Publications

experimental studies on yellow fever in northern peru.	fourteen typical cases of yellow fever were studied in northern peru during an epidemic occurring in 1920, nine in payta in march and april, and five in morropon and piura in april and may. the method of investigation was similar to that previously employed, but as the laboratory facilities were very meager certain changes were required. although in payta the work was handicapped by the lack of electric light, the scarcity of water and animal food, the unsuitability of the guinea pigs for inocul ...	1921	19868492
immunology of the peruvian strains of leptospira icteroides.	serum from yellow fever convalescents from payta, piura, and morropon gave a positive pfeiffer reaction with the strains of leptospira icteroides isolated in guayaquil and merida. the serum also protected the guinea pigs from these strains in the majority of instances. the pfeiffer reaction was complete with all recent convalescents (7 to 36 days) but slight or partial in some instances with serum derived from individuals who had had the attack of yellow fever 10 months previously. the virulence ...	1921	19868493
etiology of yellow fever : xiii. behavior of the heart in the experimental infection of guinea pigs and monkeys with leptospira icteroides and leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.	1. slowing of the heart occurred in monkeys and guinea pigs during the febrile period of the experimental infection due to leptospira icteroides. a similar reaction took place in animals inoculated with leptospira icterohoemorrhagioe. 2. the mechanism of slowing was usually due to slowing of the whole heart. 3. once incomplete heart block was seen. changes in the ventricular complex occurred four times.	1921	19868529
etiology of yellow fever : x. comparative immunological studies on leptospira icteroides and leptospira icterohaemoorrhagiae.	it has been previously reported that a filterable microorganism belonging to the genus leptospira has been recovered from the blood or organs of human beings suffering from the disease known as yellow fever in guayaquil, and that the organism, which has been termed leptospira icteroides, induces in certain experimental animals the characteristic symptoms and lesions observed in the patients from whom it was isolated. it has also been previously shown that the serum from patients recovering from ...	1920	19868393
etiology of yellow fever : xi. serum treatment of animals infected with leptospira icteroides.	the use ot a polyvalent immune serum ot nign potency in tne treatment of an experimental infection of guinea pigs with leptospira icteroides was found to be of definite advantage in checking the progress of the infection. when administered during the period of incubation the serum was found capable of completely preventing the development of the disease, although on subsequent examination hemorrhagic lesions of greater or less number and extent were found in the lungs of the guinea pigs which su ...	1920	19868394
etiology of yellow fever : xii. chemotherapy versus serotherapy in experimental infection with leptospira icteroides.	in several series of experiments guinea pigs were variously infected with different amounts of leptospira icteroides, either in the form of culture, organ emulsion from infected guinea pigs, or a mixture of both. the infecting materials were of different grades of virulence; in some series the amount given was near a single lethal dose, in others a subminimum lethal dose was given, i.e. causing mild infection with recovery in the majority of animals, and in still others the animals were injected ...	1920	19868452
immunological studies with a strain of leptospira isolated from a case of yellow fever in merida, yucatan.	identification of the leptospira isolated from a case of yellow fever in merida was accomplished by means of an anti-icteroides immune serum prepared in a horse with several guayaquil strains of leptospira icteroides. the immune serum showed a protective action of high titer against the merida strain, thus establishing its efficacy as a therapeutic agent against this strain. polyvalent anti-icteroides immune serum prepared in the horse or monovalent anti-icteroides immune serums prepared in the ...	1920	19868465
leptospira icteroides and yellow fever.		1920	16576471
etiology of yellow fever : ii. transmission experiments on yellow fever.	by injecting into guinea pigs the blood of yellow fever cases occurring in guayaquil a group of symptoms and lesions closely resembling those observed in human yellow fever were induced in a limited number of instances. of 74 guinea pigs inoculated with specimens of blood from 27 cases of yellow fever, 8, representing 6 cases, came down with the symptoms; namely, a marked rise of temperature after a period of incubation averaging 3 to 6 days, with simultaneous suffusion of the capillaries, parti ...	1919	19868337
etiology of yellow fever : iii. symptomatology and pathological findings in animals experimentally infected.	studies are reported on the type of disease induced in guinea pigs, dogs, and monkeys by inoculating them (1) with the blood or organ emulsions of guinea pigs or other susceptible animals experimentally infected with leptospira icteroides, and (2) with a pure culture of the organism. particular attention has been given in these experiments to the clinical features of the experimental infection in the various animals and to the pathological changes resulting from the infection. the symptoms and p ...	1919	19868338
etiology of yellow fever : iv. the acquired immunity of guinea pigs against leptospira icteroides after the inoculation of blood of yellow fever patients.	the majority of guinea pigs inoculated with the blood of yellow fever patients escaped a fatal infection. there were a number of instances in which the inoculation of yellow fever blood induced in these animals a temporary febrile reaction on the 4th or 5th day, followed in some cases by slight jaundice, but with a rapid return to normal. most of these guinea pigs when later inoculated with an organ emulsion of a passage strain of leptospira icteroides resisted the infection. on the other hand, ...	1919	19868341
etiology of yellow fever : vi. cultivation, morphology, virulence, and biological properties of leptospira icteroides.	by the employment of methods designed to promote the growth both of aerobic and anaerobic organisms, particularly those belonging to the class of spirochetes, it was possible to obtain a pure culture of a delicate organism, the morphological features of which place it in the genus leptospira. on three occasions, that is, from three out of eleven cases of yellow fever, the organism was directly cultivated. these three strains were found to induce the characteristic symptoms and lesions when teste ...	1919	19868342
etiology of yellow fever : v. properties of blood serum of yellow fever patients in relation to leptospira icteroides.	the serum from a number of persons recovering from yellow fever in guayaquil was studied with a view to establishing its possible immunological relationship with a strain of leptospira icteroides derived from one of the yellow fever patients. for this purpose the serum of convalescents was mixed either with an organ emulsion of a passage strain, or with a culture of the organism, and inoculated intraperitoneally into guinea pigs. the pfeiffer reaction was first studied, and then the animals were ...	1919	19868347
etiology of yellow fever : vii. demonstration of leptospira icteroides in the blood, tissues, and urine of yellow fever patients and of animals experimentally infected with the organism.	examinations of fresh blood from yellow fever patients by means of the dark-field microscope, made in more than twenty-seven cases, revealed in three cases the presence of leptospira icteroides. in no instance was a large number of organisms found, a long search being required before one was encountered. the injection of the blood into guinea pigs from two of the three positive cases induced in the animals a fatal infection, while the blood from the third positive case failed to infect the guine ...	1919	19868352
etiology of yellow fever : viii. presence of a leptospira in wild animals in guayaquil and its relation to leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and leptospira icteroides.	by the inoculation of guinea pigs intraperitoneally with the emulsions of kidneys from wild rats and mice captured in guayaquil, it was found that 67 per cent of the wild rats tested harbored in their kidneys a leptospira which produced in guinea pigs symptoms and lesions identical with those produced by leptospira icterohamorrhagia derived either from patients suffering from infectious jaundice in japan or europe, or from wild rats caught in new york. immune sera were prepared in rabbits by inj ...	1919	19868353
etiology of yellow fever : ix. mosquitoes in relation to yellow fever.	the foregoing experiments show that symptoms and lesions closely resembling those of yellow fever in man may be induced in guinea pigs by the bite of female stegomyias that have previously sucked the blood of a yellow fever patient or of an animal experimentally infected with leptospira icteroides. with mosquitoes infected directly from a yellow fever patient the infectivity seems to become manifest after a longer period of incubation than with those infected with the animal blood. in the former ...	1919	19868367
the cultivation of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae and the production of a therapeutic anti-spirochaetal serum.		1919	20474680
distribution of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae in the organs after intravenous serum treatment.	on the basis of these findings we believe that we are justified in saying that the immune serum of weil's disease is capable of destroying the spirochetes found within the organs in man, with the exception of the kidneys, and that the action of the serum upon the spirochetes is spirochetolytic and spirocheticidal. the scattered spirochetes in the kidney, on the other hand, are resistant to the action of the immune serum. the spirochetes disappear almost completely from the organs during the conv ...	1918	19868206
morphological characteristics and nomenclature of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae (inada and ido).	the present study deals with the morphology and systematic position of the causative agent of infectious jaundice. there are several features which are not found in any of the hitherto known genera of spirochaetoidea which led me to give this organism an independent generic name, leptospira, denoting the peculiar minute elementary spirals running throughout the body. the absence of a definite terminal flagellum or any flagella, and the remarkable flexibility of the terminal or caudal portion of ...	1918	19868227
further study on the cultural conditions of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae.	1. the presence of suitable animal or human serum is essential for the cultivation of leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. 2. the nutrient value of serum is considerably reduced by heating to 60 degrees c. for 30 minutes and is destroyed by boiling (100 degrees c). filtration through a berkefeld filter does not diminish the nutrient value of the serum. 3. the cultural value of different animal sera varies considerably. it is entirely absent from the sera of the rat and the pig. the sera of the rabbit ...	1918	19868228
the survival of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae in nature; observations concerning microchemical reactions and intermediary hosts.	1. leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae is unable to grow in the urine, either with or without the addition of suitable culture ingredients, the acidity of the urine being detrimental to the growth. it survives less than 24 hours, unless the urine is neutralized or slightly alkalized, when the period of survival is somewhat longer. if suitable nutrient ingredients are added to the neutralized or slightly alkalized urine, the organism is able to grow for about 10 days, after which multiplication ceases ...	1918	19868229
spirochaeta hebdomadis, the causative agent of seven day fever (nanukayami) : first paper.	a new species of spirochete which we have called spirochaeta hebdomadis has been described as the specific etiological agent of seven day fever, a disease prevailing in the autumn in fukuoka and other parts of japan. this spirochete is distinguishable from spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae to which it presents certain similarities. young guinea pigs are susceptible to inoculation with the blood of patients and to pure cultures of the spirochete, and those developing infection exhibit definite symp ...	1918	19868269
spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae in american wild rats and its relation to the japanese and european strains : first paper.	the principal points brought out in the present article are the following. 1. wild rats captured in this country carry in their kidneys a spirochete which possesses the morphological and pathogenic properties characteristic of spirochata icterohamorrhagia discovered by inada in the japanese form of infectious jaundice. 2. cultures of the american, belgian, and japanese strains of the spirochete were obtained by a special technique described, the first two strains having been cultivated artificia ...	1917	19868121
the distribution in the human body of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae.		1917	19868152
the rat as a carrier of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae, the causative agent of weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica).	1. on the basis of these findings, we conclude that the extermination of rats and field mice is a highly important prophylactic measure against weil's disease. 2. the chemical composition of soil and water plays animportant part in the development of spirochoeta icterohoemorrhagioe, and consequently in the spread of the disease of which it is the causative agent.	1917	19868153
the pure cultivation of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae (inada).	pure cultures of the spirochaetal causative agent of the disease known as weil's disease, or febrile icterus, in japan, have been obtained by us in a solid, a semisolid, and a fluid medium. the spirochaeta thus isolated remains pathogenic for guinea pigs for many generations. up to the present time we have succeeded through the courtesy of professor nagayo, dr. konuma, and dr. ishihara, in cultivating three different strains. the spirochaeta is a facultative anaerobe. the solid and semisolid cul ...	1916	19868006
the prophylaxis of weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica).	we have already described briefly the portals of entry and of excretion of the pathogenic spirochetes. we may mention here that we have twice prevented epidemics by disinfection of the ground and the removal of the inundated water in certain places in coal mines. in one mine 19 out of 50 workmen, and in another 9 out of 30 workmen came down with weil's disease in about 2 weeks. we have already pointed out that the period during which the pathogenic spirochetes are excreted in the urine continues ...	1916	19868055
the serum treatment of weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica).	horses immunized with cultures of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae yield an immune serum having therapeutic properties. with rare exceptions the serum destroys completely the spirochetes contained in the circulating blood. the development of antibodies is promoted by the serum injections. the number of spirochetes in the organs is reduced by the treatment. secondary manifestations due to the serum are slight and disappear promptly. the ultimate effects of the serum treatment on the symptoms and f ...	1916	19868056