functional fis protein (factor for inversion stimulation) are partially impaired in expressing the virulence genes and that full expression is totally restored when shigella wild-type fis gene is offered in trans. we also identified virf, among the virulence genes, as a t ... | 2001 | 11703666 |