Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted descending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
identification and characterization of the novel subunit ccom in the cbb3₃cytochrome c oxidase from pseudomonas stutzeri zobell.cytochrome c oxidases (ccos), members of the heme-copper containing oxidase (hco) superfamily, are the terminal enzymes of aerobic respiratory chains. the cbb3-type cytochrome c oxidases (cbb3-cco) form the c-family and have only the central catalytic subunit in common with the a- and b-family hcos. in pseudomonas stutzeri, two cbb3 operons are organized in a tandem repeat. the atomic structure of the first cbb3 isoform (cbb3-1) was determined at 3.2 å resolution in 2010 (s. buschmann, e. warken ...201626814183
antibacterial activity of blue light against nosocomial wound pathogens growing planktonically and as mature biofilms.the blue wavelengths within the visible light spectrum are intrinisically antimicrobial and can photodynamically inactivate the cells of a wide spectrum of bacteria (gram positive and negative) and fungi. furthermore, blue light is equally effective against both drug-sensitive and -resistant members of target species and is less detrimental to mammalian cells than is uv radiation. blue light is currently used for treating acnes vulgaris and helicobacter pylori infections; the utility for deconta ...201627129967
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the sigmoid colon discovered on routine screening colonoscopy in patient with hepatitis c and helicobacter pylori infection.mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) lymphoma is predominantly found in the stomach. rarely, it is found in the proximal colon and even less so in the sigmoid colon. we present a rare case of primary sigmoid colon malt lymphoma in a patient with concomitant helicobacter pylori and hepatitis c infection. we also review current imaging, staging, and therapeutic modalities. to our knowledge, this is the first sigmoid colon malt lymphoma reported in the united states.201627807552
calcium binding protects e-cadherin from cleavage by helicobacter pylori htra.the cell adhesion and tumor suppressor protein e-cadherin is an important factor in the establishment and maintenance of epithelial integrity. e-cadherin is a single transmembrane protein, which consists of an intracellular domain (ic), a transmembrane domain (td), and five extracellular domains (ec). ec domains form homophilic interactions in cis and trans that require calcium binding to the linker region between the ec domains. in our previous studies, we identified the serine protease high te ...201627274359
common mechanisms involved in alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes: a key role of chronic bacterial infection and inflammation.strong epidemiologic evidence and common molecular mechanisms support an association between alzheimer's disease (ad) and type 2-diabetes. local inflammation and amyloidosis occur in both diseases and are associated with periodontitis and various infectious agents. this article reviews the evidence for the presence of local inflammation and bacteria in type 2 diabetes and discusses host pathogen interactions in chronic inflammatory disorders. chlamydophyla pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori and spi ...201626961231
epidemiologic studies of the human microbiome and cancer.the human microbiome, which includes the collective genome of all bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses found in and on the human body, is altered in many diseases and may substantially affect cancer risk. previously detected associations of individual bacteria (e.g., helicobacter pylori), periodontal disease, and inflammation with specific cancers have motivated studies considering the association between the human microbiome and cancer risk. this short review summarises microbiome re ...201626730578
infectious aetiology of marginal zone lymphoma and role of anti-infective therapy.marginal zone lymphomas have been associated with several infectious agents covering both viral and bacterial pathogens and in some cases a clear aetiological role has been established. pathogenetic mechanisms are currently not completely understood. however, the role of chronic stimulation of the host immune response with persistent lymphocyte activation represents the most convincing explanation for lymphoproliferation. gastric malt lymphoma is strictly associated with helicobacter pylori infe ...201626740867
helicobacter pylori strains vary cell shape and flagellum number to maintain robust motility in viscous environments.the helical shape of the human stomach pathogen helicobacter pylori has been suggested to provide mechanical advantage for penetrating the viscous stomach mucus layer. using single-cell tracking and quantitative morphology analysis, we document marked variation in cell body helical parameters and flagellum number among h. pylori strains leading to distinct and broad speed distributions in broth and viscous gastric mucin media. these distributions reflect both temporal variation in swimming speed ...201626365708
frequency of periodontal pathogens and helicobacter pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals submitted to bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study.this cross-sectional study compared the frequency of oral periodontopathogens and h. pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals with or without periodontitis submitted to bariatric surgery.201627383704
helicobacter pylori colonization of the oral cavity: a milestone discovery.over the past several years, the severity of helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infections has not significantly diminished. after successful eradication, the annual h. pylori recurrence rate is approximately 13% due to oral h. pylori infection. established clinical diagnostic techniques do not identify an oral etiologic basis of h. pylori prior to gastric infection. there has been disagreement as to whether oral infection of h. pylori exists or not, with no definite conclusion. in medical practice ...201626811613
the novel aminomethylcycline omadacycline has high specificity for the primary tetracycline-binding site on the bacterial ribosome.omadacycline is an aminomethylcycline antibiotic with potent activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, including strains carrying the major efflux and ribosome protection resistance determinants. this makes it a promising candidate for therapy of severe infectious diseases. omadacycline inhibits bacterial protein biosynthesis and competes with tetracycline for binding to the ribosome. its interactions with the 70s ribosome were, therefore, analyzed in great detail and comp ...201627669321
transcriptional profiling of type ii toxin-antitoxin genes of helicobacter pylori under different environmental conditions: identification of hp0967-hp0968 system.helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human gastric mucosa and is responsible for causing peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. the expression of virulence factors allows the persistence of h. pylori in the stomach, which results in a chronic, sometimes uncontrolled inflammatory response. type ii toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have emerged as important virulence factors in many pathogenic bacteria. three type ii ta systems have previously been identified in the genome ...201627920769
localisation and protein-protein interactions of the helicobacter pylori taxis sensor tlpd and their connection to metabolic functions.the helicobacter pylori energy sensor tlpd determines tactic behaviour under low energy conditions and is important in vivo. we explored protein-protein interactions of tlpd and their impact on tlpd localisation and function. pull-down of tagged tlpd identified protein interaction partners of tlpd, which included the chemotaxis histidine kinase cheay2, the central metabolic enzyme aconitase (acnb) and the detoxifying enzyme catalase (kata). we confirmed that kata and acnb physically interact wit ...201627045738
methylome analysis of two xanthomonas spp. using single-molecule real-time sequencing.single-molecule real-time (smrt) sequencing allows identification of methylated dna bases and methylation patterns/motifs at the genome level. using smrt sequencing, diverse bacterial methylomes including those of helicobacter pylori, lactobacillus spp., and escherichia coli have been determined, and previously unreported dna methylation motifs have been identified. however, the methylomes of xanthomonas species, which belong to the most important plant pathogenic bacterial genus, have not been ...201627904456
a biotin biosynthesis gene restricted to helicobacter.in most bacteria the last step in synthesis of the pimelate moiety of biotin is cleavage of the ester bond of pimeloyl-acyl carrier protein (acp) methyl ester. the paradigm cleavage enzyme is escherichia coli bioh which together with the bioc methyltransferase allows synthesis of the pimelate moiety by a modified fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. analyses of the extant bacterial genomes showed that bioh is absent from many bioc-containing bacteria and is replaced by other genes. helicobacter pylo ...201626868423
comparative genomics of h. pylori and non-pylori helicobacter species to identify new regions associated with its pathogenicity and adaptability.the genus helicobacter is a group of gram-negative, helical-shaped pathogens consisting of at least 36 bacterial species. helicobacter pylori (h. pylori), infecting more than 50% of the human population, is considered as the major cause of gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. however, the genetic underpinnings of h. pylori that are responsible for its large scale epidemic and gastrointestinal environment adaption within human beings remain unclear. core-pan genome analysis was performed ...201628078297
htra-mediated e-cadherin cleavage is limited to degp and degq homologs expressed by gram-negative pathogens.the serine proteases htra/degp secreted by the human gastrointestinal pathogens helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) and campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) cleave the mammalian cell adhesion protein e-cadherin to open intercellular adhesions. a wide range of bacteria also expresses the htra/degp homologs degq and/or degs, which significantly differ in structure and function.201627931258
characterization in helicobacter pylori of a nickel transporter essential for colonization that was acquired during evolution by gastric helicobacter species.metal acquisition is crucial for all cells and for the virulence of many bacterial pathogens. in particular, nickel is a virulence determinant for the human gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori as it is the cofactor of two enzymes essential for in vivo colonization, urease and a [nife] hydrogenase. to import nickel despite its scarcity in the human body, h. pylori requires efficient uptake mechanisms that are only partially defined. indeed, alternative ways of nickel entry were predicted to exis ...201627923069
comparative genomics revealed multiple helicobacter pylori genes associated with biofilm formation in vitro.biofilm formation by helicobacter pylori may be one of the factors influencing eradication outcome. however, genetic differences between good and poor biofilm forming strains have not been studied.201627870886
spatial and temporal shifts in bacterial biogeography and gland occupation during the development of a chronic infection.gland colonization may be one crucial route for bacteria to maintain chronic gastrointestinal infection. we developed a quantitative gland isolation method to allow robust bacterial population analysis and applied it to the gastric pathobiont helicobacter pylori after infections in the murine model system, h. pylori populations multiply both inside and outside glands in a manner that requires the bacteria to be motile and chemotactic. h. pylori is able to achieve gland densities averaging 25 to ...201627729513
unique and universal features of epsilonproteobacterial origins of chromosome replication and dnaa-dnaa box interactions.in bacteria, chromosome replication is initiated by the interaction of the initiator protein dnaa with a defined region of a chromosome at which dna replication starts (oric). while dnaa proteins share significant homology regardless of phylogeny, oric regions exhibit more variable structures. the general architecture of orics is universal, i.e., they are composed of a cluster of dnaa binding sites, a dna-unwinding element, and sequences that bind regulatory proteins. however, detailed structure ...201627746772
gastric adenocarcinoma in a patient with x-linked agammaglobulinemia and hiv: case report and review of the literature. 201627722150
pangenome and immuno-proteomics analysis of acinetobacter baumannii strains revealed the core peptide vaccine targets.acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen during the last few years, exhibiting resistance to almost all major classes of antibiotics. alternative treatment options such as vaccines tend to be most promising and cost effective approaches against this resistant pathogen. in the current study, we have explored the pan-genome of a. baumannii followed by immune-proteomics and reverse vaccinology approaches to identify potential core vaccine targets.201627634541
validation of a high-throughput multiplex genetic detection system for helicobacter pylori identification, quantification, virulence, and resistance analysis.helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infection is closely related to various gastroduodenal diseases. virulence factors and bacterial load of h. pylori are associated with clinical outcomes, and drug-resistance severely impacts the clinical efficacy of eradication treatment. existing detection methods are low-throughput, time-consuming and labor intensive. therefore, a rapid and high-throughput method is needed for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring for h. pylori. high-throughput multiplex ...201627656172
the o-antigen flippase wzk can substitute for murj in peptidoglycan synthesis in helicobacter pylori and escherichia coli.the peptidoglycan (pg) cell wall is an essential component of the cell envelope of most bacteria. biogenesis of pg involves a lipid-linked disaccharide-pentapeptide intermediate called lipid ii, which must be translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane after it is synthesized in the inner leaflet of this bilayer. accordingly, it has been demonstrated that murj, the proposed lipid ii flippase in escherichia coli, is required for pg biogenesis, and thereby viability. in contrast, murj is not esse ...201627537185
a c-terminal coiled-coil region of cagl is responsible for helicobacter pylori-induced il-8 expression.interleukin-8 (il-8) is a potent neutrophil-activating chemokine which triggers the infiltration and migration of neutrophils into areas of bacterial infection. helicobacter pylori-infected patient studies as well as animal models have revealed that h. pylori type i strains carrying an intact cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island (cag-pai) with a functional type iv secretion system (t4ss) induce il-8 expression and secretion in gastric mucosa. this gastric mucosal il-8 expression correl ...201627766167
synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of amixicile-based inhibitors of the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductases of anaerobic bacteria and epsilonproteobacteria.amixicile is a promising derivative of nitazoxanide (an antiparasitic therapeutic) developed to treat systemic infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, anaerobic parasites, and members of the epsilonproteobacteria (campylobacter and helicobacter). amixicile selectively inhibits pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) and related enzymes by inhibiting the function of the vitamin b1 cofactor (thiamine pyrophosphate) by a novel mechanism. here, we interrogate the amixicile scaffold, guided by doc ...201627090174
diagnosis of genus helicobacter through a hemi-nested pcr assay of 16s rrna.the present study aimed to establish a genus-specific pcr-based assay to detect helicobacters using 16s rrna gene as the target template. we designed the hemi-nested primers based on sequences of 16s rrna gene of 34 types of helicobacter species. the inclusivity, sensitivity, and specificity of the pcr assay using these primers were examined in three different models, comprising feces simulated samples, blab/c mice infection model and clinic patients samples. the detection sensitivity of helicob ...201627275113
identification of e-cadherin signature motifs functioning as cleavage sites for helicobacter pylori htra.the cell adhesion protein and tumour suppressor e-cadherin exhibits important functions in the prevention of gastric cancer. as a class-i carcinogen, helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) has developed a unique strategy to interfere with e-cadherin functions. in previous studies, we have demonstrated that h. pylori secretes the protease high temperature requirement a (htra) which cleaves off the e-cadherin ectodomain (ntf) on epithelial cells. this opens cell-to-cell junctions, allowing bacterial tran ...201626983597
onset of ulcerative colitis after helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a case report.in japan, helicobacter pylori eradication has been approved since 2013 for treatment of h pylori-induced chronic gastritis, in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of gastric cancer, a leading cancer in japan. h pylori infection affects more than 50% of the world's population. h pylori eradication therapy is generally safe. to our knowledge, no case of newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis occurring immediately after h pylori eradication therapy has previously been reported.a 63-year-old man receive ...201627043835
evolutionary genomics suggests that chev is an additional adaptor for accommodating specific chemoreceptors within the chemotaxis signaling complex.escherichia coli and salmonella enterica are models for many experiments in molecular biology including chemotaxis, and most of the results obtained with one organism have been generalized to another. while most components of the chemotaxis pathway are strongly conserved between the two species, salmonella genomes contain some chemoreceptors and an additional protein, chev, that are not found in e. coli. the role of chev was examined in distantly related species bacillus subtilis and helicobacte ...201626844549
helicobacter pylori colonization in nepal; assessment of prevalence and potential risk factors in a hospital-based patient cohort.helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium, can cause gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers. it is considered an important public health problem for both developed and developing world. this bacterium is classified as the class 1 carcinogen because it can cause cancer.201626833400
infectious and coronary artery disease.atherosclerotic event is one of the most causes of death in the world. coronary artery disease (cad) is one manifestation of atherosclerosis. it is well-known that several risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus (dm), smoking, hypertension (htn), have effects on it. it is proposed that infection can lead to atherosclerosis or even make its process faster. here, we discuss about the effect of some of infectious agents on the atherosclerosis and cad.201627114736
characterisation of worldwide helicobacter pylori strains reveals genetic conservation and essentiality of serine protease htra.htra proteases and chaperones exhibit important roles in periplasmic protein quality control and stress responses. the genetic inactivation of htra has been described for many bacterial pathogens. however, in some cases such as the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori, htra is secreted where it cleaves the tumour-suppressor e-cadherin interfering with gastric disease development, but the generation of htra mutants is still lacking. here, we show that the htra gene locus is highly conserved in wo ...201526568477
dysbiotic infection in the stomach.microbiota in human alimentary tract plays important roles for homeostatic maintenance of the body. compositional difference of gut microbiota is tightly associated with susceptibility of many diseases, including inflammatory diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and atherosclerosis. "dysbiosis" refers to a state of imbalance among the colonies of microorganisms within the body, which brings abnormal increase of specific minor components and decrease in the normally dominant species. sin ...201526523109
helicobacter pylori and micrornas: relation with innate immunity and progression of preneoplastic conditions.the accepted paradigm for intestinal-type gastric cancer pathogenesis is a multistep progression from chronic gastritis induced by helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) to gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and ultimately gastric cancer. the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression are still not completely understood as only a fraction of colonized individuals ever develop neoplasia suggesting that bacterial, host and environmental factors are involved. micrornas ...201526468448
geranylgeranylacetone selectively binds to the hsp70 of helicobacter pylori and alters its coccoid morphology.geranylgeranylacetone (gga) is used to treat patients suffering from peptic ulcers and gastritis. we examined the effect of gga on helicobacter pylori, which is a causative factor of gastrointestinal diseases. previously, we have reported that gga binds specifically to the molecular chaperone hsp70. in this paper, we report that gga bounds to h. pylori hsp70 (product of the dnak gene) with 26-times higher affinity than to human hsp70, and induced large conformational changes as observed from sur ...201526345206
the cell shape-determining csd6 protein from helicobacter pylori constitutes a new family of l,d-carboxypeptidase.helicobacter pylori causes gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric cancer. its high motility in the viscous gastric mucosa facilitates colonization of the human stomach and depends on the helical cell shape and the flagella. in h. pylori, csd6 is one of the cell shape-determining proteins that play key roles in alteration of cross-linking or by trimming of peptidoglycan muropeptides. csd6 is also involved in deglycosylation of the flagellar protein flaa. to better understand its function, b ...201526306031
the allosteric behavior of fur mediates oxidative stress signal transduction in helicobacter pylori.the microaerophilic gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori is exposed to oxidative stress originating from the aerobic environment, the oxidative burst of phagocytes and the formation of reactive oxygen species, catalyzed by iron excess. accordingly, the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress defense have been repeatedly linked to the ferric uptake regulator fur. moreover, mutations in the fur protein affect the resistance to metronidazole, likely due to loss-of-function in the regulatio ...201526347726
helicobacter pylori-negative gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas: a review.since isaacson and wright first reported on the extra-nodal marginal zone b-cell lymphoma of the stomach in 1983, following studies have clarified many aspects of this disease. we now know that the stomach is the most affected organ by this disease, and approximately 90% of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) lymphomas are related to helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infection. this implies that approximately 10% of gastric malt lymphomas occur independent of h. pylori infection. the ...201526185372
insights into the functional roles of n-terminal and c-terminal domains of helicobacter pylori dpra.dna processing protein a (dpra) plays a crucial role in the process of natural transformation. this is accomplished through binding and subsequent protection of incoming foreign dna during the process of internalization. dpra along with single stranded dna binding protein a (ssba) acts as an accessory factor for reca mediated dna strand exchange. h. pylori dpra (hpdpra) is divided into an n-terminal domain and a c- terminal domain. in the present study, individual domains of hpdpra have been cha ...201526135134
the clearance effect of bovine anti-helicobacter pylori antibody-containing milk in o blood group helicobacter pylori-infected patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.the failure in standard triple therapy has recently increased to high levels in china, primarily because of insufficient patient compliance, antimicrobial resistance, and high costs. effective prevention and eradication of helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) by artificial passive immunization with orally administered bovine antibodies in the milk has been demonstrated in many animal studies, but the clinical studies that are available have shown no h. pylori eradication. this study was to evaluate t ...201526123101
helicobacteraceae in bulk tank milk of dairy herds from northern italy.helicobacter pylori is responsible for gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans, but the routes of transmission of this bacterium have not been clearly defined. few studies led to supposing that h. pylori could be transmitted through raw milk, and no one investigated the presence of other helicobacteraceae in milk. in the current work, the presence of helicobacteraceae was investigated in the bulk tank milk of dairy cattle herds located in northern italy both by direct plating onto h. pylo ...201526090429
interplay of the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori with toll-like receptors.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are crucial for pathogen recognition and downstream signaling to induce effective immunity. the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori is a paradigm of persistent bacterial infections and chronic inflammation in humans. the chronicity of inflammation during h. pylori infection is related to the manipulation of regulatory cytokines. in general, the early detection of h. pylori by tlrs and other pattern recognition receptors (prrs) is believed to induce a regulatory cytoki ...201525945326
basal body structures differentially affect transcription of rpon- and flia-dependent flagellar genes in helicobacter pylori.flagellar biogenesis in helicobacter pylori is regulated by a transcriptional hierarchy governed by three sigma factors, rpod (σ(80)), rpon (σ(54)), and flia (σ(28)), that temporally coordinates gene expression with the assembly of the flagellum. previous studies showed that loss of flagellar protein export apparatus components inhibits transcription of flagellar genes. the flgs/flgr two-component system activates transcription of rpon-dependent genes though an unknown mechanism. to understand b ...201525825427
helicobacter pylori flha binds the sensor kinase and flagellar gene regulatory protein flgs with high affinity.flagellar biogenesis is a complex process that involves multiple checkpoints to coordinate transcription of flagellar genes with the assembly of the flagellum. in helicobacter pylori, transcription of the genes needed in the middle stage of flagellar biogenesis is governed by rpon and the two-component system consisting of the histidine kinase flgs and response regulator flgr. in response to an unknown signal, flgs autophosphorylates and transfers the phosphate to flgr, initiating transcription ...201525802298
crystal structure of helicobacter pylori pseudaminic acid biosynthesis n-acetyltransferase pseh: implications for substrate specificity and catalysis.helicobacter pylori infection is the common cause of gastroduodenal diseases linked to a higher risk of the development of gastric cancer. persistent infection requires functional flagella that are heavily glycosylated with 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-nonulosonic acid (pseudaminic acid). pseudaminic acid biosynthesis protein h (pseh) catalyzes the third step in its biosynthetic pathway, producing udp-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-l-altropyranose. it belongs to the gcn ...201525781966
helicobacter pylori: genomic insight into the host-pathogen interaction.the advent of genomic analyses has revolutionized the study of human health. infectious disease research in particular has experienced an explosion of bacterial genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data complementing the phenotypic methods employed in traditional bacteriology. together, these techniques have revealed novel virulence determinants in numerous pathogens and have provided information for potential chemotherapeutics. the bacterial pathogen, helicobacter pylori, has been recognized ...201525722969
sialylation of helicobacter bizzozeronii lipopolysaccharides modulates toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 mediated response.sialic acid in lipopolysaccharides (lps) of mucosal pathogens is known to be an important virulence factor. few strains of helicobacter pylori express sialyl-lewis-x and we have reported that human and canine helicobacter bizzozeronii strains express sialyl-lactoseamine in their lps. however, the role of sialyation of helicobacter lps in the interaction with the host cells is still unknown. in this study h. bizzozeronii lps is shown to activate the tlr2 in a dose and strain dependent manner in t ...201525603825
evolution of the selenoproteome in helicobacter pylori and epsilonproteobacteria.by competing for the acquisition of essential nutrients, helicobacter pylori has the unique ability to persist in the human stomach, also causing nutritional insufficiencies in the host. although the h. pylori genome apparently encodes selenocysteine synthase (sela, hp1513), a key pyridoxal phosphate (plp)-dependent enzyme for the incorporation of selenium into bacterial proteins, nothing is known about the use of this essential element in protein synthesis by this pathogen. we analyzed the evol ...201526342139
smrt sequencing of the campylobacter coli bfr-ca-9557 genome sequence reveals unique methylation motifs.campylobacter species are the most prevalent bacterial pathogen causing acute enteritis worldwide. in contrast to campylobacter jejuni, about 5 % of campylobacter coli strains exhibit susceptibility to restriction endonuclease digestion by dpni cutting specifically 5'-g(m)atc-3' motifs. this indicates significant differences in dna methylation between both microbial species. the goal of the study was to analyze the methylome of a c. coli strain susceptible to dpni digestion, to identify its meth ...201526689587
chromosomal integration vectors allowing flexible expression of foreign genes in campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human gastroenteritis yet there is limited knowledge of how disease is caused. molecular genetic approaches are vital for research into the virulence mechanisms of this important pathogen. vectors that allow expression of genes in c. jejuni via recombination onto the chromosome are particularly useful for genetic complementation of insertional knockout mutants and more generally for expression of genes in particular c. jejuni host backgrounds.201526497958
transmission of the pabi family of restriction dna glycosylase genes: mobility and long-term inheritance.r.pabi is an exceptional restriction enzyme that functions as a dna glycosylase. the enzyme excises an unmethylated base from its recognition sequence to generate apurinic/apyrimidinic (ap) sites, and also displays ap lyase activity, cleaving the dna backbone at the ap site to generate the 3'-phospho alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde end in addition to the 5'-phosphate end. the resulting ends are difficult to religate with dna ligase. the enzyme was originally isolated in pyrococcus, a hypertherm ...201526481899
helicobacter pylori adaptation in vivo in response to a high-salt diet.helicobacter pylori exhibits a high level of intraspecies genetic diversity. in this study, we investigated whether the diversification of h. pylori is influenced by the composition of the diet. specifically, we investigated the effect of a high-salt diet (a known risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma) on h. pylori diversification within a host. we analyzed h. pylori strains isolated from mongolian gerbils fed either a high-salt diet or a regular diet for 4 months by proteomic and whole-genome ...201526438795
narrow-spectrum inhibitors of campylobacter jejuni flagellar expression and growth.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of food-borne illness due to its ability to reside within the gastrointestinal tracts of chickens. multiple studies have identified the flagella of c. jejuni as a major determinant of chicken colonization. an inhibitor screen of approximately 147,000 small molecules was performed to identify compounds that are able to inhibit flagellar expression in a reporter strain of c. jejuni. several compounds that modestly inhibited motility of wild-type c. jejuni in s ...201525870073
diversity of the epsilonproteobacteria dsb (disulfide bond) systems.the bacterial proteins of the dsb family-important components of the post-translational protein modification system-catalyze the formation of disulfide bridges, a process that is crucial for protein structure stabilization and activity. dsb systems play an essential role in the assembly of many virulence factors. recent rapid advances in global analysis of bacteria have thrown light on the enormous diversity among bacterial dsb systems. while the escherichia coli disulfide bond-forming system is ...201526106374
towards fluorescence in vivo hybridization (fivh) detection of h. pylori in gastric mucosa using advanced lna probes.in recent years, there have been several attempts to improve the diagnosis of infection caused by helicobacter pylori. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) is a commonly used technique to detect h. pylori infection but it requires biopsies from the stomach. thus, the development of an in vivo fish-based method (fivh) that directly detects and allows the visualization of the bacterium within the human body would significantly reduce the time of analysis, allowing the diagnosis to be performe ...201525915865
coiled coil rich proteins (ccrp) influence molecular pathogenicity of helicobacter pylori.pathogenicity of the human pathogen helicobacter pylori relies on its capacity to adapt to a hostile environment and to escape the host response. although there have been great advances in our understanding of the bacterial cytoskeleton, major gaps remain in our knowledge of its contribution to virulence. in this study we have explored the influence of coiled coil rich proteins (ccrp) cytoskeletal elements on pathogenicity factors of h. pylori. deletion of any of the ccrp resulted in a strongly ...201525822999
hypothetical protein ct398 (cdsz) interacts with σ(54) (rpon)-holoenzyme and the type iii secretion export apparatus in chlamydia trachomatis.a significant challenge to bacteriology is the relatively large proportion of proteins that lack sufficient sequence similarity to support functional annotation (i.e. hypothetical proteins). the aim of this study was to apply protein structural homology to gain insights into a candidate protein of unknown function (ct398) within the medically important, obligate intracellular bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. c. trachomatis is a major human pathogen responsible for numerous infections throughout ...201526173998
glutathione and multidrug resistance protein transporter mediate a self-propelled disposal of bismuth in human cells.glutathione and multidrug resistance protein (mrp) play an important role on the metabolism of a variety of drugs. bismuth drugs have been used to treat gastrointestinal disorder and helicobacter pylori infection for decades without exerting acute toxicity. they were found to interact with a wide variety of biomolecules, but the major metabolic pathway remains unknown. for the first time (to our knowledge), we systematically and quantitatively studied the metabolism of bismuth in human cells. ou ...201525737551
herpes simplex virus type 1 and other pathogens are key causative factors in sporadic alzheimer's disease.this review focuses on research in epidemiology, neuropathology, molecular biology, and genetics regarding the hypothesis that pathogens interact with susceptibility genes and are causative in sporadic alzheimer's disease (ad). sporadic ad is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease with evidence indicating coexisting multi-pathogen and inflammatory etiologies. there are significant associations between ad and various pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), cytomegalo ...201526401998
ileal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma presenting with small bowel obstruction: a case report.extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt lymphoma) of the gastrointestinal tract commonly involves the stomach in the setting of concurrent helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infection. primary ileal malt lymphoma is rare, and has not been associated with a specific infectious disease. we report a case of a 58-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with constipation and abdominal distension, and signs of an obstructing mass on computed tomography ...201526178711
the human antimicrobial protein calgranulin c participates in control of helicobacter pylori growth and regulation of virulence.during infectious processes, antimicrobial proteins are produced by both epithelial cells and innate immune cells. some of these antimicrobial molecules function by targeting transition metals and sequestering these metals in a process referred to as "nutritional immunity." this chelation strategy ultimately starves invading pathogens, limiting their growth within the vertebrate host. recent evidence suggests that these metal-binding antimicrobial molecules have the capacity to affect bacterial ...201525964473
extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the lung: evolution from an underlying reactive lymphoproliferative disorder.extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (enmzl) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) is a problematic and sometimes controversial diagnosis. while commonly seen in the stomach in the setting of chronic helicobacter pylori infection, other extranodal sites, such as the lung, may also present with disease. enmzl is clinically and morphologically heterogeneous; however, regardless of presentation, the etiology lies in the accumulation of lymphoid tissue in non-traditional sites. this phenomenon is ...201526457231
andrographolide sodium bisulphite-induced inactivation of urease: inhibitory potency, kinetics and mechanism.the inhibitory effect of andrographolide sodium bisulphite (asb) on jack bean urease (jbu) and helicobacter pylori urease (hpu) was performed to elucidate the inhibitory potency, kinetics and mechanism of inhibition in 20 mm phosphate buffer, ph 7.0, 2 mm edta, 25 °c.201526179287
regulatory t cells may participate in helicobacter pylori persistence in gastric malt lymphoma: lessons from an animal model.it has been postulated that the emergence of autoimmune gastritis in neonatal thymectomised (d3tx) balb/c mice may be a consequence of post-surgery deficit in tregs. in this study, previously obtained samples from d3tx mice were used in order to determine whether thymectomy creates a deficit in this t cell subset thereby allowing the emergence of autoimmune phenomena as a prerequisite for gml. the splenic treg reserve and the local recruitment of these cells in the gastric mucosa were investigat ...201526657504
helicobacter pylori infection induces anemia, depletes serum iron storage, and alters local iron-related and adult brain gene expression in male ins-gas mice.iron deficiency anemia (ida) affects > 500 million people worldwide, and is linked to impaired cognitive development and function in children. helicobacter pylori, a class 1 carcinogen, infects about half of the world's population, thus creating a high likelihood of overlapping risk. this study determined the effect of h. pylori infection on iron homeostasis in ins-gas mice. two replicates of ins-gas/fvb male mice (n = 9-12/group) were dosed with h. pylori (hp) strain ss1 or sham dosed at 6-9 we ...201526575645
enterohepatic helicobacter species as a potential causative factor in inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis.the helicobacter species in the gut microbiota comprise helicobacter pylori (h pylori) and enterohepatic helicobacter species (ehs), which can colonize the intestinal mucosa. however, it is unclear whether ehs are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to examine the association between ehs and ibd.pubmed, scopus, cochrane library, and web of science databases, as well as abstracts from conference proceedings were searched to identify studies ...201526559250
tight junction disruption: helicobacter pylori and dysregulation of the gastric mucosal barrier.long-term chronic infection with helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) is a risk factor for gastric cancer development. in the multi-step process that leads to gastric cancer, tight junction dysfunction is thought to occur and serve as a risk factor by permitting the permeation of luminal contents across an otherwise tight mucosa. mechanisms that regulate tight junction function and structure in the normal stomach, or dysfunction in the infected stomach, however, are largely unknown. although conventi ...201526523106
helicobacter pylori and t helper cells: mechanisms of immune escape and tolerance.helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of at least half of the human population, causing a worldwide infection that appears in early childhood and if not treated, it can persist for life. the presence of symptoms and their severity depend on bacterial components, host susceptibility, and environmental factors, which allow h. pylori to switch between commensalism and pathogenicity. h. pylori-driven interactions with the host immune system underlie the persistence of the infection in hum ...201526525279
pathobiology of helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer.colonization of the human stomach by helicobacter pylori and its role in causing gastric cancer is one of the richest examples of a complex relationship among human cells, microbes, and their environment. it is also a puzzle of enormous medical importance given the incidence and lethality of gastric cancer worldwide. we review recent findings that have changed how we view these relationships and affected the direction of gastric cancer research. for example, recent data have indicated that subtl ...201526385073
the stomach in health and disease.the stomach is traditionally regarded as a hollow muscular sac that initiates the second phase of digestion. yet this simple view ignores the fact that it is the most sophisticated endocrine organ with unique physiology, biochemistry, immunology and microbiology. all ingested materials, including our nutrition, have to negotiate this organ first, and as such, the stomach is arguably the most important segment within the gi tract. the unique biological function of gastric acid secretion not only ...201526342014
comparison of three diagnostic assays for the identification of helicobacter spp. in laboratory dogs.a number of helicobacter species may confound experimental data because of their association with disease progressing in various kinds of laboratory animals. screening of helicobacter species is particularly desirable, because they are prevalent in commercial and research animal facilities. the aim of the present study was to compare three diagnostic methods [e.g. helicobacter stool antigen kit (hpsa), polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and rapid urease test (rut)] for the identification of helicob ...201526155203
mutual reinforcement of inflammation and carcinogenesis by the helicobacter pylori caga oncoprotein.helicobacter pylori caga-positive strain delivers the caga oncoprotein into gastric epithelial cells and at the same time elicits stomach inflammation. to experimentally investigate the pathophysiological interplay between caga and inflammation, transgenic mice systemically expressing the bacterial caga gene were treated with a colitis inducer, dextran sulfate sodium (dss). compared with control mice, dss-induced colitis was markedly deteriorated in caga-transgenic mice. in the colonic epithelia ...201525944120
multidimensional effects of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in helicobacter pylori, helicobacter felis, and human lung (l132) and lung carcinoma a549 cells.silver nanoparticles (agnps) are prominent group of nanomaterials and are recognized for their diverse applications in various health sectors. this study aimed to synthesize the agnps using the leaf extract of artemisia princeps as a bio-reductant. furthermore, we evaluated the multidimensional effect of the biologically synthesized agnps in helicobacter pylori, helicobacter felis, and human lung (l132) and lung carcinoma (a549) cells. uv-visible (uv-vis) spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of ...201525852332
helicobacter pylori infection in rural and urban dyspeptic patients from venezuela.the goal of this work was to assess the helicobacter pylori prevalence in a rural mestizo population and compare it to an urban population from venezuela. the study was performed in gastric juice samples of 71 dyspeptic patients from caracas (urban) and 39 from tucupita (rural), in the orinoco delta region. helicobacter pylori was detected by amplification of 16s rrna, glmm, and urea genes in 55.0% patients from urban and 87.2% from rural populations. caga was found positive in 51% and 62% urban ...201526195456
helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia with cellulitis after abo-incompatible living-donor liver transplantation: case report.helicobacter cinaedi (h. cinaedi), a gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium, is an enterohepatic non-helicobacter pylori helicobacter species. we report the first case of h. cinaedi bacteremia with cellulitis after liver transplantation. a 48-year-old male, who had been a dog breeder for 15 years, underwent abo-incompatible living-donor liver transplantation for hepatitis c virus-induced decompensated cirrhosis using an anti-hepatitis b core antibody-positive graft. the patient was preoperatively ...201526167092
role of helicobacter pylori infection in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.though a century old hypothesis, infection as a cause for atherosclerosis is still a debatable issue. epidemiological and clinical studies had shown a possible association but inhomogeneity in the study population and study methods along with potential confounders have yielded conflicting results. infection triggers a chronic inflammatory state which along with other mechanisms such as dyslipidemia, hyper-homocysteinemia, hypercoagulability, impaired glucose metabolism and endothelial dysfunctio ...201525810813
evolution of helicobacter: acquisition by gastric species of two histidine-rich proteins essential for colonization.metal acquisition and intracellular trafficking are crucial for all cells and metal ions have been recognized as virulence determinants in bacterial pathogens. virulence of the human gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori is dependent on nickel, cofactor of two enzymes essential for in vivo colonization, urease and [nife] hydrogenase. we found that two small paralogous nickel-binding proteins with high content in histidine (hpn and hpn-2) play a central role in maintaining non-toxic intracellular ...201526641249
dormant phages of helicobacter pylori reveal distinct populations in europe.prophages of helicobacter pylori, a bacterium known to co-evolve in the stomach of its human host, were recently identified. however, their role in the diversity of h. pylori strains is unknown. we demonstrate here and for the first time that the diversity of the prophage genes offers the ability to distinguish between european populations, and that h. pylori prophages and their host bacteria share a complex evolutionary history. by comparing the phylogenetic trees of two prophage genes (integra ...201526387443
complete genome sequences of two helicobacter pylori strains from a canadian arctic aboriginal community.we report here the complete genome sequences of two amerind helicobacter pylori strains from aklavik, northwest territories, canada. one strain contains extra iron-cofactored urease genes and ~140 rearrangements in its chromosome relative to other described strains (typically differing from one another by <10 rearrangements), suggesting that it represents a novel lineage of h. pylori.201525883278
recombinant bacillus subtilis spores elicit th1/th17-polarized immune response in a murine model of helicobacter pylori vaccination.current progress in research on vaccines against helicobacter pylori emphasizes the significance of eliciting the th1/th17-polarized immune response. such polarization can be achieved by selection of appropriate antigen and adjuvant. in this study, we wanted to check the polarization of the immune response elicited by ureb protein of helicobacter acinonychis delivered by recombinant bacillus subtilis spores upon oral immunization. b. subtilis spores presenting fragment of ureb protein and able t ...201525779639
identification of low abundance microbiome in clinical samples using whole genome sequencing.identifying the microbiome composition from primary tissues directly affords an opportunity to study the causative relationships between the host microbiome and disease. however, this is challenging due the low abundance of microbial dna relative to the host. we present a systematic evaluation of microbiome profiling directly from endoscopic biopsies by whole genome sequencing. we compared our methods with other approaches on datasets with previously identified microbial composition. we applied ...201526614063
chemorepulsion from the quorum signal autoinducer-2 promotes helicobacter pylori biofilm dispersal.the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori forms biofilms on abiotic and biotic surfaces. we have shown previously that h. pylori perceives the quorum signal autoinducer-2 (ai-2) as a chemorepellent. we report here that h. pylori chemorepulsion from endogenous ai-2 influences the proportions and spatial organization of cells within biofilms. strains that fail to produce ai-2 (∆luxs strains) or are defective for chemotaxis (∆chea strains) formed more spatially homogenous biofilms with a greater pro ...201526152582
evolution of satellite dna sequences in two tribes of bovidae: a cautionary tale.two clones, bt1 from bos taurus and om1 from ovis orientalis musimon, were used as probes for hybridization on genomic dna and on metaphase chromosomes in members of bovini and caprini tribes. bt1 and om1 are sequences respectively belonging to the 1.715 and 1.714 dna satellite i families. southern blots and fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments showed completely coherent results: the bovini probe bt1 hybridized only to members of the bovini tribe and not to members of caprini. likewise ...201526692159
microbial regulation of p53 tumor suppressor.p53 tumor suppressor has been identified as a protein interacting with the large t antigen produced by simian vacuolating virus 40 (sv40). subsequent research on p53 inhibition by sv40 and other tumor viruses has not only helped to gain a better understanding of viral biology, but also shaped our knowledge of human tumorigenesis. recent studies have found, however, that inhibition of p53 is not strictly in the realm of viruses. some bacterial pathogens also actively inhibit p53 protein and induc ...201526379246
structural basis for the inhibition of helicobacter pylori α-carbonic anhydrase by sulfonamides.periplasmic α-carbonic anhydrase of helicobacter pylori (hpαca), an oncogenic bacterium in the human stomach, is essential for its acclimation to low ph. it catalyses the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate using zn(ii) as the cofactor. in h. pylori, neisseria spp., brucella suis and streptococcus pneumoniae this enzyme is the target for sulfonamide antibacterial agents. we present structural analysis correlated with inhibition data, on the complexes of hpαca with two pharmacological inh ...201526010545
comparative roles of the two helicobacter pylori thioredoxins in preventing macromolecule damage.thioredoxins are highly conserved throughout a wide range of organisms, and they are essential for the isurvival of oxygen-sensitive cells. the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori uses the thioredoxin system to maintain its thiol/disulfide balance. there are two thioredoxins present in h. pylori, trx1 and trx2 (herein referred to as trxa and trxc). trxa has been shown to be important as an electron donor for some antioxidant enzymes, but the function of trxc remains unknown (l. m. baker, a. rau ...201525964471
what exists beyond caga and vaca? helicobacter pylori genes in gastric diseases.helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infection is present in more than half the world's population and has been associated with several gastric disorders, such as gastritis, peptic ulceration, and gastric adenocarcinoma. the clinical outcome of this infection depends on host and bacterial factors where h. pylori virulence genes seem to play a relevant role. studies of caga and vaca genes established that they were determining factors in gastric pathogenesis. however, there are gastric cancer cases th ...201526457016
chitosan as an adjuvant for a helicobacter pylori therapeutic vaccine.the aim of the present study was to delineate the therapeutic effect of a helicobacter pylori vaccine with chitosan as an adjuvant, as well as to identify the potential mechanism against h. pylori infection when compared with an h. pylori vaccine, with cholera toxin (ct) as an adjuvant. mice were first infected with h. pylori and, following the establishment of an effective infection model, were vaccinated using an h. pylori protein vaccine with chitosan as an adjuvant. levels of h. pylori colon ...201526095723
oral administration of recombinant neisseria meningitidis pora genetically fused to h. pylori hpaa antigen increases antibody levels in mouse serum, suggesting that pora behaves as a putative adjuvant.the neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein pora from a chilean strain was purified as a recombinant protein. pora mixed with abisco induced bactericidal antibodies against n. meningitidis in mice. when pora was fused to the helicobacter pylori hpaa antigen gene, the specific response against h. pylori protein increased. splenocytes from pora-immunized mice were stimulated with pora, and an increase in the secretion of il-4 was observed compared with that of ifn-γ. moreover, in an immunogl ...201525750999
structure of csd3 from helicobacter pylori, a cell shape-determining metallopeptidase.helicobacter pylori is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases such as gastritis, ulcers and gastric cancer. its colonization of the human gastric mucosa requires high motility, which depends on its helical cell shape. seven cell shape-determining genes (csd1, csd2, csd3/hdpa, ccma, csd4, csd5 and csd6) have been identified in h. pylori. their proteins play key roles in determining the cell shape through modifications of the cell-wall peptidoglycan by the alteration of cross-linking or ...201525760614
helicobacter pylori resists the antimicrobial activity of calprotectin via lipid a modification and associated biofilm formation.helicobacter pylori is one of several pathogens that persist within the host despite a robust immune response. h. pylori elicits a proinflammatory response from host epithelia, resulting in the recruitment of immune cells which manifests as gastritis. relatively little is known about how h. pylori survives antimicrobials, including calprotectin (cp), which is present during the inflammatory response. the data presented here suggest that one way h. pylori survives the nutrient sequestration by cp ...201526646009
pyridodiazepine amines are selective therapeutic agents for helicobacter pylori by suppressing growth through inhibition of glutamate racemase but are predicted to require continuous elevated levels in plasma to achieve clinical efficacy.a pyridodiazepine amine inhibitor of helicobacter pylori glutamate racemase (muri) was characterized. the compound was selectively active against h. pylori, and growth suppression was shown to be mediated through the inhibition of muri by several methods. in killing kinetics experiments, the compound showed concentration-independent activity, with about a 2-log loss of viability in 24 h. a demonstration of efficacy in a mouse infection model was attempted but not achieved, and this was attribute ...201525645840
bacterial composition of the human upper gastrointestinal tract microbiome is dynamic and associated with genomic instability in a barrett's esophagus cohort.the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (eac) has increased nearly five-fold over the last four decades in the united states. barrett's esophagus, the replacement of the normal squamous epithelial lining with a mucus-secreting columnar epithelium, is the only known precursor to eac. like other parts of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract, the esophagus hosts a variety of bacteria and comparisons among published studies suggest bacterial communities in the stomach and esophagus differ. chronic inf ...201526076489
functional and evolutionary analyses of helicobacter pylori hp0231 (dsbk) protein with strong oxidative and chaperone activity characterized by a highly diverged dimerization domain.helicobacter pylori does not encode the classical dsba/dsbb oxidoreductases that are crucial for oxidative folding of extracytoplasmic proteins. instead, this microorganism encodes an untypical two proteins playing a role in disulfide bond formation - periplasmic hp0231, which structure resembles that of ecdsbc/dsbg, and its redox partner, a membrane protein hpdsbi (hp0595) with a β-propeller structure. the aim of presented work was to assess relations between hp0231 structure and function. we s ...201526500620
repurposing drugs in oncology (redo)-clarithromycin as an anti-cancer agent.clarithromycin (cam) is a well-known macrolide antibiotic available as a generic drug. cam is traditionally used for many types of bacterial infections, treatment of lyme disease and eradication of gastric infection with helicobacter pylori. extensive preclinical and clinical data demonstrate a potential role for cam to treat various tumours in combination with conventional treatment. the mechanisms of action underlying the anti-tumour activity of cam are multiple and include prolonged reduction ...201525729426
association between helicobacter spp. infections and hepatobiliary malignancies: a review.hepatobiliary cancers are highly lethal cancers that comprise a spectrum of invasive carcinomas originating in the liver hepatocellular carcinoma, the bile ducts intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, the gallbladder and the ampulla of vater (collectively known as biliary tract cancers). these tumors account for approximately 13% of all annual cancer-related deaths worldwide and for 10%-20% of deaths from hepatobiliary malignancies. cholangiocarcinoma (cca) is a dev ...201525663761
flagellin-induced nlrc4 phosphorylation primes the inflammasome for activation by naip5.the nlrc4 inflammasome contributes to immunity against intracellular pathogens that express flagellin and type iii secretion systems, and activating mutations in nlrc4 cause autoinflammation in patients. both naip5 and phosphorylation of nlrc4 at ser533 are required for flagellin-induced inflammasome activation, but how these events converge upon inflammasome activation is not known. here, we showed that nlrc4 phosphorylation occurs independently of naip5 detection of flagellin because naip5 del ...201525605939
toll-like receptor 10 in helicobacter pylori infection.innate immunity plays important roles in the primary defense against pathogens, and epidemiological studies have suggested a role for toll-like receptor 1 (tlr1) in helicobacter pylori susceptibility. microarray analysis of gastric biopsy specimens from h. pylori-positive and uninfected subjects showed that tlr10 messenger rna (mrna) levels were upregulated approximately 15-fold in infected subjects; these findings were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. immu ...201525977263
Refresh
firstprev
...21222324252627282930...
nextlast
Displaying items 2701 - 2800 of 40408