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evaluation of simplexa flu a/b & rsv for direct detection of influenza viruses (a and b) and respiratory syncytial virus in patient clinical samples.we evaluated the performance of the simplexa flu a/b & rsv kit on 170 prospective respiratory samples using a modified protocol, supplied by the manufacturer, that eliminates the rna extraction step. overall, compared against our laboratory-developed assay, the assay's sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 95.1%, 99.6%, 98.7%, and 98.6%, respectively.201323658256
early-life wheezing and respiratory syncytial virus prevention. 201323656652
respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze in healthy preterm infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is associated with subsequent recurrent wheeze. observational studies cannot determine whether rsv infection is the cause of recurrent wheeze or the first indication of preexistent pulmonary vulnerability in preterm infants. the monoclonal antibody palivizumab has shown efficacy in preventing severe rsv infection in high-risk infants.201323656644
impaired learning resulting from respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of respiratory illness in infants worldwide. neurologic alterations, such as seizures and ataxia, have been associated with rsv infection. we demonstrate the presence of rsv proteins and rna in zones of the brain--such as the hippocampus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and brainstem--of infected mice. one month after disease resolution, rodents showed behavioral and cognitive impairment in marble burying (mb) and morris water maze (mwm) te ...201323650398
[respiratory syncytial virus brainstem encephalitis in a 7-year-old boy].the literature reports that neurological complications of childhood respiratory diseases due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fluctuate between 1 and 40% of cases. they mostly involve central apnea - often the first symptom of infection - anoxia, and ischemic brain damage due to severe sudden weakness in infants, and seizures and consciousness disorders more or less associated with focalized neurological deficiency proving an encephalitis lesion. we report the case of brainstem encephalitis ...201323642896
host and viral factors affecting clinical performance of a rapid diagnostic test for respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children.respiratory syncytial virus rapid antigen detection tests (radt) are used widely. radt exhibited high specificity (97%) and moderate sensitivity (80%) compared with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 720 hospitalized children <3 years old. older age, prolonged symptoms, and respiratory syncytial virus genotype-b infection were significantly associated with false-negative results of radt.201323639327
high human bocavirus viral load is associated with disease severity in children under five years of age.human bocavirus (hbov) is a parvovirus and detected worldwide in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis), but its pathogenic role in respiratory illness is still debatable due to high incidence of co-infection with other respiratory viruses. to determine the prevalence of hbov infection in patients with lrti in shanghai and its correlation with disease severity, we performed a 3-year prospective study of hbov in healthy controls, outpatients and inpatients under five years of age with x-ray d ...201323638038
vertical transmission of respiratory syncytial virus modulates pre- and postnatal innervation and reactivity of rat airways.environmental exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants, but it remains unknown whether this infection is transmitted transplacentally from the lungs of infected mothers to the offspring. we sought to test the hypothesis that rsv travels from the respiratory tract during pregnancy, crosses the placenta to the fetus, persists in the lung tissues of the offspring, and modulates pre- and postnatal expression of growth factors, thereby pred ...201323637810
intranasal administration of antibody-bound respiratory syncytial virus particles efficiently primes virus-specific immune responses in mice.infants are protected from a severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the first months of life by maternal antibodies or by prophylactically administered neutralizing antibodies. efforts are under way to produce rsv-specific antibodies with increased neutralizing capacity compared to the currently licensed palivizumab. while clearly beneficial during primary infections, preexisting antibodies might affect the onset of adaptive immune responses and the ability to resist subsequent rs ...201323637394
severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in underserved populations and the association with unhealthy diets during pregnancy. 201323634858
immune monitoring of children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. 201323634732
monoclonal antibody for reducing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing acute respiratory infections in children. it results in about 3.4 million hospitalisations annually in children under five. palivizumab is an anti-rsv monoclonal antibody, administered intramuscularly at a dose of 15 mg/kg once every 30 days. the efficacy and safety of palivizumab has been evaluated in multicentre, randomised controlled trials (rcts) and a large number of economic evaluations (ees) have tested ...201323633336
viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age -- a systematic review and meta-analysis.to estimate the proportional contribution of influenza viruses (iv), parainfluenza viruses (piv), adenoviruses (av), and coronaviruses (cv) to the burden of severe acute lower respiratory infections (alri).201323630140
respiratory syncytial virus immunization program for the united states: impact of performance determinants of a theoretical vaccine.to inform strategic decisions on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine development and identify critical endpoints likely to drive the vaccine's medical and economic impact.201323896421
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis mimicking surgical symptoms and complications: lessons learned from four cases.hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hlh) is a severe immunological disorder that leads to a massive inflammatory reaction that may prove rapidly fatal. we show that hlh may present by masquerading as surgical disease or as a postoperative complication leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment.201323895965
affinity-purified respiratory syncytial virus antibodies from intravenous immunoglobulin exert potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.mixed infections are one of the major therapeutic challenges, as the current strategies have had limited success. one of the most common and widespread conditions of mixed infection is respiratory syncytial virus-mediated pathology of the respiratory tract in children. there is a dire need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches during mixed infections. therapeutic intravenous immunoglobulin preparations, obtained from plasma pools of healthy donors have been used in immune deficienc ...201323894466
autophagy-inducing protein beclin-1 in dendritic cells regulates cd4 t cell responses and disease severity during respiratory syncytial virus infection.recent work demonstrated the importance of macroautophagy in dendritic cell (dc) maturation and innate cytokine production upon viral infection through delivery of cytoplasmic viral components to intracellular tlrs. to study the functional consequences of impaired autophagosome formation during a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, mice harboring significant autophagy defects due to beclin-1 haploinsufficiency (beclin-1(+/-)) were used. upon rsv infection in vivo, lungs of beclin-1(+/-) ...201323894198
infection prevention and control measures for acute respiratory infections in healthcare settings: an update.viruses account for the majority of the acute respiratory tract infections (aris) globally with a mortality exceeding 4 million deaths per year. the most commonly encountered viruses, in order of frequency, include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenovirus. current evidence suggests that the major mode of transmission of arls is through large droplets, but transmission through contact (including hand contamination with subsequent self-inoculation) and infectious respir ...201323888794
downregulation of il7r, ccr7, and tlr4 in the cord blood of children with respiratory syncytial virus disease.the association between gene expression at birth of 11 candidate genes with important innate and adaptive immune functions and later respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease was investigated. cord blood was collected from 2108 newborns. forty-seven were subsequently rsv positive. gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was compared to 17 controls. there was downregulation of interleukin 7 receptor (il7r) (p = .0001) and chemokine receptor 7 (ccr7 ...201323888080
a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) anti-g protein f(ab')2 monoclonal antibody suppresses mucous production and breathing effort in rsv ra2-line19f-infected balb/c mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) belongs to the family paramyxoviridae and is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. increased airway resistance and increased airway mucin production are two manifestations of rsv infection in children. rsv ra2-line19f infection induces pulmonary mucous production and increased breathing effort in balb/c mice and provides a way to assess these man ...201323885067
respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 24 months of age.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a leading cause of hospitalization among infants. however, estimates of the rsv hospitalization burden have varied, and precision has been limited by the use of age strata grouped in blocks of 6 to ≥ 12 months.201323878043
hs n-sulfation and iduronic acids play an important role in the infection of respiratory syncytial virus in vitro.as a member of glycosaminoglycans (gags), heparan sulfate (hs) are sulfated to varying extents and used by a large number of viruses to initiate infection, including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). heparinases i, ii, iii can remove n-sulfation and iduronic acids units of hs, and low-molecular-weight heparin (lmwh) has a very similar structure to that of hs.201323877848
viral degradasome hijacks mitochondria to suppress innate immunity.the balance between the innate immunity of the host and the ability of a pathogen to evade it strongly influences pathogenesis and virulence. the two nonstructural (ns) proteins, ns1 and ns2, of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are critically required for rsv virulence. together, they strongly suppress the type i interferon (ifn)-mediated innate immunity of the host cells by degrading or inhibiting multiple cellular factors required for either ifn induction or response pathways, including rig-i ...201323877405
editorial commentary: respiratory syncytial virus: a global pathogen in an aging world. 201323876396
high morbidity and mortality in adults hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus infections.better understanding of complications and outcomes of adults hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is necessary.201323876395
nuclear factor κb2 p52 protein has a role in antiviral immunity through iκb kinase epsilon-dependent induction of sp1 protein and interleukin 15.in this study we describe a previously unreported function for nfκb2, an nfκb family transcription factor, in antiviral immunity. nfκb2 is induced in response to poly(i:c), a mimic of viral dsrna. poly(i:c), acting via tlr3, induces p52-dependent transactivation of a reporter gene in a manner that requires the kinase activity of iκb kinase ε (ikkε) and the transactivating potential of rela/p65. we identify a novel nfκb2 binding site in the promoter of the transcription factor sp1 that is require ...201323873932
association of rsv-related hospitalization and non-compliance with palivizumab among commercially insured infants: a retrospective claims analysis.palivizumab has been shown to decrease the incidence of hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in infants at risk of severe rsv disease. we examined the association between compliance with palivizumab dosing throughout the rsv season and risk of rsv-related hospitalization in clinical practice.201323870086
neonatal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein fragment induces protective immunity in the presence of maternal antibodies in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly worldwide. the significant morbidity and mortality associated with this infection underscores the urgent need for development of rsv vaccine. in this study, we first show that intranasal administration of rsv glycoprotein core fragment (gcf) to neonatal mice can induce systemic humoral immune responses and protective immunity against rsv without causing lung eosinophilia, al ...201323869549
comparison of the timing of initial prophylactic palivizumab dosing on hospitalization of neonates for respiratory syncytial virus.the effects of two prophylactic palivizumab schedules on hospitalization of neonates for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) were compared.201323867491
respiratory-related hospitalizations following prophylaxis in the canadian registry for palivizumab (2005-2012) compared to other international registries.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection occurs commonly in infants aged ≤2 years, and severe infection results in hospitalization with accompanying morbidity and mortality. palivizumab has been available for prophylaxis for the past 15 years. prospective data on patients who received palivizumab from 2005 to 2012 has been assembled in the canadian registry (caress) to document utilization, compliance, and health outcomes in both hospital and community settings. long-term data is necessary to ...201323861694
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus are the major respiratory viruses detected from prospective testing of pediatric and adult coronial autopsies.to ascertain the full mortality of influenza and other respiratory viruses, the testing of community autopsy specimens is essential.201323855988
the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein and neutrophils mediate the airway mucin response to pathogenic respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of death due to a viral etiology in infants. rsv disease is characterized by epithelial desquamation, neutrophilic bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and obstructive pulmonary mucus. it has been shown that infection of balb/cj mice with rsv clinical isolate a2001/2-20 (2-20) results in a higher early viral load, greater airway necrosis, and higher levels of interleukin-13 (il-13) and airway mucin expression than infection with rsv laboratory strai ...201323843644
poor growth and pneumonia seasonality in infants in the philippines: cohort and time series studies.children with poor nutrition are at increased risk of pneumonia. in many tropical settings seasonal pneumonia epidemics occur during the rainy season, which is often a period of poor nutrition. we have investigated whether seasonal hunger may be a driver of seasonal pneumonia epidemics in children in the tropical setting of the philippines. in individual level cohort analysis, infant size and growth were both associated with increased pneumonia admissions, consistent with findings from previous ...201323840731
the use of humanized monoclonal antibodies for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection.monoclonal antibodies are widely used both in infants and in adults for several indications. humanized monoclonal antibodies (palivizumab) have been used for many years for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in pediatric populations (preterm infants, infants with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease) at high risk of severe and potentially lethal course of the infection. this drug was reported to be safe, well tolerated and effective to decrease the hospitalizatio ...201323840240
does respiratory virus coinfection increases the clinical severity of acute respiratory infection among children infected with respiratory syncytial virus?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection in children less than 5 years of age. the impact of non-rsv respiratory virus coinfection on the severity of rsv disease is unknown.201323838658
[correlation between the numbers of peripheral blood dendritic cells and the clinical manifestations in children with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis].to detect the quantity of peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells (mdcs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) in children with bronchiolitis infected by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and analyze the correlation with the severity of the disease.201323837988
poly i:c and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) inhibit glucocorticoid receptor (gr)-mediated transactivation in lung epithelial, but not monocytic, cell lines.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced bronchiolitis in infants is not responsive to glucocorticoids. we have recently shown that rsv infection of lung epithelial cells impairs glucocorticoid receptor (gr) function. in this current study, we have shown that the viral mimic poly i:c also represses gr-mediated gene activation in lung epithelial cells, suggesting that this might be a common phenomenon of other viral infections. however, we also show that neither rsv infection nor poly i:c affect ...201323830998
differential response of bdca-1+ and bdca-3+ myeloid dendritic cells to respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of respiratory infections in children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. severe infection is associated with short- and long-term morbidity including pneumonia, recurrent wheezing, and abnormal pulmonary function, and several lines of evidence indicate that impaired adaptive immune responses during infection are critical in the pathophysiology of rsv-mediated disease. myeloid dendritic cells (mdcs) play a pivotal role in shaping an ...201323829893
screening and evaluation of anti-respiratory syncytial virus compounds in cultured cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a highly contagious pathogen that infects mainly ciliated cells of respiratory epithelium and type 1 pneumocytes in the alveoli frequently causing serious respiratory disease in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. at present, prevention/treatment of rsv infection is limited to the use of specific anti-rsv antibody or an aerosol formulation of ribavirin, a drug of suboptimal efficacy and low safety profile. there is an urgent need for development ...201323821281
a fluorescence-based high-throughput antiviral compound screening assay against respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common virus that infects people of all ages and causes cold-like symptoms in most cases. however, more serious infections occur in the younger and older extremities of the population causing severe lung infections such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. the current standard of care is mostly limited to supportive treatment, although prophylaxis by passive immunization with the humanized monoclonal antibody palivizumab and therapeutic intervention with aerosol ...201323821280
rhinovirus-infected epithelial cells produce more il-8 and rantes compared with other respiratory viruses.the environmental factors human rhinoviruses (hrvs) and house dust mites (hdms) are the most common causes of acute exacerbations of asthma. the aim of this study was to compare the chemokine production induced by hrvs in airway epithelial cells with that induced by other respiratory viruses, and to investigate synergistic interactions between hrvs and hdms on the induction of inflammatory chemokines in vitro.201323814675
risk factors and containment of respiratory syncytial virus outbreak in a hematology and transplant unit.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) usually causes self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections, but can be associated with severe lower respiratory tract infection disease (lrtid) in infants and in patients with hematologic malignancies. we have analyzed the risk factors and the measures for containment within an outbreak of nosocomial rsv infections in a hematology and sct unit. a total of 56 patients were affected (53 rsv-a and 3 rsv-b) including 32 transplant patients (16 allogeneic and 16 ...201323811816
new perspectives in nanomedicine.recent advances in nanotechnology have revolutionised all aspects of life, from engineering to cosmetics. one of the most exciting areas of development is that of nanomedicine. due to their size (less than 100nm in one aspect), nanoparticles exhibit properties that are unlike that of the same material in bulk size. these unique properties are being exploited to create new diagnostics and therapeutics for application in a broad spectrum of organ systems. indeed, nanoparticles are already being de ...201323811125
solid-phase synthesis of 5'-triphosphate 2'-5'-oligoadenylates analogs with 3'-o-biolabile groups and their evaluation as rnase l activators and antiviral drugs.5'-triphosphate 2'-5'-oligoadenylate (2-5a) is the central player in the 2-5a system that is an innate immunity pathway in response to the presence of infectious agents. intracellular endoribonuclease rnase l activated by 2-5a cleaves viral and cellular rna resulting in apoptosis. the major limitations of 2-5a for therapeutic applications is the short biological half-life and poor cellular uptake. modification of 2-5a with biolabile and lipophilic groups that facilitate its uptake, increase its ...201323810677
protective and dysregulated t cell immunity in rsv infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of infantile bronchiolitis and a major pathogen in elderly and immunosuppressed persons. although rsv shows limited antigenic diversity, repeated infections occur throughout life. vaccine development has been delayed by poor immunogenicity, production issues and the fear of causing enhanced disease. t cells assist in viral clearance, but immune regulation serves to limit these responses and to prevent the exaggerated inflammatory resp ...201323806514
novel inflammatory markers, clinical risk factors and virus type associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection.virus-induced inflammation contributes to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pathogenesis. we sought to determine the specific mediators that are associated with more severe illness in young children.201323804121
gold nanorod vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of pneumonia and wheezing in infants and the elderly, but to date there is no licensed vaccine. we developed a gold nanorod construct that displayed the major protective antigen of the virus, the fusion protein (f). nanorods conjugated to rsv f were formulated as a candidate vaccine preparation by covalent attachment of viral protein using a layer-by-layer approach. in vitro studies using elisa, electron microscopy and circular dichroism reveale ...201323799651
vitamin d deficiency and severe asthma.vitamin d has received tremendous amount of attention recently due to the ever-increasing reports of association between vitamin d deficiency and a wide range of conditions, from cancer to fertility to longevity. the fascination of disease association with vitamin d deficiency comes from the relatively easy solution to overcome such a risk factor, that is, either by increase in sun exposure and/or diet supplementation. many reviews have been written on a protective role of vitamin d in asthma an ...201323792089
differences in respiratory syncytial virus and influenza infection in a house-dust-mite-induced asthma mouse model: consequences for steroid sensitivity.a significant number of clinical asthma exacerbations are triggered by viral infection. we aimed to characterize the effect of virus infection in an hdm (house dust mite) mouse model of asthma and assess the effect of oral corticosteroids. hdm alone significantly increased eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and a number of cytokines in bal (bronchoalveolar lavage), all of which were sensitive to treatment with prednisolone (with the exception of neutrophils). virus infection also ...201323789621
re: "disparities between black and white children in hospitalizations associated with acute respiratory illness and laboratory-confirmed influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in 3 us counties--2002-2009". 201323785109
the impact of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus on hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract infections in young children: slovenia, 2006-2011.influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses (rsv) are important viral pathogens in childhood.201323782430
identification of group b respiratory syncytial viruses that lack the 60-nucleotide duplication after six consecutive epidemics of total ba dominance at coastal kenya.respiratory syncytial virus ba genotype has reportedly replaced other group b genotypes worldwide. we report the observation of three group b viruses, all identical in g sequence but lacking the ba duplication, at a coastal district hospital in kenya in early 2012. this follows a period of six consecutive respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) epidemics with 100% ba dominance among group b isolates. the new strains appear only distantly related to ba variants and to previously circulating sab1 viruse ...201323782406
respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development.the importance of rsv as a respiratory pathogen in young children made it a priority for vaccine development shortly after it was discovered. unfortunately, after over 50 years of vaccine development no vaccine has yet been licensed and it is not certain which if any vaccines being developed will be successful. the first candidate vaccine, a formalin inactivated rsv vaccine (fi-rsv), was tested in children in the 1960s and predisposed young recipients to more serious disease with later natural i ...201323778071
evaluation of the simplexa flu a/b and rsv test for the rapid detection of influenza viruses.recently, various molecular systems have been introduced for the detection of influenza viruses. among these, the simplexa flu a/b and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) test can provide results in approximately 2 hr. nasopharyngeal swabs from 241 patients (influenza a, n = 81; influenza b, n = 80; influenza a and influenza b mixed, n = 1; influenza a and rsv a mixed, n = 2; and influenza and rsv negative, n = 77) were analyzed using the simplexa flu a/b and rsv test, a conventional reverse-trans ...201323959434
spatiotemporal patterns of infant bronchiolitis in a tennessee medicaid population.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality in infants, primarily through the induction of bronchiolitis. rsv epidemics are highly seasonal, occurring in the winter months in the northern hemisphere. within the united states, rsv epidemic dynamics vary both spatially and temporally. this analysis employs a retrospective space–time scan statistic to locate spatiotemporal clustering of infant bronchiolitis in a very large tennessee (tn) medicaid cohort. ...201323956809
relative respiratory syncytial virus cytopathogenesis in upper and lower respiratory tract epithelium.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major pathogen that primarily infects airway epithelium. most infants suffer mild upper respiratory tract (urt) symptoms, whereas approximately one-third progress to lower respiratory tract (lrt) involvement. despite the ubiquity of urt infection, little is known about the relative cytopathogenesis of rsv infection in infant urt and lrt.201323952745
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) suppression of glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation does not account for repression of transactivation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced bronchiolitis in infants, although inflammatory in nature, is not responsive to glucocorticoids. we have recently shown that rsv-infected lung epithelial cells have impaired glucocorticoid receptor (gr)-mediated transactivation. in this study, we show that the n-terminal region of gr is required for rsv repression of gr transactivation and that rsv infection of lung epithelial cells reduces ligand-dependent gr phosphorylation at serine 211 and serine 226 ...201323951552
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the treatment of acute respiratory failure due to respiratory syncytial virus after congenital heart surgery.mechanical circulatory support using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a therapeutic option for intractable cardiac or respiratory failure. it has widely been used for adult and pediatric patient population with considerable success in cases with otherwise dismal prognosis. we describe the successful use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a 9-month-old patient suffering from a virus-related respiratory failure after congenital cardiac surgery.201323949619
roflumilast inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in human differentiated bronchial epithelial cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes acute exacerbations in copd and asthma. rsv infects bronchial epithelial cells (hbe) that trigger rsv associated lung pathology. this study explores whether the phosphodiesterase 4 (pde4) inhibitor roflumilast n-oxide (rno), alters rsv infection of well-differentiated hbe (wd-hbe) in vitro. wd-hbe were rsv infected in the presence or absence of rno (0.1-100 nm). viral infection (staining of f and g proteins, nucleoprotein rna level), mrna of icam-1, cilia ...201323936072
[the most prevalent environmental risk factors in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infants from 0 to 24 months in a seasonal study performed in two hospitals].our aim is to describe the environmental aspects of children between 0 and 24 months, who arrived in the emergency department of the hospital general de cataluña and hospital parc tauli (both within barcelona province), and were diagnosed with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis from november 2010 to february 2011.201323928150
[viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infection among pediatric inpatients and outpatients from 2010 to 2012 in beijing, china].acute respiratory tract infections (ari) are the leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in developing countries. viruses are the main pathogens of ari in children. the purpose of the present study was to determine the epidemiologic features of respiratory viruses, including novel viruses, in outpatient and hospitalized children with ari.201323927797
regulatory t cells prevent th2 immune responses and pulmonary eosinophilia during respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice.during viral infection, inflammation and recovery are tightly controlled by competing proinflammatory and regulatory immune pathways. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading global cause of infantile bronchiolitis, which is associated with recurrent wheeze and asthma diagnosis in later life. th2-driven disease has been well described under some conditions for rsv-infected mice. in the present studies, we used the foxp3(dtr) mice (which allow specific conditional depletion of foxp3(+) t ...201323926350
sustained protein kinase d activation mediates respiratory syncytial virus-induced airway barrier disruption.understanding the regulation of airway epithelial barrier function is a new frontier in asthma and respiratory viral infections. despite recent progress, little is known about how respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) acts at mucosal sites, and very little is known about its ability to influence airway epithelial barrier function. here, we studied the effect of rsv infection on the airway epithelial barrier using model epithelia. 16hbe14o- bronchial epithelial cells were grown on transwell inserts a ...201323926335
a cost-effectiveness analysis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis in infants in the united kingdom.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of respiratory infection that is highly prevalent in infants. severe cases of rsv infection require hospitalisation; this is most likely to occur in infant populations at high risk. the study assesses the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab versus no prophylaxis in infants at high risk of hospitalisation with rsv in the united kingdom (uk).201323919494
point-of-care tests for infection control: should rapid testing be in the laboratory or at the front line?a point-of-care test (poct) offers a rapid result to manage a patient immediately. the presumed simplicity of such tests belies observed variation between personnel in performing and interpreting results when not appropriately trained. the number of point-of-care devices being developed for the diagnosis of infectious diseases is increasing; by understanding the limitations associated with their use, such tests for infection control purposes may be possible.201323916892
long-term respiratory consequences of premature birth at less than 32 weeks of gestation.chronic respiratory morbidity is a common adverse outcome of very premature birth, particularly in infants who had developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd). prematurely born infants who had bpd may require supplementary oxygen at home for many months and affected infants have increased healthcare utilisation until school age. chest radiograph abnormalities are common; computed tomography of the chest gives predictive information in children with ongoing respiratory problems. readmission to hos ...201323910576
cellular and humoral immunity of virus-induced asthma.asthma inception is associated with respiratory viral infection, especially infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and/or human rhinovirus (hrv), in the vast majority of cases. however, the reason why rsv and hrv induce the majority of bronchiolitis cases during early childhood and why only a small percentage of children with rsv- and hrv-induced bronchiolitis later develop asthma remains unclear. a genetic association study has revealed the important interaction between viral illness ...201323986756
kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus infections in a birth cohort.the kinetics of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) neutralizing antibodies following birth, primary and secondary infections are poorly defined. the aims of the study were to measure and compare neutralizing antibody responses at different time points in a birth cohort followed-up over three rsv epidemics. rural kenyan children, recruited at birth between 2002 and 2003, were monitored for rsv infection over three epidemic seasons. cord and 3-monthly sera, and acute and convalescent sera following ...201323983183
the ct appearance of lower respiratory infection due to parainfluenza virus in adults.we retrospectively reviewed the ct findings of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) due to parainfluenza virus (piv) to determine the imaging features of piv infection and to identify any differences compared with the ct appearances of lrtis due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenovirus, and influenza virus.201323971445
phenolic compounds with in vitro activity against respiratory syncytial virus from the nigerian lichen ramalina farinacea.the extract of the nigerian lichen ramalina farinacea showed inhibitory activity against the respiratory syncytial virus in a preliminary assay. a follow-up chemical investigation of this lichen led to the isolation of thirteen phenolic compounds (1-13), including one new hydroquinone depside, designated 5-hydroxysekikaic acid (1), and one new orsellinic acid derivative, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid (8). their structures were unambiguously determined by analysis of 1d and 2d nmr ...201323970423
a case of delayed sequence intubation in a pediatric patient with respiratory syncytial virus. 201323969131
respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze. 201323964948
respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze. 201323964947
advances in and the potential of vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of serious lower respiratory track illness causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in infants and the elderly. despite decades of research there is no licensed rsv vaccine. to enable the development of rsv vaccines, several major obstacles must be overcome including immature and waning immunity to rsv infection, the capacity of rsv to evade immunity and the failure of rsv infection to induce robust enduring immunity. since the failure of th ...201323964629
marked induction of matrix metalloproteinase-10 by respiratory syncytial virus infection in human nasal epithelial cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important pathogen of bronchiolitis, asthma, and severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) play key roles in viral infection, inflammation and remodeling of the airway. however, the roles and regulation of mmps in human nasal epithelial cells (hnecs) after rsv infection remain unclear. to investigate the regulation of mmp induced after rsv infection in hnecs, an rsv-infected model of hnecs in vit ...201324009192
progressive changes in inflammatory and matrix adherence of bronchial epithelial cells with persistent respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection (progressive changes in rsv infection).in addition to the acute manifestations of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), persistent infection may be associated with long-term complications in the development of chronic respiratory diseases. to understand the mechanisms underlying rsv-induced long-term consequences, we established an in vitro rsv (strain a2) infection model using human bronchial epithelial (16hbe) cells that persists over four generations and analyzed cell inflammation and matrix adherence. cells infected with rsv at mult ...201324005865
respiratory syncytial virus and pediatric liver transplant: one center's experience.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a ubiquitous virus responsible for acute infections of the respiratory tract in patients of all ages. rsv presents significant health risks to immunocompromised patients. two patients, 1 before a liver transplant and 1 after a liver transplant, died of a severe rsv infection. because of the high risk of death, we recommend expanding the criteria for palivizumab prophylaxis to 2 types of patients: (1) patients with chronic liver disease or who have received a ...201323996945
increased hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity during respiratory syncytial virus infection mediates actin dependent inter-cellular virus transmission.we have examined the role that hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (hmgcr) plays during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) maturation. imaging analysis indicated that virus-induced changes in f-actin structure correlated with the formation of virus filaments, and that these virus filaments played a direct role in virus cell-to-cell transmission. treatment with cytochalasin d (cyd) prevented virus filament formation and virus transmission, but this could be reversed by removal of cyd. this ...201323994498
association of a genetic variant of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a with infections in alaska native children.to evaluate whether the arctic variant (c.1436c→t) of carnitine palmitoyltransferase type 1a (cpt1a) is associated with a higher incidence of adverse health outcomes in alaska native infants and children.201323992672
aged mice exhibit a severely diminished cd8 t cell response following respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory virus infections in the elderly result in increased rates of hospitalization and death. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of severe virus-induced respiratory disease in individuals over the age of 65. cd8 t cells play a critical role in mediating rsv clearance. while it is clear that t cell immunity declines with age, it is not clear to what extent the cd8 t cell response to rsv is altered. using aged balb/c mice, we demonstrated that rsv-specific cd8 t cell respon ...201324049171
comparison of the simplexa flua/b & rsv direct assay and laboratory-developed real-time pcr assays for detection of respiratory virus.the results of the focus simplexa flua/b & rsv direct assay were compared to those of laboratory-developed reverse transcription pcr tests for 498 nasopharyngeal swabs. concordance rates were 96.6% (476/493; κ = 0.91), 97.6% (481/493; κ = 0.47), and 99.2% (488/492; κ = 0.94) for influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively.201324048529
experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection of human peribronchial gland cells in vitro.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a relevant agent of respiratory tract infections, especially in exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. peribronchial submucosal glands are the main source of tracheobronchial mucus and therefore of major interest. the authors isolated and cultured human peribronchial gland cells and infected them with rsv. the course of infection was monitored by transmission electron, immuno-, and lectin fluorescence microscopy. morphology shows virus factories with budding ...201324047348
oral dexamethasone for bronchiolitis: a randomized trial.determine whether dexamethasone treatment added to salbutamol reduces time to readiness for discharge in patients with bronchiolitis and possible asthma.201324043283
nanoparticle vaccines encompassing the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein cx3c chemokine motif induce robust immunity protecting from challenge and disease.nanoparticle vaccines were produced using layer-by-layer fabrication and incorporating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein polypeptides comprising the cx3c chemokine motif. balb/c mice immunized with g protein nanoparticle vaccines produced a neutralizing antibody response that inhibited rsv replication in the lungs following rsv challenge. elispot analysis showed that g nanoparticle vaccinated mice had increased levels of rsv g protein-specific il-4 and ifn-γ secreting cells compared to ...201324040360
respiratory syncytial virus infection as a cause of hospitalization in population under 1 year in colombia.to determine the frequency, complications and seasonality at which respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection of the lower respiratory tract causes hospitalization in infants of age 1 year or less in 6 cities of colombia.201324029550
laboratory testing trends for respiratory syncytial virus, 2007-2011.antigen detection tests have been the most common diagnostic assay used to detect and diagnose respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the utility and increased sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests have been reported; however, their use in us hospital laboratories is not well characterized.201324103492
other viral pneumonias: coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, hantavirus.severe viral pneumonia is an increasing problem among adults. the incidence and number of viruses known to cause pneumonia and respiratory failure have also expanded in recent years. this article provides an overview of severe respiratory disease caused by coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and hantavirus. these emerging pathogens are easily overlooked and timely diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and confirmation by molecular testing. management of individual cases ...201324094390
acute bronchiolitis.bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection to affect infants and toddlers. high-risk patients include infants younger than 3 months, premature infants, children with immunodeficiency, children with underlying cardiopulmonary or neuromuscular disease, or infants prone to apnea, severe respiratory distress, and respiratory failure. bronchiolitis is a self-limited disease in healthy infants and children. treatment is usually symptomatic, and the goal of therapy is to maintai ...201324093893
a single amino acid in the f2 subunit of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein alters growth and fusogenicity.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in children, especially in infants less than 1 year of age. there are currently no licensed vaccines against rsv. ra2δm2-2 is a promising live-attenuated vaccine candidate that is currently being evaluated in the clinic. attenuation of ra2δm2-2 is achieved by a single deletion of the m2-2 gene, which disrupts the balance between viral transcription and replication. whilst performing a manufacturing feasibility stud ...201324092758
[association of the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus with environmental factors in chile during the period 2000-2007].pollution and viral infections could be associated with the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus.201324089274
[levels of inflammatory cytokines and plasma cortisol in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis].an increased inflammatory innate response may play a role in pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.201324089271
respiratory syncytial virus infection is linked to recurrent wheezing in healthy premature infants. 201324160662
rsv vaccine in development: assessing the potential cost-effectiveness in the dutch elderly population.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is increasingly recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality and health-care utilization in the elderly population. a theoretical model was built to assess the levels of vaccine effectiveness and vaccine costs for which a hypothetical rsv-vaccine for dutch elderly could be cost-effective.201324148573
translational sciences approach to rsv vaccine development.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly. despite its relatively low degree of antigenic variation, it causes frequent reinfection throughout life. clinical manifestations of rsv disease and the immune response to infection differ in infants and the elderly, suggesting that vaccines designed to protect these two populations may require different attributes. here, the authors describe the translational approach of utilizin ...201324053398
defining a protective epitope on factor h binding protein, a key meningococcal virulence factor and vaccine antigen.mapping of epitopes recognized by functional monoclonal antibodies (mabs) is essential for understanding the nature of immune responses and designing improved vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. in recent years, identification of b-cell epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies has facilitated the design of peptide-based vaccines against highly variable pathogens like hiv, respiratory syncytial virus, and helicobacter pylori; however, none of these products has yet progressed into clinic ...201323396847
mechanical ventilation drives inflammation in severe viral bronchiolitis.respiratory insufficiency due to severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the most frequent cause of paediatric intensive care unit admission in infants during the winter season. previous studies have shown increased levels of inflammatory mediators in airways of mechanically ventilated children compared to spontaneous breathing children with viral bronchiolitis. in this prospective observational multi-center study we aimed to investigate whether this increase was related to disease ...201324349427
mailed versus frozen transport of nasal swabs for surveillance of respiratory bacteria in remote indigenous communities in australia.surveillance programs and research for acute respiratory infections in remote australian communities are complicated by difficulties in the storage and transport of frozen samples to urban laboratories for testing. this study assessed the sensitivity of a simple method for transporting nasal swabs from a remote setting for bacterial polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing.201324228701
virus-induced exacerbations in asthma and copd.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and/or airflow limitation due to pulmonary emphysema. chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma may all be associated with airflow limitation; therefore, exacerbation of asthma may be associated with the pathophysiology of copd. furthermore, recent studies have suggested that the exacerbation of asthma, namely virus-induced asthma, may be associated with a wide variety of respiratory ...201324098299
transcriptional adaptation of pneumococci and human pharyngeal cells in the presence of a virus infection.viral upper respiratory tract infections are associated with increased colonization by streptococcus pneumoniae but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. the objective of this study is to describe a comprehensive picture of the cellular interaction between the adhering bacteria and host cells in the presence or absence of a viral co-infection.201323742656
polymicrobial acute respiratory infections in a hospital-based pediatric population.the clinical impact of polymicrobial respiratory infections remains uncertain. previous reports are contradictory regarding an association with severe disease.201323348811
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