Publications

health hazards to the small ruminant population of the middle east posed by the trade of sheep and goat meat.	meat consumers in the middle east traditionally prefer meat from freshly slaughtered animals to that from chilled or frozen carcasses. consequently, meat trade in the middle east is based mainly upon the importation of large quantities of live animals rather than of sheep and goat carcasses. furthermore, as it seems that pathogens remain viable for longer periods of time in live animals than in meat, the probability of pathogens spreading in the middle east as a result of contaminated small rumi ...	1997	9329108
likelihood of introducing selected exotic diseases to domestic swine in the continental united states of america through uncooked swill.	to help policy makers determine the need for current regulations (which require cooking of swill prior to feeding to swine), an assessment of the likelihood of exposing domestic swine in the continental united states of america (usa) to selected foreign animal disease agents by feeding uncooked swill was carried out. the hazard was assumed to originate from contraband food items entering the usa and subsequently being discarded in household waste. such food waste may be collected by licensed was ...	1997	9329117
antiviral activity of an extract from leaves of the tropical plant acanthospermum hispidum.	incubation of the alphaherpesviruses pseudorabiesvirus (prv) and bovine herpesvirus 1 during infection of cell cultures with an extract prepared from the leaves of acanthospermum hispidum impaired productive replication of these viruses in a concentration-dependent manner whereas propagation of classical swine fever virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus and vaccinia virus was not affected. the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (ic50) was 107 +/- 5 microliters/ml, and the concentration r ...	1997	9330761
functional involvement of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein in translation initiation complexes with the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the synthesis of picornavirus polyproteins is initiated cap independently far downstream from the 5' end of the viral rna at the internal ribosome entry site (ires). the cellular polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) binds to the ires of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in this study, we demonstrate that ptb is a component of 48s and 80s ribosomal initiation complexes formed with fmdv ires rna. the incorporation of ptb into these initiation complexes is dependent on the entry of the ire ...	1997	9343186
arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-specific binding by foot-and-mouth disease viruses to the purified integrin alpha(v)beta3 in vitro.	the integrin alpha(v)beta3 has been shown to act as the receptor for internalization of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) (a12), with attachment being through a highly conserved rgd motif located on the g-h loop of viral capsid protein vp1. in addition, however, we have recently shown that efficient infection of culture-grown cells by fmdv (o1bfs) requires binding to cell surface heparan sulfate. in this study, we have used a solid-phase receptor binding assay to characterize the binding by fm ...	1997	9343190
intact eukaryotic initiation factor 4g is required for hepatitis a virus internal initiation of translation.	the requirements for optimal activity of the hepatitis a virus (hav) internal ribosome entry segment (ires) differ substantially from those of other picornavirus ireses. one such difference is that, to date, the hav ires is the only one whose efficiency is severely inhibited in the presence of the picornaviral 2a proteinase. here we describe experiments designed to dissect the mechanism of proteinase-mediated inhibition of hav translation. using dicistronic mrnas translated in vitro, we show tha ...	1997	9344915
complementation of defective picornavirus internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements by the coexpression of fragments of the ires.	mutant forms of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosome entry site (ires) have been produced and shown to be severely defective in directing internal initiation of protein synthesis within cells using the vaccinia/t7 rna polymerase system. mutants in different regions of the ires were complemented in trans by coexpression of the intact emcv ires but not by coexpression of the related ires elements from theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (another cardiovirus) or from foot-an ...	1997	9007058
evaluation of a live-attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate.	a variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) lacking the leader (l) coding region (a12-llv2) was previously constructed and shown to be less virulent in cattle than its wild-type parent (a12-ic). in this study, cattle were tested for their clinical and immunological responses to subcutaneous inoculation with a12-llv2 or a12-ic or to intramuscular vaccination with chemically inactivated a12-ic. five weeks postinoculation animals were challenged by intradermal inoculation in the tongue with a ...	1997	9007062
the cleavage activities of aphthovirus and cardiovirus 2a proteins.	the primary 2a/2b polyprotein cleavage of aphtho-and cardioviruses is mediated by their 2a proteins cleaving c-terminally. whilst the aphthovirus 2a region is only 16 aa (possibly 18 aa) long, the cardiovirus 2a protein is some 150 aa. we have previously shown that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a is able to mediate cleavage in an artificial (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase/fmdv 2a/beta-glucuronidase [cat-2a-gus]) polyprotein system devoid of any other fmdv sequences with high (approxima ...	1997	9010280
development of tests for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle milk.	the liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) and a specific isotype assay (sia) for bovine igg1 were modified to detect antibodies against fmdv isolate o1 manisa in cattle milk. samples from vaccinated animals were mostly indistinguishable from negative control cattle in the lpbe but 90% of milks from convalescent animals (which had also been vaccinated several times previously) gave positive results. the sia was able to detect 95% of cattle vaccinated up to 12 months previously, and 100% of the recov ...	1997	9015288
biochemical characterization of fmdv a10 and a22 subtypes by page and ief.	both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and iso-electric focusing (ief) have been standardized using the sucrose density gradient purified 146s particles of fmd virus subtypes a10 and a22. differences in the molecular weights of structural proteins (vp1, vp2 and vp3 of two subtypes (a10 and a22) of fmdv have been revealed in page but no appreciable differences in the pi of vp1, vp2 and vp3 is found in ief.	1997	9023045
elf4g and its proteolytic cleavage products: effect on initiation of protein synthesis from capped, uncapped, and ires-containing mrnas.	rhinovirus 2a and foot-and-mouth disease virus lb proteinases stimulate the translation of uncapped messages and those carrying the rhinovirus and enterovirus internal ribosome entry segments (ireses) by a mechanism involving the cleavage of host cell proteins. here, we investigate this mechanism using an artificial dicistronic rna containing the human rhinovirus ires as intercistronic spacer. because both proteinases cleave eukaryotic initiation factor 4g (eif4g), we examined whether the cleava ...	1997	9042945
the proteolytic cleavage of eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4g is prevented by eif4e binding protein (phas-i; 4e-bp1) in the reticulocyte lysate.	a common feature of viral infection is the subversion of the host cell machinery towards the preferential translation of viral products. in some instances, this is partly mediated by the expression of virally encoded proteases which lead to the cleavage of initiation factor eif4g. the foot-and-mouth disease virus encodes two forms of a cysteine proteinase (l protease) which bisects the eif4g polypeptide into an n-terminal fragment containing the eif4e binding site, and a c-terminal fragment whic ...	1997	9049313
differential restrictions on antigenic variation among antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the absence of antibody selection.	clonal populations of foot-and-mouth disease virus have been serially passaged in cell culture to analyse variation in the absence of immune selection at different antigenic sites of the virus. mutant frequencies at the rna regions encoding two independent antigenic sites (sites c and d) were more than twentyfold lower than for antigenic site a (the g-h loop of vp1). correspondingly, fixation of amino acid substitutions was very restricted in sites c and d. in spite of such a restriction, neutra ...	1997	9049411
a large-scale evaluation of peptide vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease: lack of solid protection in cattle and isolation of escape mutants.	a large-scale vaccination experiment involving a total of 138 cattle was carried out to evaluate the potential of synthetic peptides as vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease. four types of peptides representing sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) c3 argentina 85 were tested: a, which includes the g-h loop of capsid protein vp1 (site a); at, in which a t-cell epitope has been added to site a; ac, composed of site a and the carboxy-terminal region of vp1 (site c); and act, in which ...	1997	9060612
characterization of synthetic foot-and-mouth disease virus provirions separates acid-mediated disassembly from infectivity.	one of the final steps in the maturation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is cleavage of the vp0 protein to produce vp4 and vp2. the mechanism of this cleavage is unknown, but it is thought to function in stabilizing the virus particle and priming it for infecting cells. to investigate the cleavage process and to understand its role in virion maturation, we engineered synthetic fmdv rnas with mutations at ala-85 (a85) and asp-86 (d86) of vp0, which border the cleavage site. bhk cells trans ...	1997	9060641
an analysis of foot-and-mouth-disease epidemics in the uk.	there was a major epidemic of the foot-and-mouth-disease virus among cattle herds in the uk in 1967-68 which showed a very rapid early spread, a much slower later spread, and eventually infected 12% of herds in the core epidemic area. a simple discrete-time version of a susceptible-latent-infectious-removed epidemiological model is used to generate a set of estimates of the transmission rate. this parameter has high values over the first few days, then the values are lower and they subsequently ...	1997	9080685
structural comparison between retro-inverso and parent peptides: molecular basis for the biological activity of a retro-inverso analogue of the immunodominant fragment of vp1 coat protein from foot-and-mouth disease virus.	antibodies induced against intact foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particles bind to the retro-inverso analogue of fragment 141-159 of the viral coat protein vp1 of fmdv, variant a, equally well as to the parent peptide. a conformational investigation of this retro-inverso peptide was carried out by nmr spectroscopy and restrained molecular modeling in order to identify the structural basis for the antigenic mimicry between these retro-inverso and parent peptides. in 100% trifluoroethanol a w ...	1997	9095678
infectivity assays of foot-and-mouth disease virus: contact transmission between cattle and buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in the early stages of infection.	no differences were observed between cattle and indian buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in terms of temperature, viraemia or virus replication in the pharyngeal area, during the acute phase of foot-and-mouth disease. like cattle, the indian buffalo became infected and excreted virus before any clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease developed. the disease was transmitted from cattle to buffalo and vice versa, during the acute stage of infection, as if the animals had been of the same species, presumab ...	1997	9123797
baculovirus expressed 2c of foot-and-mouth disease virus has the potential for differentiating convalescent from vaccinated animals.	determining whether animals have been infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus or vaccinated is important because infected animals frequently become carriers of the virus, shed it intermittently and thus may be the source of new outbreaks of the disease. we had shown previously that the sera of convalescent animals contain antibodies to 2c, a highly conserved non-structural protein, whereas the sera of vaccinated animals do not. this is explained by observation that 2c is retained on the membr ...	1997	9128860
dexamethasone inhibits virus production and the secretory iga response in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid in cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus were treated with dexamethasone to suppress the immune system in an attempt to influence the level of virus recovery from oesophageal pharyngeal (probang) samples. twelve carrier cattle were assigned to one of three groups: control; 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone; and 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone. groups 2 and 3 were injected intramuscularly three times weekly for 3 weeks with dexamethasone between days 33 and 56 post-infection with foot-and-mou ...	1997	9129595
structure of the complex of an fab fragment of a neutralizing antibody with foot-and-mouth disease virus: positioning of a highly mobile antigenic loop.	data from cryo-electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography have been combined to study the interactions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype c (fmdv-c) with a strongly neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) sd6. the mab sd6 binds to the long flexible gh-loop of viral protein 1 (vp1) which also binds to an integrin receptor. the structure of the virus-fab complex was determined to 30 a resolution using cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis. the known structure of fmdv-c, and of the sd ...	1997	9130694
duration of the foot-and-mouth disease virus antibody response in mice is closely related to the presence of antigen-specific presenting cells.	natural and experimental hosts infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) develop a long-lasting immune response that is closely related to the presence of anti-fmdv antibodies (ab). we show here that spleen cells from animals which had been infected 3 or more months previously induced an anti-fmdv-ab response in untreated animals which lasted more than 210 days after cell transfer. persistence of infectious virus was excluded since virus isolation or detection of the viral genome by pcr ...	1997	9152419
identification of noncytopathic equine rhinovirus 1 as a cause of acute febrile respiratory disease in horses.	equine rhinovirus 1 (erhv1) is a recognized cause of acute febrile respiratory disease in horse, although the virus is rarely isolated from such animals, despite seroprevalence rates as high as 50% in some horse populations. recently, erhv1 has been shown to be most closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus, raising questions as to its disease associations in horses. we report that erhv1 infection was the likely cause of two separate outbreaks of severe febrile respiratory disease which in ...	1997	9157156
[bacterial synthesis of immunogenic epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus fused either to human necrosis factor or to hepatitis b core antigen].	using recombinant dna technology, construction and bacterial expression of genes was carried out which code for hybrid proteins, human tumor necrosis factor and hepatitis b core protein fused to immunogenic epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus, strains a22 and o1-194. hybrids of tumor necrosis factor with foot-and-mouth disease antigenic determinants protected laboratory animals against the experimental challenge with a homologous strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus. hybrid protein that c ...	1997	9157845
phenotypic features of bhk-21 cells used for production of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.	bhk-21 c13 monolayer and suspension cells were investigated with regard to some phenotypic features which could bear on the quality of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigen produced in them. despite good viability, suspension cells differed from monolayer cells in fundamental features of susceptibility to fmdv. most important, fmd virus particles grown in suspension cells at high passage levels were shown to be largely degraded following inactivation with an aziridine compound. suspension ...	1997	9167010
conformational preferences of a peptide corresponding to the major antigenic determinant of foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for peptide-vaccine approaches.	the conformational preferences in solution of a peptide corresponding to the gh loop of the vp1 capsid protein from the foot-and-mouth disease virus were examined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. the gh loop is the major antigenic determinant of the virus and participates in cell attachment through an integrin-like arg-gly-asp sequence. the synthetic peptide, corresponding to residues gly132 to ser162 of the vp1 capsid protein of the serotype o, is largely disordered ...	1997	9169027
foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected but not vaccinated cattle develop antibodies against recombinant 3ab1 nonstructural protein.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines induce antibodies against structural and some nonstructural proteins present in vaccine preparations. to differentiate between fmdv-infected and vaccinated animals, we developed immunochemical assays capable of detecting antibodies against a fmdv nonstructural protein. recombinant nonstructural 3ab1 protein was expressed in e.coli and in insect cells and used to detect anti-3ab1 antibodies. elisa and western blot analysis showed that sera from cattle infecte ...	1997	9170505
characteristic in vitro evolution pattern of foot and mouth disease virus a81/castellanos/arg/87.	the in vitro evolution of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) a/81/castellanos/arg/87 (a/castellanos/87) was studied by partial biological and biochemical characterization of viral populations selected after 25 passages on secondary fetal bovine kidney cell monolayers. these passages were performed in the presence or absence of immune pressure exerted in the form of antiviral polyclonal serum. while the viral populations passaged in the absence of immune pressure acquired characteristics such as ...	1997	9175254
total and isotype humoral responses in cattle vaccinated with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) immunogen produced either in bovine tongue tissue or in bhk-21 cell suspension cultures.	the anti-foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serum antibody activity of protected and non protected animals immunized with inactivated fmdv originated in either bovine tongue tissue (bttv vaccines) or bhk-21 cell suspension cultures (bhkv vaccines) was evaluated. the results show that 80-100% of the bttv immunized and only 40-60% of the bhkv immunized animals with liquid-phase blocking sandwich elisa (lp elisa) serum titres of 1.5-1.7 u, were protected against the challenge with any of the four ...	1997	9178462
tissue culture adaptation of foot-and-mouth disease virus selects viruses that bind to heparin and are attenuated in cattle.	isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) exist as complex mixtures of variants. two different serotype o1 campos preparations that we examined contained two variants with distinct plaque morphologies on bhk cells: a small, clear-plaque virus that replicates in bhk and cho cells, and a large, turbid-plaque virus that only grows in bhk cells. cdnas encoding the capsids of these two variants were inserted into a genome-length fmdv type a12 infectious cdna and used to produce chimeric viruses ...	1997	9188578
cellular and humoral immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus and its non-structural proteins in infected swine.		1997	9191317
cellular immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus.		1997	9191319
evolution subverting essentiality: dispensability of the cell attachment arg-gly-asp motif in multiply passaged foot-and-mouth disease virus.	aphthoviruses use a conserved arg-gly-asp triplet for attachment to host cells and this motif is believed to be essential for virus viability. here we report that this triplet-which is also a widespread motif involved in cell-to-cell adhesion-can become dispensable upon short-term evolution of the virus harboring it. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), which was multiply passaged in cell culture, showed an altered repertoire of antigenic variants resistant to a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. ...	1997	9192645
a cyclic disulfide peptide reproduces in solution the main structural features of a native antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a cyclic disulfide peptide corresponding to the g-h loop sequence 134-155 [replacement tyr136 and arg153 with cys] of the capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolate c-s8c1 was examined by proton 2d-nmr spectroscopy in water and in 25% hfip/water. in water, nmr data supported the presence of a non-canonical turn in the central, conserved cell adhesion rgd motif and suggested the presence of a nascent helix in the c-terminal part, stabilized and slightly extended upon additi ...	1997	9218170
rapid diagnosis of encephalomyocarditis virus infections in pigs using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) is widespread and the economic losses caused by an emcv outbreak in pig holdings and the similarity between a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and an emcv infection in young piglets stress the need for a rapid, specific and broad diagnostic assay. an alternative to the time-consuming seroneutralisation assay, currently used for the characterisation of emcv, is described. an emcv specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), using primers ...	1997	9220393
evaluation of primers for pcr amplification of rna polymerase gene sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	eight oligonucleotide primers in 7 different combinations were used to amplify 3d gene sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). six of the primers were designed at this laboratory. all the primer combinations could specifically amplify 3d gene sequences of fmdv serotypes o, a, and c. the largest fragment amplified was of 1,393 bp and the smallest was of 208 bp in size. the 1,393 bp fragment included sequences from the preceedin ...	1997	9607092
neutralization antigenic sites on type asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus defined by monoclonal antibody-resistant variants.	seven neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmabs) produced against serotype asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were used to select neutralization-resistant variants. seven single and six multiple antibody-resistant variants were selected to identify neutralization antigenic sites on fmdv asia-1. the variants no longer reacted with nmabs which were used to select them when tested by microneutralization test (mnt), radioimmunoassay (ria) and agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) assay. based on t ...	1997	9495534
point mutations within the betag-betah loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus o1k affect virus attachment to target cells.	the amino acid sequence arg-gly-asp (rgd) is a highly conserved region located on the p1d protein of most sero- and subtypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)and participates in binding of fmdv to their target cells. in order to analyze the role of the rgd sequence in fmdv infection of cells in more detail, 13 mutations within or near the rgd sequence of virus type o1kaufbeuren were designed by using a full-length cdna plasmid. transfection of baby hamster kidney cells (bhk-21) with in vitr ...	1997	8995624
[the use of synthetic peptides for detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in the blood from convalescent animals].	peptides were synthesized, which, according to theoretical analysis of the antigenic structure of protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus types a, 0, and asia 1, corresponded to potential immunodominant protein sites. activities of the peptides were studied by solid-phase indirect radioimmunoassay on polyethylene film with purified immunoglobulins against intact fmd virus. virtually no cross reactions were observed. blood sera of cattle convalescent after fmd were tested with the fmd v ...	1996	8999315
synthetic vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease based on a palmitoyl derivative of the vp1 protein 135-159 fragment of the a22 virus strain.	the peptide palm2 135-159, a dipalmitoyl derivative of the 135-159 fragment of vp1 protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus strain a22 was synthesized. in the experiments on mice, guinea pigs and sheep palm2 135-159 possesses greater immunogenic and protective activity than the nonacylated 135-159 peptide. the synthetic vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease for use in sheep was developed on the basis of the lipopeptide. synthetic polymethylsiloxane oil was found to be a suitable adjuvant for ...	1996	9004448
the solution structure of the immunodominant and cell receptor binding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a, variant a.	abstract: the solution structure of a 20 amino acid long peptide corresponding to the region 141-160 of the envelope protein vp1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a, variant a, has been determined by a combination of nmr experiments and computer calculations. the peptide contains both the immunodominant epitope as well as the sequence (rgd) used by the virus to bind the cell receptor in the initial stages of infection. these two sites have been shown to partially overlap. one hun ...	1996	9225248
the solution conformational features of two highly homologous antigenic peptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a, variant a and usa, correlate with their serological properties.	the solution structure of a peptide corresponding to the vp1 region 141-160 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a variant usa has been studied by nmr and computer calculations and compared with the results from a study on a highly homologous peptide deriving from serotype a, variant a. the two peptides differ in their serological behavior and contain the immunodominant epitope of the virus which partly overlaps with its receptor binding region. distance constraints, derived both from ...	1996	9225249
foot and mouth disease virus concentration and purification by affinity chromatography.	foot and mouth disease virus, (fmdv) from a crude cell lysate was purified in a single step by affinity chromatography with heparin as a ligand. the virus eluted from an heparin-ultrogel a4r column at 1m sodium chloride in 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer, ph 7.0, while most cell protein and albumin did so at lower concentrations of sodium chloride in the same buffer. purity of the eluted fraction containing the virus was assessed by sds-page, hplc, ultracentrifugation, and uv absorption spectrum. ...	1996	9100360
functional expression of a cattle mhc class ii dr-like antigen on mouse l cells.	cattle dra and drb genes, cloned by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, were transfected into mouse l cells. the cattle dr-expressing l-cell transfectant generated was analyzed serologically, biochemically, and functionally. sequence analysis of the transfected drb gene clearly showed showed that it was drb3 allele drb3(*)0101 , which corresponds to the 1d-ief-determined allele drbf3. 1d-ief analysis of the transfectant confirmed that the expressed dr product was drbf3. functional i ...	1996	9110933
comparison of a radioactive and non-radioactive method for sequencing foot and mouth disease virus isolates.	the authors compare the radioactive method of detecting foot and mouth disease virus sequence products with a non-radioactive, silver stain sequencing method. the latter was found to compare favourably to the radioactive technique for detecting such products. the silver stain sequencing method was simple and did not require expensive specialised equipment. this new approach will be particularly useful in developing countries, since the method does not depend on the availability of fresh radioact ...	1996	9025139
the performance of southern african territories serotypes of foot and mouth disease antigen in oil-adjuvanted vaccines.	the performance of selected oil adjuvants containing southern african territories (sat) serotypes of foot and mouth disease virus was assayed by testing antibody levels elicited in cattle, sheep and goats, and by testing protection of cattle on challenge. various oil adjuvant formulations were tested initially in cattle and guinea pigs, and compared with a standard alhydrogel and saponin-based (as) vaccine. a commercial double oil emulsion vaccine elicited higher antibody titres and a more prolo ...	1996	9025141
evaluation of the presence and risk of foot and mouth disease virus by commodity in international trade.	potential sources of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus include semen from bulls, rams, goats and boars; embryos and ova from ruminants and pigs; meat and meat products and milk and milk products. the author discusses precautions to prevent the transmission of fmd via these commodities.	1996	9025152
antiviral activity of crude extracts of guarea guidona.	crude extracts of leaves and fruits of guarea guidona were tested for antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus in the ib-rs-2 pig cell line and against bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) in the gbk bovine cell line. the highest nontoxic doses of extracts from fruits and leaves were 125 micrograms/ml and 500 micrograms/ml. respectively. crude extracts presented antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus with a decrease in virus titer of 3.0 log units at 500 micr ...	1996	9033817
equine rhinovirus 1 is more closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus than to other picornaviruses.	equine rhinovirus 1 (erhv1) is a respiratory pathogen of horses which has an uncertain taxonomic status. we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the erhv1 genome except for a small region at the 5' end. the predicted polyprotein was encoded by 6741 nucleotides and possessed a typical picornavirus proteolytic cleavage pattern, including a leader polypeptide. the genomic structure and predicted amino acid sequence of erhv1 were more similar to those of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdvs), ...	1996	8577774
induced pocket to accommodate the cell attachment arg-gly-asp motif in a neutralizing antibody against foot-and-mouth-disease virus.	the three-dimensional structure of the fab fragment of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (sd6) elicited against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been determined at 2.5 a resolution and refined to a crystallography agreement r-factor of 0.186. the structure has been compared with that of the same fab molecule complexes with a 15 amino acid peptide (a15) representing a major antigenic site of fmdv, and determined at 2.8 a resolution. the fab quaternary structure, defined both by the elbow ...	1996	8594203
genetic variation of the poliovirus genome with two vpg coding units.	amongst the picornaviruses, poliovirus encodes a single copy of the genome-linked protein, vpg wheras foot-and-mouth disease virus uniquely encodes three copies of vpg. we have previously shown that a genetically engineered poliovirus genome containing two tandemly arranged vpgs is quasi-infectious (qi) that, upon genome replication, inadvertently deleted one complete vpg sequence. using two genetically marked viral genomes with two vpg sequences, we now provide evidence that this deletion occur ...	1996	8598203
a protective anti-peptide antibody against the immunodominant site of the a24 cruzeiro strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its reactivity with other subtype viruses containing the same minimum binding sequence.	a synthetic peptide vaccine of the general sequence cys-cys-(200-213)-pro-pro-ser-(l41-158)-pro-cys-gly(peptide a40), where the numbered residues refer to the vp1 sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain a24 cruzeiro, has previously been shown to elicit neutralizing and protective antibodies in guinea-pigs and cattle. to examine this immunogenic tract in more detail monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised to this peptide. one such mab c1.1, which recognized the homologous peptide, ...	1996	8609466
antibody and host cell recognition of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype c) cleaved at the arg-gly-asp (rgd) motif: a structural interpretation.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of serotype c (isolate c-s8c1) was cleaved in situ by trypsin at the arg-gly-asp (rgd) motif, which is involved both in attachment of fmdv to cells and in recognition of a major antigenic site (site a) by antibodies. though 99.4% of the rgd moieties were cleaved, the virus remained infectious. a synthetic peptide which represented the sequence of the vp1 g-h loop of c-s8c1, including the rgd motif, greatly inhibited fmdv attachment to cells. the same peptide i ...	1996	8627229
recognition of the initiation codon for protein synthesis in foot-and-mouth disease virus rna.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna utilizes two in-frame initiation codons to produce two precursor proteins with identical carboxy termini. the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) directs the ribosome to internal sequences without the need for a cap structure as used in host mrnas. the fmdv 5'utr was cloned upstream of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) in order to study the selection of initiation site and to facilitate quantification of the translation products. after i ...	1996	8627230
recognition of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its capsid protein vp1 by bovine peripheral t lymphocytes.	the role of t cells in immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus is still poorly defined compared to that of the humoral response. in this paper we describe a systematic, longitudinal study on the cellular recognition of fmdv and its subunit protein vp1 by bovine peripheral blood t lymphocytes. multiple vaccination with a single virus serotype induced a serotype cross-reactive proliferative t cell repertoire that varied in magnitude between individual animals and with the serotype of the vaccine ...	1996	8627261
detection of foot-and-mouth disease viral sequences in various fluids and tissues during persistence of the virus in cattle.	to assess whether foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-specific sequences could be identified in tissues from persistently virus-infected animals.	1996	8633795
rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus in clinical samples and cell culture isolates, combined with a simultaneous differentiation with other genomically and/or symptomatically related viruses.	reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction method (pcr) allowed the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), regardless of the serotype. a primer set corresponding to highly conserved regions of the 2b sequence was selected. by combining in a single reaction tube specific primer pairs for fmdv, swine vesicular disease virus, (svdv), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), all four viruses could be identified and differentiated in on ...	1996	8634024
the c-terminal domain of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor (eif) 4g is sufficient to support cap-independent translation in the absence of eif4e.	the foot and mouth disease virus, a picornavirus, encodes two forms of a cysteine proteinase (leader or l protease) that bisects the eif4g polypeptide of the initiation factor complex eif4f into n-terminal (nt) and c-terminal (ct) domains. previously we showed that, although in vitro cleavage of the translation initiation factor, eif4g, with l protease decreases cap-dependent translation, the cleavage products themselves may directly promote cap-dependent protein synthesis. we now demonstrate th ...	1996	8635470
a 'mixed' self-assembled monolayer for an impedimetric immunosensor.	a synthetic peptide with the amino acid sequence 135-154 of the capsid protein vp1 of the foot-and-mouth-disease virus was modified with omega-hydroxyundecanethiol and applied together with non-derivatised omega-hydroxyundecanethiol for consecutive adsorption onto gold electrodes according to self-assembling procedures. the binding of a specific antibody to prepared recognition layers could be monitored by measurement of impedance or capacitance. in order to avoid non-specific effects, all measu ...	1996	8639283
chimeric hepatitis b virus core particles as probes for studying peptide-integrin interactions.	an rgd-containing epitope from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 protein was inserted into the e1 loop of the hepatitis b virus core (hbc) protein. this chimeric protein was expressed at high levels in escherichia coli and spontaneously assembled into virus-like particles which could be readily purified. these fusion particles elicited high levels of both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay- and fmdv-neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. the chimeric particles bound specifically to cul ...	1996	8648742
porcine polypyrimidine tract-binding protein stimulates translation initiation at the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth-disease virus.	the cdna for porcine polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (sptb) was cloned. the sptb amino acid sequence is highly homologous to the human ptb sequence (97% identity), and the sptb sequence corresponds to that of the longest human ptb, ptb4. the specificity of binding in the uv-crosslink of sptb to the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) is similar to that of human ptb. purified recombinant sptb efficiently stimulates internal translation initiation direct ...	1996	8654585
systematic replacement of amino acid residues within an arg-gly-asp-containing loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus and effect on cell recognition.	the conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) motif found in a hypervariable, mobile antigenic loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is critically involved in virus attachment to cells by binding to an integrin, probably related to alphavbeta3. here we describe (i) the synthesis of 241 15-mer peptides, which represent this loop of fmdv (isolate c-s8c1) and single variants in which each amino acid residue was replaced by 16 others and (ii) the inhibitory activity of these peptides on the ability of fmdv ...	1996	8662712
the use of cyclophosphamide as an enhancer of the vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.	the immunization of biungulate animals with killed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) requires periodic vaccinations due to a low vaccine immunogenicity. therefore, fmdv antigens need to be combined with adjuvants such as aluminium hydroxide, saponin or oil emulsions. animal handling for periodic inoculations, and the repeated doses of vaccines that have to be administered increase the commercialization costs. moreover, the use of adjuvants may induce adverse effects. in the present work we sho ...	1996	8698098
assessment of variation in trypsin-sensitive neutralizable antigenic site of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolates using a mab-binding inhibition assay.		1996	8699017
alteration of the trypsin-sensitive antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus following direct binding to an elisa plate.		1996	8699018
beta-galactosidase enzymatic activity as a molecular probe to detect specific antibodies.	the main antigenic region of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype c1, also called site a, has been inserted in zones of the beta-galactosidase important for the stabilization of the active site, causing important changes in the km and the specific activity of the resulting enzymes. the peptide is displayed at the surface of the recombinant proteins and, in all the cases, presents a good antigenicity. among the recombinant proteins constructed, in proteins m278vp1 and m275svp1 the peptide is ins ...	1996	8702899
virulence as a positive trait in viral persistence.	a population replacement experiment has been devised to test the ability of a challenge virus to replace the resident virus in a persistently infected cell culture. bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype c (clone c-s8c1) were challenged with a large excess of either the parental foot-and-mouth disease virus c-s8c1, genetically marked variants differing in their degree of virulence, or a mutant rescued after prolonged persistence in bhk-21 cells. after ch ...	1996	8709272
strategy for producing new foot-and-mouth disease vaccines that display complex epitopes.	widely used inactivated vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) induce protective immunity, but vaccine production plants and residual virus in the vaccine itself have been implicated in disease outbreaks. the structure of the fmd virion has been determined, and although much of the surface of the viral particle is produced by complex folding of the three surface-exposed capsid proteins (vp1-3), some surface regions representing important linear epitopes can be mimicked by recombinant proteins ...	1996	8717390
amitraz effects on foot-and-mouth disease virus in mammalian cells in vitro.	the toxicity of the acaricide amitraz and its effect on foot-and-mouth disease virus multiplication were evaluated in ib-rs-2 cells in vitro. a reduction of cell growth rate that was dependent on the dose and the length of treatment was observed in cells exposed to amitraz concentrations ranging from 20 to 50 micrograms/ml. foot-and-mouth disease virus infectivity remained essentially unchanged in cells exposed to amitraz (20 micrograms/ml) 24 hr prior to virus infection or after the adsorption ...	1996	8723754
liquid-phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in water buffalo sera.	to develop and apply the liquid-phase blocking sandwich elisa (blocking-elisa) for the quantification of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains o1 campos, a24 cruzeiro, and c3 indaial. design--antibody quantification.	1996	8725810
absence of protein 2c from clarified foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines provides the basis for distinguishing convalescent from vaccinated animals.	we have recently reported that cattle and pigs which have been vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease can be distinguished from convalescent animals by the absence of antibodies to viral non-structural protein 2c (lubroth and brown, res. vet. sci., 1995, 59, 70-78(1)). in this study, we show that the absence of 2c antibodies from the sera of vaccinated animals can be explained by the association of this viral protein with cellular debris which is separated from the virus harvest prior to inac ...	1996	8735554
detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus using a liquid-phase blocking sandwich elisa (lpbe) with a bioengineered 3d protein.	a liquid-phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa-3d) was developed to detect specific antibodies to the 3d protein in sera from foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv)-infected animals. the assay uses a nonstructural 3d recombinant protein and two polyclonal antisera, one for capture (bovine) and the other for detector (guinea pig). the specificity of the assay was demonstrated by negative results with 101 sera of cattle from the fmd-free zone in argentina and with bov ...	1996	8744733
persistent infection of african buffalo (syncerus caffer) with sat-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses: rate of fixation of mutations, antigenic change and interspecies transmission.	transmission of a plaque-purified sat-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) occurred erratically from artificially infected african buffaloes in captivity to susceptible buffaloes and cattle in the same enclosure; in some instances transmission occurred only after contact between persistently infected carriers and susceptible animals lasting a number of months. because the rate at which fmdv mutations accumulated in persistently infected buffaloes was approximately linear (1.64 percent nucleotid ...	1996	8757987
high-titer bicistronic retroviral vectors employing foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site.	bicistronic retroviral vectors were constructed containing the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) internal ribosome entry site (ires) followed by the coding region of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) or therapeutic genes, with the selectable neomycin phosphotransferase gene under the control of the viral long terminal repeat (ltr) promoter. lnfx, a vector with a multiple cloning site 3' to foot-and-mouth disease virus ires, was used to construct vectors encoding rat erythropoietin (ep), rat granul ...	1996	8758998
equine rhinovirus serotypes 1 and 2: relationship to each other and to aphthoviruses and cardioviruses.	equine rhinoviruses (ervs) are picornaviruses which cause a mild respiratory infection in horses. the illness resembles the common cold brought about by rhinoviruses in humans; however, the presence of a viraemia during erv-1 infection, the occurrence of persistent infections and the physical properties are all more reminiscent of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). cdna cloning and sequencing of the genomes of erv-1 and erv-2 between the poly(c) and poly(a) tracts showed that the serotypes are ...	1996	8760418
efficient infection of cells in culture by type o foot-and-mouth disease virus requires binding to cell surface heparan sulfate.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) enters cells by attaching to cellular receptor molecules of the integrin family, one of which has been identified as the rgd-binding integrin alpha(v)beta3. here we report that, in addition to an integrin binding site, type o strains of fmdv share with natural ligands of alpha(v)beta3 (i.e., vitronectin and fibronectin) a specific affinity for heparin and that binding to the cellular form of this sulfated glycan, heparan sulfate, is required for efficient infe ...	1996	8764038
pathogenesis of wild-type and leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle.	four calves were experimentally infected via aerosol with foot-and-mouth disease virus. two were infected with a wild-type virus derived from a full-length infectious clone (a12-ic), and two were infected with a clone-derived virus lacking the leader gene (a12-llv2), with euthanasia and tissue collection at 24 and 72 h postexposure (hpe). clinical disease was apparent only in the animal given a12-ic and euthanized at 72 hpe. in situ hybridization revealed that the animal infected with a12-ic and ...	1996	8764079
[nucleotide sequence of the rna polymerase gene attenuated by a variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its comparison with the virulence of related variants of subtype a22].	the nucleotide sequence of rna-polymerase gene and 3'-terminal untranslated genome region of attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain a(22)645 has been determined. rna-polymerase gene and predicted amino acid sequences of attenuated fmdv strain a(22)645 were compared with those of the original virulent fmdv strain a(22)550. the examined genome region of strain a(22)645 differed from that of strain a(22)550 by 22 nucleotides and 3 amino acids. three mutations occurred within nucleoti ...	1996	8786750
evolution of a persistent aphthovirus in cytolytic infections: partial reversion of phenotypic traits accompanied by genetic diversification.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) shows a dual potential to be cytolytic or to establish persistent infections in cell culture. fmdv r100, a virus rescued after 100 passages of carrier bhk-21 cells persistently infected with fmdv clone c-s8c1, showed multiple genetic and phenotypic alterations relative to the parental clone c-s8c1. several fmdv r100 populations have been subjected to 100 serial cytolytic infections in bhk-21 cells, and the reversion of phenotypic and genetic alterations has be ...	1996	8794296
perturbations in the surface structure of a22 iraq foot-and-mouth disease virus accompanying coupled changes in host cell specificity and antigenicity.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an extremely infectious and antigenically diverse picornavirus of cloven-hoofed animals. strains of the a22 subtype have been reported to change antigenically when adapted to different growth conditions. to investigate the structural basis of this phenomenon we have determined the structures of two variants of an a22 virus.	1996	8805520
long-term, large-population passage of aphthovirus can generate and amplify defective noninterfering particles deleted in the leader protease gene.	during serial undiluted passage of a clonal population of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv c-s8c1) in bhk-21 cells, two species of defective rna were generated and selected. sequence analysis revealed that they included deletions within the l-coding region, and retained the correct reading frame for viral protein synthesis. these deleted rnas directed the synthesis of capsid protein vp1, were packaged in particles sedimenting with standard virus, required homologous infectious helper virus in ...	1996	8806535
identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus-free regions by use of a standardized enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay.	to assess the potential of a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb) assay to monitor persistent foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viral activity in a livestock population.	1996	8807005
a porcine cd8+ t cell clone with heterotypic specificity for foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-specific t cell lines and clones have been obtained from a swine lymphocyte antigen (sla) inbred miniature pig vaccinated with chemically inactivated virus. one of the clones obtained, ce3, showed a specific and heterotypic proliferation against infectious but not inactivated fmdv in the presence of syngeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). adherent cells from pbmc were sufficient to support specific activation of the clone and the proliferation was ...	1996	8811008
preparation of virus-infection-associated (via) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus from inactivated vaccine.	virus-infection-associated (via) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was prepared from an inactivated fmd vaccine. the via antigen coupled with an adjuvant of aluminium hydroxide gel supplemented vaccine was efficiently eluted by suspending and stirring in high concentration of phosphate buffer solution (0.3m, ph 7.6). the final elute purified by deae-sephadex a50 from the vaccine was concentrated in 1/500-1/1,000 of the original volume. via antigens prepared from two kinds of vaccine ...	1996	8811637
[mechanisms involved in the prolonged humoral immune response: behavior of aphthous fever virus].	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is a widespread infectious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals with severe economic consequences. animals infected with fmd virus (fmdv) develop an immunological status of immunity characterized by high titers of virus serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies (nab) which persist for at least 18 months. in contrast, currently inactivated virus vaccines elicit lower antibody response for shorter periods. protection against fmdv infection has been commonly related ...	1996	8815460
propagation of an attenuated virus by design: engineering a novel receptor for a noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease virus.	to gain entry into cells, viruses utilize a variety of different cell-surface molecules. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) binds to cell-surface integrin molecules via an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) sequence in capsid protein vp1. binding to this particular cell-surface molecule influences fmdv tropism, and virus/receptor interactions appear to be responsible, in part, for selection of antigenic variants. to study early events of virus-cell interaction, we engineered an alternative an ...	1996	8816817
prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease antibodies in dairy herds in the netherlands four years after vaccination.	a total of 298 serum samples were collected from dutch cattle born in 1988 or before, and examined in the virus neutralisation test for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus types a10 holland. o bfs, and c1detmold. all the cattle had been vaccinated at least twice during the annual vaccination programme, which stopped in 1991. antibody titres equal to or higher than the titre at which 95 per cent of the cattle would be expected to be protected against challenge, were found in 57 to 73 ...	1996	8819202
serological and molecular analysis of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from disease outbreaks in india during 1987-91.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o outbreaks have been reported frequently in vaccinated cattle in india. twenty-five field isolates, recovered from outbreaks in vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle between 1987 and 1991, were analyzed in relation to the vaccine strain (r2/75) by complement fixation, serum neutralization and partial nucleotide sequencing of the vp1 gene. these sequences were compared with the viral sequences in genembl database. although the indian type o viruses were clos ...	1996	8822633
emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus variants with antigenically critical amino acid substitutions predicted by model studies using reference viruses.	one of the major obstacles to the design of effective antiviral vaccines is the frequent generation of antigenic viral variants in the field. the types of variants that will become dominant during disease outbreaks is often unpredictable. however, here we report the genetic and antigenic characterization of emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) variants with antigenically critical amino acid substitutions predicted by model studies using reference viruses and monoclonal antibodies. the ne ...	1996	8852403
mimicry of viral epitopes with retro-inverso peptides of increased stability.	two major limitations to the use of peptides as synthetic vaccines are their poor immunogenicity and low antigenic cross-reactivity with the epitopes of virus particles. recently it has been shown that retro-inverso peptides corresponding to an immunodominant epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are able to mimic the structure and antigenic activity of natural l-peptides [1]. a series of l- and retro-inverso peptides of the loop 141-159 of the vp1 protein of fmdv has been synthesized. ...	1996	8854029
antigenic analysis of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus in the persistently infected bovine.	the antigenic profiles of serotype o strains of fmdv collected from the oropharynx of persistently infected cattle were defined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mab's) in an indirect antigen-trapping elisa. the mab profiling showed no significant loss of reactivity in two neutralising antigenic sites of persistent fmdv isolates collected over a period of eight months. early and late serum taken from a carrier animal showed similar neutralising activity against early and late carrier isolat ...	1996	8856023
the position of the heterologous domain can influence the solubility and proteolysis of beta-galactosidase fusion proteins in e. coli.	the vp1 protein (23 kda) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus has been produced in mc1061 and bl21 e. coli strains as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins, joined to either the amino and/or the carboxy termini of the bacterial enzyme. in bl21, devoid of la protease, all the recombinant fusion proteins are produced at higher yields than in mc1061, and occur mainly as inclusion bodies. the fusion of vp1 at the carboxy terminus yields a protease-sensitive protein whose degradation releases a stable, e ...	1996	8861998
isotype-specific antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in sera and secretions of "carrier' and "non-carrier' cattle.	isotype-specific antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were measured in the sera and upper respiratory tract secretions of vaccinated and susceptible cattle challenged with fmdv by direct contact or by intranasal inoculation. a comparison was made between cattle that eliminated fmdv and those that developed and maintained a persistent infection. serological and mucosal antibody responses were detected in all animals after challenge. iga and igm were detected before the develo ...	1996	8870633
cloning and expression of a single-chain antibody fragment specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the gene for a single-chain antibody (vhk) to a conformational epitope on the type a12 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) particle was assembled and expressed in escherichia coli. the vhk, purified from periplasmic extracts immunoprecipitated virus as efficiently as its parental monoclonal antibody (mab) and exhibited the same binding specificity when tested against panel of natural and genetically engineered virus particles. the vhk neutralized type a12 virus in the presence of goat anti-mouse ...	1996	8874516
intracellular membrane proliferation in e. coli induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus 3a gene products.	during picornavirus infection replication of genomic rna occurs in membrane-associated ribonucleoprotein complexes. these replication complexes contain different nonstructural viral proteins with mostly unknown function. to examine the function of nonstructural picornaviral proteins in more detail, cdna of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) strain o1 lausanne was cloned into lambda zap ii, and different parts of the p3-coding sequence were expressed in e. coli by the t7 polymerase system. expre ...	1996	8879115
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of the lb proteinase from foot-and-mouth disease virus.	different crystal forms of the c23a mutant from the leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus were obtained by the hanging drop vapor diffusion technique, using mgcl2 and peg 6000 as precipitants. well-developed crystals, with cubic morphology growing to approximately 1.0 mm3 in size, presented a large unit cell parameter of 274.5 a and diffracted to, at most, 5 a resolution. a second type of crystal had a tetragonal appearance and these were obtained in droplets soaked in a silica gel m ...	1996	8880919
stability of foot-and-mouth disease virus, its genome and proteins at 37 degrees c.	infectivity titers of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) types asia 1 and 0 were reduced by 4 and 2 log units, respectively, after incubation at 37 degrees c for 12 hrs. the stability of the fmdv rna genome at 37 degrees c was studied using 32p-labelled virus. the rna of fmdv type 0 was found to be more stable than that of type asia 1. oligo(dt)-cellulose chromatography showed that 21% and 31% of the labelled rna were bound to the column in the case of types asia 1 and 0, respectively. possible ...	1996	8886092
foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a protease mediates cleavage in attenuated sabin 3 poliovirus vectors engineered for delivery of foreign antigens.	poliovirus vectors are being studied as potential vaccine delivery systems, with foreign genetic sequences incorporated as part of the viral genome. the foreign sequences are expressed as part of the viral polyprotein. addition of proteolytic cleavage sites at the junction of the foreign polypeptide and the viral proteins results in cleavage during polyprotein processing. the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a to mediate proteolytic cleavage in the context of poliovirus vectors wa ...	1996	8892938
increase of murine splenic natural antibody-secreting cells after cyclophosphamide treatment.	administration of a low sub-immunosuppressive dose of cyclophosphamide (cy) to naive mice induced a marked increase in the number of splenic cells forming natural antibodies against unrelated antigens such as foot-and-mouth disease virus, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, horseradish peroxidase, or bovine serum albumin, as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay spot technique. these results suggest that in mice there exists a repertoire of b cells forming natural antibodies which is restrai ...	1996	8906754