Publications

molecular inventory of faecal microflora in patients with crohn's disease.	intestinal microbial community is involved in the pathogenesis of crohn's disease, but knowledge of its potential abnormalities has been limited by the impossibility to grow many dominant intestinal bacteria. using sequence analysis of randomly cloned bacterial 16s ribosomal dna, the dominant faecal species from four crohn's disease patients and four controls were compared. whereas marked inter-individual differences were observed in the faecal microflora of patients, three remained distantly re ...	2004	19712374
bacteriology of diabetic foot lesions.	clinical grading and bacteriological study of 107 patients with diabetic foot lesions revealed polymicrobial aetiology in 69 (64.4%) and single aetiology in 21 (19.6%). among 107 patients 62 had ulcer. of these 31 had mixed aerobes. twenty six patients with cellulitis and 12 with gangrene had more than 5 types of aerobes and anaerobes such as e. coli, klebsiella spp., pseudomonas spp., proteus spp., enterobactor spp., enterococci spp., clostridium perfringens, bacteroides spp., prevotella spp. a ...	2004	17642727
molecular imaging and contrast agent database (micad)	claudins are transmembrane proteins that belong to the multigene adhesion molecule family and are found in cellular tight junctions. these proteins are considered to be responsible for the establishment of a paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules across the intracellular spaces of the epithelium (1). claudins are believed to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation because they also bind cell-signaling ligands (2, 3). there are ~24 known claudins that have a tissue-speci ...	2004	20641748
antibiotic associated diarrhoea: infectious causes.	nearly 25% of antibiotic associated diarrhoeas (aad) is caused by clostridium difficile, making it the commonest identified and treatable pathogen. other pathogens implicated infrequently include clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella oxytoca, candida spp. and salmonella spp. most mild cases of aad are due to non-infectious causes which include reduced break down of primary bile acids and decrease metabolism of carbohydrates, allergic or toxic effects of antibiotic on intesti ...	2003	17642966
bacteriological studies of gas gangrene and related infections.	gas gangrene, a life threatening condition is predominantly caused by clostridium spp. over a five year period (1996-2000), 580 wound swabs were processed from patients who had vehicular accidents with crush injury. the specimens were processed for anaerobic and aerobic organisms by standard laboratory techniques. of the 580 swabs, 55(9.48%) were primary smear positive for spore bearing bacteria, of which 48 grew clostridium spp. they were the sole anaerobic isolates in 30 patients (62.5%) where ...	2003	17643021
experimental infections with rifampicin-resistant clostridium perfringens strains in broiler chickens using isolator facilities.	experimental infection studies were carried out on the ability of three clostridium perfringens type a rifampicin-resistant strains to colonize the intestinal tract of broiler chickens kept in isolators from 1-day-old. various doses of c. perfringens were given orally at 22 days, 9 days or at 1 day old. at 22 days none of the strains, given in doses of approximately 10(10) colony-forming units, caused mortality or clinical necrotic enteritis. none was able to colonize the intestine permanently a ...	2003	17585464
survey of peafowl (pavo cristatus) for potential pathogens at three michigan zoos.	blood samples collected from 31 free-roaming peafowl from three zoos in michigan were tested serologically. antibody titers were present against avian adenovirus and bordetella avium in 19.3% and 61.3% of the samples, respectively. serum plate agglutination tests were positive for mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma synoviae in 3.2% and 38.7% of the samples, respectively. all birds were seronegative for avian influenza, newcastle disease virus, west nile virus, mycoplasma gallisepticum, salmon ...	2003	15077714
pathogenesis of brain damage produced in sheep by clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin: a review.	microvascular endothelial damage by the epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens type d appears to be the fundamental cause of cerebral parenchymal injury and lesions occur in a seemingly dose- and time-dependent manner. large doses of circulating toxin produce a severe, generalised, vasogenic cerebral oedema and an acute or peracute clinical course to death. with lower doses of toxin, or in partially immune sheep, focal necrosis, often bilaterally symmetrical, occurs in certain selectively vuln ...	2003	15080445
role of clostridium perfringens phospholipase c in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene.	gas gangrene is an acute and devastating infection most frequently caused by clostridium perfringens and characterized by severe myonecrosis, intravascular leukocyte accumulation, and significant thrombosis. several lines of evidence indicate that c. perfringens phospholipase c (cp-plc), also called alpha-toxin, is the major virulence factor in this disease. this toxin is a zn2+ metalloenzyme with lecithinase and sphingomyelinase activities. its three dimensional structure shows two domains, an ...	2003	15019495
[an autopsy case of the hepatocellular carcinoma associated with multiple myeloma which developed fatal massive hemolysis due to the clostridium perfringens septicemia following tae].		2003	14748326
use of reflectors to enhance the synergistic effects of solar heating and solar wavelengths to disinfect drinking water sources.	aluminum reflectors were added to solar units designed to inactivate faecal microorganisms (faecal coliform, e. coli, enterococci, frna coliphage, c. perfringens) in stream water and diluted sewage by the two mechanisms (solar heat, solar uv) known to inactivate microorganisms. during sunny conditions, solar units with and without reflectors inactivated e. coli to <1 cfu/100 ml to meet drinking water standards. solar units with reflectors disinfected the water sooner by increasing the water temp ...	2003	14753571
the role of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins in the induction of changes in membrane transport: implications for diarrhea.	bacterial toxins induce changes in membrane transport which underlie the loss of electrolyte homeostasis associated with diarrhea. bacterial- and their secreted toxin-types which have been linked with diarrhea include: (a) vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, e1 tor hemolysin and accessory cholera enterotoxin); (b) escherichia coli (heat stable enterotoxin, heat-labile enterotoxin and colicins); (c) shigella dysenteriae (shiga-toxin); (d) clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens enterotoxin, alpha-tox ...	2003	14757199
the development of tolerance to clostridium perfringens type d epsilon-toxin in mdck and g-402 cells.	the epithelial madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell line, caucasian renal leiomyoblastoma (g-402) cells, human small airways epithelial (hsae) cells, human bronchial epithelial (hbe) cells and human renal proximal tubule (hrpt) epithelial cells were examined for sensitivity to clostridium perfringens biotype d epsilon-toxin. mdck and g-402 cells were confirmed as being the only established cell lines that are sensitive to the toxin. hsae, hbe and hrpt epithelial cells were only found to be sens ...	2003	14686482
clostridium perfringens pleuropulmonary infection and septic shock: case report and population-based laboratory surveillance study.	we report a rare case of necrotizing pneumonia, empyema, and septic shock caused by clostridium perfringens. population-based laboratory surveillance was subsequently conducted that identified an annual incidence of invasive c. perfringens disease of 0.83 per 100,000 population with a striking age-related increased risk for acquisition.	2003	14723369
evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth.	clostridial colitis and endotoxaemia of intestinal origin are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. intestinal adsorbents are available for treatment of these conditions; however, little information exists supporting their use.	2003	14649353
clostridial endophthalmitis after cornea transplantation--florida, 2003.	endophthalmitis is a severe condition caused by inflammation of the ocular cavity that often is associated with infection of the internal structures of the eye. the source of infection can include bacteria disseminated through the bloodstream and contamination of the cornea at the time of ocular surgery or trauma. complications include rapid, reversible vision loss that can progress quickly to panophthalmitis, requiring surgical removal of the eye. clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic gram-posi ...	2003	14654765
clostridium perfringens type a myonecrosis in a horse in korea.	acute hemorrhagic myonecrosis accompanied by severe inter- and intrafascicular edema and hemorrhage of the right gluteal area was diagnosed in a 13-year-old male thoroughbred horse. once the muscular and fascicular changes were subsided, the horse then developed acute respiratory problem. histologically, the lung had diffuse severe hemorrhage with mild neutrophilic infiltration. the cause of death was acute respiratory failure that is believed to occur secondary to toxaemic event. alpha and beta ...	2003	14665756
necrotic hepatitis due to clostridium perfringens infection in newly hatched broiler chicks.	multiple necrotic hepatitis lesions of 5 newly hatched broiler chicks in three flocks derived from two hatcheries were examined pathologically. the livers were brittle, and multiple yellowish or green foci were scattered on the surface and cut surface. the main histological finding was well demarcated multi-focal necrosis in the liver. many gram-positive large bacilli that reacted positively with polyclonal anti-clostridium perfringens serum were observed in necrotic areas.	2003	14665757
microbiology of charcoal-broiled european river lampreys (lampetra fluviatilis) stored at 3 and 22 degrees c.	the microbiological quality of 30 production lots of charcoal-broiled river lampreys was studied at three lamprey processing plants (plants a, b, and c). samples were taken directly after charcoal broiling and stored at 22 and 3 degrees c. lampreys were examined on the day of manufacture, and those kept at 22 degrees c were examined every second day for 6 days. samples kept at 3 degrees c were examined every fourth day for up to 24 days. on the production day, the mean aerobic plate counts (apcs ...	2003	14672233
identification of species of brucella using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.	fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) is a technique that has been used over the years in chemical analysis for the identification of substances and is one that may be applied to the characterisation of microorganisms. the marked tendency of brucella towards variation in the smooth rough phase, together with the laboriousness and risk involved in the methods used in their identification, make their classification difficult. we studied the type strains of the different species and biovar ...	2003	14500003
influence of nacl content and cooling rate on outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores in cooked ham and beef.	the effect of nacl concentration and cooling rate on the ability of clostridium perfringens to grow from spore inocula was studied with the use of a process that simulates the industrial cooking and cooling of smoked boneless ham and beef roasts. nacl was added to ground cooked hams a and b (which were commercially obtained) to obtain levels of 2.4, 3.1, 3.6, and 4.1% (wt/wt) and 2.8, 3.3, 3.8, and 4.3% (wt/wt), respectively, and to raw ground beef to obtain levels of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% (wt/wt). ...	2003	14503712
effects of tylosin on bacterial mucolysis, clostridium perfringens colonization, and intestinal barrier function in a chick model of necrotic enteritis.	necrotic enteritis (ne) is a worldwide poultry disease caused by the alpha toxin-producing bacterium clostridium perfringens. disease risk factors include concurrent coccidial infection and the dietary use of cereal grains high in nonstarch polysaccharides (nsp), such as wheat, barley, rye, and oats. outbreaks of ne can be prevented or treated by the use of in-feed antibiotics. however, the current debate regarding the prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal diets necessitates a better underst ...	2003	14506046
diacylglycerol-rich domain formation in giant stearoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles driven by phospholipase c activity.	we have studied the effect of phospholipase c from bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens (alpha-toxin) on giant stearoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (sopc) vesicles. enzyme activity leads to a binary mixture of sopc and the diacylglycerol sog, which phase separates into a sopc-rich bilayer phase and a sog-rich isotropic bulk-like domain embedded within the membrane, as seen directly by phase contrast microscopy. after prolonged enzymatic attack, all bilayer membranes are transformed into an ...	2003	14507699
do pancreatic duct stents cause or prevent pancreatic sepsis?	pancreatic sepsis can occur after contrast injection into an obstructed or disrupted pancreatic duct. whether stents cause or prevent pancreatic sepsis is unknown. accordingly, the pancreatic duct bacteriology in patients with pancreatic duct stents was retrospectively reviewed and contrasted with biliary cultures taken from patients at the time of bile duct stent retrieval and/or exchange.	2003	14520281
distribution of potential type ii restriction sites (palindromes) in prokaryotes.	restriction-modification systems are used as a defensive mechanism against inappropriate invasion of foreign dna. the recognition sequences for the common type ii restriction enzymes and their corresponding methylases are usually palindromes. in this study, we identified the most over- and underrepresented words in dna of four bacteria: escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, clostridium perfringens, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. using maximum order markov chain analysis, we found that palindromic wo ...	2003	14521907
diagnosing clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in broiler flocks by an immunoglobulin g anti-alpha-toxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the tools available for monitoring necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens have been limited, particularly for identifying subclinical disease. in this study, a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify levels of specific immunoglobulin g to c. perfringens alpha-toxin in serum from broilers. we found significantly higher antibody levels in broilers with a history of subclinical necrotic enteritis compared with a zinc-bacitracin-treated group ...	2003	14522709
the skhr motif is required for biological function of the virr response regulator from clostridium perfringens.	the response regulator virr and its cognate sensor histidine kinase, virs, are responsible for toxin gene regulation in the human pathogen clostridium perfringens. the c-terminal domain of virr (virrc) contains the functional fxrxhrs motif, which is involved in dna binding and is conserved in many regulatory proteins. virrc was cloned, purified, and shown by in vivo and in vitro studies to comprise an independent dna binding domain. random and site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify furth ...	2003	14526034
dynamic computer simulation of clostridium perfringens growth in cooked ground beef.	the objective of this study was to develop a computer simulation algorithm to dynamically estimate and predict the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked ground beef. the computational algorithm was based on the implicit form of the gompertz model, the growth kinetics of c. perfringens in cooked ground beef, and the fourth-order runge-kutta numerical method. this algorithm was validated using a cocktail of three strains of c. perfringens spores grown under isothermal, square-waved, linear c ...	2003	14527794
tight junction-related structures in the absence of a lumen: occludin, claudins and tight junction plaque proteins in densely packed cell formations of stratified epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas.	tight junctions (tjs), hallmark structures of one-layered epithelia and of endothelia, are of central biological importance as intramembranous "fences" and as hydrophobic "barriers" between lumina represented by liquid- or gas-filled spaces on the one hand and the mesenchymal space on the other. they have long been thought to be absent from stratified epithelia. recently, however, constitutive tj proteins and tj-related structures have also been identified in squamous stratified epithelia, inclu ...	2003	14533737
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from domestic and exotic ruminants and swine.	clostridium perfringens types a, b, c, d and e are known to cause severe enteritis/enterotoxaemia and diseases (especially caused by type a) belonging to the gas oedema complex in many species. samples from the small intestine as well as faeces of domestic and exotic animals suffering from enterotoxaemic signs or having died within days after first occurance of toxaemia were submitted for typing c. perfringens toxovars by multiplex pcr. the following species have been investigated: domestic shee ...	2003	14535937
bacterial-associated diarrhea in the dog: a critical appraisal.	the clinical documentation of enteropathogenic bacteria causing diarrhea in dogs is clouded by the presence of many of these organisms existing as normal constituents of the indigenous intestinal flora. the diagnosis of a putative bacterial enteropathogen(s) in dogs should be made based on a combination of parameters, including signalment and predisposing factors, clinical signs, serologic assays for toxins, fecal culture, and pcr. relying on results of fecal culture alone is problematic, becaus ...	2003	14552160
claudin-4 expression decreases invasiveness and metastatic potential of pancreatic cancer.	claudin-4 has been identified as an integral constituent of tight junctions and has been found to be highly expressed in pancreatic cancer. the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of claudin-4 on growth and metastatic potential in pancreatic cancer cells, as well as the regulation of claudin-4 by oncogenic pathways. claudin-4 was stably overexpressed in suit-2 pancreatic cancer cells, and its effect on invasion and growth in vitro was examined by using two-chamber invasion assay ...	2003	14559813
incidence and tracking of clostridium perfringens through an integrated broiler chicken operation.	clostridium perfringens has been shown to be widespread in the broiler chicken hatchery, grow-out, and processing operations. in a previous study, ribotypes of certain strains of c. perfringens isolated from processed chicken carcasses were shown to match ribotypes isolated from paper pad lining trays used to transport commercial chicks from the hatchery to the grow-out facility on the farm. these results suggest that c. perfringens contaminating the processed product could originate from facili ...	2003	14562900
beneficial effect of beta-mannanase feed enzyme on performance of chicks challenged with eimerla sp. and clostridium perfringens.	two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a beta-mannanase feed enzyme on the performance of broiler chicks subject to a necrotic enteritis disease challenge model involving oral inoculation of eimeria sp. and clostridium pefringens. beta-mannanase is known to improve productive performance when added to poultry and swine diets. in both experiments, disease challenge in the absence of feed additives demonstrated significant reductions in performance as measured by weight gain, fe ...	2003	14562909
chloramphenicol-resistant neisseria meningitidis containing catp isolated in australia.	earlier workers have described chloramphenicol resistance in meningococci isolated from cerebrospinal fluid sampled in patients in vietnam (11 cases) and france (one case) during 1987-1996. here we describe two distinct serogroup b strains isolated in australia in 1994 and 1997, and found among approximately 1400 invasive meningococcal isolates examined in australia over a 9 year period. both were phenotypically chloramphenicol resistant on disc, etest and agar inclusion mic and acetylated chlor ...	2003	14563894
disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid, uv and ozone after enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater.	the city of montreal wastewater treatment plant uses enhanced physicochemical processes (ferric and/or alum coagulation) for suspended solids and phosphorus removal. the objective of this study was to assess the ability of peracetic acid (paa), uv, or ozone to inactivate the indicator organisms fecal coliforms, enterococci, ms-2 coliphage, or clostridium perfringens in the effluent from this plant. paa doses to reach the target fecal coliform level of 9000 cfu/100ml exceeded 6 mg/l; similar resu ...	2003	14568042
clostridium absonum alpha-toxin: new insights into clostridial phospholipase c substrate binding and specificity.	clostridium absonum phospholipase c (caa) is a 42.7 kda protein, which shows 60% amino acid sequence identity with the clostridium perfringens phospholipase c, or alpha-toxin (cpa), and has been isolated from patients suffering from gas gangrene. we report the cloning and sequencing, purification, characterisation and crystal structure of the caa enzyme. caa had twice the phospholipid-hydrolysing (lecithinase) activity, 1.5 times the haemolytic activity and over seven times the activity towards ...	2003	14568535
bactericidal effects of konjac fluid on several food-poisoning bacteria.	in this study, the bactericidal effects of japanese alkaline foods on food-poisoning bacteria were evaluated. konjac is an alkaline food soaked in calcinated calcium (the ph of konjac fluid ranges from 11.42 to 12.53). konjac fluids completely inactivated escherichia coli, enterohemorrhagic e. coli o157:h7 and e. coil o26:h9, salmonella enteritidis, vibrio parahemolyticus. and staphylococcus aureus. the initial level of 6 log cfu/ml dramatically decreased after incubation with konjac fluid, and ...	2003	14572219
consumer food-handling behaviors associated with prevention of 13 foodborne illnesses.	to be effective in reducing the incidence of foodborne illness, consumers and food safety educators need information about behaviors that will decrease exposure to foodborne pathogens. a four-round delphi technique was used to survey nationally recognized experts in food microbiology, epidemiology, food safety education, and food safety policy with the aim of identifying and ranking food-handling and consumption behaviors associated with 13 major foodborne pathogens. the food safety experts rank ...	2003	14572229
biliary tract infection in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis.	the presence of infective microorganisms in the bilio-pancreatic tract is believed to be important in both the onset and outcome of acute biliary pancreatitis. in this study, the characteristics of bile colonization or infection in human pancreatitis were investigated in order to optimize prophylactic antibiotic therapy.	2003	14588158
wessex shopping basket survey - a structured approach to local food sampling.	the shopping basket approach to food sampling, in which ready-to-eat food items from a shopping list were sampled at premises chosen at random, was adopted by 15 environmental health departments in the wessex region. a total of 2037 samples were analysed over a 30-month period. the microbiological quality varied considerably between food categories, with gravy and stock samples giving the highest proportion of satisfactory results. sliced meats, cooked rice and sandwiches gave the poorest overal ...	2003	14594701
antimicrobial activity of essential oil and methanol extracts of achillea sintenisii hub. mor. (asteraceae).	the essential oil, obtained by clevenger distillation, and water-soluble and water-insoluble parts of the methanol extracts of achillea sintenisii hub. mor. were individually assayed for their antimicrobial activities against 12 bacteria and two yeasts, candida albicans and c. krusei. no activity was exhibited by the water-soluble subfraction, whereas both the water-insoluble subfraction of the methanol extracts and the essential oil were found to be active against some test microorganisms studi ...	2003	14595577
usefulness of a combination of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and enrichment culture in laboratory investigation of a foodborne outbreak due to clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in nature and normally detectable in human stools. therefore, it is difficult to perform specific microbiologic diagnosis in foodborne outbreaks, particularly when only a few cultures are detected from fecal specimens. usually, it has been necessary to detect over 10(6) spores/g of fecal sample as a diagnostic criterion of diarrhea due to c. perfringens. a relatively large foodborne outbreak occurred in osaka city, japan in october 2001. although c. perfring ...	2003	14596965
molecular structure and evolution of the conjugative multiresistance plasmid pre25 of enterococcus faecalis isolated from a raw-fermented sausage.	plasmid pre25 from enterococcus faecalis transfers resistances against kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, tylosin, chloramphenicol, and nourseothricin sulfate by conjugation in vitro to e. faecalis jh2-2, lactococcus lactis bu2, and listeria innocua l19. its nucleotide sequence of 50237 base pairs represents the largest, fully sequenced conjugative multiresistance plasmid of enterococci (plasmid 46 (2001) 170). t ...	2003	14597005
a novel type of dna curvature present in a clostridium perfringens ferredoxin gene: characterization and role in gene expression.	this study has revealed that a clostridium perfringens ferredoxin gene (per-fdx) possesses a novel type of dna curvature, which is formed by five phased a-tracts extending from upstream to downstream of the -35 region. the three a-tracts upstream of the promoter and the two within the promoter are located at the positions corresponding to a-tracts present in a c. perfringens phospholipase c gene (plc) and a clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin gene (pas-fdx), respectively. dna fragments of the pe ...	2003	14600220
a new bacteroides conjugative transposon that carries an ermb gene.	the erythromycin resistance gene ermb has been found in a variety of gram-positive bacteria. this gene has also been found in bacteroides species but only in six recently isolated strains; thus, the gene seems to have entered this genus only recently. one of the six bacteroides ermb-containing isolates, wh207, could transfer ermb to bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain bt4001 by conjugation. wh207 was identified as a bacteroides uniformis strain based on the sequence of its 16s rrna gene. results ...	2003	14602600
duplex real-time sybr green pcr assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools.	a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using the qiaamp dna stool mini kit was evaluated with regard to detection of 8 of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in five stool specimens in 2 h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 20 pairs of specific primers. the products formed were identified based on a melting point temperature (t(m)) curve analysis. the 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens examined were enteroinvasive escherichi ...	2003	14605150
necrotizing enterotyphlocolitis in dogs treated with a potent antimuscarinic.	to assess the safety of a potent muscarinic receptor antagonist (antimuscarinic) for human clinical testing, repeat-dose oral toxicity studies were conducted in the beagle dog. treatment resulted in unexpected gastrointestinal system effects that were likely mediated by the exaggerated pharmacologic effects of the antimuscarinic on intestinal motility. dogs developed profound anorexia followed by severe bloody diarrhea, and at necropsy, the intestinal tract was distended, filled with red-tinged ...	2003	14608028
polish experience with sewage sludge dewatering in reed systems.	macrophyte plants e.g. reed, cattails, bulrush, can be applied to sewage sludge utilisation. one of the first facilities of this type in the gdansk region (northern poland) was established in darzlubie in 1995 and primary sludge has been utilised in reed beds there. the objective of the undertaken research was evaluating the influence of sewage sludge storage on its chemical and biological properties. a total of 5.5 m thick layer of primary, anaerobically stabilised sludge (moisture 90-96%) was ...	2003	14621154
jerusalem artichokes stimulate growth of broiler chickens and protect them against endotoxins and potential cecal pathogens.	control of intestinal pathogens during the earliest phases of broiler production may be the best strategy for the reduction of human pathogens on processed broiler carcasses. the recent ban on antibiotics in poultry feed has served to focus much attention on alternative methods of controlling the gastrointestinal microflora. a field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of the fructan-rich jerusalem artichoke, or topinambur (administered as 0.5% topinambur syrup in drinking water), on cultu ...	2003	14627303
dietary effects on bifidobacteria and clostridium perfringens in the canine intestinal tract.	dietary effects on the intestinal microflora have gained increasing interest because of the evidence that a balanced micro ecology in the gut is important for health and well being. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different diets on faecal counts of bifidobacteria and clostridium perfringens in dogs. two extruded, dry diets, one supplemented with 3% chicory (1.5% inulin), a non-digestible oligosaccharide (ndo) and the other with 3% glucose (glu) were compared with a pr ...	2003	14633049
gamma-secretase activity is present in rafts but is not cholesterol-dependent.	cholesterol has been claimed to be involved in the generation and/or accumulation of amyloid beta protein (abeta). however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. here, we have investigated the effect of membrane cholesterol content on gamma-secretase activity using chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing beta-amyloid precursor protein (app) and either wild-type or n141i mutant-type presenilin 2. cholesterol was acutely depleted from the isolated membrane b ...	2003	14636066
a new type of beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase from hydrogen-producing clostridium paraputrificum m-21.	a beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase gene (nag84a) was cloned from clostridium paraputrificum m-21 in escherichia coli. the nag84a gene consists of an open reading frame of 4647 by encoding 1549 amino acids, with a deduced molecular weight of 174,311, which have a catalytic domain belonging to family 84 of the glycoside hydrolases. nag84a was purified from a recombinant e. coli and characterized. although nag84a exhibited high homology to the hyaluronidase from clostridium perfringens, it did not degr ...	2003	16233520
electrotransformation of clostridium paraputrificum m-21 with some plasmids.	clostridium paraputrificum m-21 was transformed with several shuttle plasmids constructed for clostridium acetobutylicum-escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens-e. coli by electroporation. the clostridium stercorarium xylanase gene xyn10b was successfully expressed in c. paraputrificum m-21 and the expressed protein did not suffer from proteolysis by host protease(s). this system will provide us with a genetic tool for genetic and metabolic engineering of this bacterium.	2003	16233526
production and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody to clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin.	a monoclonal antibody (mab) against c. perfringens type d epsilon toxin was produced in hybridoma tissue culture supernatant and in balb/c mice ascitic fluid. the mab reacted with single band of the purified epsilon toxin and efficiently neutralized the lethal effect of epsilon toxin in mice. a competitive elisa (c-elisa) was developed using this mab and used to evaluate c. perfringens type d vaccines. individual serum samples from vaccinated rabbits were tested using c-elisa and mouse neutraliz ...	2003	15719625
ozfoodnet: enhancing foodborne disease surveillance across australia: quarterly report, 1 july to 30 september 2003.		2003	15508505
the effect of container-biofilm on the microbiological quality of water used from plastic household containers.	studies in southern africa have shown that even when microbiologically safe water is supplied to developing communities at communal standpipes, contamination by high numbers of pathogenic microorganisms may occur during the processes of fetching water from the supply source and storage during use at home, rendering such waters unsafe for human consumption. this study investigated the occurrence of biofilm in pvc storage containers as one possible reason for this deterioration, using heterotrophi ...	2003	15384720
purification and characterization of a recombinant alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase from clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase (alphanag) hydrolyzed the terminal n-acetyl-alpha-d-galactosamine from the blood type a(2) antigen producing h antigen, blood type o. blood type o is universally compatible in the abo system. purification of the native enzyme is difficult with very low yields. to obtain the enzyme in satisfactory yield, the gene encoding the clostridial enzyme was cloned in an escherichia coli t7 expression system. a highly purified preparation of recombina ...	2003	14965778
in search of pigbel: gone or just forgotten in the highlands of papua new guinea?	throughout the 1960s and 1970s, pigbel (enteritis necroticans) was the most common cause of death in children over the age of 1 year in hospitals in the highlands of papua new guinea (png). there has been recent widespread perception that after the successful vaccination program in the 1980s the disease virtually disappeared. a new vaccine is now available, but disease burden information is conflicting: despite almost no pigbel being reported from major hospitals there have been many reports of ...	2003	16454395
an in vitro time-kill assessment of linezolid and anaerobic bacteria.	linezolid is a novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agent active against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), enterococci (including vancomycin-resistant strains), streptococci (including penicillin-intermediate and -resistant streptococcus pneumoniae), and other aerobic and facultative bacteria. the agent has also demonstrated activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. previous time-kill assessments have shown linezolid to be genera ...	2003	16887680
in vitro effects of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin on water and ion transport in ovine and caprine intestine.	clostridium perfringens type d produces enterotoxaemia in sheep, goats and other animals. the disease is caused by c. perfringens epsilon toxin, and while enterotoxaemia in goats is usually characterized by enterocolitis, the disease in sheep is characterized by systemic lesions (such as lung and brain oedema) with minor and inconsistent changes observed in the intestine. a possible explanation for these differences is that epsilon toxin is more promptly absorbed by sheep than goat intestine. in ...	2003	16887702
isolation of nisin-producing lactococcus lactis wnc 20 strain from nham, a traditional thai fermented sausage.	a total of 14,020 lactic acid bacteria (lab) were isolated from nham and screened for bacteriocin production. one lactococcus lactis strain wnc 20 produced a bacteriocin that not only inhibited closely related lab, but also some food-borne pathogens including listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus. biochemical studies revealed that the bacteriocin was heat-stable even at autoclaving temperature (121 degrees c for 15 min) and was active over a w ...	2003	12457588
pcr detection of clostridium chauvoei in pure cultures and in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to amplify specific segments of the 16s ribosomal rna gene of clostridium chauvoei, a major pathogen of ruminants. three sets of primers were used to produce amplicons of 159, 836 and 959 base pairs (bp), respectively. the pcr was evaluated by testing clinically important strains of clostridium, including 21 strains of c. chauvoei, five strains each of clostridium septicum and clostridium perfringens and two strains each of clostridium novyi, clostrid ...	2003	12458172
interaction between probiotic lactic acid bacteria and canine enteric pathogens: a risk factor for intestinal enterococcus faecium colonization?	selected probiotic lactic acid bacteria (lab) have been shown to elicit positive health effects particularly in humans. competitive exclusion of pathogens is one of the most important beneficial health claims of probiotic bacteria. the effect of probiotic lab on competitive exclusion of pathogens has been demonstrated in humans, chicken and pigs. in this study we evaluated the ability of certain lab strains (lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, bifidobacterium lactis bb12, lactobacillus pentosus uk1a, l. ...	2003	12488075
crystal structure and site-directed mutagenesis of enzymatic components from clostridium perfringens iota-toxin.	iota-toxin from clostridium perfringens type e is an adp-ribosylating toxin (adprt) that adp-ribosylates actin, which is lethal and dermonecrotic in mammals. it is a binary toxin composed of an enzymatic component (ia) and a binding component (ib). ia adp-ribosylates g-actin at arginine 177, resulting in the depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. here, we report on studies of the structure-function relationship by the crystal structures of ia complexed with nadh and nadph (at 1.8 a and 2.1 ...	2003	12498797
in vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, quinupristin- dalfopristin, linezolid, and five other antimicrobials against 307 gram-positive anaerobic and 31 corynebacterium clinical isolates.	the activities of daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide, and eight other agents were determined against 338 strains of gram-positive anaerobic bacteria and corynebacteria by the nccls reference agar dilution method with supplemented brucella agar for the anaerobes and mueller-hinton agar for the corynebacteria. the daptomycin mics determined on ca(2+)-supplemented (50 mg/liter) brucella agar plates were one- to fourfold lower than those determined in unsupplemented media. daptomycin was highly active ...	2003	12499210
recruitment of murine neutrophils in vivo through endogenous sialidase activity.	upon activation with various noncytokine stimuli, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) mobilize intracellular sialidase to the plasma membrane, where the sialidase releases sialic acid from the cell surface. this desialylation enhances pmn adherence, spreading, deformability, and motility, functions critical to diapedesis. we now have examined the role of sialidase activity in pmn adhesion to and migration across the endothelium in vivo. a polyclonal antibody prepared against clostridium perfring ...	2003	12446694
bioactivity of backhousia citriodora: antibacterial and antifungal activity.	backhousia citriodora products are used as bushfoods and flavorings and by the aromatherapy industry. the antimicrobial activity of 4 samples of b. citriodora oil, leaf paste, commercial tea (0.2 and 0.02 g/ml), and hydrosol (aqueous distillate) were tested against 13 bacteria and 8 fungi. little or no activity was found to be associated with the leaf tea and hydrosol, respectively. leaf paste displayed antimicrobial activity against 7 bacteria including clostridium perfringens, pseudomonas aeru ...	2003	12502388
evaluation of different methods for the detection of clostridium perfringens phosphatases.	in order to detect phosphatase activity a total of 137 isolates from 12 clostridium (c.) species were examined via fluorescence on sca-agar with methylumbelliferyl phosphate (sca-mup), via apizym and rapid id 32 a as well as using a phosphatase reagent containing 1-naphthyl phosphate. fluorescence on sca-mup showed the presence of acid or alkaline phosphatase in almost all isolates examined. likewise, acid or alkaline phosphatase could be detected via apizym and rapid id 32 a in most strains and ...	2003	12505462
involvement of tachykinin receptors in clostridium perfringens beta-toxin-induced plasma extravasation.	1 clostridium perfringens beta-toxin causes dermonecrosis and oedema in the dorsal skin of animals. in the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of oedema induced by the toxin. 2 the toxin induced plasma extravasation in the dorsal skin of balb/c mice. 3 the extravasation was significantly inhibited by diphenhydramine, a histamine 1 receptor antagonist. however, the toxin did not cause the release of histamine from mouse mastocytoma cells. 4 tachykinin nk(1) receptor antagonists, [d-pro( ...	2003	12522069
incidence of clostridium perfringens in commercially produced cured raw meat product mixtures and behavior in cooked products during chilling and refrigerated storage.	a total of 445 whole-muscle and ground or emulsified raw pork, beef, and chicken product mixtures acquired from industry sources were monitored over a 10-month period for vegetative and spore forms of clostridium perfringens. black colonies that formed on shahidi-ferguson perfringens (sfp) agar after 24 h at 37 degrees c were considered presumptive positive. samples that were positive after a 15-min heat shock at 75 degrees c were considered presumptive positive for spores. of 194 cured whole-mu ...	2003	12540184
clostridium sordellii phospholipase c: gene cloning and comparison of enzymatic and biological activities with those of clostridium perfringens and clostridium bifermentans phospholipase c.	the gene encoding clostridium sordellii phospholipase c (csp) was cloned and expressed as a histidine-tagged (his-tag) protein, and the protein was purified to compare its enzymatic and biological activities with those of clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cpa) and clostridium bifermentans phospholipase c (cbp). csp was found to consist of 371 amino acid residues in the mature form and to be more homologous to cbp than to cpa. the egg yolk phospholipid hydrolysis activity of the his-tag cs ...	2003	12540540
prevalence of enteric pathogens in dogs of north-central colorado.	to evaluate the prevalence of enteric pathogens in dogs of north-central colorado, fecal samples were obtained from client-owned dogs presented to the veterinary teaching hospital at colorado state university for evaluation of acute small-bowel, large-bowel, or mixed-bowel diarrhea (n=71) and from age-matched, client-owned, healthy dogs (n=59). infectious agents potentially associated with gastrointestinal disease were detected in 34 of 130 (26.1%) fecal samples. agents with zoonotic potential w ...	2003	12549614
the genome sequence of clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease.	tetanus disease is one of the most dramatic and globally prevalent diseases of humans and vertebrate animals, and has been reported for over 24 centuries. the manifestation of the disease, spastic paralysis, is caused by the second most poisonous substance known, the tetanus toxin, with a human lethal dose of approximately 1 ng/kg. fortunately, this disease is successfully controlled through immunization with tetanus toxoid; nevertheless, according to the world health organization, an estimated ...	2003	12552129
activation of platelet gpiibiiia by phospholipase c from clostridium perfringens involves store-operated calcium entry.	clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is characterized by rapid tissue destruction, and amputation remains the single best treatment. previous studies have demonstrated that tissue destruction follows c. perfringens phospholipase c (plc)-induced, platelet gpiibiiia-mediated formation of occlusive intravascular platelet/leukocyte aggregates. in this study, the intracellular signaling events leading to activation of gpiibiiia by plc were investigated. plc activated surface expressed gpiibiiia and m ...	2003	12552424
clostridial myonecrosis in horses (37 cases 1985-2000).	previous reports of clostridial myonecrosis have either focused on individual case reports or have been small retrospective studies reporting very high mortality rates.	2003	12553469
non-randomness in shine-dalgarno regions: links to gene characteristics.	a probabilistic approach to the study of the shine-dalgarno region was used to identify the most non-random positions based on parsing of genomes in four species: escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, the at-rich clostridium perfringens, and the gc-rich streptomyces coelicolor. the compositional non-randomness shows a clear peak centered around 9-11 nucleotides upstream of the start codon. this peak was in all species associated with guanine as the most abundant nucleotide, flanked by guanine in ...	2003	12604345
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin rapidly decreases membrane barrier permeability of polarized mdck cells.	epsilon toxin is produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d which are responsible for fatal intestinal diseases in animals. the main biological activity of epsilon toxin is the production of oedema in various organs. we have previously found that epsilon toxin forms a large membrane complex in mdck cells which is not internalized into cell, and induces cell volume enlargement and loss of cell viability (petit, l., gibert, m., gillet, d., laurent-winter, c., boquet, p., popoff, m. r. (1997 ...	2003	12614459
enterotoxigenicity and genetic relatedness of clostridium perfringens isolates from retail foods in the united states.	clostridium perfringens is a leading cause of bacterial food-borne illness in countries where consumption of meat and poultry is high. for example, each year in the united states, this organism is the second or third most common cause of confirmed cases of food-borne illness. surveys of the incidence of this organism in retail foods were done in the 1960s without regard to whether isolates were enterotoxigenic. it is now known that not all strains of this organism possess the enterotoxin gene re ...	2003	12620854
clostridium perfringens alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase blood group a2-degrading activity.	enzymic modification of type a(2) erythrocyte membranes with clostridium perfringens alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase was investigated. an elisa demonstrated hydrolysis of type a(2) epitopes under conditions of red-blood-cell collection and storage. the enzyme hydrolysed the terminal n-acetyl-alpha-d-galactosamine from the blood type a(2) antigen, producing h antigen, blood group o, which is universally compatible in the abo system. the enzyme was active in common red-cell preservative solutions ...	2003	12630904
control of clostridium perfringens germination and outgrowth by buffered sodium citrate during chilling of roast beef and injected pork.	inhibition of the germination and outgrowth of clostridium perfringens by buffered sodium citrate (ional) and buffered sodium citrate supplemented with sodium diacetate (ional plus) during the abusive chilling of roast beef and injected pork was evaluated. beef top rounds or pork loins were injected with a brine containing nacl, potato starch, and potassium tetrapyrophosphate to yield final in-product concentrations of 0.85, 0.25, and 0.20%, respectively. products were ground and mixed with iona ...	2003	12636288
viability of clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, and listeria monocytogenes surviving mild heat or aqueous ozone treatment on beef followed by heat, alkali, or salt stress.	the threat of pathogen survival following ozone treatment of meat necessitates careful evaluation of the microorganisms surviving under such circumstances. the objective of this study was to determine whether sublethal aqueous ozone treatment (3 ppm of o3 for 5 min) of microorganisms on beef surfaces would result in increased or decreased survival with respect to subsequent heat, alkali, or nacl stress. a mild heat treatment (55 degrees c for 30 min) was used for comparison. reductions in three- ...	2003	12636289
effects of chilling rate on outgrowth of clostridium perfringens spores in vacuum-packaged cooked beef and pork.	cooked, chilled beef and cooked, chilled pork were inoculated with three strains of clostridium perfringens (nctc 8238 [hobbs serotype 2], nctc 8239 [hobbs serotype 3], and nctc 10240). inoculated products were heated to 75 degrees c, held for 10 min in a circulating water bath to heat activate the spores, and then chilled by circulating chilled brine through the water bath. samples were chilled from 54.4 to 26.6 degrees c in 2 h and from 26.6 to 4.4 degrees c in 5 h. differences in initial c. p ...	2003	12636309
chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease.	simple, effective and affordable methods are needed to treat and safely store non-piped, gathered household water. this study evaluated point-of-use chlorination and storage in special plastic containers of gathered household water for improving microbial quality and reducing diarrhoeal illness of consumers living under conditions of poor sanitation and hygiene. community families were recruited and randomly divided into intervention (household water chlorination and storage in a special contain ...	2003	12639033
late bacterial keratitis after implantation of intrastromal corneal ring segments.	we report a case of bacterial keratitis that occurred after implantation of intrastromal corneal ring segments (intacs). the patient presented with decreased vision, inflammation, and stromal infiltrates localized at the extremity of an intacs channel 3 months after surgery. culture were positive for clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus epidermidis. the infiltrates progressed despite treatment with topical fortified and systemic antibiotics. the intacs were removed. the keratitis slowly re ...	2003	12648660
growth inhibition of intestinal bacteria and mutagenicity of 2-, 3-, 4-aminobiphenyls, benzidine, and biphenyl.	2-aminobiphenyl (2-abp), 3-aminobiphenyl (3-abp) and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-abp), but not benzidine (bz) and biphenyl (bp), were found to be inhibitory to the growth of human intestinal bacteria bifidobacterium infantis atcc 15697, b. bifidium atcc 11863, clostridium perfringens atcc 13124, escherichia coli atcc 25922, e. coli atcc 35218, enterobacter cloacae atcc 13047 and salmonella typhimurium ta98, ta100, yg1041 at 10-200 microg/ml in culture broth. bacteroides distasonis atcc 8503, b. fragilis ...	2003	12650667
expression of clostridium difficile toxins a and b and their sigma factor tcdd is controlled by temperature.	growth temperature was found to control the expression of toxins a and b in clostridium difficile vpi 10463, with a maximum at 37 degrees c and low levels at 22 and 42 degrees c in both peptone yeast (py) and defined media. the up-regulation of toxin a and b mrna and protein levels upon temperature upshift from 22 to 37 degrees c followed the same kinetics, showing that temperature control occurred at the level of transcription. experiments with clostridium perfringens using gusa as a reporter g ...	2003	12654792
equine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia associated with clostridium perfringens infection.	previous studies have suggested an association between equine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and clostridial infections or neck abscesses.	2003	12655485
[hepatic abscess from clostridium perfringens septicemia].		2003	12658137
comparison of four techniques for the detection of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in intestinal contents and other body fluids of sheep and goats.	polyclonal capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pc-elisa), monoclonal capture elisa (mc-elisa), mouse neutralization test (mnt), and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep), were compared for their ability to detect epsilon toxin in intestinal contents and body fluids of sheep and goats. when used to evaluate intestinal contents of sheep artificially spiked with epsilon prototoxin, pc-elisa detected 0.075 mouse lethal dose (mld)50/ml, whereas the mnt, mc-elisa, and ciep detected 6, 25, and 50 ...	2003	12661718
comparative analysis of viral pathogens and potential indicators in shellfish.	shellfish can be responsible of outbreaks of infectious diseases and current health measures do not guarantee the absence of viral pathogens in this product. here we examine the presence of pathogenic viruses and potential indicators in shellfish in a comparative analysis.sixty shellfish samples collected in three areas with different levels of faecal contamination were analysed for escherichia coli, total coliforms, clostridium perfringens, somatic coliphages, f-specific phages of rna (f-rna), ...	2003	12672594
comparative genomic analysis of dha regulon and related genes for anaerobic glycerol metabolism in bacteria.	the dihydroxyacetone (dha) regulon of bacteria encodes genes for the anaerobic metabolism of glycerol. in this work, genomic data are used to analyze and compare the dha regulon and related genes in different organisms in silico with respect to gene organization, sequence similarity, and possible functions. database searches showed that among the organisms, the genomes of which have been sequenced so far, only two, i.e., klebsiella pneumoniae mgh 78578 and clostridium perfringens contain a compl ...	2003	12675558
analysis of nucleotide distribution in the genome of streptomyces coelicolor a3(2) using the z curve method.	the nucleotide distribution of all 33,527 open reading frames (orfs) (> or =300 bp) in the genome of streptomyces coelicolor a3(2) has been analyzed using the z curve method. each orf is mapped onto a point in a 9-dimensional space. to visualize the distribution of mapping points, the points are projected onto the principal plane based on principal component analysis. consequently, the distribution pattern of the 33,527 points in the principal plane shows a flower-like shape, in which there are ...	2003	12681506
development of a duplex pcr genotyping assay for distinguishing clostridium perfringens type a isolates carrying chromosomal enterotoxin (cpe) genes from those carrying plasmid-borne enterotoxin (cpe) genes.	about 5% of clostridium perfringens type a isolates carry the cpe gene encoding the c. perfringens enterotoxin. those cpe-positive type a isolates are important causes of food-poisoning and non-food-borne cases of diarrheas in humans, as well as certain veterinary cases of diarrhea. previous studies have determined that the enterotoxigenic type a isolates causing both non-food-borne human gastrointestinal disease and veterinary disease carry their cpe genes on plasmids, while the type a isolates ...	2003	12682135
genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs.		2003	12683608
translational selection is operative for synonymous codon usage in clostridium perfringens and clostridium acetobutylicum.	here, the codon usage patterns of two clostridium species (clostridium perfringens and clostridium acetobutylicum) are reported. these prokaryotes are characterized by a strong mutational bias towards a+t, a striking excess of coding sequences and purine-rich leading strands of replication, strong gc-skews and a high frequency of genomic rearrangements. as expected, it was found that the mutational bias dominates codon usage but there is some variation of synonymous codon choices among genes in ...	2003	12686628
chemoenzymatic synthesis of neuraminic acid containing c-glycoside polymers.	[structure: see text] two neuraminic acid-based, c-glycoside polymers were synthesized. preliminary studies on one of these polymers showed potent neuraminidase inhibitory activity, suggesting potential utility as an antipathogenic surface coating for the preparation of antimicrobial biomaterials.	2003	12688715
bacteriophages and clostridium spores as indicator organisms for removal of pathogens by passage through saturated dune sand.	in a field study on the efficiency of dune recharge for drinking water production, bacteriophage ms2 was shown to be removed 8 log(10) by passage through the dune sand. the question of whether pathogenic viruses would be removed as much as ms2 was studied by comparing complete breakthrough curves of ms2 with those of the human viruses coxsackievirus b4 (cb4) and poliovirus 1 (pv1) in laboratory columns. the columns were designed to closely simulate the field conditions: same sand, water, porewat ...	2003	12691904
the efficacy of bacitracin methylene disalicylate when fed in combination with narasin in the management of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.	the efficacy of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (bmd) in the management of necrotic enteritis (ne) when fed in combination with narasin was investigated in a floor-pen study of 2,000 broiler chickens using a clostridium perfringens inoculum challenge model. treatments consisted of 1) nonchallenged-nonmedicated; 2) challenged-nonmedicated; 3) challenged-narasin (70 ppm); 4) challenged-bmd (55 ppm); 5) challenged-narasin (70 ppm) + bmd (55 ppm). medication was provided in the feed from day 0 to ...	2003	12705394
clostridium perfringens iota-toxin, adp-ribosyltransferase: structure and mechanism of action.		2003	12791397