Publications

thiopeptide biosynthesis featuring ribosomally synthesized precursor peptides and conserved posttranslational modifications.	thiopeptides, with potent activity against various drug-resistant pathogens, contain a characteristic macrocyclic core consisting of multiple thiazoles, dehydroamino acids, and a 6-membered nitrogen heterocycle. their biosynthetic pathways remain elusive, in spite of great efforts by in vivo feeding experiments. here, cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the thiostrepton and siomycin a gene clusters unveiled a biosynthetic paradigm for the thiopeptide specific core formation, featuring r ...	2009	19246004
identification of non-flagellar genes involved in swarm cell differentiation using a bacillus thuringiensis mini-tn10 mutant library.	swarming is a social phenomenon that enables motile bacteria to move co-ordinately over solid surfaces. the molecular basis regulating this process is not completely known and may vary among species. insertional mutagenesis of a swarming-proficient bacillus thuringiensis strain was performed, by use of the transposon mini-tn10, to identify novel genetic determinants of swarming that are dispensable for flagellation, swimming motility, chemotaxis and active growth. among the 67 non-swarming mutan ...	2009	19246762
cereulide synthesis in emetic bacillus cereus is controlled by the transition state regulator abrb, but not by the virulence regulator plcr.	cereulide, a depsipeptide structurally related to the antibiotic valinomycin, is responsible for the emetic type of gastrointestinal disease caused by bacillus cereus. recently, it has been shown that cereulide is produced non-ribosomally by the plasmid-encoded peptide synthetase ces. using deletion mutants of the emetic reference strain b. cereus f4810/72, the influence of the well-known transcription factors plcr, spo0a and abrb on cereulide production and on the transcription of the cereulide ...	2009	19246763
dna as an adhesin: bacillus cereus requires extracellular dna to form biofilms.	the soil saprophyte bacillus cereus forms biofilms at solid-liquid interfaces. the composition of the extracellular polymeric matrix is not known, but biofilms of other bacteria are encased in polysaccharides, protein, and also extracellular dna (edna). a tn917 screen for strains impaired in biofilm formation at a solid-liquid interface yielded several mutants. three mutants deficient in the purine biosynthesis genes pura, purc, and purl were biofilm impaired, but they grew planktonically like t ...	2009	19251901
siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems in bacillus cereus: identification of receptors for anthrax virulence-associated petrobactin .	during growth under iron limitation, bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis, two human pathogens from the bacillus cereus group of gram-positive bacteria, secrete two siderophores, bacillibactin (bb) and petrobactin (pb), for iron acquisition via membrane-associated substrate-binding proteins (sbps) and other abc transporter components. since pb is associated with virulence traits in b. anthracis, the pb-mediated iron uptake system presents a potential target for antimicrobial therapies; its cha ...	2009	19254027
effects of food composition on the inactivation of foodborne microorganisms by chlorine dioxide.	chlorine dioxide (clo2) is a strong oxidizing agent that can be applied in solution as well as in the gaseous state. it has bactericidal, fungicidal and viricidal properties. several food-related microorganisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, mould spores and bacillus cereus spores were tested for their susceptibility to 0.08 mg/l gaseous clo2 during 1 min at a relative humidity of 90%. in this screening, the resistance of the different groups of microorganisms towar ...	2009	19254814
bacillus cereus-induced permeability of the blood-ocular barrier during experimental endophthalmitis.	the purpose of this study was to determine to what extent blood-retinal barrier (brb) permeability occurred during experimental bacillus cereus endophthalmitis and whether tight junction alterations were involved in permeability.	2009	19264886
nw-g01, a novel cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic, produced by streptomyces alboflavus 313: i. taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities.	nw-g01, a novel cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic, was isolated by macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography and hplc from the fermentation broth of strain no. 313. the producing strain was identified as streptomyces alboflavus on the basis of the morphological characteristics, physiological property and 16s rdna gene sequence analysis. nw-g01 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus, ...	2009	19265870
molecular methods to evaluate biodiversity in bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains from different origins.	the spore-forming genus bacillus includes species of industrial, clinical and environmental significance. the possibility of differentiating between bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis, toxin producers associated with illness, is a real need in monitoring potentially contaminated foods to understand the real distribution of b. cereus/b. thuringiensis in different outbreak cases. as the use of dna comparison obtains clearer results than classical microbiological methods in distinguishing b ...	2009	19269566
sortase d forms the covalent bond that links bcpb to the tip of bacillus cereus pili.	bacillus cereus and other gram-positive bacteria elaborate pili via a sortase d-catalyzed transpeptidation mechanism from major and minor pilin precursor substrates. after cleavage of the lpxtg sorting signal of the major pilin, bcpa, sortase d forms an amide bond between the c-terminal threonine and the amino group of lysine within the ypkn motif of another bcpa subunit. pilus assembly terminates upon sortase a cleavage of the bcpa sorting signal, resulting in a covalent bond between bcpa and t ...	2009	19269972
secondary cell wall polysaccharides of bacillus anthracis are antigens that contain specific epitopes which cross-react with three pathogenic bacillus cereus strains that caused severe disease, and other epitopes common to all the bacillus cereus strains tested.	the immunoreactivities of hydrogen fluoride (hf)-released cell wall polysaccharides (hf-pss) from selected bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus strains were compared using antisera against live and killed b. anthracis spores. these antisera bound to the hf-pss from b. anthracis and from three clinical b. cereus isolates (g9241, 03bb87, and 03bb102) obtained from cases of severe or fatal human pneumonia but did not bind to the hf-pss from the closely related b. cereus atcc 10987 or from b. cere ...	2009	19270075
[technics of inactivating/removing medical chitosan pathogen].	to verify the technics of inactivating/removing pathogens in medical chitosan derived from shrimp shell.	2009	19275109
characterization and identification of a novel marine streptomyces sp. produced antibacterial substance.	strain gb-2 is a marine microbe with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, isolated from soil taken from the coastal city lianyungang in the jiangsu province of china. analysis of its morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics as well as chemical components of the cell wall strongly suggested that the strain gb-2 belonged to the streptomyces sp. analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16s rrna gene of streptomyces sp. gb-2 strain showed a strong similarity (98%) with the 1 ...	2009	19277782
growth inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and some yeasts by selected essential oils and survival of l. monocytogenes and c. albicans in apple-carrot juice.	food safety is a fundamental concern of both consumers and the food industry. the increasing incidence of foodborne diseases increases the demand of using antimicrobials in foods. spices and plants are rich in essential oils and show inhibition activity against microorganisms, which are composed of many compounds. in this research, effects of garlic, bay, black pepper, origanum, orange, thyme, tea tree, mint, clove, and cumin essential oils on listeria monocytogenes aufe 39237, escherichia coli ...	2009	19278342
bioremediation of reclaimed wastewater used as landscape water by using the denitrifying bacterium bacillus cereus.	organic matter and nitrogen removal from reclaimed wastewater used as landscape water was carried out by in situ bioremediation. a denitrifying bacterium bacillus cereus dnf409 was introduced for this purpose, and the amount of b. cereus used was optimized. the total nitrogen (tn) content and chemical oxygen demand (cod) of the landscape water decreased from 9.86 to 3.1 mg/l (removal rate, 68.6%) and from 127 to 36 mg/l (removal rate, 71.7%). the transparency of water increased from 0.2 to 0.55 ...	2009	19280091
a patient with acute myeloid leukemia who developed fatal pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant bacillus cereus.	bacillus cereus is known as a serious bacterial pathogen in neutropenic patients. b. cereus is often resistant to beta-lactams, including penicillins and cephalosporins. we report a case of fatal pneumonia caused by b. cereus in a patient with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (aml) during remission induction therapy. cefepime was started for febrile neutropenia (fn) initially and was switched to panipem/betamipron, when fulminant pneumonia supervened. the isolated strain was resistant not ...	2009	19280299
comparative transcriptional profiling of bacillus cereus sensu lato strains during growth in co2-bicarbonate and aerobic atmospheres.	bacillus species are spore-forming bacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment and display a range of virulent and avirulent phenotypes. this range is particularly evident in the bacillus cereus sensu lato group; where closely related strains cause anthrax, food-borne illnesses, and pneumonia, but can also be non-pathogenic. although much of this phenotypic range can be attributed to the presence or absence of a few key virulence factors, there are other virulence-associated loci that are co ...	2009	19295911
in vitro synergistic antibacterial activities of helvolic acid on multi-drug resistant staphylococcus aureus.	an agar plate method was established to screen synergistic antibacterial agents other than beta-lactamase inhibitors. by using this method, a strain aspergillus sp136 was selected for further studies. from the metabolites of this strain, a synergistic antibacterial compound was isolated by bioautographic tlc assay-guided fractionation and identified as helvolic acid. the synergistic effect of helvolic acid to penicillin was about 3 times that of clavulanic acid to penicillin in agar diffusion as ...	2009	19296371
the diterpenoid ent-16-kauren-19-oic acid acts as an uncoupler of the bacterial respiratory chain.	ent-16-kauren-19-oic acid is a bacteriolytic diterpenoid present in the resin of the medicinal plant pseudognaphalium vira vira. the compound and its methyl ester showed strong activity against gram-positive bacteria, whereas the derivative 3beta-hydroxy-ent-kauren-19-oic acid was inactive against all assayed bacteria at the maximal concentration used (250 microg/ml). the bacteriolytic effect of ent-16-kauren-19-oic acid (5 microg/ml) was confirmed with cultures of bacillus cereus and staphyloco ...	2009	19296427
effect of impeller speed and ph on the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) using bacillus cereus spv.	p(3hb), is one of the most well studied polyhydroxyalkanoates. it is biodegradable, biocompatible, exhibits thermoplastic properties and can be produced from renewable carbon sources. the commercial exploitation of p(3hb) has been mainly held back by its high production costs. hence, a lot of research is required to optimize p(3hb) fermentation conditions. in this study we have focused on the effects of impeller speed and ph on p(3hb) production in bacillus cereus spv. four different impeller sp ...	2009	19296657
isolation, structure elucidation and antibacterial activities of streptothricin acids.	five streptothricin acids (compounds 1-5) were isolated by ion-exchange resin chromatography and preparative rp-hplc from the fermentation broth of streptomyces qinlingensis. their structures were elucidated mainly by analyses of the ir, hr-eis-ms and nmr spectral data. they were deduced as two known compounds, streptothricin f acid (1) and streptothricin d acid (2), and three new compounds, 12-carbamoylstreptothricin e acid (3), 12-carbamoylstreptothricin d acid (4) and n-acetyl-streptothricin ...	2009	19300469
sequential secretion of collagenolytic, elastolytic, and keratinolytic proteases in peptide-limited cultures of two bacillus cereus strains isolated from wool.	to characterize the secretion of proteolytic activities against keratin, collagen and elastin in liquid cultures of bacillus cereus iz-06b and iz-06r isolated from wool.	2009	19302303
fructose and glucose mediates enterotoxin production and anaerobic metabolism of bacillus cereus atcc14579(t).	to determine the effects of carbohydrates on bacillus cereus atcc14579(t) anaerobic metabolism and enterotoxin production in amino acids rich medium.	2009	19302315
transcriptional regulation of metabolic pathways, alternative respiration and enterotoxin genes in anaerobic growth of bacillus cereus atcc 14579.	to assess genes specifically activated during anaerobic growth that are involved in metabolism and pathogenesis of the foodborne pathogen bacillus cereus.	2009	19302486
characterization and purification of a new bacteriocin with a broad inhibitory spectrum produced by lactobacillus plantarum lp 31 strain isolated from dry-fermented sausage.	characterization and purification of a new bacteriocin produced by lactobacillus plantarum lp 31 strain, isolated from argentinian dry-fermented sausage.	2009	19302495
rhodomyrtone: a new candidate as natural antibacterial drug from rhodomyrtus tomentosa.	rhodomyrtone [6,8-dihydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-7-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-9-(2-methylpropyl)-4,9-dihydro-1h-xanthene-1,3(2h)-di-one] from rhodomyrtus tomentosa (aiton) hassk. displayed significant antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria including bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus gordonii, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyo ...	2009	19303274
distribution, diversity, and potential mobility of extrachromosomal elements related to the bacillus anthracis pxo1 and pxo2 virulence plasmids.	the presence of a pxo1- and/or pxo2-like plasmid(s) in clinical isolates of bacillus cereus sensu stricto and in strains of the biopesticide bacillus thuringiensis has been reported recently, and the pxo2-like plasmid pbt9727 and another pxo2-like plasmid, paw63, were found to be conjugative. in this study, a total of 1,000 b. cereus group isolates were analyzed for the presence of pxo1- and pxo2-like replicons and for the presence of pxo2-related conjugative modules. pxo1- and pxo2-like replico ...	2009	19304837
a conserved 3' extension in unusual group ii introns is important for efficient second-step splicing.	the b.c.i4 group ii intron from bacillus cereus atcc 10987 harbors an unusual 3' extension. here, we report the discovery of four additional group ii introns with a similar 3' extension in bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki 4d1 that splice at analogous positions 53/56 nt downstream of domain vi in vivo. phylogenetic analyses revealed that the introns are only 47-61% identical to each other. strikingly, they do not form a single evolutionary lineage even though they belong to the same bacterial b cl ...	2009	19304998
growth inhibition of foodborne and pathogenic bacteria by conjugated linoleic acid.	the influence of conjugated linoleic acid (cla) on the growth of some foodborne and pathogenic bacteria was examined. a potassium salt of cla (cla-k) was tested against three gram-positive strains ( bacillus cereus , staphylococcus aureus , and streptococcus mutans ) and five gram-negative strains ( pseudomonas aeruginosa , salmonella typhimurium , vibrio parahemolyticus , klebsiella pneumoniae , and proteus mirabilis ). cla-k-mediated growth inhibition was evident for all tested strains, partic ...	2009	19317483
anthocyanins, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties of american cranberry (vaccinium macrocarpon ait.) and their press cakes.	amounts of total phenolics, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid in 4 american cranberry varieties harvested at 4 stages of maturity were measured. the larger amount of phenolic compounds was found in berries of "black veil" cultivar (504 mg/100 g) at ii stage of maturity. significantly larger amounts of anthocyanins were determined in the overripe berries of the cultivars "ben lear" and "black veil." the amount of ascorbic acid in berries increased during ripening from i to iii stage, and slightly d ...	2009	19323730
crystal structure of bacillus cereus d-alanyl carrier protein ligase (dlta) in complex with atp.	d-alanylation of lipoteichoic acids modulates the surface charge and ligand binding of the gram-positive cell wall. disruption of the bacterial dlt operon involved in teichoic acid alanylation, as well as inhibition of the dlta (d-alanyl carrier protein ligase) protein, has been shown to render the bacterium more susceptible to conventional antibiotics and host defense responses. the dlta catalyzes the adenylation and thiolation reactions of d-alanine. this enzyme belongs to a superfamily of amp ...	2009	19324056
antibacterial activities of dodonaea viscosa using contact bioautography technique.	the crude ethanolic extract and n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of dodonaea viscosa were analyzed for antibacterial potential against four gram positive bacteria: bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, micrococcus luteus, staphylococcus aureus, and three gram negative bacteria: escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, pseudomonas aeruginosa. preliminary screening showed inhibition against staphylococcus aureus, micrococcus luteus, escherichia coli and pseudomona ...	2009	19325527
intergeneric coaggregation of non-flocculating acinetobacter spp. isolates with other sludge-constituting bacteria.	the ability of non-flocculating acinetobacter spp. isolates (a. johnsonii s35 and a. junii s33) to coaggregate with other sludge-constituting bacteria obtained from a sewage sludge sample was assessed by a spectrophotometric assay. a. johnsonii s35 showed significant coaggregation (aggregation index (ai)=70 to 99%) with 7 strains, bacillus cereus, blastomonas natatoria, mycobacterium sp., thermomonas brevis, and enterobacteriaceae family, identified by sequencing of 16s rrna genes. a. junii s33 ...	2009	19332298
determination of kinetic parameters in the biosorption of cr (vi) on immobilized bacillus cereus m(1)(16) in a continuous packed bed column reactor.	due to technological advancement, environment suffers from untreated toxic heavy metal bearing effluent coming from different industries. chromium (vi) is one of those heavy metals having adverse impact on ecological balance, human, and plant health because of its carcinogenic properties. biosorption is presented as an alternative to traditional technologies which are costly and inefficient for treatment of industrial wastes containing low amount of heavy metals. in this study, bioremediation of ...	2009	19333567
[contraction of the disordered loop located within c-terminal domain of the transcriptional regulator hlyiir causes its structural rearrangement].	hlyiir is the negative transcriptional regulator of the hemolysin ii gene from bacillus cereus. previous x-ray studies showed that hlyiir contains a disordered loop (a.a. 170-185) located within the c-terminal domain near dimerization interface. to understand the influence of this region on hlyiir properties and for a potential improvement in the crystallogenesis of the hlyiir, we constructed a mutant of hlyiir in which this disordered region is substituted by a single alanine residue. biochemic ...	2009	19334535
proteomic analysis by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2d dige) of a high-pressure effect in bacillus cereus.	high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) is a new method used to reduce or eliminate microorganisms that are present in food. proteins are known to be the most important target of high pressure in living organisms. the main goal of this investigation was focused on the changes that occur on the proteins of bacillus cereus under hhp stress conditions. the two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2d dige) technique allows for a simultaneous resolution of thousands of proteins based on fluorescent ...	2009	19338277
molecular cloning of cdnas encoding antimicrobial peptide precursors from the skin of the chinese brown frog, rana chensinensis.	skin plays a key role in the daily survival of amphibians. in the present study, six cdnas encoding amphibian skin antimicrobial peptide precursors from the chinese brown frog rana chensinensis, were cloned and identified as preprobrevinin-1cec, preprobrevinin-1ceb, preprotemporin-1cea, preprotemporin-1ceb, preprotemporin-1cec, and preprochensinin-1. preprotemporin-1cea, ceb, and cec are members of the temporin family, which are usually short, hydrophobic, and c-terminally alpha-amidated antimic ...	2009	19341344
characterization of a bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecalis n1-33 and its application as a food preservative.	a bacteriocin-producing strain, n1-33, isolated from fermented bamboo shoot was identified as enterococcus faecalis. the ph-adjusted culture supernatant of this strain consisted of several peptides with bacteriocin activity, and the supernatant inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as listeria monocytogenes. the major peptide with bacteriocin activity was purified, and the first 39 amino acid residues of the bacteriocin were found to be identical to enterocin mr10a produced by e. faec ...	2009	19343940
prevalence and toxigenic profiles of bacillus cereus isolated from dried red peppers, rice, and sunsik in korea.	bacillus cereus is a spore-forming foodborne pathogen responsible for diarrheal and emetic types of food poisoning. intoxication is caused by various enterotoxins or by emetic toxin. because of its widespread presence and the ability to form heat-stable endospores in a relatively short time, b. cereus has been difficult to control. in this study, 21 rice and 36 sunsik (a mixture of powdered raw grains) samples were examined for the prevalence of b. cereus. a multiplex pcr assay was used to evalu ...	2009	19343947
prevalence, genetic diversity, and antibiotic susceptibility of bacillus cereus strains isolated from rice and cereals collected in korea.	incidence and properties of bacillus cereus strains naturally present in cereals were evaluated by phenotypic characterization, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. of 293 cereal samples tested, 73 (25%) contained b. cereus strains. incidence of b. cereus isolates varied with respect to sample; they were found in 15 (37%) of 83 brown rice samples, 23 (37%) of 63 glutinous rice samples, 16 (21%) of 76 barley samples, and 19 (27%) of 71 job's tears samples. all ...	2009	19343952
higher structure of cereulide, an emetic toxin from bacillus cereus, and special comparison with valinomycin, an antibiotic from streptomyces fulvissimus.	cereulide and valinomycin are both 36-membered cyclic depsipeptides with 12 stereogenic centers that have a very similar sequence of cyclo [-d-o-leu-d-ala-l-o-val-l-val-]3 and cyclo [-d-o-val-d-val-l-o-ala-l-val-]3, respectively. cereulide is an emetic toxin produced by bacillus cereus through an unusual non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (nrps), whereas valinomycin, produced by streptomyces fulvissimus, is a known antibiotic drug. both compounds are known as k+-ion-selective ionophores and cause a ...	2009	19347893
susceptibilities of bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, and avirulent bacillus anthracis spores to liquid biocides.	the susceptibility of spores of bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, and avirulent bacillus anthracis to treatment with hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, a peroxy-fatty acid mixture, sodium hypochlorite, and acidified sodium chlorite was investigated. results indicated that b. cereus spores may be reasonable predictors of b. anthracis spore inactivation by peroxyacetic acid-based biocides. however, b. cereus was not a reliable predictor of b. anthracis inactivation by the other biocides. in s ...	2009	19350981
microbiological quality of spices marketed in the city of botucatu, são paulo, brazil.	the aim of this work was to assess the microbiological quality of spices sold in botucatu, são paulo, brazil. a total of 233 samples were analyzed for mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, and salmonella. data showed that 21 and 5.6% of these samples were not in agreement with the standards of brazilian law, due to an excess of coliforms and to the presence of salmonella, respectively. black pepper and cumin exhibited the lowest microbiological qu ...	2009	19350991
engineered sers substrates with multiscale signal enhancement: nanoparticle cluster arrays.	defined nanoparticle cluster arrays (ncas) with total lateral dimensions of up to 25.4 microm x 25.4 microm have been fabricated on top of a 10 nm thin gold film using template-guided self-assembly. this approach provides precise control of the structural parameters in the arrays, allowing a systematic variation of the average number of nanoparticles in the clusters (n) and the edge-to-edge separation (lambda) between 1 < n < 20 and 50 nm < or = lambda < or = 1000 nm, respectively. investigation ...	2009	19354266
copper(ii) and uranyl(ii) complexes with acylthiosemicarbazide: synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity and effects on the growth of promyelocytic leukemia cells hl-60.	new chelates of n(1)-[4-(4-x-phenylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-n(4)-butyl-thiosemicarbazide (x=h, cl, br) with cu(2+) and uo(2)(2+) have been prepared and characterized by analytical and physico-chemical techniques such as magnetic susceptibility measurements, elemental and thermal analyses, electronic, esr and ir spectral studies. room temperature esr spectra of cu(ii) complexes yield {g} values characteristic of distorted octahedral and pseudo-tetrahedral geometry. infrared spectra indicate that complex ...	2009	19356828
reduction of salmonella enterica var. enteritidis colonization and invasion by bacillus cereus var. toyoi inclusion in poultry feeds.	the effect of continuously feeding the probiotic microorganism toyocerin to birds inoculated with salmonella enteritidis field-isolated strains on salmonella enteritidis prevalence, and performance variables were studied in 2 experiments. the experiments were performed with 1) broiler chickens in floor pens until slaughter 42 d of age, challenge was performed on d 3, 7, or 14 with 2 x 10(6) cfu per chick, and 2) single comb white leghorn chickens in cages until 28 d of age, challenge was perform ...	2009	19359685
gold-silver nanoclusters having dipicolinic acid imprinted nanoshell for bacillus cereus spores recognition.	molecular imprinted polymers (mips) as a recognition element for sensors are increasingly of interest and mip nanoclusters have started to appear in the literature. in this study, we have proposed a novel thiol ligand-capping method with polymerizable methacryloylamidocysteine (mac) attached to gold-silver nanoclusters, reminiscent of a self-assembled monolayer and have reconstructed surface shell by synthetic host polymers based on molecular imprinting method for recognition. in this method, me ...	2009	19362197
study of the antibacterial effects of chitosans on bacillus cereus (and its spores) by atomic force microscopy imaging and nanoindentation.	bacillus cereus is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is widely distributed in nature. its intrinsic thermal resistance coupled with the extraordinary resistance against common food preservation techniques makes it one of the most frequent food-poisoning microorganisms causing both intoxications and infections. in order to control b. cereus growth/sporulation, and hence minimize the aforementioned hazards, several antimicrobial compounds have been tested. the aim of this work was to a ...	2009	19362422
formation and characterization of acyl carrier protein-linked polyketide synthase extender units.	polyketide natural products are assembled by the condensation of an initiating precursor, or starter unit, with a series of additional precursors referred to as extender units. while there are a number of polyketide synthase starter units, there are currently only seven known polyketide synthase extender units. polyketide synthase extender units thioesterified to coenzyme a have been known for some time; however, polyketide synthase extender units thioesterified to acyl carrier proteins (acps) h ...	2009	19362639
ion binding properties and structure stability of the nak channel.	ion distribution in the selectivity filter and ion-water and ion-protein interactions of nak channel are systematically investigated by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, with the tetramer channel protein being embedded in a solvated phospholipid bilayer. analysis of the simulation results indicates that k(+) ions prefer to bind within the sites formed by two adjacent planes of oxygen atoms from the selectivity filter, while na(+) ions are inclined to bind to a single plane of four oxygen ...	2009	19366596
[bacillus cereus bacteremia in crohn's disease with multiple ileal stricture on maintenance azathioprine therapy].	we describe a case of 36-year-old japanese man with crohn's disease, complicated by bacillus cereus bacteremia on maintenance azathioprine therapy. although anti-microbial agents were ineffective, the patient became well immediately after a partial resection of the ileum with multiple severe stenosis.	2009	19122422
light scattering calculations exploring sensitivity of depolarization ratio to shape changes. i. single spores in air.	calculations of the depolarization ratio, d(theta, lambda) = 1 - (s22)/(s11), for light scattered from an ensemble or cloud of single aerosolized spores in air were studied using the discrete dipole approximation (dda), sometimes also called the coupled-dipole approximation. here s(ij) is the appropriate mueller matrix element for scattering angle theta and wavelength lambda. the effect of modest shape changes on d(theta, lambda) was determined. the shapes compared were prolate ellipsoids versus ...	2009	19183599
significance of treated agrowaste residue and autochthonous inoculates (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacillus cereus) on bacterial community structure and phytoextraction to remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals.	in this study, we analyzed the impact of treatments such as aspergillus niger-treated sugar beet waste (sb), po4(3-) fertilization and autochthonous inoculants [arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi and bacillus cereus], on the bacterial community structure in a soils contaminated with heavy metals as well as, the effectiveness on plant growth (trifolium repens). the inoculation with am fungi in sb amended soil, increased plant growth similarly to po4(3-) addition, and both treatments matched in p a ...	2009	19185328
differential cell surface properties of vegetative bacillus.	the genus bacillus encompasses a wide range of species which display varying pathogenic abilities. the hydrophobicity of a range of bacillus species was determined to evaluate the correlation between bacterial hydrophobicity and pathogenicity.	2009	19187499
determining the source of bacillus cereus and bacillus licheniformis isolated from raw milk, pasteurized milk and yoghurt.	strain-specific detection of bacillus cereus and bacillus licheniformis in raw and pasteurized milk, and yoghurt during processing.	2009	19187503
thirteen posttranslational modifications convert a 14-residue peptide into the antibiotic thiocillin.	the thiazolylpeptides are a family of >50 bactericidal antibiotics that block the initial steps of bacterial protein synthesis. here, we report a biosynthetic gene cluster for thiocillin and establish that it, and by extension the whole class, is ribosomally synthesized. remarkably, the c-terminal 14 residues of a 52-residue peptide precursor undergo 13 posttranslational modifications to give rise to thiocillin, making this antibiotic the most heavily posttranslationally-modified peptide known t ...	2009	19196969
production and characterization of an alkaline thermostable crude lipase from an isolated strain of bacillus cereus c(7).	a bacterial strain isolated from spoiled coconut and identified as bacillus cereus was found capable of producing alkaline thermostable extracellular lipase. optimum temperature, time, and ph for enzyme substrate reaction were found to be 60 degrees c, 10 min, and 8.0 respectively. common surfactants except triton x 100 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide have no or very little inhibitory effects on enzyme activity. the enzyme was found to be stable in presence of oxidizing agents and protease en ...	2009	19198766
evolution of pathogenicity in the bacillus cereus group.	the bacillus cereus group of bacteria comprises soil-dwelling saprophytes but on occasion these bacteria can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, including food poisoning, systemic infections and highly lethal forms of anthrax. while anthrax is almost invariably caused by strains from a single evolutionary lineage, bacillus anthracis, variation in the virulence properties of strains from other lineages has not been fully addressed. using multi-locus sequence data from 667 strains, we recons ...	2009	19200684
isolation and identification of antibacterial compounds from thymus kotschyanus aerial parts and dianthus caryophyllus flower buds.	the aerial parts of thymus kotschyanus boiss. and hohen. (lamiaceae) and flower buds of dianthus caryophyllus l. (caryophyllaceae) have been traditionally implemented in the treatment of wounds, throat and gum infections and gastro-intestinal disorder by the indigenous people of northern iraq, although the compounds responsible for the medicinal properties have not been identified. in this study, antibacterial compounds from both plants were isolated and characterized, and the biological activit ...	2009	19200700
microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food served in schools in wales, united kingdom.	a survey of the general microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food served in schools was undertaken across wales, united kingdom. of the 2,351 samples taken, four were identified as containing unsatisfactory counts of escherichia coli, four contained unsatisfactory counts of staphylococcus aureus, and one contained an unacceptable count of bacillus cereus when compared with guidelines for the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food published by the united kingdom public health laboratory ...	2009	19205487
pathogenic bacillus anthracis in the progressive gene losses and gains in adaptive evolution.	sequence mutations represent a driving force of adaptive evolution in bacterial pathogens. it is especially evident in reductive genome evolution where bacteria underwent lifestyles shifting from a free-living to a strictly intracellular or host-depending life. it resulted in loss-of-function mutations and/or the acquisition of virulence gene clusters. bacillus anthracis shares a common soil bacterial ancestor with its closely related bacillus species but is the only obligate, causative agent of ...	2009	19208130
identification of bacillus anthracis spore component antigens conserved across diverse bacillus cereus sensu lato strains.	we sought to identify proteins in the bacillus anthracis spore, conserved in other strains of the closely related bacillus cereus group, that elicit an immune response in mammals. two high throughput approaches were used. first, an in silico screening identified 200 conserved putative b. anthracis spore components. a total of 192 of those candidate genes were expressed and purified in vitro, 75 of which reacted with the rabbit immune sera generated against b. anthracis spores. the second approac ...	2009	19208616
synergy of astragalus polysaccharides and probiotics (lactobacillus and bacillus cereus) on immunity and intestinal microbiota in chicks.	probiotics and astragalus polysaccharides (aps) can modulate systemic immunity and intestinal microbiota in animals and human beings. it is still unknown if the combined application of probiotics and aps in feed has synergistic effects on immunity and intestinal microbiota. to address this issue, this study was designed to investigate the synergistic effects on immunity and intestinal microbiota in chicks. a total of 240 female hy-line chicks were assigned to 4 treatments. four treatments were f ...	2009	19211520
[diarrhea from the infectologist's point of view].	gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. gastroenteritis causing pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. in the developed countries diarrhea is the most common reason for missing work, while in the developing world, it is a leading cause of death. internationally, the mortality rate is 5-10 million deaths each year. "traveller's diarrhea" is a polyetiologic common health problem of international travel ...	2009	19218145
immuno-detection of anthrose containing tetrasaccharide in the exosporium of bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus strains.	bacillus anthracis strains of various origins were analysed with the view to describe intrinsic and persistent structural components of the bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis glycoprotein associated anthrose containing tetrasaccharide in the exosporium.	2009	19226390
[cereulide forming presumptive bacillus cereus strains from food--differentiating analyses using cultural methods, lc-ms/ms, pcr, and infrared spectroscopy in consideration of thermotolerant isolates].	pathogenic bacillus cereus (b. cereus) cause two types of foodborne diseases: the diarrhoeal type and, after production of a heat stable toxin called cereulide, an emetic type. the identification of b. cereus in official food monitoring has been traditionally performed using the cultural procedure as described in method 00.00-25 according to section 64 of the german food and feed law (lfgb). strains isolated by this method are called "presumptive b. cereus" a collective name for b. cereus sensu ...	2009	19226933
porphyrin derivatives as photosensitizers for the inactivation of bacillus cereus endospores.	in this study, we propose (i) to study the photodynamic inactivation (pdi) efficiency of neutral and cationic porphyrin derivatives, (ii) to characterize the kinetics of the inactivation process using bacillus cereus as a model endospore-producing bacterium and (iii) to conclude on the applicability of porphyrin derivatives in the inactivation of bacterial endospores.	2009	19228253
synergistic effect of pulsed electric fields and cocoanox 12% on the inactivation kinetics of bacillus cereus in a mixed beverage of liquid whole egg and skim milk.	with a view to extending the shelf-life and enhancing the safety of liquid whole egg/skim milk (lwe-sm) mixed beverages, a study was conducted with bacillus cereus vegetative cells inoculated in skim milk (sm) and lwe-sm beverages, with or without antimicrobial cocoa powder. the beverages were treated with pulsed electric field (pef) technology and then stored at 5 degrees c for 15 days. the kinetic results were modeled with the bigelow model, weibull distribution function, modified gompertz equ ...	2009	19232768
identification of dna-binding proteins using structural, electrostatic and evolutionary features.	dna-binding proteins (dbps) participate in various crucial processes in the life-cycle of the cells, and the identification and characterization of these proteins is of great importance. we present here a random forests classifier for identifying dbps among proteins with known 3d structures. first, clusters of evolutionarily conserved regions (patches) on the surface of proteins were detected using the patchfinder algorithm; earlier studies showed that these regions are typically the functionall ...	2009	19233205
the tubulin-like repx protein encoded by the pxo1 plasmid forms polymers in vivo in bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis contains two megaplasmids, pxo1 and pxo2, that are critical for its pathogenesis. stable inheritance of pxo1 in b. anthracis is dependent upon the tubulin/ftsz-like repx protein encoded by this plasmid. previously, we have shown that repx undergoes gtp-dependent polymerization in vitro. however, the polymerization properties and localization pattern of repx in vivo are not known. here, we utilize a repx-green fluorescent protein (gfp) fusion to show that repx forms foci and th ...	2009	19233922
construction of a recombinant intergenus multidomain chimeric protein for simultaneous expression of haemolysin bl of bacillus cereus, listeriolysin o of listeria monocytogenes and enterotoxin b of staphylococcus aureus.	haemolysin bl (hbl) of bacillus cereus, listeriolysin o (llo) of listeria monocytogenes and enterotoxin b (seb) of staphylococcus aureus are among the major toxin components contributing to the pathogenicity of these organisms in foodborne illnesses. in this study, an intergenus non-toxic multidomain fusion protein (r-hle) was generated with specificity for hbl, llo and seb. the fusion gene (r-hle) comprising the conserved regions of hbld and the hly and entb genes was codon-optimized for expres ...	2009	19369518
disinfection methods used in decontamination of bottles used for feeding powdered infant formula.	infant susceptibility and the risks posed by infections associated with bottle-fed powdered infant formula (pif) have received increased attention in recent years. intrinsic contamination of pif with pathogens has been reported and extrinsic contamination can be introduced from the handler or the environment during reconstitution. recommended disinfection advice and bottle decontamination have changed in recent years and the aim of this study was to validate the efficacy of four current disinfec ...	2009	19370863
identification of surface proteins involved in the adhesion of a probiotic bacillus cereus strain to mucin and fibronectin.	several bacillus strains isolated from commercial probiotic preparations were identified at the species level, and their adhesion capabilities to three different model intestinal surfaces (mucin, matrigel and caco-2 cells) were assessed. in general, adhesion of spores was higher than that of vegetative cells to the three matrices, and overall strain bacillus cereus(ch) displayed the best adhesion. different biochemical treatments revealed that surface proteins of b. cereus(ch) were involved in t ...	2009	19372165
lactobacillus isolates from weaned piglets' mucosa with inhibitory activity against common porcine pathogens.	twelve lactobacilli isolates from mucosa of 3-5-week-old weaned pigs were found to exert good antimicrobial activity against common porcine pathogens (s. aureus, b. cereus, e. coli, c. perfringens). two of them produced in addition to lactic acid also considerable amounts of acetic acid, and 6 of them produced hydrogen peroxide and metabolites other than organic acids. isolates 4/26 and 2/25 (identified as l. crispatus or l. amylovorus) were inhibitory against most strains of s. aureus, b. cereu ...	2009	19381487
identification of metabolite-riboswitch interactions using nucleotide analog interference mapping and suppression.	riboswitches are rna elements capable of modulating gene expression through interaction with cellular metabolites. one member of the riboswitch family, the glms riboswitch, is unique among riboswitches in that it modulates gene expression by undergoing self-cleavage in the presence of its metabolite glucosamine-6-phosphate (glcn6p). in order to investigate the interactions between the glms rna and glcn6p we performed nucleotide analog interference mapping (naim) and suppression (nais). these tec ...	2009	19381561
in vitro selection of glms ribozymes.	riboswitches modulate gene expression in eubacteria and eukaryotes in response to changing concentrations of small molecule metabolites. in most examples studied to date, riboswitches achieve both metabolite sensing and gene control functions without the obligate involvement of protein factors. these findings validate the hypothesis that rna molecules could be engineered to function as designer gene control elements that sense and respond to different ligands. we believe that reverse engineering ...	2009	19381572
a strain-variable bacteriocin in bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus with repeated cys-xaa-xaa motifs.	bacteriocins are peptide antibiotics from ribosomally translated precursors, produced by bacteria often through extensive post-translational modification. minimal sequence conservation, short gene lengths, and low complexity sequence can hinder bacteriocin identification, even during gene calling, so they are often discovered by proximity to accessory genes encoding maturation, immunity, and export functions. this work reports a new subfamily of putative thiazole-containing heterocyclic bacterio ...	2009	19383135
lipid raft composition modulates sphingomyelinase activity and ceramide-induced membrane physical alterations.	lipid rafts and ceramide (cer)-platforms are membrane domains that play an important role in several biological processes. cer-platforms are commonly formed in the plasma membrane by the action of sphingomyelinase (smase) upon hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (sm) within lipid rafts. the interplay among smase activity, initial membrane properties (i.e., phase behavior and lipid lateral organization) and lipid composition, and the amount of product (cer) generated, and how it modulates membrane proper ...	2009	19383465
cloning of feather-degrading minor extracellular protease from bacillus cereus dcuw: dissection of the structural domains.	bacterial extracellular proteases play an important role in cell survival and cell-cell communication. a high-molecular-mass minor extracellular protease (vpr) from a feather-degrading bacterium, bacillus cereus dcuw, has been reported by our laboratory. in the present study, we cloned and expressed vpr in escherichia coli. complete nucleotide sequencing of this gene predicted that the protease is a member of the serine protease family, and smart domain analysis revealed that the protease consis ...	2009	19383694
microbial co-habitation and lateral gene transfer: what transposases can tell us.	determining the habitat range for various microbes is not a simple, straightforward matter, as habitats interlace, microbes move between habitats, and microbial communities change over time. in this study, we explore an approach using the history of lateral gene transfer recorded in microbial genomes to begin to answer two key questions: where have you been and who have you been with?	2009	19393086
zinc ion-induced domain organization in metallo-beta-lactamases: a flexible "zinc arm" for rapid metal ion transfer?	the reversible unfolding of metallo-beta-lactamase from chryseobacterium meningosepticum (blab) by guanidinium hydrochloride is best described by a three-state model including folded, intermediate, and unfolded states. the transformation of the folded apoenzyme into the intermediate state requires only very low denaturant concentrations, in contrast to the zn2-enzyme. similarly, circular dichroism spectra of both blab and metallo-beta-lactamase from bacillus cereus 569/h/9 (bcii) display distinc ...	2009	19395380
resde-dependent regulation of enterotoxin gene expression in bacillus cereus: evidence for multiple modes of binding for resd and interaction with fnr.	in the food-borne pathogen bacillus cereus f4430/73, the production of major virulence factors hemolysin bl (hbl) and nonhemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) is regulated through complex mechanisms. the two-component regulatory system resde is involved in the activation of hbl and nhe transcription. here, the response regulator resd and the sensor kinase rese were overexpressed and purified, and autophosphorylation of rese and transphosphorylation of resd by rese were demonstrated in vitro. resd is mainl ...	2009	19395489
phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of mildly and severely salt-stressed bacillus cereus atcc 14579 cells.	bacteria are able to cope with the challenges of a sudden increase in salinity by activating adaptation mechanisms. in this study, exponentially growing cells of the pathogen bacillus cereus atcc 14579 were exposed to both mild (2.5% [wt/vol] nacl) and severe (5% [wt/vol] nacl) salt stress conditions. b. cereus continued to grow at a slightly reduced growth rate when it was shifted to mild salt stress conditions. exposure to severe salt stress resulted in a lag period, and after 60 min growth ha ...	2009	19395575
synthesis and antibacterial assessment of n-[4-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine.	in a wide search program towards new and efficient antibacterial agents, we assessed the extent to which physicochemical properties can be exploited to promote antibacterial activity associated with a series of substituted s-triazine. the synthesized compounds (1a-12b) were subsequently screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against three gram positive (bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus) and three gram-negative microorganism (salmonella typhi, escherichia coli ...	2009	20177467
bacterial deoxyribonucleoside kinases are poor suicide genes in mammalian cells.	transfer of deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dnks) into cancer cells increases the activity of cytotoxic nucleoside analogues. it has been shown that bacterial dnks, when introduced into escherichia coli, sensitize this bacterium toward nucleoside analogues. we studied the possibility of using bacterial dnks, for example deoxyadenosine kinases (daks), to sensitize human cancer cells to gemcitabine. stable and transient transfections of bacterial dnks into human cells showed that these were much less ...	2009	20183574
chemistry, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of volatile oils and their components.	the present paper reports the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of several essential oils and their components. analysis showed that three oils (carum carvi l., verbena officinalis l. and majorana hortensis l.) contained predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes, while others studied (pimpinella anisum l., foeniculum vulgare mill.) mainly contained anethole. c. carvi, v. officinalis and m. hortensis oils exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity, due their contents ...	2009	20120118
occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in waste site of ede south west nigeria.	analysis of antibiotic resistant bacteria from composted waste site soil samples for two seasons were done, using prepared diagnostic test agar and direct sensitivity tests. all major isolated bacteria were subjected to various antibiotics. concurrent positive and negative tests were simultaneously studied. results show relatively high resistant and sensitive bacteria in both seasons. in wet seasons, the bacillus cereus concentrations are considerably reduced than in the dry. in the dry seasons, ...	2009	20121016
analysis of the antimicrobial activity of propolis and lysozyme in semisolid emulsion systems.	propolis as an active natural substance is attractive due to its antimicrobial and antimycotic properties. lysozyme was added to semisolid dermatological preparations as a complementary substance capable of potentiating their antimicrobial and antimycotic effect; this substance has been used for several decades as a preservative in food industry. the aim of this study was to model a semisolid emulsion system (o/w) for cutaneous use with moisturizing and antimicrobial properties, where the active ...	2009	20050532
isolation and characterization of an acrylamide-degrading bacillus cereus.	several local acrylamide-degrading bacteria have been isolated. one of the isolate that exhibited the highest growth on acrylamide as a nitrogen source was then further characterized. the isolate was tentatively identified as bacillus cereus strain dry135 based on carbon utilization profiles using biolog gp plates and partial 16s rdna molecular phylogeny. the isolate grew optimally in between the temperatures of 25 and 30 degrees c and within the ph range of 6.8 to 7.0. glucose, fructose, lactos ...	2009	20112864
antibacterial effects of minerals from ores indigenous to korea.	we tested the antibacterial properties of a mix of minerals consisting mainly of sericite, talc, and halloysite from korea. the preparation showed clear growth inhibition of the gram-negative bacteria escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, s. epidermidis, and bacillus cereus, as well as the anaerobic bacterium propionibacterium acnes. these results indicate that this preparation, made from ore minerals indigenous to korea, ...	2009	20112878
multi-tools approach for food safety risk management of steam meals.	steamed meals comprise a new type of meal in which various raw ingredients are packed together and then cooked by the consumer just before consumption. the presence of raw ingredients and the absence of any inactivation step before home cooking could significantly impact the safety of these meals. in this study some of the many tools available to assess food safety were combined to determine the factors affecting the food safety of this new kind of meal. first the hazards were identified using s ...	2009	20003753
profile of bacteria and fungi on money coins.	to determine the quantity and quality of bacterial and fungi on money coins and to identify those that could pose a public health risk.	2009	20084997
antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of artemisia echegarayi hieron. (asteraceae).	artemisia echegarayi hieron. (asteraceae) is commonly known in argentina as "ajenjo". many studies report high efficacy of essential oils against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. the antimicrobial activity and minimal inhibitory concentration of a. echegarayi essential oil were evaluated against seven bacterial species of significant importance in food hygiene, by using the disc diffusion assay and the micro-well dilution method, respectively. volatile components of the extract were analyzed by g ...	2009	20085186
identification of bacillus cereus in a chungkukjang that showed high anticancer effects against ags human gastric adenocarcinoma cells.	anticancer effects of chungkukjang (a korean short-term fermented soy paste) were studied in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, and bacillus strains from chungkukjang were isolated and identified. before the experiments, six different chungkukjang products (k-, m-, mn-, o-, os-, and h-chungkukjangs) were purchased from a folk village in the sunchang region, jeonbuk, republic of korea. based on sensory evaluation tests and general chemical and quality studies, k-, h-, and m-chungkukjangs were se ...	2009	20041781
antimicrobial properties of the stem bark of saraca indica (caesalpiniaceae).	chloroform, methanol, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark of saraca indica were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against standard strains of staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacillus cereus, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, salmonella typhimurium and streptococcus pneumoniae and the fungi: candida albicans and cryptococcus albidus. methanolic and aqueous extract exhibited antimicrobial activity with mic ranging from ...	2009	19961043
assessment of microbiological quality of sachet-packaged drinking water in western nigeria and its public health significance.	to assess the microbiological quality of sachet-packaged drinking water in western nigeria and its impact on public health.	2009	19880150
phytochemical profile and anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities of supercritical versus conventional extracts of satureja montana.	winter savory satureja montana is a medicinal herb used in traditional gastronomy for seasoning meats and salads. this study reports a comparison between conventional (hydrodistillation, hd, and soxhlet extraction, se) and alternative (supercritical fluid extraction, sfe) extraction methods to assess the best option to obtain bioactive compounds. two different types of extracts were tested, the volatile (sfe-90 bar, second separator vs hd) and the nonvolatile fractions (sfe-250 bar, first and se ...	2009	19928761
identification and characterization of a novel antibacterial peptide, avian beta-defensin 2 from ducks.	in this study, a novel avian beta-defensin (avbd) was isolated from duck pancreas. the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene contained an 195 bp open reading frame encoding 64 amino acids. homology, characterization and comparison of the gene with avbd from other avian species confirmed that it was duck avbd2. the mrna expression of the gene was analyzed in 17 tissues from 21-day-old ducks. avbd2 was highly expressed in the trachea, crop, heart, bone marrow, and pancreas; moderately expressed ...	2009	19851734
examination of genome homogeneity in prokaryotes using genomic signatures.	dna word frequencies, normalized for genomic at content, are remarkably stable within prokaryotic genomes and are therefore said to reflect a "genomic signature." the genomic signatures can be used to phylogenetically classify organisms from arbitrary sampled dna. genomic signatures can also be used to search for horizontally transferred dna or dna regions subjected to special selection forces. thus, the stability of the genomic signature can be used as a measure of genomic homogeneity. the fact ...	2009	19956556
a genome-wide survey for host response of silkworm, bombyx mori during pathogen bacillus bombyseptieus infection.	host-pathogen interactions are complex relationships, and a central challenge is to reveal the interactions between pathogens and their hosts. bacillus bombysepticus (bb) which can produces spores and parasporal crystals was firstly separated from the corpses of the infected silkworms (bombyx mori). bb naturally infects the silkworm can cause an acute fuliginosa septicaemia and kill the silkworm larvae generally within one day in the hot and humid season. bb pathogen of the silkworm can be used ...	2009	19956592