Publications

adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses isolated early during the 2005-2006 influenza season in the united states.	the adamantanes, amantadine and rimantadine, have been used as first-choice antiviral drugs against community outbreaks of influenza a viruses for many years. rates of viruses resistant to these drugs have been increasing globally. rapid surveillance for the emergence and spread of resistant viruses has become critical for appropriate treatment of patients.	2006	16456087
an mf59-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine containing a/panama/1999 (h3n2) induced broader serological protection against heterovariant influenza virus strain a/fujian/2002 than a subunit and a split influenza vaccine.	to test whether inactivated influenza vaccines distributed during the 2003-2004 influenza season in the northern hemisphere were able to confer protection against the mismatched variant a/fujian/411/2002 virus strain, we measured haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies in elderly subjects vaccinated with three inactivated vaccines against the homologous a/h3n2 vaccine strain (a/panama) and against the mismatched a/fujian strain. the results showed that, while 76 to 80% of elder people vacci ...	2006	16464520
an unexpected antibody response to an engineered influenza virus modifies cd8+ t cell responses.	the ovalbumin(323-339) peptide that binds h2i-a(b) was engineered into the globular heads of hemagglutinin (h) molecules from serologically non-cross-reactive h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses, the aim being to analyze recall cd4+ t cell responses in a virus-induced respiratory disease. prime/challenge experiments with these h1ova and h3ova viruses in h2(b) mice gave the predicted, ovalbumin-specific cd4+ t cell response but showed an unexpectedly enhanced, early expansion of viral epitope-speci ...	2006	16473934
an rna aptamer that distinguishes between closely related human influenza viruses and inhibits haemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion.	aptamers selected against various kinds of targets have shown remarkable specificity and affinity, similar to those displayed by antibodies to their antigens. to employ aptamers as genotyping reagents for the identification of pathogens and their strains, in vitro selections were carried out to find aptamers that specifically bind and distinguish the closely related human influenza a virus subtype h3n2. the selected aptamer, p30-10-16, binds specifically to the haemagglutinin (ha) region of the ...	2006	16476969
serum antibodies against circulating influenza strains among vaccinated and unvaccinated general practitioners during two consecutive years (2002-2003).	efficacy studies have not answered the question whether influenza vaccination among general practitioners (gps) has a substantial additive effect on their immunity. to evaluate this effect the influenza antibody titres in vaccinated and unvaccinated gps were compared in a controlled trial during two consecutive winter periods (2002-2003 and 2003-2004). the seroprotection rates against the circulating a/h3n2 influenza virus amount to 80% and 42% in the unvaccinated group in 2002 and 2003, respect ...	2006	16490288
influenza pandemics of the 20th century.	three worldwide (pandemic) outbreaks of influenza occurred in the 20th century: in 1918, 1957, and 1968. the latter 2 were in the era of modern virology and most thoroughly characterized. all 3 have been informally identified by their presumed sites of origin as spanish, asian, and hong kong influenza, respectively. they are now known to represent 3 different antigenic subtypes of influenza a virus: h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2, respectively. not classified as true pandemics are 3 notable epidemics: a p ...	2006	16494710
swine influenza a outbreak, fort dix, new jersey, 1976.	in early 1976, the novel a/new jersey/76 (hsw1n1) influenza virus caused severe respiratory illness in 13 soldiers with 1 death at fort dix, new jersey. since a/new jersey was similar to the 1918-1919 pandemic virus, rapid outbreak assessment and enhanced surveillance were initiated. a/new jersey virus was detected only from january 19 to february 9 and did not spread beyond fort dix. a/victoria/75 (h3n2) spread simultaneously, also caused illness, and persisted until march. up to 230 soldiers w ...	2006	16494712
influenza-associated deaths in tropical singapore.	we used a regression model to examine the impact of influenza on death rates in tropical singapore for the period 1996-2003. influenza a (h3n2) was the predominant circulating influenza virus subtype, with consistently significant and robust effect on mortality rates. influenza was associated with an annual death rate from all causes, from underlying pneumonia and influenza, and from underlying circulatory and respiratory conditions of 14.8 (95% confidence interval 9.8-19.8), 2.9 (1.0-5.0), and ...	2006	16494727
[characterization of epidemic influenza virus a(h3n2) strains circulating in russia in the 2003-2004 epidemic season].	studies indicated that the epidemic rise in the incidence of influenza was caused by its virus a (h3n2) circulation in russia in the 2003-2004 season. the center of influenza ecology and epidemiology investigated 101 epidemic strains isolated the mdck culture. antigenic analysis showed that all viruses a(h3n2) were similar to the reference virus a/fujian/411/02(h3n2) and only 5 strains slightly differed from the latter. twelve (14%) strains resistant to rimantadine at a concentration of 0.5 mg/m ...	2006	16515037
influenza-associated hospitalization in a subtropical city.	the impact of influenza on morbidity and hospitalization in the tropics and subtropics is poorly quantified. uniquely, the hong kong special administrative region has computerized hospital discharge diagnoses on 95% of total bed days, allowing disease burden for a well-defined population to be accurately assessed.	2006	16515368
combination chemotherapy, a potential strategy for reducing the emergence of drug-resistant influenza a variants.	rapid development of resistant influenza variants after amantadine treatment is one of the main drawbacks of m2 blockers. on the other hand, the emergence of variants with low susceptibility to the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors is limited. in the present study we examined whether combination therapy with two classes of anti-influenza drugs can affect the emergence of resistant variants in vitro. we observed that virus yields of human a/nanchang/1/99 (h1n1), a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2), and a/hong ko ...	2006	16516984
[influenza pandemic--current crisis].	in most cases, influenza is not fatal, even without treatment. moreover, vaccination and antivirals have reduced influenza-related mortality in recent years. however, the direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans with lethal outcomes in hong kong in 1997 was a potent reminder of the devastating potential of the disease. currently, h5n1 avian influenza viruses are circulating in many asian countries, and the human death toll continues to rise as the virus spreads to european countr ...	2006	16519118
activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in swine influenza virus-mediated cell death.	the mitochondrial pathway of swine influenza virus (siv)-induced apoptosis was investigated using porcine kidney (pk-15) cells, swine testicle (st) cells, and hela cervical carcinoma cells which are known not to support viral replication. as judged by cell morphology, annexin v staining, and dna fragmentation, pk-15 and st cells infected with three different subtypes of siv (h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2) were obviously killed by apoptosis, not necrosis. siv infection in pk-15 and hela cells was shown to ...	2006	16520548
molecular changes associated with adaptation of human influenza a virus in embryonated chicken eggs.	failure to isolate a/fujian/411/2002 (h3n2) in embryonated chicken eggs resulted in its absence from the 2003/2004 vaccine. we analyzed the adaptation of this virus in eggs during serial passages in the amniotic then allantoic cavities. amniotic passage allowed the virus to grow in the allantoic cavity. during adaptation, 6 amino acid substitutions occurred: 4 in ha (g186v, s219f, v226i, v309i) and 2 in na (e119q, q136k). these substitutions allowed binding to saalpha2,3gal- and saalpha2,6gal-co ...	2006	16545416
comparison between denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and phylogenetic analysis for characterization of a/h3n2 influenza samples detected during the 1999-2004 epidemics in brazil.	in a preliminary study, a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis method (dgge) was described for influenza virus variants screening [motta, f.c., rosado, a.s., couceiro, j.n.s.s., 2002. standardization of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for mutant screening of influenza a (h3n2) virus samples. j. virol. meth. 105, 105-115]. such a protocol has confirmed its usefulness, discriminating closely related samples by the evaluation of the ha1 portion of haemagglutinin coding rna segment. in th ...	2006	16581139
a recombinant pseudorabies virus encoding the ha gene from h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus protects mice from virulent challenge.	the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/swine/inner mogolian/547/2001 (h3n2) swine influenza virus (siv) was recombined into the genome of pseudorabies virus (prv) bartha-k61 vaccine strain, generating a recombinant prv expressing the ha gene, designated as rprv-ha. one group of 15 mice was inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with 10(5.0) pfu of rprv-ha, and another two control groups of mice (15 mice per group) were mock-inoculated or inoculated with bartha-k61. mice inoculated with rprv-ha developed hemag ...	2006	16621018
interfering vaccine (defective interfering influenza a virus) protects ferrets from influenza, and allows them to develop solid immunity to reinfection.	defective interfering (di) virus rnas result from major deletions in full-length viral rnas that occur spontaneously during de novo rna synthesis. these rnas are packaged into virions that are by definition non-infectious, and are delivered to cells normally targeted by the virion. di rnas can only replicate with the aid of a coinfecting infectious helper virus, but the small size of di rna allows more copies of it to be made than of its full-length counterpart, so the cell produces defective vi ...	2006	16621180
bacterial sinusitis and otitis media following influenza virus infection in ferrets.	streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia. many of these infections result from antecedent influenza virus infections. in this study we sought to determine whether the frequency and character of secondary pneumococcal infections differed depending on the strain of influenza virus that preceded bacterial challenge. in young ferrets infected with influenza virus and then challenged with pneumococcus, influenza viruses of any subtype increased bacterial ...	2006	16622191
influenza surveillance in victoria, 2005.	influenza activity remained within normal seasonal activity with a well-defined peak at week 29 (beginning 18 july) during the victorian influenza season from may to september 2005. surveillance was based on sentinel general practice influenza-like illness (ili) notifications with laboratory confirmation, medical locum service ili notifications and laboratory notification of influenza detections. one thousand and eighty-seven consultations for ili were reported from 38 general practices, while m ...	2006	16637243
phase i evaluation of intranasal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine with nontoxigenic escherichia coli enterotoxin and novel biovector as mucosal adjuvants, using adult volunteers.	trivalent influenza virus a/duck/singapore (h5n3), a/panama (h3n2), and b/guandong vaccine preparations were used in a randomized, controlled, dose-ranging phase i study. the vaccines were prepared from highly purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from influenza viruses propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and inactivated with formaldehyde. we assigned 100 participants to six vaccine groups, as follows. three intranasally vaccinated groups received 7.5-microg doses of hemagglutinin from eac ...	2006	16641287
isolation and genetic characterization of new reassortant h3n1 swine influenza virus from pigs in the midwestern united states.	since the introduction of h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs) into u.s. swine in 1998, h1n2 and h1n1 reassortant viruses have emerged from reassortment between classical h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. in 2004, a new reassortant h3n1 virus (a/swine/minnesota/00395/2004) was identified from coughing pigs. phylogenetic analyses revealed a hemagglutinin segment similar to those of contemporary cluster iii h3n2 sivs and a neuraminidase sequence of contemporary h1n1 origin. the internal genes were of swine, h ...	2006	16641303
t cell responses are better correlates of vaccine protection in the elderly.	it is commonly held that increased risk of influenza in the elderly is due to a decline in the ab response to influenza vaccination. this study prospectively evaluated the relationship between the development of influenza illness, and serum ab titers and ex vivo cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination in community dwelling older adults including those with congestive heart failure (chf). adults age 60 years and older (90 subjects), and 10 healthy young adult controls received the 2003 ...	2006	16670345
variation in the ability of human influenza a viruses to induce and inhibit the ifn-beta pathway.	we investigated the ability of a selection of human influenza a viruses, including recent clinical isolates, to induce ifn-beta production in cultured cell lines. in contrast to the well-characterized laboratory strain a/pr/8/34, several, but not all, recent isolates of h3n2 viruses resulted in moderate ifn-beta stimulation. through the generation of recombinant viruses, we were able to show that this is not due to a loss of the ability of the ns1 genes to suppress ifn-beta induction; indeed, th ...	2006	16378631
an epidemiologically significant epitope of a 1998 human influenza virus neuraminidase forms a highly hydrated interface in the na-antibody complex.	the crystal structure of the complex between neuraminidase (na) of influenza virus a/memphis/31/98 (h3n2) and fab of monoclonal antibody mem5 has been determined at 2.1a resolution and shows a novel pattern of interactions compared to other na-fab structures. the interface buries a large area of 2400 a2 and the surfaces have high complementarity. however, the interface is also highly hydrated. there are 33 water molecules in the interface>or=95% buried from bulk solvent, but only 13 of these are ...	2006	16384583
surveillance of respiratory virus infections in adult hospital admissions using rapid methods.	both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause epidemics of respiratory illness of variable severity during the winter season. influenza in particular has been blamed for hospital winter bed pressures, although it is thought that rsv may also play a role. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a new respiratory virus reported to be important in children; only a limited number of studies are available for adult populations. we aimed to determine initially the burden of virologically confirme ...	2006	16388686
patterns of influenza-associated mortality among us elderly by geographic region and virus subtype, 1968-1998.	the regular seasonality of influenza in temperate countries is recognized, but regional differences in patterns of influenza-related mortality are poorly understood. identifying patterns could improve epidemic prediction and prevention. the authors analyzed the monthly percentage of deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza among people aged 65 or more years in the contiguous united states, 1968-1998. the local moran's i test for spatial autocorrelation and correlograms assessing space-time ...	2006	16394205
genetic and phenotypic stability of cold-adapted influenza viruses in a trivalent vaccine administered to children in a day care setting.	the genetic and phenotypic stability of viruses isolated from young children following intranasal administration of the trivalent live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine (laiv, marketed in the united states as flumist) was evaluated by determination of genomic sequence and assessment of the cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts) and attenuated (att) phenotypes. the complete genomic sequence was determined for 56 independent isolates obtained from children following vaccination (21 type a/ ...	2006	16413592
amplification of the entire genome of influenza a virus h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.	this study describes the development of a simple rt-pcr method to amplify the whole genome of the influenza a virus based on the amplification of full-length gene segments. primers were designed based on the conserved regions of both the 5'-end and the 3'-end of each gene segment. after optimizing the duration and temperature of denaturing, annealing, and extension, these primers could amplify all of the full-length gene segments. to test the accuracy of the method, all amplicons were subjected ...	2006	16687177
novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1, united states.	influenza a virus infects various animal species and transmits among different hosts, especially between humans and swine. swine may serve as a mixing vessel to create new reassortants that could infect humans. thus, monitoring and characterizing influenza viruses in swine are important in preventing interspecies transmission. we report the emergence and characterization of a novel h3n1 subtype of swine influenza virus (siv) in the united states. phylogenetic analysis showed that the h3n1 sivs m ...	2006	16704839
protection against influenza virus infection by intranasal vaccine with surf clam microparticles (smp) as an adjuvant.	a safe and effective adjuvant is necessary to enhance mucosal immune responses for the development of an inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine. the present study demonstrated the effectiveness of surf clam microparticles (smp) derived from natural surf clams as an adjuvant for an intranasal influenza vaccine. the adjuvant effect of smp was examined when co-administered intranasally with inactivated a/pr8 (h1n1) influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccine in balb/c mice. administration of the vaccin ...	2006	16721854
in vitro inhibition of human influenza a virus replication by chloroquine.	chloroquine is a 9-aminoquinolone with well-known anti-malarial effects. it has biochemical properties that could be applied to inhibit viral replication. we report here that chloroquine is able to inhibit influenza a virus replication, in vitro, and the ic50s of chloroquine against influenza a viruses h1n1 and h3n2 are lower than the plasma concentrations reached during treatment of acute malaria. the potential of chloroquine to be added to the limited range of anti-influenza drugs should be ex ...	2006	16729896
systemic capillary leak syndrome presenting as recurrent shock.	to report a case of systemic capillary leak syndrome (scls) in a child.	2006	16738498
genetic characterization of novel reassortant h1n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs in southeastern china.	in december 2004, three influenza h1n2 viruses were isolated from lung samples of pigs that had died from respiratory disease on a farm in southeastern china. to determine the genetic characterization and probable origin, one of the three isolates, a/swine/zhejiang/1/2004 (sw/zj/1/2004), was genetically analyzed. sw/zj/1/2004 was a reassortant with an na gene most closely related to the corresponding gene from a human-like h3n2 virus circulating in 1995. the remaining seven genes were most close ...	2006	16755371
[internal epidemic influenza virus proteins: isolation and investigation].	the internal influenza virus proteins m1 and rnp free from surface protein impurities were isolated from subviral particles (virions free from ha and na ectomenes). the spikeless particles had no propensity to aggregate in the solution at ph 5.0 as compared with native viruses. the subviral particles of b/hong kong/330/01 influenza virus, which belonged to b/victoria/2/87-lineage, were obtained by proteolytic treatment with the enzyme bromelain under the same conditions as in cases of influenza ...	2006	16756174
epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe, during the 2004-2005 winter.	the 2004-2005 influenza season in europe started in late december 2004 and the first influenza activity occurred in the west and southwest (spain, united kingdom and ireland). influenza activity then moved gradually east across europe during january and early february 2005, and from late february until late march, most movement was south to north. the intensity of clinical influenza activity in ten out of 23 countries was higher than during the 2003-2004 season, and lower or equal to the 2003-20 ...	2006	16757850
cross-reactivity of influenza a (h3n2) hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies induced by an inactivated influenza vaccine.	the antigenic drift of influenza a (h3n2) virus in 2003-2004 necessitated a change in the vaccine from the a/panama to the a/wyoming strain for the 2004-2005 season. using hemagglutination inhibition, we therefore tested antibodies in sera of 39 individuals (mean age 64.6 years) at the end of the 2003-2004 season for cross-reactivity to vaccine strains and h3n2 antigens subject to antigenic drift. antibodies against both a (h3n2) panama and wyoming developed in 5/13 (38.5%) unvaccinated individu ...	2006	16777274
[influenza diagnostics in patient with leukemia suspicion].	influenza is a seasonal viral disease, with the peak of morbidity occurring in poland between january and march. it is estimated that up to 70% of respiratory infections during the season is caused by this virus. influenza virus infection poses an ultimate threat to the elderly > or = 65 years old and chronically ill, in whom postinfluenzal complications--including viral pneumonia and secondary bacterial pneumonia--cause from 0.1% to 0.4% deaths annually. influenza also triggers off from 5% to 7 ...	2006	16780271
the guinea pig as a transmission model for human influenza viruses.	the severity of epidemic and pandemic influenza outbreaks is dictated in part by the efficiency with which the causative strain transmits between human hosts. the mechanisms underlying influenza virus spread are poorly understood, in part because of the lack of a convenient animal model to study this phenomenon. indeed, despite extremely efficient transmission among humans and virulence in the mouse model, we have shown that even the 1918 pandemic influenza virus does not transmit between mice. ...	2006	16785447
[diagnostics of viral respiratory infections in hospitalized patients and ambulatory patients from sentinel program during 2004/05 season in poland].	the aim of the study was to evaluate an impact of respiratory infections on the study population, type/subtype of influenza viruses circulating during 2004/05 season within the groups of hospitalised (n=35) and ambulatory patients (n=420) and to determine antigenic affinity of isolated viral strains. laboratory diagnostics of influenza a and b type, rsv, adenovirus and parainfluenzavirus (type 1, 2 and 3) was performed using direct immunofluorescence test (difa), virus isolation on mdck cell lin ...	2005	16789521
[antigenic and genetic study of hemagglutinin gene of influenza virus (h3n2) circulated in china in 2004].	to study the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza (h3n2) virus circulated in china in 2004.	2005	16415996
immune response to influenza vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association with nutritional status.	the immune response and serum nutritional status of 153 elderly residents of nursing homes (mean age 84.4 years) and 95 health care workers (mean age 36.8 years) were assessed before and after immunization with trivalent split-virus influenza vaccine. postvaccination titers of hemagglutination inhibition (hai) antibody to a/h1n1 and b among the elderly were lower than those among workers, but the seroconversion rates (greater than or equal to a four-fold rise) for a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 were unexpect ...	2005	15670881
differences in antibody responses of mice to intranasal or intraperitoneal immunization with influenza a virus and vaccination with subunit influenza vaccine.	two antigenically related but different influenza a virus strains of h3n2 subtype, a/dunedin/ 4/73 (h3n2) (dunedin) and a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2) (mississippi), were used for intranasal (i.n.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization of mice and respective antibody responses were compared. in elisa, using purified influenza a virus as antigen, the highest titer of antiviral antibodies was observed after a repeated i.n. infection, in which the dunedin strain was followed by the mississippi strain ...	2005	16402681
[a study on the influenza surveillance program in tianjin, 2004].	to explore the trend of influenza epidemics, predominate strains of the virus in tianjin city and to analyze the economic impact of vaccine-based interventions for the prevention and control of influenza.	2005	16676603
molecular evolution of human influenza a/h3n2 virus in asia and europe from 2001 to 2003.	hemagglutinin sequences of 146 human influenza a/h3n2 strains identified in respiratory specimens from asia and europe during the 2001-2003 influenza seasons were analyzed by dna sequencing. our results suggest that four amino acid substitutions, l25i, h75q, h155t, and q156h, led to the antigenic conversion of the previously predominant a/panama/2007/99-like strains to the more recent a/fujian/411/2002-like strains.	2005	16333111
evaluation of a recombinant human adenovirus-5 vaccine administered via needle-free device and intramuscular injection for vaccination of pigs against swine influenza virus.	to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a human adenovirus-5 vaccine for protecting weaned pigs against swine influenza virus subtype h3n2 infection when administered via 2 injection methods.	2005	16334954
[evaluation on the safety and immunogenicity of canada split influenza virus vaccine].	to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of canada split influenza virus vaccine.	2005	16335001
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus morbidity among 0-19 aged group in yunus emre health center.	the objective of the study was to determine the morbidity of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the 0-19 years of age group with influenza-like illness among the outpatient cases. from 20 january to 31 march 2003 a total of 123 subjects with upper respiratory tract infection attended yunus emre health center. ninety-one subjects fit the case definition of influenza-like illness, which consisted of acute fever of more than 38 degrees c, cough, and sore throat. after obta ...	2005	16363339
preparing for the next influenza pandemic: lessons from multinational data.	in the past decade, avian influenza has made several incursions of increasing scope and virulence into humans. the likelihood of another pandemic is increasing with time. in work recently published, influenza was found to be the principal cause of the increase in mortality in the united states during the winter months. in a companion report, the u.s. national vaccination program was shown to have increased coverage of high risk groups 5-fold from 1980 to 1999, but excess mortality did not declin ...	2005	16378051
incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern.	adamantanes have been used to treat influenza a virus infections for many years. studies have shown a low incidence of resistance to these drugs among circulating influenza viruses; however, their use is rising worldwide and drug resistance has been reported among influenza a (h5n1) viruses isolated from poultry and human beings in asia. we sought to assess adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses isolated during the past decade from countries participating in who's global influenza surve ...	2005	16198766
[sensitivity of various influenza virus strains to arbidol. influence of arbidol combination with different antiviral drugs on reproduction of influenza virus a].	to study antiviral activity of arbidol in relation to various antigenic subtypes of influenza virus isolated from humans; efficacy of arbidol action in combination with adamantanic antiviral drugs, ribavirin and ribamidil on reproduction of influenza virus a (iva) in cell culture.	2005	16206613
influenza virus hemagglutinin (h3 subtype) requires palmitoylation of its cytoplasmic tail for assembly: m1 proteins of two subtypes differ in their ability to support assembly.	the influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) transmembrane domain boundary region and the cytoplasmic tail contain three cysteines (residues 555, 562, and 565 for the h3 ha subtype) that are highly conserved among the 16 ha subtypes and which are each modified by the covalent addition of palmitic acid. previous analysis of the role of these conserved cysteine residues led to differing data, suggesting either no role for ha palmitoylation or an important role for ha palmitoylation. to reexamine the r ...	2005	16227287
it's not about smoldering or neuraminidase: there were 2 variants of the a(h3n2) pandemic virus differing in internal genes.		2005	16235189
[the rimantadine sensitivity spectrum in influenza a viruses circulating in the 2002-2004 epidemic seasons].	a total of 200 influenza a virus strains were studied. among them there 32 strains of a(h1n1) and 84 strains of a(h3n2) from the 2002-2003 epidemic season and 84 strains of a(h3n2) from the 2003-2004 epidemic season. most rimantadine-sensitive strains whose infectivity and hemagglutinating activity were found to decrease by the drug given at a concentration of 0.5 microg/ml. in terms of infectivity and hemagglutinating activity, the number of rimantadine-resistant strains of a (h1n1) was equal t ...	2005	16250597
[multiplex rt-pcr for the rapid detection of influenza virus types and subtypes].	to establish a sensitive and specific multiplex rt-pcr(mrt-pcr) for the simultaneous detection of influenza virus types and subtypes.	2005	16261209
[the influenza season 2004/'05 in the netherlands with the largest epidemic of the last 5 years caused by the virus variant a/california and the composition of the vaccine for the season 2005/'06].	in the netherlands, the influenza epidemic of the 2004/'05 season started late. the background value of 3 cases of an influenza-like illness per 10,000 inhabitants per week was exceeded from week 1 until week 14 of 2005. the magnitude of the epidemic was the largest of the last 5 years, namely 104 per 10,000 inhabitants. as usual, the epidemic was caused mainly by influenza-a viruses of subtype h3n2 and to a lesser degree by a/h1n1 and b viruses. the h3n2-virus isolates belonged to the newly eme ...	2005	16261717
avian influenza viruses in korean live poultry markets and their pathogenic potential.	we surveyed live-poultry markets in korea in 2003 and isolated 9 h9n2, 6 h3n2, and 1 h6n1 influenza viruses. antigenic and phylogenetic analyses showed that all 9 h9n2 isolates were of a/chicken/korea/25232-96006/96-like lineage (which caused disease in chickens in korea in 1996) but were different from h9n2 viruses of southeastern china. they had at least 4 genotypes and replicated in chickens but not in mice. the h3n2 and h6n1 viruses were new to korea and were probably reassortants of avian i ...	2005	15680418
impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the us elderly population.	observational studies report that influenza vaccination reduces winter mortality risk from any cause by 50% among the elderly. influenza vaccination coverage among elderly persons (> or =65 years) in the united states increased from between 15% and 20% before 1980 to 65% in 2001. unexpectedly, estimates of influenza-related mortality in this age group also increased during this period. we tried to reconcile these conflicting findings by adjusting excess mortality estimates for aging and increase ...	2005	15710788
summer outbreak of respiratory disease in an australian prison due to an influenza a/fujian/411/2002(h3n2)-like virus.	an outbreak of influenza a occurred in a prison system in new south wales, australia in january 2003 during the southern hemisphere summer. this report documents only the third confirmed outbreak of influenza in a prison environment. the outbreak investigation included case ascertainment, state-wide surveillance, a case-control study and interventions to limit the outbreak such as infection control, quarantine, cohorting of cases, and the use of antiviral medication for prophylaxis. a total of 3 ...	2005	15724717
a prototype prophylactic anti-influenza preparation in aerosol form on the basis of abies sibirica polyprenols.	this research investigates a promising antiviral compound based on polyprenols from siberian silver fir (abies sibirica). the physico-chemical characteristics of a preparation developed in aerosol form and an estimation of its protective efficacy against aerosol challenge of laboratory animals are presented. it is shown that (1) by using a simple ultrasonic disperser one can obtain aerosol of three formulations studied with about 70% of its mass accumulated in the size range below 1.8 microm; (2 ...	2005	15741774
consequences of immunodominant epitope deletion for minor influenza virus-specific cd8+-t-cell responses.	the extent to which cd8+ t cells specific for other antigens expand to compensate for the mutational loss of the prominent dbnp366 and dbpa224 epitopes has been investigated using h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses modified by reverse genetics. significantly increased numbers of cd8+ kbpb1(703)+, cd8+ kbns2(114)+, and cd8+ dbpb1-f2(62)+ t cells were found in the spleen and in the inflammatory population recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from mice that were first given the -np-pa h1n1 virus intr ...	2005	15767433
a plant polyphenol-rich extract restores the suppressed functions of phagocytes in influenza virus-infected mice.	influenza infection was induced in white icr mice by intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of the virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). the number, migration and phagocyte indices of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages (pmø) and of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns), as well as the inhibition of the pmn adherence in the presence of a specific antigen were followed for 9 days after infection. the effect of the i.n. application of a polyphenol-rich extract, designated as polyphenolic complex (pc), isolated fr ...	2005	15780977
cranberry juice constituents affect influenza virus adhesion and infectivity.	cranberry juice contains high molecular weight materials (ndm) that inhibit bacterial adhesion to host cells as well as the co-aggregation of many oral bacteria. because of its broad-spectrum activity, we investigated ndm's potential for inhibiting influenza virus adhesion to cells, and subsequent infectivity. hemagglutination (ha) of red blood cells (rbc) caused by representatives of both influenza virus a subtypes (h1n1)and h3n2) and the b type was inhibited by ndm at concentrations of 125 mic ...	2005	15781126
postreassortment changes in a model system: ha-na adjustment in an h3n2 avian-human reassortant influenza virus.	in our previous studies we described the postreassortment changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) of h2n1, h3n1, h4n1 and h13n1 influenza a virus reassortants with has derived from avian viruses and low-functional neuraminidase (na) of a human parent virus a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1). the changes involved amino acid substitutions that increased the negative local charge in the vicinity of the receptor-binding pocket and decreased the affinity of ha to sialic acid receptors. in the present report we describe t ...	2005	15789269
virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine conferred complete protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge.	we have previously demonstrated the formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the surface of sf9 cells infected with either a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses the influenza structural proteins hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix 1 (m1) and m2, or a combination of single recombinants that include the m1 protein. in this work, we present data on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy afforded by vlps (formed by m1 and ha) foll ...	2005	15802970
influenza a virus-induced apoptosis is a multifactorial process: exploiting reverse genetics to elucidate the role of influenza a virus proteins in virus-induced apoptosis.	three influenza viruses, a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69 clone 7a (h3n2), a/fiji/15899/83 (h1n1), and a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), induce different levels of apoptosis in vitro at equal moi; clone 7a > a/victoria > a/fiji. previous studies have shown that several viral proteins from clone 7a and a/fiji, including pb2, na, ns1, m1, and m2, induce apoptosis when expressed individually fused to the herpes simplex virus tegument protein, vp22. however, this did not reflect viral protein-protein-rna i ...	2005	15840519
development of three multiplex rt-pcr assays for the detection of 12 respiratory rna viruses.	three multiplex hemi-nested rt-pcr assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 rna respiratory viruses: influenza viruses a, b and c, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (piv-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus oc43 and 229e (hcov) and rhinovirus (hrv). an internal amplification control was included in one of the rt-pcr assays. the rt-pcr multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 tcid50 of rsv a, respec ...	2005	15847919
purification and characterization of a soluble recombinant human st6gal i functionally expressed in escherichia coli.	a soluble and active form of recombinant human st6gal i was expressed in escherichia coli. the gene encoding the soluble form of st6gal i lacking the membrane and cytosolic regions was introduced into a bacterial expression vector, pmal-p2x, fused in frame with a maltose-binding protein (mbp) tag. low-temperature cultivation at 13 degrees c during iptg-induction significantly improved both solubility and mbp-tagging of the recombinant enzyme expressed in bacteria. the supernatant prepared by dis ...	2005	15864429
two residues in the hemagglutinin of a/fujian/411/02-like influenza viruses are responsible for antigenic drift from a/panama/2007/99.	the h3n2 vaccine strain (a/panama/2007/99) for the 2003-2004 influenza season did not antigenically match the circulating a/fujian/411/02-like h3n2 viruses and had reduced effectiveness against influenza outbreaks. a/wyoming/03/2003, an a/fujian-like virus, was recommended as the vaccine strain for the 2004-2005 season. a/wyoming differed from a/panama by 16 amino acids in the ha1 molecule. reverse genetics was used to determine the minimal amino acid changes that were responsible for the antige ...	2005	15866076
arginine supplementation enhances mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation but does not affect in vivo indicators of antigen-specific immunity in mice.	arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid with many physiologic roles. its role in immune function has been one of major focus with conflicting results. early in vitro immune studies demonstrated increased mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation with dietary arginine supplementation; however, not all studies confirmed this effect. even less is known about the effect of arginine supplementation on in vivo immune responses. to test whether arginine supplementation enhances in vivo indicato ...	2005	15867295
epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe during the 2003-2004 season.	the 2003-2004 influenza season in europe was dominated by the spread of the new drift variant a/fujian/411/2002 (h3n2)-like virus which was not perfectly matched with the a(h3n2) component of the influenza vaccine. sporadic cases of this virus were detected in europe at the end of the 2002-2003 season and influenza activity associated with this virus began relatively early during the 2003-2004 season. generally, influenza activity first occurred in the west of europe (ireland, the united kingdom ...	2005	15879646
[immunogenicity and safety of the influenza vaccine, in a population older than 55-years in mexico].	to confirm the immunogenicity and tolerance of the inactivated, fractionated, and purified influenza vaccine, in a mexican adult population aged 55 and older, medically served at a petróleos mexicanos hospital (pemex, mexican oil company).	2005	15889641
improvement of influenza a/fujian/411/02 (h3n2) virus growth in embryonated chicken eggs by balancing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities, using reverse genetics.	the h3n2 influenza a/fujian/411/02-like virus strains that circulated during the 2003-2004 influenza season caused influenza epidemics. most of the a/fujian/411/02 virus lineages did not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs and had to be isolated originally by cell culture. the molecular basis for the poor replication of a/fujian/411/02 virus was examined in this study by the reverse genetics technology. two antigenically related strains that replicated well in embryonated chicken eggs, a/ ...	2005	15890915
an influenza a(h3) reassortant was epidemic in australia and new zealand in 2003.	during 2003, australia and new zealand experienced substantial outbreaks of influenza. the strain responsible was an a(h3n2) influenza virus described as a/fujian/411/2002-like, which had circulated as a minor variant in the previous northern hemisphere (nh) winter, mainly in korea and japan. early in the year the isolates were very similar to those that had been previously isolated in the nh, however, a reassortant strain emerged early in the new zealand winter, followed by the appearance of si ...	2005	15902711
sensitivity of diagnostic tests for influenza varies with the circulating strains.	effective strategies to combat the spread of influenza viruses rely on accurate diagnosis of the infection, which is greatly affected by the sensitivity of the assays used.	2005	15911434
divergent genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in influenza a h1n1 and a h1n2 subtypes isolated in the south-france since the winter of 2001-2002.	influenza a viruses are divided into subtypes based on their hemagglutinin (h1 to h15) and neuraminidase (n1 to n9) glycoproteins. of these, three a subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 circulate in the human population. influenza a viruses display a high antigenic variability called "antigenic drift" which allows the virus to escape antibody neutralization.	2005	15911445
mismatched hemagglutinin and neuraminidase specificities in recent human h3n2 influenza viruses.	the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses initiates infection by binding to sialic acid on the cell surface via alpha2,6 (human) or alpha2,3 (avian) linkage. the influenza neuraminidase (na) can cleave both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialic acids, but all influenza nas have a marked preference for the non-human alpha2,3 linkage. recent h3n2 influenza viruses have lost the ability to agglutinate chicken red blood cells. to determine if changes in ha specificity or affinity correlate with na ...	2005	15950996
respiratory vaccination of mice against influenza virus: dissection of t- and b-cell priming functions.	we find that a single respiratory administration of replicationally inactivated influenza a viral particles most often elicits a waning serum antibody response, as the long-sustained bone marrow antiviral plasma cell populations characteristically induced by viral infection are lacking, though antiviral plasma cells at other sites may occasionally persist for a long time. to determine whether this alteration in the pattern of the b-cell response is a reflection of the nature of t-helper (th) pri ...	2005	15953188
multinational impact of the 1968 hong kong influenza pandemic: evidence for a smoldering pandemic.	the first pandemic season of a/h3n2 influenza virus (1968/1969) resulted in significant mortality in the united states, but it was the second pandemic season of a/h3n2 influenza virus (1969/1970) that caused the majority of deaths in england. we further explored the global pattern of mortality caused by the pandemic during this period.	2005	15962218
the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination among thai elderly persons living in the community.	to determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the thai elderly living in an urban community.	2005	15962680
estimation of the neuraminidase content of influenza viruses and split-product vaccines by immunochromatography.	the neuraminidase (na) of the influenza virus, as well as the hemagglutinin, is the most important protective components in the vaccine. however, the na content of the vaccine remains to be standardized because of the labile nature of this glycoprotein during various chemical treatments and storage. in the present study, the na content of the split-product (sp) vaccine (virus treated with ether then formalin) was estimated together with that of the virus by an immunochoromatography technique usi ...	2005	15964668
influenza surveillance in victoria, 2004.	influenza activity during the traditional victorian influenza season from may to october 2004 was low with no well-defined peak. surveillance was based on sentinel general practice influenza-like illness (ili) notification with laboratory confirmation, locum service ili notification and laboratory reporting of influenza detections. eight hundred and fifteen consultations for ili were reported from 38 general practices and 216 consultations for ili were reported from the locum service. the averag ...	2005	15966678
immunization against influenza a virus: comparison of conventional inactivated, live-attenuated and recombinant baculovirus produced purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase vaccines in a murine model system.	to simulate the 2003-2004 influenza season and compare available vaccination methods, immunologically naive mice were immunized with: influenza a virus hemagglutinin (rha) and neuraminidase (rna) from a/panama/2007/99 h3n2 or a/fujian/411/2002 h3n2 expressed by recombinant baculovirus, chromatographically purified, either as single antigens (rha or rna) or in combination (rharna); conventional inactivated monovalent (civ) vaccines from each heterotypic strain; or a live-attenuated influenza (lav ...	2005	15996702
clinical experience with inactivated, virosomal influenza vaccine.	current available influenza vaccines are safe and effective in preventing influenza. nevertheless, there is a need for influenza vaccines with improved efficacy in the elderly. this need is underscored by both the observation that influenza has a major clinical and economic impact in the elderly and the fact that currently available vaccines are generally less effective in elderly than in younger subjects. several approaches are currently being pursued in order to improve the efficacy of influen ...	2005	16005120
influenza-related hospitalisations among children aged less than 5 years old in the basque country, spain: a 3-year study (july 2001-june 2004).	this population-based study evaluated the incidence of virologically confirmed influenza-related hospitalisation in children aged <5 years between july 2001 and june 2004 in a region of southern europe. forty-nine children with influenza virus infection were hospitalised. the annual hospitalisation rates per 1000 inhabitants for each period were 5.1, 0 and 7.3 for infants aged less than 6 months, 0.9, 0.2 and 0.9 for children aged 6-23 months, and 0.7, 0.1 and 0.8 for those aged 24-59 months. mo ...	2005	16005741
effect of quercetin supplementation on lung antioxidants after experimental influenza virus infection.	in the mice, instillation of influenza virus a/udorn/317/72(h3n2) intranasally resulted in a significant decrease in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. there was a decrease in vitamin e level also. these effects were observed on the 5th day after viral instillation. oral supplementation with quercetin simultaneous with viral instillation produced significant increases in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and super ...	2005	16019982
whole-genome analysis of human influenza a virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent h3n2 viruses.	understanding the evolution of influenza a viruses in humans is important for surveillance and vaccine strain selection. we performed a phylogenetic analysis of 156 complete genomes of human h3n2 influenza a viruses collected between 1999 and 2004 from new york state, united states, and observed multiple co-circulating clades with different population frequencies. strikingly, phylogenies inferred for individual gene segments revealed that multiple reassortment events had occurred among these cla ...	2005	16026181
virus-like particle vaccine conferred complete protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge.	we have previously demonstrated the formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the surface of sf9 cells infected with either a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses the influenza structural proteins hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix 1 (m1), and matrix 2 (m2), or a combination of single recombinants that include the m1 protein. in this work, we present data on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy afforded by vlps (formed by m1 ...	2005	16035948
cross-reactive protection against influenza a virus by a topically applied dna vaccine encoding m gene with adjuvant.	the skin is rich with immunocompetent cells and therefore immunization through the skin is an attractive alternative to the invasive vaccination methods currently used. in this study the backs of mice were gently shaved, hydrated, and painted with a dna vaccine encoding influenza m protein with adjuvant. the immunized mice were then challenged with two mouse-adapted strains of the influenza virus a: a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and a/udorn/72 (h3n2). this adjuvanated and topically applied dna vaccine effici ...	2005	16035949
influenza activity among the paediatric age group in chennai.	respiratory viral infections have a major impact on public health. acute respiratory infections largely caused by viruses, are the most common illnesses experienced by otherwise healthy adults and children. among the respiratory viruses, influenza viruses are known to cause outbreaks globally. information on the activity of influenza virus in our country is limited and none from chennai. the present study was carried out to isolate and identify the influenza virus serotypes causing acute respira ...	2005	16037623
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent hyperinduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in response to avian influenza virus h5n1.	avian influenza a virus subtype h5n1 can infect humans to cause a severe viral pneumonia with mortality rates of more than 30%. the biological basis for this unusual disease severity is not fully understood. we previously demonstrated that in contrast to human influenza a virus subtypes including h1n1 or h3n2, the h5n1 virus associated with the "bird flu" outbreak in hong kong in 1997 (h5n1/97) hyperinduces proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), in primary ...	2005	16051807
prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2004 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2004;53[no. rr-6]:1-40). the 2005 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) vaccination of persons with conditions leading to compromise of the respiratory system; 2) vaccination of health-c ...	2005	16086456
in vitro and in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of viramidine.	viramidine, the 3-carboxamidine derivative of ribavirin, was effective against a spectrum of influenza a (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1) and b viruses in vitro, with the 50% effective concentration (ec50) ranging from 2 to 32 microg/ml. the mean 50% cytotoxic concentration (cc50) in the mdck cells used in these experiments was 760 microg/ml. ribavirin, run in parallel, had a similar antiviral spectrum, with ec50 values ranging from 0.6 to 5.5 microg/ml; the mean cc50 for ribavirin was 560 microg/ml. oral ...	2005	16087250
whole influenza virus vaccine is more immunogenic than split influenza virus vaccine and induces primarily an igg2a response in balb/c mice.	the aim of this study was to compare the kinetics and the magnitude of the humoral immune response to two different influenza vaccine formulations, whole and split virus vaccines. balb/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with one or two doses (3 weeks apart) of 7.5, 15 or 30 microg of haemagglutinin of monovalent a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) split or whole virus vaccine. the two vaccine formulations induced similar kinetics of the antibody-secreting cells response; however, differences in the magni ...	2005	16092921
isolation and characterization of h3n2 influenza a virus from turkeys.	five 34-wk-old turkey breeder layer flocks in separate houses of 2550 birds each in a single farm in ohio experienced a drop in egg production from late january to early february 2004. tracheal swabs (n = 60), cloacal swabs (n = 50), and convalescent sera (n = 110) from the flocks were submitted to the laboratory for diagnostics. virus isolation was attempted in specific-pathogen free embryonating chicken eggs and vero and mdck cells. virus characterization was performed using agar gel immunodif ...	2005	16094824
influenza a (h3n2) outbreak, nepal.	in july 2004, an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) was detected at 3 bhutanese refugee camps in southeastern nepal. hemagglutination inhibition showed that approximately 40% of the viruses from this outbreak were antigenically distinct from the a/wyoming/3/03 vaccine strain. four amino acid differences were observed in most of the 26 isolates compared with the a/wyoming/3/2003 vaccine strain. all 4 substitutions are located within or adjacent to known antibody-binding sites. several isolates showed ...	2005	16102305
influenza in taiwan: seasonality and vaccine strain match.	this article explores seasonality, epidemiology and dominant epidemic strains of influenza in taiwan. surveillance in taiwan demonstrates that influenza is a disease which occurs throughout the year but has peak activity in winter. due to the high mutability of influenza virus, effective vaccination is the best strategy for protection. although the world health organization-recommended vaccine compositions usually matched with around 77% of circulating strains worldwide, the rate of matching in ...	2005	16118670
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2004.	the national influenza surveillance scheme includes data on influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioner practices, laboratory reports of influenza from national notifiable diseases surveillance scheme and absenteeism data from a national employer. in 2004, 2,116 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness were reported, which was 41 per cent lower than the previous year. peak activity was recorded in september, a month later than in 2003. influenza a was again predominant ...	2005	16119760
respiratory disease caused by a species b2 adenovirus in a military camp in turkey.	in april 2004, two patients were admitted to hospital in berlin, germany, with clinical signs of acute respiratory infection after returning from a military exercise in their home country of turkey. they were admitted to a high security infectious disease unit as epidemiological data pointed to an outbreak of unknown etiology. samples taken at the time of admission proved to be strongly positive for adenovirus by pcr, but negative for influenza a/h1n1 virus, influenza a/h3n2 virus, influenza b v ...	2005	16121380
sensitivity of influenza viruses to zanamivir and oseltamivir: a study performed on viruses circulating in france prior to the introduction of neuraminidase inhibitors in clinical practice.	influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) were introduced in clinical practice in various parts of the world since 1999 but were only scarcely distributed in france. prior to the generalization of zanamivir and oseltamivir utilization in our country, we decided to test a large panel of influenza strains to establish the baseline sensitivity of these viruses to anti-neuraminidase drugs, based upon a fluorometric neuraminidase enzymatic test. our study was performed on clinical samples colle ...	2005	16125799
antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus.	polyphenolic compound catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ecg) and (-)-epigallocatechin (egc)) from green tea were evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza virus replication in cell culture and for potentially direct virucidal effect. among the test compounds, the egcg and ecg were found to be potent inhibitors of influenza virus replication in mdck cell culture and this effect was observed in all influenza virus subtypes tested, including a/h1n1, a/h ...	2005	16137775