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infectious diseases in mexico. a survey from 1995-2000.data obtained at a central laboratory for emerging, re-emerging, and other infectious diseases in mexico from 1995-2000 are presented. an outstanding increase of den-3 circulation was identified. aedes aegypti, the dengue vector, is widely distributed. leptospirosis has become the most important differential diagnosis for dengue. identification of rabies virus variants allowed cataloging of new transmitters of rabies. rotavirus showed a clear seasonal distribution, while different proportions of ...200212234523
viral encephalitis. 200212241681
vaccination of vampire bats using recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus.adult vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) were vaccinated by intramuscular, scarification, oral, or aerosol routes (n = 8 in each group) using a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus. sera were obtained before and 30 days after vaccination. all animals were then challenged intramuscularly with a lethal dose of rabies virus. neutralizing antirabies antibodies were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). seroconversion was observed with each of the routes employed, but s ...200212243138
[contact with a bat]. 200212244855
current approaches to rabies prevention and prophylaxis. 200212271854
human rabies--tennessee, 2002.on august 31,2002, a boy aged 13 years residing in franklin county, tennessee, died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with silver-haired and eastern pipistrelle bats. this report summarizes the investigation by the tennessee department of health (tdh). persons should avoid direct contact with bats, other wildlife, and stray or ill domestic animals; however, if direct contact with bats has occurred, exposed persons should see their health-care provider, and the ...200212353742
mutations conferring resistance to neutralization by a soluble form of the neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) map outside of the known antigenic sites of the rabies virus glycoprotein.the neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) serves as a receptor for rabies virus (rv). we expressed and purified a soluble chimera consisting of the p75ntr ectodomain fused to the human immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) fc fragment (p75-fc). although p75-fc interacts with rv, the infectivity of rv did not decrease significantly when it was incubated in the presence of the soluble receptor alone. however, when it was subsequently incubated with an antihuman igg directed against the fc fragment of p75-fc, the infe ...200212368318
rabies in a nine-year-old child: the myth of the bite.a nine-year-old boy died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with insectivorous bats. the patient was most likely infected in the laurentian mountains of western quebec, but neither the patient nor his parents remembered any direct contact with an animal. the diagnosis was made seven days after the start of symptoms. after examining the most recent cases of rabies in north america, it is obvious that rabies following bat exposure can occur without history of a do ...200218159381
diagnosis and analysis of a recent case of human rabies in canada.on september 30, 2000, staff at the canadian food inspection agency's centre of expertise for rabies, located at the animal diseases research institute in ottawa, ontario, diagnosed rabies in a child from quebec. this was the first case of rabies in a human in canada in 15 years and in 36 years in the province of quebec. after spending a week in intensive care in a montreal hospital, the nine-year-old boy succumbed to this nearly always fatal disease. the boy had been exposed to a bat in late au ...200218159382
first case of human rabies in chile caused by an insectivorous bat virus variant.the first human rabies case in chile since 1972 occurred in march 1996 in a patient without history of known exposure. antigenic and genetic characterization of the rabies isolate indicated that its reservoir was the insectivorous bat tadarida brasiliensis. this is the first human rabies case caused by an insectivorous bat rabies virus variant reported in latin america.200211749754
interaction of the poliovirus receptor cd155 with the dynein light chain tctex-1 and its implication for poliovirus pathogenesis.the cellular receptor for poliovirus cd155 (or pvr) is the founding member of a new class of membrane-associated immunoglobulin-like proteins, which include the mouse tumor-associated antigen e4 (tage4) and three proteins termed "nectins." using a yeast two-hybrid screen we have discovered that the cytoplasmic domain of cd155 associates strongly and specifically with tctex-1, a light chain of the dynein motor complex, the latter representing the major driving force for retrograde transport of en ...200211751937
first case of cat rabies in southern brazil for 11 years. 200211878440
live and killed rhabdovirus-based vectors as potential hepatitis c vaccines.a highly attenuated, recombinant rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vector was utilized as a new immunization strategy to induce humoral and cellular responses against hepatitis c (hcv) glycoprotein e2. we showed previously that rv-based vectors are able to induce strong immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) antigens. here we constructed and characterized three replication-competent rv-based vectors expressing either both hcv envelope proteins e1 and e2 or a mo ...200211878905
genetic constraints and the adaptive evolution of rabies virus in nature.we used a molecular evolutionary approach to investigate the species adaptation of rabies virus in nature. a maximum likelihood analysis of selection pressures revealed that the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) genes of natural viral isolates were highly constrained, especially at nonsynonymous sites, in contrast to the higher rates of nonsynonymous evolution observed in viruses subject to laboratory passage. positive selection was only found at a single amino acid site--position 183 in th ...200211878928
antigenic diversity and distribution of rabies virus in mexico.rabies remains a public health problem in the americas because of the great diversity of wild reservoirs that maintain the virus in nature. here we report the antigenic characterization of 254 rabies viruses isolated from 148 nonreservoir and 106 reservoir hosts collected in 27 states of mexico. nine out of 11 antigenic variants previously reported in the united states were detected in mexico by using the limited panel of monoclonal antibodies donated by the centers for disease control and preve ...200211880422
overexpression of the rabies virus glycoprotein results in enhancement of apoptosis and antiviral immune response.a recombinant rabies virus (rv) carrying two identical glycoprotein (g) genes (spbnga-ga) was constructed and used to determine the effect of rv g overexpression on cell viability and immunity. immunoprecipitation analysis and flow cytometry showed that tissue culture cells infected with spbnga-ga produced, on average, twice as much rv g as cells infected with rv carrying only a single rv g gene (spbnga). the overexpression of rv g in spbnga-ga-infected na cells was paralleled by a significant i ...200211884563
rabies. 200211885952
postexposure treatment and animal rabies, ontario, 1958-2000.this paper investigates the relationship between animal rabies and postexposure treatment (pet) in ontario by examining the introduction of human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) in 1980 and the initiation of an oral rabies vaccination program for wildlife in 1989. introducing hdcv led to an immediate doubling of treatments. both animal rabies and human treatments declined rapidly after the vaccination program was introduced, but human treatments have leveled off at approximately 1,000 per year.200211897079
pathologic quiz case. a 54-year-old man presents with severe back pain. 200211900582
identification of central nervous system neurons innervating the respiratory muscles of the mouse: a transneuronal tracing study.in recent years, the central control of breathing in mammals has been the subject of numerous studies. the aim of the present one was to characterize the neuronal network projecting to the main respiratory motoneurons, in adult mice. to this end, the morphology and location of the respiratory motoneurons and their sequential connections with other neurons were revealed using a transneuronal tracing technique by means of the rabies virus infection. the injections of the rabies virus in the respir ...200211922984
both viral transcription and replication are reduced when the rabies virus nucleoprotein is not phosphorylated.rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) plays vital roles in regulation of viral rna transcription and replication by encapsidation of the nascent genomic rna. rabies virus n is phosphorylated, and previous studies demonstrated that mutation of the phosphorylated serine at position 389 to alanine resulted in reduction of viral transcription and/or replication of a rabies virus minigenome. in the present study, we mutated the serine (s) at position 389 to alanine (a), glycine (g), aspartic acid (d), aspar ...200211932380
differential use of the nicotinic receptor by rabies virus based upon substrate origin.to determine the role that the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor plays in the adsorption process of rabies virus (rv), adult dorsal root ganglion dissociated cultures were exposed to nicotinic agonists before being inoculated. the fixed strain of rv challenge virus standard-11 (cvs-11) was used after being passaged in two different ways, in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells and in adult mouse brain (mb). carbachol and nicotine reduced the percentage of cvs-mb infected neurons, yet none of ...200211935467
rabies vaccines. 200211957338
[standardization of rabies virus genome amplification for its use in molecular epidemiology studies].in order to improve the diagnosis and typification of rabies viruses at the instituto nacional de salud national reference laboratory for rabies, we standardized techniques for the amplification of a 902 nucleotide dna fragment, complementary to a selected region of the rabies virus genomic rna. this region codes for a segment of both the glycoprotein and protein l, and contains the g-l intergenic noncoding region known as pseudogen psi. the standardized techniques included: 1) biological amplif ...200211957368
modern concepts of brainstem anatomy: from extraocular motoneurons to proprioceptive pathways.the extraocular muscles, unlike the skeletal muscles, contain non-twitch muscle fibers. recent experiments have located the non-twitch motoneurons. they lie around the periphery of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei, separate from the more usual twitch motoneurons that cluster within the boundaries of the classical motor nuclei. the premotor inputs to non-twitch neurons were traced by the injection of rabies virus into the distal tip of the lateral rectus muscle. retrogradely labeled ...200211960795
cryptogenic rabies, bats, and the question of aerosol transmission.human rabies is rare in the united states; however, an estimated 40,000 patients receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis each year. misconceptions about the transmission of rabies are plentiful, particularly regarding bats. most cases of human rabies caused by bat variants have no definitive history of animal bite. three hypotheses are proposed and reviewed for the transmission of rabies from bats to human beings. they include nonbite transmission (including aerosol transmission), the alternate ...200211973559
dogs, cats, raccoons, and bats: where is the real risk for rabies? 200211973561
[molecular epidemiological characterization of rabies virus isolated from guangxi].to analyze the genotype of rabies virus isolated from different areas in guangxi at different time.200111986719
serological responses of coyotes to two commercial rabies vaccines.between august 1993 and september 1994 we documented serological responses of coyotes (canis latrans) vaccinated with two commercial rabies vaccines licensed for use in domestic dogs. serologic responses were documented by testing for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) at 30, 90, 180, 270, and 365 days post-vaccination. all coyotes vaccinated with imrab 3 (rhone-merieux, inc.), and 75% of those vaccinated with dura-rab 3 (immunovet, inc. ...200111763743
the efficacy of a new single post-exposure treatment of rabies in mice without vaccination.local application of rabies immune serum and isoprinosine, an immunomodulator with antiviral activity was effective in mice infected with a sylvatic rabies virus. in this way, a single medical or veterinary treatment is only required, which is particularly important for developing but also for developed countries. the importance of using a post-exposure potency test to monitor rabies vaccines is emphasized. the same principle could be applied to other emerging viral infections of humans (for exa ...200111765237
is it possible to orally vaccinate juvenile red foxes against rabies in spring campaigns?the rabies antibody status of juvenile foxes (vulpes vulpes) was evaluated in large-scale, long-term oral vaccination campaigns. between 9% (n = 659) and 21% (n = 42) of the juvenile foxes examined in 1993-94 and 1997, respectively, showed rabies virus neutralizing antibody (nab)-titers > or = 0.5 iu/ml following bait distribution in spring. the presence of nab may be due to either the passive transfer of maternal antibodies, or active immunization derived from spring vaccination campaigns. the ...200111765716
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000.during 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). compared with cases reported in 1999, the numbe ...200111767918
production, purification and analysis of an experimental dna vaccine against rabies.the basic and applied research efforts devoted to the development of dna vaccines must be accompanied by manufacturing processes capable of being scaled up and delivering a clinical-grade product. this work describes a rapid process of this kind, based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography (hic) for the production of milligram quantities of an experimental dna rabies vaccine. its properties and protective activity are tested in comparison with the same plasmid dna purified with a commercial ...200111778904
detection of rabies virus rna isolated from several species of animals in brazil by rt-pcr.brain samples from different animal species including humans: five vampire bats, 14 cattle, 12 dogs, 11 cats, two horses, one pig, one sheep and three humans collected from various geographical regions of brazil were found to be positive for rabies by means of the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and the mouse inoculation test (mit). the brain samples were retested for rabies by means of the reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with 2 primer sets (p1/p2 and rhni/rhns3), wh ...200111789609
a comparative study of the fluorescent antibody test for rabies diagnosis in fresh and formalin-fixed brain tissue specimens.many diagnostic methods have been used to detect rabies virus antigen. the preferred method for routine diagnosis of rabies in fresh or frozen brain tissues is the fluorescent antibody test (fat). in this study, the fat was used to evaluate the rabies status of fresh/frozen brain specimens from more than 800 rabies-suspected cases, in more than 14 different species of animals. a comparable brain specimen from each case was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and examined by the fat. the evaluation of ...200111377721
genetic characterization and geographic distribution of rabies virus isolates in brazil: identification of two reservoirs, dogs and vampire bats.we analyzed 50 rabies virus samples isolated in brazil from 12 dogs, 11 cats, 5 vampire bats, 15 cattle, 2 horses, 1 pig, 1 sheep, and 3 humans to investigate the molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses. we sequenced 203 nucleotides on the nucleoprotein gene by direct sequencing of the pcr-amplified products. all the isolates belonged to the genotype 1 and homology of the 203 nucleotides was at least 83.7% among isolates. the main reservoirs were estimated based on the homology of nucleotide se ...200111384221
rabies virus production in non-woven polyester fabric(nwpf) packed-bed reactors.the production of rabies virus from baby hamster kidney-ankara66 (bhk-an(66), hukuk 99050302) monolayer cells was examinedin a packed-bed reactor containing non-woven polyester fabric (nwpf)discs. at first, growth characteristics of the cells were determined instatic culture. the suspension culture studies were realized in a 1litre spinner basket with nwpf support. bhk-an(66) cells(inoculation density, 5x10(4) cells.ml(-1)) were maintained in the reactor loaded with5 g.l(-1) carrier. the culture ...200111389670
immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine sad b19 in foxes.studies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of sad b19 attenuated rabies virus vaccine in foxes under laboratory conditions were conducted. twenty-seven foxes (vulpes vulpes) were offered a vaccine bait containing 10(6.3) ffu/ml sad b19. blood samples were collected 60, 110 and 190 days post-vaccination. on day 190 post vaccination the animals and 14 controls were challenged with a canid street rabies virus. twenty-four of the 26 vaccinated foxes (92.3%) survived the challenge, whereas all the co ...200111393813
interaction of lyssaviruses with the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr.the low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor p75ntr interacts in vitro with the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein and serves as a receptor for rv. the lyssavirus genus comprises seven genotypes (gts) of rabies and rabies-related viruses. the ability of p75ntr to interact with the glycoprotein of representative lyssaviruses from each gt was investigated. this investigation was based on a specific binding assay between bsr cells infected with a lyssavirus and spodoptera frugiperda (sf21) cells expre ...200111714960
[development of a rapid method of immunologic monitoring during pregnancy].the authors validate the efficiency of enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) for rapid diagnosis of rabies and titration of specific antibodies and of the method of isolation of field rabies strains in the rat gasser's node neurinoma cells. highly active specific diagnostic agents for elisa and immunofluorescent test based on sheep immunoglobulins have been created for detection of the rabies agent in pathological material from different animals and humans.200111715711
field trial with oral vaccination of dogs against rabies in the philippines.the potential role of oral vaccination of dogs against rabies in the philippines was investigated in terms of safety and efficacy.200111737869
expression of the b-cell and t-cell epitopes of the rabies virus nucleoprotein in mycobacterium bovis bcg and induction of an humoral response in mice.expression vectors containing rabies virus nucleoprotein b-cell and t-cell epitopes in mycobacterium bovis bcg were constructed. the epitopes were subcloned into the m. leprae 18-kda gene to ensure correct presentation to the host immune system. expression of the 18-kda::b+t epitope fusion protein was driven by either the hsp60 promoter, which is constitutively activated at a high level in m. bovis bcg, or the 18-kda promoter, which is strongly induced in vivo. mice were immunised intra-peritone ...200111738736
one-time gene gun or intramuscular rabies dna vaccination of non-human primates: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses and protection against rabies virus 1 year after vaccination.we have previously shown that macaca fascicularis (cynomologus) monkeys receiving a primary and either one or two booster rabies dna vaccinations are protected against rabies virus. in this study, we determined whether monkeys that had been vaccinated only once via gene gun or intramuscularly (i.m.) with different concentrations of dna would be protected against rabies virus challenge. neutralizing antibody responses were assayed for 1 year before the monkeys were challenged. neutralizing antibo ...200111738747
postexposure rabies prophylaxis in a patient with lymphoma. 200111176806
virus isolation from saliva and salivary glands of cattle naturally infected with paralytic rabies.the infectivity of saliva, salivary and mammary glands, muscle, lung, kidney and liver of 87 cattle infected with paralytic rabies (positive viral isolation from brains) was studied. fifty percent dilutions of saliva and tissue samples were inoculated intracerebrally into 10- to 15-day-old mice. viral isolation in mice was confirmed by direct rabies fluorescent-antibody test and the antigenic variant of the isolates characterized by monoclonal antibodies. rabies virus was isolated from 4.6% of s ...200111182465
effect of rabies virus infection on gene expression in mouse brain.a variety of molecular genetic approaches were used to study the effect of rabies virus (rv) infection on host gene expression in mouse brain. the down-regulation of gene expression was found to be a major effect of rv infection by using subtraction hybridization. however, a combination of techniques identified approximately 39 genes activated by infection. these included genes involved in regulation of cell metabolism, protein synthesis, synaptic activity, and cell growth and differentiation. n ...200111226313
antigenic and genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species indigenous to canada.antigenic characterisation of over 350 chiropteran rabies viruses of the americas, especially from species reported rabid in canada, distinguished 13 viral types. in close accord with this classification, nucleotide sequencing of representative isolates, at both the n and g loci, identified four principal phylogenetic groups (i-iv), sub-groups of which circulated in particular bat species. amongst the north american bat viruses, there was a notable division between group i specimens associated w ...200111226582
inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition delays death of rabies virus-infected mice.a pathophysiological mechanism of cerebral damage and impairment of neuronal function during rabies virus infection was examined. synthesis of nitric oxide (no) and expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) gene are strongly upregulated during rabies virus infection. treatment of rabies virus-infected mice with a selective inhibitor of inos, aminoguanidine (ag), significantly delayed their death. prolonged survival was not due to suppression of an inflammatory response in the cent ...200111232769
epidemiologic characteristics of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the united states, 1999.to evaluate epidemiologic features of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the united states during 1999 and assess the role of bat-associated variants.200111417737
experimental utility of rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure prophylaxis.rabies immune globulin (rig) is essential for post-exposure prophylaxis but is expensive and not widely available. rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were evaluated in vitro and in a syrian hamster model as a potential future alternative. seven mabs neutralized representative rabies virus variants. however, a european bat lyssavirus was not neutralized by either mabs or rig. moreover, duvenhage virus was neutralized by rig, but not by mabs, and lagos bat and mokola viru ...200111427255
protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific dna vaccination.a dna vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), was shown to provide significant protection as soon as 4 d after intramuscular vaccination in 2 g rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) held at 15 degrees c. nearly complete protection was also observed at later time points (7, 14, and 28 d) using a standardized waterborne challenge model. in a test of the specificity of this early protection, immunization of rainbow trout with a dna vaccine against another f ...200111427277
treatment after rodent exposure necessary to avoid death from rabies. 200111429723
failure of pre- and postexposure rabies vaccinations in a child infected with hiv.we report the case of a 6-y-old hiv-infected girl with severe immune deficiency who failed to respond to intramuscular pre-exposure rabies vaccination using human diploid cell rabies vaccine on days 0, 7 and 28. she also failed to respond to an intradermal postexposure rabies regimen using purified verocell rabies vaccine at 4 sites on days 0, 3 and 7 and at 2 sites on days 30 and 90 (double the usual regimen). sequentially monitored rabies neutralizing antibody titers were below the who minimum ...200111440231
a model for neutralization of viruses based on antibody coating of the virion surface. 200111443871
rabies postexposure prophylaxis. human and domestic animal considerations.the emphasis on rabies control and prevention in the united states seems to be a function of our perception of proximity of the threat. wildlife rabies epizootics within a state may be of little concern to the uninformed urban dweller. additionally, many parts of the western united states are free of terrestrial rabies; were it not for the presence of bat rabies, people in those areas would likely interpret rabies control as a minor public health concern. it is essential that federal, state, and ...200111446104
effect of maternal immunity on the immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes.to determine effect of maternal antibodies on immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes.200111453495
early rabies antibody response to intramuscular booster in previously intradermally immunized travelers using human diploid cell rabies vaccine.postexposure treatment (pet) of travelers who may have had a potential rabies exposure is simpler, safer, and cheaper if the traveler is preimmunized. preimmunization can be done with human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv) administered intramuscularly or intradermally. some authorities, however, are now advocating that travelers vaccinated by the intradermal (id) route should be treated as if they are not immunized. a particular concern raised is that travelers who have received pre-exposure r ...200111468113
selection of single chain variable fragments (scfv) against the glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus from a human synthetic scfv phage display library and their fusion with the fc region of human igg1.we have prepared human recombinant antibody molecules against the glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus (gprv) based on the single chain variable fragment (scfv) format. anti-gprv scfvs were selected from a human synthetic scfv phage display library with a repertoire of approximately 109 specificities. after three rounds of selection against the pv11 strain of the virus, 40% of the clones tested recognized the rabies antigen. of the 20 positive clones that were sequenced, five distinct sequen ...200111472431
rapid clearance of sag-2 rabies virus from dogs after oral vaccination.this study investigated the safety, efficacy, and clearance of sag-2, an attentuated rabies virus, after oral vaccination in dogs. nineteen dogs consumed baits containing lyophilized vaccine, but residual sag-2 virus was recovered in only one of 57 oral swabs, collected one hour post-vaccination. seven vaccinates were euthanized between 24 and 96 h after consuming a bait. rabies virus rna was detected in tonsils from all seven dogs by nested rt-pcr, with primers to the viral glycoprotein. genomi ...200111483278
survey of bat populations from mexico and paraguay for rabies.a mammalian survey was conducted in mexico (october 1994-january 1996) and in paraguay (august 1996-march 1997); a complete specimen was collected for each bat in the survey, including primary voucher specimen, ectoparasites, karyotype, and various frozen tissues. the surveys combined provided 937 brain samples (65 bat species) for rabies diagnosis. one male lasiurus ega, collected in paraguay, tested positive for the rabies virus (overall prevalence rate of 0.1%). nucleotide sequence from a 300 ...200111504233
expression and immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag expressed by a replication-competent rhabdovirus-based vaccine vector.a replication-competent rhabdovirus-based vector expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag protein was characterized on human cell lines and analyzed for the induction of a cellular immune response in mice. we previously described a rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vector expressing hiv-1 gp160. the recombinant rv was able to induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses against the hiv-1 envelope protein in mice (m. j. schnell et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 97:3 ...200111507217
report of isolations of unusual lyssaviruses (rabies and mokola virus) identified retrospectively from zimbabwe.rabies isolates that had been stored between 1983 and 1997 were examined with a panel of anti-lyssavirus nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. out of 56 isolates from cats and various wild carnivore species, 1 isolate of mokola virus and 5 other non-typical rabies viruses were identified. the mokola virus isolate was diagnosed as rabies in 1993 from a cat. genetic analysis of this isolate suggests that it falls in a distinct subgroup of the mokola virus genotype. the 5 non-typical rabies viruses w ...200111513267
immunogenicity of an e1-deleted recombinant human adenovirus against rabies by different routes of administration.the immunogenic properties of an e1-deleted, human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vaccine virus with activity against rabies were examined in mice, foxes and dogs using different routes of administration. nmri mice received 10(5.8), 10(5.3), 10(4.3), 10(3.3) and 10(2.3) tcid(50) by peroral or intramuscular (i.m.) administration. furthermore, six mice received 10(5.8) tcid(50) intracerebrally (i.c.). the construct elicited marked seroconversion in mice after oral administration. immunoreactivity in mice ...200111514729
human lymphocyte proliferation responses following primary immunization with rabies vaccine as neoantigen.evaluation of the t-cell immune response following primary antigenic challenge with a neoantigen is a critical aspect of assessment of the cellular immune response. while many antigens can be used to accurately assess in vitro t-cell proliferation to a recall antigen, only a few neoantigens have been tested for their capacities to measure t-cell responses in vitro to a primary immunization. rabies vaccination is an excellent candidate for the testing of t-cell proliferation responses to a primar ...200111527796
human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus. 200111529212
rescue of rabies virus from cloned cdna and identification of the pathogenicity-related gene: glycoprotein gene is associated with virulence for adult mice.in order to identify the viral gene related to the pathogenicity of rabies virus, we tried to establish a reverse genetics system of the attenuated rc-hl strain, which causes nonlethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. a full-length genome plasmid encoding the complete antigenomic cdna of the rc-hl strain and helper plasmids containing cdnas of the complete open reading frame of the n, p, and l genes, respectively, were constructed. after transfection of these plasmids int ...200111533176
immunogenicity, safety and lot consistency in adults of a chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, double-blind trial with human diploid cell rabies vaccine.the immunogenicity and safety of a chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) was evaluated using us veterinary medical students. in the first study, 242 healthy adults were enrolled in a randomized, modified double-blind, multicenter trial and received five doses of either cprv or human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) by intramuscular injection on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 concurrently with human rabies immunoglobulin in a simulated post-exposure prophylaxis regimen. post-immunization titers ...200111535311
kinetics of humoral immune response after rabies vr-g oral vaccination of captive fox cubs (vulpes vulpes) with or without maternally derived antibodies against the vaccine.in western europe during the spring, the largest proportion of fox populations are cubs and the key to successful rabies oral vaccination campaigns is cub vaccination. in this paper we report on studies of the serology of 93 fox (vulpes vulpes) cubs born to unvaccinated and orally vaccinated captive vixens, some of which were orally vaccinated at 30 or at 90 days of age with the vaccinia recombinant vaccine (vr-g) that expresses the rabies virus glycoprotein. the duration of cub passively acquir ...200111535333
functional interaction map of lyssavirus phosphoprotein: identification of the minimal transcription domains.lyssaviruses, the causative agents of rabies encephalitis, are distributed in seven genotypes. the phylogenetically distant rabies virus (pv strain, genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3) were used to develop a strategy to identify functional homologous interactive domains from two proteins (p and n) which participate in the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) transcription-replication complex. this strategy combined two-hybrid and green fluorescent protein-reverse two-hybrid assays in saccharomyce ...200111559793
isolation and replication of rabies virus in c6 rat glioma cells (clone ccl-107).the susceptibility of the c6 rat glioma cell line (atcc; ccl-107) to rabies virus was characterized. the kinetics of infection performed with a fixed and a wild strain (from an infected cow) of rabies virus was monitored by direct immunofluorescence. fluorescent cytoplasmic bodies were readily observed by uv microscopy from 24 hours post-infection (hpi) onwards. the ability of c6 to produce rabies infective virion particles was confirmed by determining the viral titres present in the supernatant ...200111580211
immunohistochemical and histopathological studies of fixed rabies virus in goats.the purpose of this study was to systematically demonstrate and compare the pathological and immunohistochemical changes in goats which were infected by a fixed rabies virus that was used in vaccine production. in the histopathological examinations, varying degrees of inflammatory, degenerative and necrotic changes were detected in the central nervous system. in the preparations stained by the immunoperoxidase (ip) method, intra- and/or extracellular viral antigens were observed on the cerebellu ...200111585097
preexposure efficacy of a novel combination dna and inactivated rabies virus vaccine.several strategies are being examined to enhance the potency of dna rabies vaccine (drv) so that it can be used for both prophylaxis and postexposure therapy of rabies. in this study, we report a novel combination rabies vaccine (crv) containing a low dose of cell culture-derived inactivated rabies virus vaccine and drv. mice immunized with crv develop higher levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna) than those immunized with drv and are completely protected against peripheral as wel ...200111589833
rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery.in this report it is demonstrated for the first time that rabies-g envelope of the rabies virus is sufficient to confer retrograde axonal transport to a heterologous virus/vector. after delivery of rabies-g pseudotyped equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) based vectors encoding a marker gene to the rat striatum, neurons in regions distal from but projecting to the injection site, such as the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, become transduced. this retrograde transpor ...200111590128
quantitative study of the infection in brain neurons in human rabies.rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus that causes encephalomyelitis. rabies virus infection was studied in neurons in the brain of an 8-year-old girl that died of rabies in mexico. the extent of the neuronal infection was evaluated quantitatively in neuronal cell types of the brain using histologic staining for negri bodies and immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen in the same neurons. quantitative image analysis was used to compare the amount of infection in five different n ...200111596101
rhabdoviruses and the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system: a budding interaction.the matrix (m) proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rv) play a key role in both assembly and budding of progeny virions. a pppy motif (py motif or late-budding domain) is conserved in the m proteins of vsv and rv. these py motifs are important for virus budding and for mediating interactions with specific cellular proteins containing ww domains. the py motif and flanking sequences of the m protein of vsv were used as bait to screen a mouse embryo cdna library for cellul ...200111602704
overexpression of cytochrome c by a recombinant rabies virus attenuates pathogenicity and enhances antiviral immunity.the pathogenicity of individual rabies virus strains appears to correlate inversely with the extent of apoptotic cell death they induce and with the expression of rabies virus glycoprotein, a major inducer of an antiviral immune response. to determine whether the induction of apoptosis by rabies virus contributes to a decreased pathogenicity by stimulating antiviral immunity, we have analyzed these parameters in tissue cultures and in mice infected with a recombinant rabies virus construct that ...200111602721
molecular basis for the interaction between rabies virus phosphoprotein p and the dynein light chain lc8: dissociation of dynein-binding properties and transcriptional functionality of p.the lyssavirus phosphoprotein p is a co-factor of the viral rna polymerase and plays a central role in virus transcription and replication. it has been shown previously that p interacts with the dynein light chain lc8, which is involved in minus end-directed movement of organelles along microtubules. co-immunoprecipitation experiments and the two-hybrid system were used to map the lc8-binding site to the sequence (139)rssedkstqttgr(151). site-directed mutagenesis of residues d(143) and q(147) to ...200111602781
higher production of rabies virus in serum-free medium cell cultures on microcarriers.rabies virus suspensions were obtained from vero cells cultivated on solid microcarriers in a bioreactor after infection with the pasteur rabies virus strain (pv). virus production-serum free medium (vp-sfm) or leibovitz 15 (l15) medium supplemented or not with fetal calf serum (fcs) were used to cultivate the vero cells, before and after virus infection. the cell growth was shown to reach higher densities (1.6 x 10(6) cellsmol(-l)), when vp-sfm supplemented with 1% of fcs was used during the ce ...200111604174
failure of multiple-site intradermal postexposure rabies vaccination in patients with human immunodeficiency virus with low cd4+ t lymphocyte counts.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with low cd4(+) t lymphocyte counts had a poor neutralizing antibody response to pre- and postexposure rabies vaccination. this study of hiv-infected patients with cd4(+) t lymphocyte counts < 200/microl indicated that patients had a poor response after 4-site intradermal vaccinations (4-4-4-0-2-2, doubling the intradermal doses of cell-culture rabies vaccine).200111641838
a radical form of nitric oxide suppresses rna synthesis of rabies virus.hydrophobia is an incurable disease of the central nervous system. therefore, every mode of the immune response is important to inhibit and clear infection. innate immunity such as nitric oxide is significantly upregulated during rabies virus infection in vivo. in this report, the possible role of nitric oxide in inhibition of rabies virus replication was studied. rabies virus infected neuroblastoma cells were treated with nitric oxide generated from snp or snp in the presence of ascorbate. snp- ...200111682131
immunosuppression in rabies virus infection mediated by lymphocyte apoptosis.previously, we demonstrated a depression of cell-mediated immunity in mice by street rabies virus infection. in the present study, we investigated several events during the course of infection and looked for alterations in the host lymphoid cells for evidence of apoptosis. total cellular rna was extracted from muscle tissues at the inoculation site of peripherally infected mice at different intervals after infection. rabies virus mrna was monitored by reverse transcription-pcr. the length of vir ...200111684783
extensive attenuation of rabies virus by simultaneously modifying the dynein light chain binding site in the p protein and replacing arg333 in the g protein.rabies virus (rv) is a highly neurotropic virus that migrates from the portal of entry to the central nervous system (cns). the cytoplasmic dynein light chain (lc8), which is involved in a variety of intracellular motile events, was shown to interact with rv phosphoprotein (p). in order to determine the functional significance of this interaction, p residues 143 to 149 or 139 to 149 encompassing a conserved lc8-interacting motif (k/rxtqt) were deleted from recombinant viruses sad-l16 and sad-d29 ...200111689631
association between cancer chemotherapy and canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs.to determine the association between cancer chemotherapy and serum canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs.200111697366
comparative immunogenicity and efficacy studies with oral rabies virus vaccine sad p5/88 in raccoon dogs and red foxes.a comparative study of immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies virus vaccine sad p5/88 in raccoon dogs and foxes was conducted. the raccoon dogs received 10(6.9) (n = 6), 10(6.3) (n = 6) or 10(5.7) ffu sad p5/88 (n = 5) by direct oral application, and subsequently all animals seroconverted. the foxes received 10(7.2) (n = 4), 10(6.2) (n = 4), 10(5.2) (n = 4) and 10(4.2) ffu sad p5/88 (n = 5) by the same route. on days 106 and 196 post vaccination 10 raccoon dogs and 16 foxes were challeng ...200111702339
maternal immunity against rabies in raccoon dogs.the objective of the study was to examine possible maternally transferred antibodies (maab) against rabies in raccoon dogs. ten cubs born from a rabies-immune animal were bled on days 31, 36, 43, 50, 57 and 64 post partum. the geometric mean titres of the cubs were 1.19, 1.18, 0.45, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.16 iu/ml, respectively. up to 36 days post partum maab were detected in all cubs at levels > or = 0.5 iu/ml and at day 56 post partum all animals had maab levels < 0.5 iu/ml. based on the results of ...200111702340
experimental rabies virus infection in artibeus jamaicensis bats with cvs-24 variants.an experimental model of rabies was established in the fruit-eating bat species artibeus jamaicensis. the infections caused by cvs-n2c and cvs-b2c, which are both stable variants of cvs-24, were compared after inoculation of adult bats in the right masseter muscle. cvs-n2c produced neurologic signs of rabies with paresis, ataxia, and inability to fly, while cvs-b2c did not produce neurologic signs. bats were sacrificed and the distribution of rabies virus antigen was assessed in tissue sections ...200111704883
silver-haired bat rabies virus variant does not induce apoptosis in the brain of experimentally infected mice.to examine whether induction of apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of street rabies, we compared the distribution of viral antigens, histopathology, and the induction of apoptosis in the brain of mice infected with a street rabies virus (silver-haired bat rabies virus, shbrv) and with a mouse-adapted laboratory rabies virus strain (challenge virus standard, cvs-24). inflammation was identified in the meninges, but not in the parenchyma of the brain of mice infected with either cvs-24 or ...200111704884
structure of recombinant rabies virus nucleoprotein-rna complex and identification of the phosphoprotein binding site.rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) was produced in insect cells, in which it forms nucleoprotein-rna (n-rna) complexes that are biochemically and biophysically indistinguishable from rabies virus n-rna. we selected recombinant n-rna complexes that were bound to short insect cellular rnas which formed small rings containing 9 to 11 n monomers. we also produced recombinant n-rna rings and viral n-rna that were treated with trypsin and that had lost the c-terminal quarter of the nucleoprotein. trypsin- ...200111119617
selective role for the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor in immune unresponsiveness induced by an acute viral encephalitis.brain infection by the laboratory strain challenge virus standard (cvs), a highly neurotropic strain of rabies virus, causes splenocytes to become less responsive to in vitro stimulation with cona. cvs-induced immune unresponsiveness is less severe in mice lacking the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr(-/-)) than in c57bl/6 mice, despite a similar invasion of the brain. comparison of cvs infection in these two strains of mice indicated that decreased immune responsiveness is associated with: (1) ...200111137581
pre-exposure rabies vaccination: strategies and cost-minimization study.an alternative strategy for pre-exposure rabies vaccination to the institutional recommendations of the world health organization and the centers for disease control and prevention is proposed based on recent long-term follow-up of post-vaccinal seroconversion rates. the alternative strategy uses the same primary series (i.e. vaccination in the deltoid area on d0, d7, and d28), but is completed by a scheduled booster vaccination at d365. the frequency of recommended subsequent booster injections ...200111163664
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of foxes (vulpes vulpes) after experimental primary and secondary oral vaccination using sag2 and v-rg vaccines.humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of 36 captive foxes to two oral vaccines against rabies currently used for foxes in europe were studied. the street alabama dufferin (sad) mutant gif (sag2) vaccine has been selected by double mutation from the sad virus. the vaccinia recombinant virus (v-rg) expresses the rabies glycoprotein. both vaccines induce similar humoral and cell-mediated responses after primary and secondary oral administration. we observed a typical anamnestic response, altho ...200111166908
evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity.the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ...200111238853
rabies virus ocular disease: t-cell-dependent protection is under the control of signaling by the p55 tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor, p55tnfr.following brain infection, the challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus infects the retina. rabies virus ocular infection induces the infiltration of neutrophils and predominantly t cells into the eye. the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha)-lymphotoxin signaling in the control of rabies virus ocular infection and inflammatory cell infiltration was assessed using mice lacking the p55 tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr(-/-) mice). the incidence of ocular disease and the intensity of r ...200111238868
cat bites: a source of rabies exposure in rural tennessee.in summary, several errors occurred with this patient. one, the patient should have been treated prophylactically for p. multocida, as most cat bites become infected. in the patient not allergic to penicillin, augmentin is the drug of choice, not erythromycin. two, rabies postexposure prophylaxis should have been advised immediately after assessing the significance of the exposure. a feral cat must be assumed to be rabid if it cannot be quarantined for 10 days. therefore, the bite or scratch fro ...200111242755
proposal of abolition of the skin sensitivity test before equine rabies immune globulin application.an epizootic outbreak of rabies occurred in 1995 in ribeirão preto, sp, with 58 cases of animal rabies (54 dogs, 3 cats and 1 bat) confirmed by the pasteur institute of são paulo, and one human death. the need to provide care to a large number of people for the application of equine rabies immune globulin (erig) prevented the execution of the skin sensitivity test (sst) and often also the execution of desensitization, procedures routinely used up to that time at the emergency unit of the univers ...200111246284
the incurable wound revisited: progress in human rabies prevention?rabies is the most important viral zoonosis from a global perspective. modern human postexposure prophylaxis consists of potent vaccines and local infiltration of rabies immune globulins (rigs), but the latter biologicals are not widely available or affordable. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) offer several theoretical advantages over rigs. to this end, several human and equine rigs, alone or in combination with vaccine, were investigated for postexposure efficacy in a syrian hamster model, compared ...200111257347
post-exposure dna vaccination protects mice against rabies virus.post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination for individuals who have not previously been immunized against rabies includes a cell culture-derived vaccine and a one time injection of rabies immune globulin. recent studies have shown dna vaccinations to be highly effective in rabies pre-exposure experiments, but post-exposure protection has not been achieved. this failure is likely due to the slow onset of dna vaccine induced antibody production. in an attempt to accelerate the onset of the antibody res ...200111257379
postexposure rabies prophylaxis in immunosuppressed patients. 200111268256
a comparison of complete genome sequences of the attenuated rc-hl strain of rabies virus used for production of animal vaccine in japan, and the parental nishigahara strain.in order to establish the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of the attenuated rc-hl strain of rabies virus used for the production of animal vaccine in japan, the complete genome sequence of this strain was determined and compared with that of the parental nishigahara strain which is virulent for adult mice. the viral genome of both strains was composed of 11,926 nucleotides. the nucleotide sequences of the two genomes showed a high homology of 98.9%. the homology of the g gene was lower than ...200111270607
rabies and canine distemper in an arctic fox population in alaska.two oil field workers were attacked by a rabid arctic fox (alopex lagopus) in the prudhoe bay oil field (alaska, usa) prompting officials to reduce the local fox population. ninety-nine foxes were killed during winter 1994. we tested foxes for prevalence of rabies and canine distemper. exposure to rabies was detected in five of 99 foxes. of the five, only one fox had rabies virus in neural tissue as determined by the direct fluorescent antibody test. the other four foxes had been exposed to rabi ...200111272487
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