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light-driven processes control both rhodopsin maturation and recycling in mosquito photoreceptors.many invertebrates carry out a daily cycle of shedding and rebuilding of the photoreceptor's photosensitive rhabdomeric membranes. the mosquito aedes aegypti shows a robust response, losing nearly all aaop1 rhodopsin from the rhabdomeric membranes during the shedding process at dawn. here, we made use of aaop1 antibodies capable of distinguishing newly synthesized, glycosylated rhodopsin from mature nonglycosylated rhodopsin to characterize the fate of aaop1 during the shedding and rebuilding pr ...201627798185
melaleuca quinquenervia (cav.) s.t. blake (myrtales: myrtaceae): natural alternative for mosquito control.to evaluate an essential oil with larvicide, adulticide and growth inhibitory activity against aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, of medical importance.201627794392
identification and analysis of a processed cytochrome p450 pseudogene of the disease vector aedes aegypti.to clone cytochrome p450 from aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) and determine the characteristics using bioinformatics tools.201627794391
global genetic diversity of aedes aegypti.mosquitoes, especially aedes aegypti, are becoming important models for studying invasion biology. we characterized genetic variation at 12 microsatellite loci in 79 populations of ae. aegypti from 30 countries in six continents, and used them to infer historical and modern patterns of invasion. our results support the two subspecies ae. aegypti formosus and ae. aegypti aegypti as genetically distinct units. ae. aegypti aegypti populations outside africa are derived from ancestral african popula ...201627671732
green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles conjugated clausena dentata plant leaf extract and their insecticidal potential against mosquito vectors.mosquitoes are major vectors for the transmission of many diseases like chikungunya, malaria, dengue, zika, etc. worldwide. in the present study, selenium nanoparticles (senps) were synthesized from clausena dentata and were tested for their larvicidal efficacy against the fourth-instar larvae of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared radiation (ftir) spectroscopy, edax ...201627832715
cuba: time to expand health in all policies.the adelaide statement on health in all policies (2010), lays out equity-based principles designed to guide policymakers on incorporating health and well-being components into the development, implementation and evaluation of policy and practice while moving towards shared governance at all levels-local, regional, national and international. special emphasis is placed on cross-sector coordination to achieve policy goals, while improving health and well-being for all.[1] in cuba's case, experienc ...201627829655
collagen extract from marine finfish scales as a potential mosquito larvicide.collagen is a peptide being utilized in medical, health care, nutrient and decorative industry. marine fish scales are one of the good sources of collagen, which is extracted using the advanced enzymatic digestion method. scales of sardinella longiceps (oil sardine) have a high proportion of collagen. this product is well absorbed with broad adaptive values that encourage the inclusion of nutriments. in this paper, we have performed the isolation and characterization of collagen from s. longicep ...201627804059
controlling aedes aegypti in cryptic environments with manually carried ultra-low volume and mist blower pesticide applications.because aedes aegypti , a vector of dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses, exhibits resting and reproductive behaviors that present challenges to control them, pesticide application equipment available for vector control must be evaluated for their ability to control this species in a variety of cryptic environments. five types of pesticide sprayers, representing 3 spray technologies (1 mister, 2 ultra-low volume [ulv] cold foggers, and 2 ulv thermal foggers), were evaluated for their ability to ...201627802406
operational aspects of the centers for disease control and prevention autocidal gravid ovitrap.dengue viruses cause hundreds of millions of infections every year in tropical and subtropical countries. unfortunately, there is not a single universal vector control method capable of suppressing aedes aegypti (l.) populations. amongst novel control tools or approaches are various types of traps targeting gravid females or their eggs. here, we provide details of the operational use of the centers for disease control and prevention autocidal gravid ovitrap (cdc-ago trap) for the surveillance an ...201627802402
comparative excito-repellency of three cambodian plant-derived extracts against two mosquito vector species, aedes aegypti and anopheles minimus.a study of the behavioral responses of aedes aegypti and anopheles minimus to 3 cambodian plant extracts at 3 different concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) was performed using an excito-repellency test system. these 3 plants were strophanthus scandens, capparis micracantha, and dioscorea hispida, selected according to traditional healer's knowledge, bibliographic studies and market surveys. results showed that s. scandens leaves' hexane extract was the only one to exert repellency against ae. aegy ...201627802401
evaluation of a noncontact, alternative mosquito repellent assay system.a novel noncontact repellency assay system (ncras) was designed and evaluated as a possible alternative method for testing compounds that repel or inhibit mosquitoes from blood feeding. deet and aedes aegypti were used in a controlled laboratory setting. using 2 study designs, a highly significant difference were seen between deet-treated and untreated skin placed behind the protective screens, indicating that deet was detected and was acting as a deterrence to mosquito landing and probing behav ...201627802399
morphological differentiation of the eggs of north american container-inhabiting aedes mosquitoes.aedes aegypti , ae. albopictus, ae. japonicus japonicus, and ae. triseriatus eggs are described with the aid of color images and images from scanning electron microscopy. all eggs were broadly cigar shaped with ae. triseriatus and ae. j japonicus eggs being dull or matte black, while ae. albopictus and ae. aegypti eggs were shiny jet black. aedes triseriatus eggs were lighter in color and had a rougher appearance when compared to those of ae. j. japonicus. aedes albopictus and ae. aegypti eggs c ...201627802396
epidemiological characteristics of yellow fever in brazil, 2000-2012.this study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of yellow fever in brazil in the period 2000-2012.201627861674
movement of aedes aegypti following a sugar meal and its implication in the development of control strategies in durán, ecuador.we evaluated how the presence of sugar sources impacted the distribution of aedes aegypti in different habitats in durán, ecuador. land cover and normalized difference vegetation index maps were used to guide a random point sampling routine to select study grids (30 m × 30 m) in low vegetation (lv) and high vegetation (hv). five individual plants, at one home in the lv and hv grid, were treated with a different colored, non-attractive, 60% sucrose solution to determine mosquito feeding and movem ...201627860016
evaluation of collection methods for culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti, and aedes simpsoni in northeastern tanzania.in east africa, significant morbidity and mortality are caused by infections spread by culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti. sticky traps have been shown to be effective tools for sampling populations of aedes mosquitoes and have been found to catch cx. quinquefasciatus. thus, they could potentially be used to sample populations of this species. this study compared sticky ovitraps (so) and mosquitraps (mqt) with the cdc gravid trap (cdc-gt) for collection of culex and aedes mosquito populati ...201627860009
cocos nucifera coir-mediated green synthesis of pd nps and its investigation against larvae and agricultural pest.in recent decades, several scientists focused their process towards nanoparticles synthesis by using various sustainable approaches. cocos nucifera (c. nucifera) was one of the versatile trees in tropical regions which also can act as a thrust quencher in all over the world. cocos nucifera coir was one of the waste by-products in all coconut-refining industries and with the help c. nucifera coir, palladium nanoparticles (pd nps) were synthesized. green-synthesized spherical-shape pd nps were ove ...201627908201
larvicidal activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using excoecaria agallocha l. (euphorbiaceae) leaf extract against aedes aegypti.green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) using plant extracts has been achieved by eco-friendly reducing and capping agents. the present study was conducted to evaluate the larvicidal efficacies of agnps synthesized using aqueous leaf extracts of excoecaria agallocha against dengue vector, aedes aegypti. the 3(rd) and 4(th) instar larvae of a. aegypti were exposed to various concentrations of aqueous extracts of e. agallocha, synthesized agnps and also crude solvent extracts (methanol and ...201627906138
spatial pattern evolution of aedes aegypti breeding sites in an argentinean city without a dengue vector control programme.the main objective of this study was to obtain and analyse the space-time dynamics of aedes aegypti breeding sites in clorinda city, formosa province, argentina coupled with landscape analysis using the maximum entropy approach in order to generate a dengue vector niche model. in urban areas, without vector control activities, 12 entomologic (larval) samplings were performed during three years (october 2011 to october 2014). the entomologic surveillance area represented 16,511 houses. predictive ...201627903056
wolbachia suppresses cell fusing agent virus in mosquito cells.the genus flavivirus contains a large number of positive-sense ssrna viruses. while some are transmitted by mosquitoes or other arthropods and are pathogenic to humans and animals (e.g. dengue and zika viruses), some are insect-specific and do not replicate in vertebrate cells. these are known as insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs). cell fusing agent virus (cfav) was the first described isf, which was detected in an aedes aegypti cell line, aag2. here, we investigated the effect of wolbachia, a ...201627902358
fern-synthesized silver nanocrystals: towards a new class of mosquito oviposition deterrents?mosquitoes act as vectors of devastating pathogens and parasites, representing a key threat for millions of humans and animals worldwide. eco-friendly control tools are urgently required. we proposed a novel method of fern-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnp) using dicranopteris linearis, acting as a reducing and capping agent. agnp were characterized by uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (sem), energy-dispersive x-ra ...201627892872
methods and procedures used in aedes aegypti control in the successful campaign for yellow fever prophylaxis in rio de janeiro, brazil, in 1928 and 1929.to review the challenges and procedures used in aedes aegypti control and the characteristics of the epidemics in the successful campaign, led by clementino fraga, for yellow fever control in rio de janeiro, brazil, in 1928 and 1929, before the vaccine (1937) and ddt (1947).201627869977
incidence of dengue cases (2007-2013) and seasonal distribution of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) (2012-2013) in barreiras, bahia, brazil.to describe seasonal mosquito distribution and the incidence of dengue cases in barreiras, bahia, brazil.201627869967
[aedes aegypti control strategies: a review].to describe the main strategies to control aedes aegypti, with emphasis on promising technological innovations for use in brazil.201627869956
no magic bullet: citizenship and social participation in the control of aedes aegypti. 201627869933
[first report of the f1534c mutation associated with cross-resistance to ddt and pyrethroids in aedes aegypti from colombia].the main strategy for the control of aedes aegypti, vector of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses, is based on the use of insecticides to reduce its populations. however, their use has led to insect resistance to these chemicals. objective: to determine the presence of the f1534c mutation associated with cross-resistance to ddt and pyrethroids in a. aegypti in sincelejo, colombia. materials and methods: we studied nine specimens of a. aegypti that showed resistance to lambdacyhalothrin in bioas ...201627869391
housing improvement: a novel paradigm for urban vector-borne disease control? 201627864518
effect of heavy-equipment aided environmental nebulization on aedes aegypti vectors of dengue, zika and chikungunya in são paulo, brazil.the control of dengue constitutes a great challenge for public health; however, the methods normally used have shown themselves to be insufficient to keep the indices of infestation of aedes aegypti under control. recently, beyond the large number of cases and deaths associated with dengue, new risks have arisen such as those represented by chikungunya fever and zika. in the light of the great significance of these problems within the public health context, two areas in a municipality in the int ...201627974058
exotic mosquito threats require strategic surveillance and response planning.mosquito-borne diseases caused by endemic pathogens such as ross river, barmah forest and murray valley encephalitis viruses are an annual concern in new south wales (nsw), australia. more than a dozen mosquito species have been implicated in the transmission of these pathogens, with each mosquito occupying a specialised ecological niche that influences their habitat associations, host feeding preferences and the environmental drivers of their abundance. the nsw arbovirus surveillance and mosqui ...201627997935
papular urticaria: a review of causal agents in colombia.papular urticaria is a chronic allergic reaction induced by insect bites, which is common in the tropics. the objective of this review was to deepen on epidemiological and immunological aspects of this disease, focused on data published in latin american countries.we conducted a non-systematic review of the literature through electronic search on the epidemiology of papular urticaria, the entomological characteristics of the causative agents and associated immunological mechanisms.several report ...201627992990
toxicity and physiological actions of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to aedes aegypti and drosophila melanogaster.the physiological role of carbonic anhydrases in ph and ion regulation is crucial to insect survival. we examined the toxic and neurophysiological effects of five carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (cais) against aedes aegypti. the 24 h larvicidal toxicities followed this rank order of potency: dichlorphenamide > methazolamide > acetazolamide = brinzolamide = dorzolamide. larvicidal activity increased modestly in longer exposures, and affected larvae showed attenuated responses to probing without ove ...201628025488
the correlation between dengue incidence and diurnal ranges of temperature of colombo district, sri lanka 2005-2014.background meteorological factors affect dengue transmission. mechanisms of the way in which different diurnal temperatures, ranging around different mean temperatures, influence dengue transmission were published after 2011. objective we endeavored to determine the correlation between dengue incidence and diurnal temperature ranges (dtrs) in colombo district, sri lanka, and to explore the possibilities of using our findings to improve control of dengue. design we calculated the weekly dengue in ...201628156991
one year after the zika virus outbreak in brazil: from hypotheses to evidence.zika virusis an arbovirus of the flaviviridae family with two major strains, an asian and an african strain. the main vectors involved in the transmission of zika virus are the aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. despite its identification, discovered in 1947 in the zika forest in uganda, only isolated and sporadic occurrences of human infection were reported within a largely asymptomatic proportion of individuals. the first reported outbreak occurred in 2007 in the yap island, which ...201627812646
sex, mosquitoes and epidemics: an evaluation of zika disease dynamics.since the first major outbreak reported on the island yap in 2007, the zika virus spread has alerted the scientific community worldwide. zika is an arbovirus transmitted by aedes mosquitoes; particularly in central and south america, the main vector is the same mosquito that transmits dengue and chikungunya, aedes aegypti. seeking to understand the dynamics of spread of the zika, in this paper, three mathematical models are presented, in which vector transmission of the virus, sexual contact tra ...201627743310
alkaloids with activity against the zika virus vector aedes aegypti (l.)-crinsarnine and sarniensinol, two new crinine and mesembrine type alkaloids isolated from the south african plant nerine sarniensis.two new amaryllidaceae alkaloids, belonging to the mesembrine- and crinine-types, named crinsarnine (1) and sarniensinol (2), were isolated from the dried bulbs of nerine sarniensis together with bowdensine (3), sarniensine (4), hippadine (5) and 1-o-acetyl-lycorine (6). crinsarnine (1) and sarniensinol (2) were characterized using spectroscopic and chiroptical methods as (1s,2s,4ar,10bs)-2,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4,4a,6-hexahydro-5,11b-ethano[1,3]dioxolo-[4,5-j]phenanthridin-1-yl acetate and (6-(3ar, ...201627801807
frequency of the val1016ile mutation on the kdr gene in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in south brazil.recently, the number of aedes aegypti foci has increased in west of santa catarina, south brazil, which has increased concern regarding mosquito-borne disease outbreaks such as dengue fever, zika virus, and chikungunya. therefore, it is important to monitor genetic resistance to insecticides through "knockdown resistance". homozygosity (ile/ile) at position 1016 in the coding region of a voltage-dependent sodium channel gene (nav) may induce resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. we evaluated th ...201627886338
preparing the united states for zika virus: pre-emptive vector control and personal protection.discovered in 1947 in a monkey in the zika forest of uganda, zika virus was dismissed as a cause of a mild illness that was confined to africa and southeast asia and transmitted by aedes mosquitoes. in 2007, zika virus appeared outside of its endemic borders in an outbreak on the south pacific island of yap. in 2013, zika virus was associated with a major neurological complication, guillain-barré syndrome, in a larger outbreak in the french polynesian islands. from the south pacific, zika invade ...201628340908
acoustic control of mosquito larvae in artificial drinking water containers.emerging technology designed to kill mosquito larvae with sound waves may present a nonchemical and nonbiological alternative to reduce larval populations of key medically important mosquito species such as aedes aegypti in containers or catchments of water. these devices could benefit integrated vector management programs facing public resistance to the use of chemical or biological larvicides in stored drinking water. in this study we investigate the efficacy of a larvasonic sd-mini acoustic l ...201628206869
effect of photoperiod on permethrin resistance in aedes aegypti.living organisms have been exposed to light-dark cycles that allowed them to adapt to different ecological niches. circadian cycles affect hormone release, metabolism, and response to xenobiotic compounds. current studies have shown that insect susceptibility to toxic agents depends on circadian cycles, mainly because the biochemical processes involved in detoxification and responses to oxidative stress are modulated by this process. the goal of this study was to determine the effect of photoper ...201628206856
evidence of the presence of the zika virus in mexico since early 2015.to assess the possible circulation of zika virus (zikv) prior to the first documented case in mexico, we reanalyzed the stored samples from the states of veracruz and yucatán, which were originally collected to test for dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) but were negative for these viruses despite the symptomatology. the samples were originally collected between the 30 and 46 epidemiological weeks (ew) when the zikv was not yet declared as a public health emergency of international concern (p ...201627557815
an updated review of zika virus.the current outbreak of zika virus (zikv) in south america is one of the most serious public health emergencies since the ebola outbreak of west africa [2014]. zikv belongs to the flaviviridae family and has two lineages (asian and african). the virus was first discovered in uganda [1947] and the first human infection was identified in nigeria [1952]. the current epidemic is the third of its type after that of yap island, micronesia [2007] and french polynesia [2013]. phylogenetic studies reveal ...201627721110
zika virus disease cases - 50 states and the district of columbia, january 1-july 31, 2016.zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted to humans by aedes aegypti mosquitoes (1). zika virus infections have also been documented through intrauterine transmission resulting in congenital infection; intrapartum transmission from a viremic mother to her newborn; sexual transmission; blood transfusion; and laboratory exposure (1-5). most zika virus infections are asymptomatic (1,6). clinical illness, when it occurs, is generally mild and characterized by acute onset of fev ...201627631604
epidemiology, virology, and pathogenesis of the zika virus: from neglected tropical disease to a focal point of international attention.over the past year, the zika virus, an arthropod-borne flavivirus, has transitioned from a relatively unknown tropical disease to the cause of a public health emergency. the zika virus is transmitted by the aedes species of mosquito as well as by sexual intercourse. although the symptoms of acute zika virus infection are usually mild and self-limited, it causes fetal microcephaly in pregnant women, and is associated with an increased risk of guillain-barré syndrome. the risk of microcephaly from ...201627618294
single-step biological fabrication of colloidal silver nanoparticles using hugonia mystax: larvicidal potential against zika virus, dengue, and malaria vector mosquitoes.mosquito control is facing key challenges, including outbreaks of new arbovirus threats. we proposed an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) employing a low-cost extract of hugonia mystax. agnps were specified by uv, xrd, ftir and edx spectroscopy, sem and tem. agnps were more toxic to anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus larvae (lc50: 14.45, 15.86, and 17.46 μg/ml) if compared to aquatic biocontrol organisms gambusia affinis, diplonychus indicus, and ...201627611658
acute toxicity and repellent activity of the origanum scabrum boiss. & heldr. (lamiaceae) essential oil against four mosquito vectors of public health importance and its biosafety on non-target aquatic organisms.the recent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus highlighted the pivotal importance of mosquito vector control in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. however, mosquito control is facing hot challenges, mainly due to the rapid development of pesticide resistance in culicidae and the limited success of biocontrol programs on aedes mosquitoes. in this framework, screening botanicals for their mosquitocidal potential may offer effective and eco-friendly tools in the fight against mo ...201627604128
culex species mosquitoes and zika virus.recent reports of zika virus (zikv) isolates from culex species mosquitoes have resulted in concern regarding a lack of knowledge on the number of competent vector species for zikv transmission in the new world. although observations in the field have demonstrated that zikv isolation can be made from culex species mosquitoes, the detection of zikv in these mosquitoes is not proof of their involvement in a zikv transmission cycle. detection may be due to recent feeding on a viremic vertebrate, an ...201627556838
what's in the literature?the guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is one of the few neuropathies well known to the general public, in part because of its association with swine flu vaccinations in 1976. gbs has again reached the general public with its possible association with zika virus. the virus, borne by infected aedes aegypti mosquitos, is being linked to birth defects when pregnant women are bitten and infected. there are early reports also linking gbs to zika infection, which could expose a wider range of infected peop ...201627552392
contraceptive use among nonpregnant and postpartum women at risk for unintended pregnancy, and female high school students, in the context of zika preparedness - united states, 2011-2013 and 2015.zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause congenital microcephaly and brain abnormalities (1,2). since 2015, zika virus has been spreading through much of the world health organization's region of the americas, including u.s. territories. zika virus is spread through the bite of aedes aegypti or aedes albopictus mosquitoes, by sex with an infected partner, or from a pregnant woman to her fetus during pregnancy.* cdc estimates that 41 states are in the potential range of aedes aegypti or ae ...201627490117
one-pot fabrication of silver nanocrystals using nicandra physalodes: a novel route for mosquito vector control with moderate toxicity on non-target water bugs.mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) as vectors for important diseases and parasites causing millions of deaths every year. the use of synthetic pesticides against culicidae leads to resistance and environmental concerns. therefore, eco-friendly control tools are a priority. in this research, nicandra physalodes-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (ag nps) was conducted, in order to control larval populations of three important mosquito vectors, anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex qui ...201627473981
a detailed comparative analysis of codon usage bias in zika virus.zika virus (zikv) is a member of the family flaviviridae and its genome consists of a single-stranded positive sense rna molecule with 10,794 nucleotides. clinical manifestations of disease caused by zikv infection range from asymptomatic cases to an influenza-like syndrome. there is an increasing concern about the possible relation among microcephaly and zikv infection. to get insight into the relation of codon usage among viruses and their hosts is extremely important to understand virus survi ...201627449601
outbreak of zika virus infection, chiapas state, mexico, 2015, and first confirmed transmission by aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the americas.after decades of obscurity, zika virus (zikv) has spread through the americas since 2015 accompanied by congenital microcephaly and guillain-barré syndrome. although these epidemics presumably involve transmission by aedes aegypti, no direct evidence of vector involvement has been reported, prompting speculation that other mosquitoes such as culex quinquefasciatus could be involved.201627436433
egg and fourth instar larvae gut of aedes aegypti as a source of stem cells.according to the world health organization, 2015 registered more than 1.206.172 cases of dengue in the americas. recently, the aedes aegypti has been not only related to dengue, but also with cases of zika virus and chikungunya. due to its epidemiological importance, this study characterized the morphology of the embryonated eggs of a. aegypti and provided a protocol to culture stem cells from eggs and digestive tract of fourth instar larvae in order to examine cell biology and expression of mar ...201627401144
yellow fever remains a potential threat to public health.yellow fever (yf) remains a serious public health threat in endemic countries. the recent re-emergence in africa, initiating in angola and spreading to democratic republic of congo and uganda, with imported cases in china and kenya is of concern. there is such a shortage of yf vaccine in the world that the world health organization has proposed the use of reduced doses (1/5) during emergencies. in this short communication, we discuss these and other problems including the risk of spread of yf to ...201627400066
screening of blood donations for zika virus infection - puerto rico, april 3-june 11, 2016.transfusion-transmitted infections have been documented for several arboviruses, including west nile and dengue viruses (1). zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti mosquitoes that has been identified as a cause of congenital microcephaly and other serious brain defects (2), became recognized as a potential threat to blood safety after reports from a 2013-2014 outbreak in french polynesia. blood safety concerns were based on very high infection incidence in the population ...201627337368
[zika virus and zika viral disease].since zika virus (zikv) has firstly been isolated in 1947, uganda, outbreaks of zika fever have been reported in many areas such as in africa, southeast asia and america. imported cases in china also have been reported. zika virus belongs to the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, and include africa subtype and asia subtype. it is a mosquito-borne virus primarily transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes. sexual transmission, blood transmission and mother-to-fetus transmission were also reporte ...201627295893
dengue, chikungunya … and the missing entity - zika fever: a new emerging threat.zika virus (zikv), a relative newcomer from the flavivirus group that includes dengue, japanese encepahalitis and yellow fever, is one of the emerging pathogens that is fast transcending geographical boundaries. it is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the same aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, which cause dengue and chikungunya. in addition to the vector-mediated transmission of zika fever, probable human-to-human transmission through exchange of body fluids, including sexual and perinatal ...201627257326
zika virus infection: current concerns and perspectives.the zika virus outbreaks highlight the growing importance need for a reliable, specific and rapid diagnostic device to detect zika virus, as it is often recognized as a mild disease without being identified. many zika virus infection cases have been misdiagnosed or underreported because of the non-specific clinical presentation. the aim of this review was to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the published peer-reviewed evidence related to clinical presentations, various diagnostic ...201627236440
an infectious cdna clone of zika virus to study viral virulence, mosquito transmission, and antiviral inhibitors.the asian lineage of zika virus (zikv) has recently caused epidemics and severe disease. unraveling the mechanisms causing increased viral transmissibility and disease severity requires experimental systems. we report an infectious cdna clone of zikv that was generated using a clinical isolate of the asian lineage. the cdna clone-derived rna is infectious in cells, generating recombinant zikv. the recombinant virus is virulent in established zikv mouse models, leading to neurological signs relev ...201627198478
[infestation status aedes albopictus and related mosquito-borne infectious disease risk in central urban area in shanghai].to evaluate aedes albopictus infestation status in the central urban area of shanghai, and analyze the related epidemic risk of mosquito-borne infectious disease.201627188346
experimental studies of susceptibility of italian aedes albopictus to zika virus.we report a study on vector competence of an italian population of aedes albopictus for zika virus (zikv). ae. albopictus was susceptible to zikv infection (infection rate: 10%), and the virus could disseminate and was secreted in the mosquito's saliva (dissemination rate: 29%; transmission rate: 29%) after an extrinsic incubation period of 11 days. the observed vector competence was lower than that of an ae. aegypti colony tested in parallel.201627171034
zika virus - emergence, evolution, pathology, diagnosis, and control: current global scenario and future perspectives - a comprehensive review.this review converses the zika virus which has attained global concern due to its rapid pandemic potential and impact on humans. though zika virus was first isolated in 1947, till the recent large-scale outbreak which occurred in micronesia, in 2007, the virus was placed into the innocuous pathogen category. the world health organization on 1 february 2016 declared it as a 'public health emergency of international concern.' of the note, american as well as pacific island strains/isolates is rela ...201627158761
[zika virus infection or the future of infectious diseases].zika virus belongs to the flaviridae, an extended phylogenetic family containing dengue or yellow fever, viruses whose shared main vector are aedes aegypti mosquitoes. the virus originally came from central african simian reservoirs and, from there, expanded rapidly across the pacific to south america. the disease is an example of exantematic fever usually mild. mortality is very low and mainly limited to secondary guillain-barré or fetal microcephaly cases. diagnostic confirmation requires a rt ...201627156484
search and one will find: zika virus everywhere. 201627076507
one-step synthesis of polydispersed silver nanocrystals using malva sylvestris: an eco-friendly mosquito larvicide with negligible impact on non-target aquatic organisms.the synthesis of eco-friendly nanoparticles is evergreen branch of nanoscience with a growing number of biomedical implications. in this study, we investigated the synthesis of polydisperse and stable silver nanoparticles (agnp) using a cheap leaf extract of malva sylvestris (malvaceae). bio-reduced agnp were characterized by uv-visible spectrophotometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), x-ray diffraction analysis (xrd), atomic force microscopy (afm), scanning electron microscopy ...201627075309
zika virus: implications for public health.the world health organization has declared the current zika virus (zikv) epidemic a public health emergency of international concern. lack of vaccines and reliable diagnostic tests, broad geographical distribution of mosquito species that can transmit the virus, and absence of population immunity in newly affected countries are causes for concern. although most infected persons are asymptomatic, zikv has been associated with a rise in cases of neurological complications and fetal central nervous ...201627048745
zika virus.zika virus (zikv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the genus flavivirus and the family flaviviridae. zikv was first isolated from a nonhuman primate in 1947 and from mosquitoes in 1948 in africa, and zikv infections in humans were sporadic for half a century before emerging in the pacific and the americas. zikv is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. the clinical presentation of zika fever is nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, especiall ...201627029595
zika virus: yet another emerging threat to nepal.zika virus (zikv) is a flavivirus with single stranded rna related to yellow fever, dengue, west nile, and japanese encephalitis viruses and is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes primarily by aedes aegipti which is widely distributed in nepal. zikv was first identified incidentally in rhesus monkey in uganda in 1947 and human infection in 1952; and by now outbreaks of zikv disease have been recorded in africa, the americas, asia and the pacific. the world health organization (who) has recently decl ...201627005721
larvicidal and pupicidal activities of alizarin isolated from roots of rubia cordifolia against culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).the mosquitocidal activities of different fractions and a compound alizarin from the methanol extract of rubia cordifolia roots were evaluated on larvae and pupae of culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae). larvae and pupae were exposed to concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 ppm for fractions and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ppm for compound. after 24 h, the mortality was assessed and the lc50 and lc90 values were estimated for larvae and pupae. among the 23 fractions ...201627004695
revision to cdc's zika travel notices: minimal likelihood for mosquito-borne zika virus transmission at elevations above 2,000 meters.since may 2015, when zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti mosquitoes, was reported in brazil, the virus has rapidly spread across the region of the americas and the caribbean. the association between maternal zika virus infection and adverse fetal and reproductive outcomes, including microcephaly, prompted cdc to issue a level 2 alert travel notice* for the 37 countries and u.s. territories (at the national and territorial level) that have reported recent zika virus tr ...201626985965
the convergence of a virus, mosquitoes, and human travel in globalizing the zika epidemic.the zika virus was first identified in 1947 in the zika forest of uganda. it was discovered in a rhesus monkey that had been placed in a cage on a sentinel platform in the forest by the virus research institute. when this writer visited the institute and the zika forest in 1961, work was underway to identify mosquito species at various levels of the tree canopy. this was done through the placement of traps at various levels of a 120-foot-high steel tower which this writer climbed. at that time, ...201626969497
zika virus outbreak in brazil.zika virus (zikv) infection is spreading rapidly within the americas after originating from an outbreak in brazil. we describe the current zikv infection epidemic in brazil and the neurological symptoms arising. first cases of an acute exanthematic disease were reported in brazil's northeast region at the end of 2014. in march 2015, autochthonous zikv was determined to be the causative agent of the exanthematic disease. as cases of neurological syndromes in regions where zikv, dengue and/or chik ...201626927450
local transmission of zika virus--puerto rico, november 23, 2015-january 28, 2016.zika virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, spread to the region of the americas (americas) in mid-2015, and appears to be related to congenital microcephaly and guillain-barré syndrome (1,2). on february 1, 2016, the world health organization (who) declared the occurrence of microcephaly cases in association with zika virus infection to be a public health emergency of international concern.* on december 31, 2015, puerto rico department of health (prdh) reported the first locally acquired (index) c ...201626890470
interim guidelines for prevention of sexual transmission of zika virus - united states, 2016.zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes (1,2). infection with zika virus is asymptomatic in an estimated 80% of cases (2,3), and when zika virus does cause illness, symptoms are generally mild and self-limited. recent evidence suggests a possible association between maternal zika virus infection and adverse fetal outcomes, such as congenital microcephaly (4,5), as well as a possible association with guillain-barré syndrome. currently, no vaccin ...201626866485
optomotor reactions reveal polarization sensitvity in the zika virus transmitting yellow fever mosquito aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (diptera; nematocera).in polarization-sensitive insect species an orthogonal arrangement of photoreceptive microvilli is a characteristic feature. however, mosquito eyes had not revealed this feature, and polarization sensitivity (ps) was considered to be non-existent in them. recently, however, gravid aedes (stegomyia) aegypti females were found to possess ps, sequels of which could be demonstrated only in the absence of chemicals emitted by conspecifics. therefore, ps in ae. aegypti, unlike that of other aquatic in ...201627927093
towards green oviposition deterrents? effectiveness of syzygium lanceolatum (myrtaceae) essential oil against six mosquito vectors and impact on four aquatic biological control agents.essential oils (eos) from plants may be alternative sources of molecules toxic against mosquito vectors of public health relevance. most of researches in this field focused on eos as larvicides or ovicides, while limited efforts focused on the exploitation of eos as oviposition deterrents. in the present study, the larvicidal and oviposition deterrent activity of syzygium lanceolatum leaf eo was evaluated against six mosquito species, anopheles stephensi, an. subpictus, aedes aegypti, ae. albopi ...201627921244
emergence of zika virus epidemic and the national response in jamaica.jamaica, along with the americas, experienced major epidemics of arboviral diseases transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito in recent years. these include dengue fever in 2012, chikungunya fever in 2014 and zika virus infection (zikv) in 2016. we present the emergence of the zikv epidemic in jamaica and outline the national response.201628375542
inhibition of zika virus by wolbachia in aedes aegypti.through association with cases of microcephaly in 2015, zika virus (zikv) has transitioned from a relatively unknown mosquito-transmitted pathogen to a global health emergency, emphasizing the need to improve existing mosquito control programs to prevent future disease outbreaks. the response to zika must involve a paradigm shift from traditional to novel methods of mosquito control, and according to the world health organization should incorporate the release of mosquitoes infected with the bac ...201628357366
zika virus in brazil and the danger of infestation by aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes.zika virus, already widely distributed in africa and asia, was recently reported in two northeastern brazilian: state of bahia and state of rio grande do norte, and one southeastern: state of são paulo. this finding adds a potentially noxious virus to a list of several other viruses that are widely transmitted by aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus in brazil. the pathology and epidemiology, including the distribution and vectors associated with zika virus, are reviewed. th ...201626689277
zika control through the bacterium wolbachia pipientis. 201627831765
[zika virus infection in pregnancy, fetal and neonatal impact].zika virus (zv) is an arbovirus transmitted by aedes aegypti and a. albopictus. the neurotropic profile of this virus is known since 1952. the main finding related to zv in america is microcephaly. two hypotheses are tested on its involvement in the central nervous system: its neurotropic feature and the direct effect of zv on the placenta. malformations and clinical findings on fetal development comprise congenital zika syndrome. rt-pcr and serology (igm) are useful for definitive diagnosis. ho ...201628146192
epa-registered repellents for mosquitoes transmitting emerging viral disease.in many parts of the united states, mosquitoes were previously nuisance pests. however, they now represent a potential threat in the spread of viral diseases. the aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and culex species mosquitoes are endemic to the united states and together may transmit a variety of viral diseases of growing concern, including west nile virus, chikungunya, dengue fever, and zika virus. the centers for disease control and prevention and the environmental protection agency (epa) recom ...201627779781
genetic drift during systemic arbovirus infection of mosquito vectors leads to decreased relative fitness during host switching.the emergence of mosquito-borne rna viruses, such as west nile virus (wnv), is facilitated by genetically complex virus populations within hosts. here, we determine whether wnv enzootic (culex tarsalis, cx. quinquefasciatus, and cx. pipiens) and bridge vectors (aedes aegypti) have differential impacts on viral mutational diversity and fitness. during systemic mosquito infection, wnv faced stochastic reductions in genetic diversity that rapidly was recovered during intra-tissue population expansi ...201627049584
larvicidal activity of magnolia denudata seed hydrodistillate constituents and related compounds and liquid formulations towards two susceptible and two wild mosquito species.anopheles sinensis, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus and culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes transmit malaria, dengue fever and west nile virus diseases respectively. this study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 17 constituents from magnolia denudata seed hydrodistillate (md-shd) and four experimental md-shd liquid formulations (10-50 mg l(-1) liquid) to third-instar larvae from insecticide-susceptible cx. p. pallens and ae. aegypti as well as wild ae. albopictus and an. sinensis.201626085316
development of a sybr green i-based quantitative rt-pcr for ross river virus: application in vector competence studies and antiviral drug evaluation.ross river virus (rrv) is an emerging alphavirus and is presently endemic in many parts of oceania. keeping in mind its emergence, we developed a molecular detection system and utilized it to study vector competence and evaluate activity of antiviral compounds against rrv. a sybr green i-based quantitative rt-pcr for detection of rrv was developed targeting the e2 gene, with a detection limit of 100 rna copies/reaction. the specificity was confirmed with closely related alphaviruses and flavivir ...201627105737
chemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of flowers essential oils of alpinia zerumbet (pers.) b.l.burtt & r.m.sm. from martinique island.alpinia species, used as ornamental plants and flavoring agents, are renowned for their therapeutic properties and their subsequent use in traditional medicines throughout the world. alpinia zerumbet (pers.) b.l.burtt & r.m.sm. is the most common alpinia species encountered in martinique. several essential oils (eos) obtained by hydrodistillation of a. zerumbet flowers collected in various locations on the island at different seasons were analysed to evaluate the influence of the collection peri ...201627935668
declining malaria, rising of dengue and zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control.the fight against mosquito-borne diseases is a challenge of huge public health importance. to our mind, 2015 was an extraordinary year for malaria control, due to three hot news: the nobel prize to youyou tu for the discovery of artemisinin, the development of the first vaccine against plasmodium falciparum malaria [i.e. rts,s/as01 (rts,s)], and the fall of malaria infection rates worldwide, with special reference to sub-saharan africa. however, there are major challenges that still deserve atte ...201626932263
characterization of a fasciola gigantica protein carrying two dm9 domains reveals cellular relocalization property.even at the present age of whole-organism analysis, e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, the biological roles of many proteins remain unresolved. classified among the proteins of unknown function is a family of proteins harboring repeats of the dm9 domain, a 60-75 amino acids motif first described in a small number of drosophila melanogaster proteins. proteins may carry two or more dm9 domains either in combination with other domains or as their sole constituent. here we have charact ...201626946400
mycobacterium ulcerans toxin, mycolactone may enhance host-seeking and oviposition behaviour by aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).the ecological functions of many toxins continue to remain unknown for those produced by environmental pathogens. mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the neglected tropical disease, buruli ulcer, produces a cytotoxic macrolide, mycolactone, whose function(s) in the environment remains elusive. through a series of dual-choice behaviour assays, they show that mycolactone may be an interkingdom cue for the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, seeking blood-meals as well as oviposition s ...201627907248
assessment of the ability of aedes species mosquitoes to transmit feline mycoplasma haemofelis and 'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum'.the objective of this study was to evaluate wild-caught mosquitoes for evidence of hemotropic mycoplasma species dna and to determine whether the feline hemoplasmas, mycoplasma haemofelis (mhf) and 'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum' (mhm), can be transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes in a laboratory setting.201627418288
uv-b radiation reduces in vitro germination of metarhizium anisopliae s.l. but does not affect virulence in fungus-treated aedes aegypti adults and development on dead mosquitoes.control of diurnal aedes aegypti with mycoinsecticides should consider the exposure of fungus-treated adults to sunlight, and especially to uv-b radiation that might affect activity of conidia applied on the mosquito's surface.201627685030
determination and characterization of destruxin production in metarhizium anisopliae tk6 and formulations for aedes aegypti mosquitoes control at the field level.destruxins, cyclic hexadepsipeptide toxins, secreted by the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae through extracellular synthesis. the present study reports a new approach for the analysis of dtxs produced by the fungal strain metarhizium anisoliae tk6, using frir-hplc-lc-ms and h(1) nmr. the results also showed that production of the major dtxs a, b, c, and e have to be determined in czapek dextrose (cd) liquid culture filtrate from 9 to 12 days post-inoculation. purified dtx were fur ...201627452930
comparative susceptibility of ochlerotatus japonicus, ochlerotatus triseriatus, aedes albopictus, and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) to la crosse virus.invasive mosquito species can increase the transmission risk of native mosquito-borne diseases by acting as novel vectors. in this study, we examined the susceptibility of three exotic invasive mosquito species aedes aegypti (l.), ae. albopictus (skuse), and ochlerotatus japonicus (theobald) to la crosse virus (lacv) relative to the native primary vector ochlerotatus triseriatus (say). adult females of the four mosquito species were orally challenged with lacv; incubated for 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 d; ...201627605372
antimicrobial and antileishmanial activities of diterpenoids isolated from the roots of salvia deserta.four diterpenes with biological activity were isolated from salvia deserta roots. taxodione was considered leishmanicidal with an ic50 value of 1.46 µm (0.46 mg/l) against leishmania donovani and also exhibited antifungal and antimicrobial activities. ferruginol displayed the greatest activity [24-h ic50 of 4.5 µm (1.29 mg/l)] against the fish pathogenic bacteria streptococcus iniae. the crude extract fraction that contained the isolated compounds 7-o-acetylhorminone and horminone showed stronge ...201626308356
larvicidal and adulticidal activity of chroman and chromene analogues against susceptible and permethrin-resistant mosquito strains.mosquitoes play a major role as vectors that transmit parasitic and viral diseases worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. mosquito borne diseases not only affect humans but they also affect livestock in many parts of the world. they carry diseases that are lethal to dogs and horses. dog heartworm disease (dirofilaria immitis) is a parasitic disease spread through mosquitoes. this disease is not limited to dogs, but it can affect other animals and humans as well. eastern equ ...201627249182
why zika virus infection has become a public health concern?prior to 2015, zika virus (zikv) outbreaks had occurred in areas of africa, southeast asia, and the pacific islands. although a causal relationship between zika infection during pregnancy and microcephaly is strongly suspected, such a connection has not yet been scientifically proven. in may 2015, the outbreak of zikv infection in brazil led to reports of syndrome and pregnant women giving birth to babies with birth defects and poor pregnancy outcomes; the pan american health organization (paho) ...201627052792
raw sewage as breeding site to aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (diptera, culicidae).the selection of oviposition sites by females of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti is a key factor for the larval survival and egg dispersion and has a direct influence in vector control programs. in this study, we evaluated the aspects of reproductive physiology of ae. aegypti mosquitoes tested in the presence of raw sewage. ae. aegypti females were used in oviposition bioassays according to two methodologies: (i) choice assay, in which three oviposition substrates were offered in the same cage: treatm ...201627640323
identification of aadnr1, a novel gene related to innate immunity and apoptosis in aedes albopictus.innate immunity and apoptosis play critical roles in defending pathogens in insects. in drosophila, dnr1 was reported as a negative regulator of apoptosis and immune deficiency (imd) pathway which belongs to innate immunity. aedes albopictus is an important kind of arbovirus vector and becoming a significant threat to public health due to its rapid global expansion. here we identified an ortholog of dnr1 from a. albopictus, named as aadnr1. aadnr1 encoded a putative protein containing an n-termi ...201627045774
easy and inexpensive molecular detection of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses in febrile patients.dengue (denv), chikungunya (chikv) and zika (zikv) are arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) sharing a common vector, the mosquito aedes aegypti. at initial stages, patients infected with these viruses have similar clinical manifestations, however, the outcomes and clinical management of these diseases are different, for this reason early and accurate identification of the causative virus is necessary. this paper reports the development of a rapid and specific nested-pcr for detection of denv, c ...201627477452
vector competence of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) for the den2-fj10 and den2-fj11 strains of the dengue 2 virus in fujian, china.dengue is an acute, emerging, infectious disease transmitted by aedes mosquitoes that has become a serious global public health problem. the den2-fj10 and den2-fj11 strains of the dengue 2 virus were originally isolated from the serum of a patient with dengue fever in fujian province, china, in 1999. our data provide the first assessment of the vector competence of aedes mosquitoes with respect to the den2-fj10 and den2-fj11 strains of the dengue virus. there were significant differences in the ...201627260668
a novel mosquito ubiquitin targets viral envelope protein for degradation and reduces virion production during dengue virus infection.dengue virus (denv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes significant human disease and mortality in the tropics and subtropics. by examining the effects of virus infection on gene expression, and interactions between virus and vector, new targets for prevention of infection and novel treatments may be identified in mosquitoes. we previously performed a microarray analysis of the aedes aegypti transcriptome during infection with denv and found that mosquito ubiquitin protein ub3881 (aael003 ...201627241849
wolbachia: the selfish trojan horse in dengue control.dengue fever has re-emerged as a major public health challenge. of late, several promising attempts have been made to control the disease with limited success. an innovative method of biological control of dengue is the use of the bacterium wolbachia. selected strains of wolbachia have been introduced into aedes aegypti to prevent transmission of dengue viruses by the vector. wolbachia prevents dengue transmission by either directly blocking the virus or by decreasing the lifespan of the vector. ...201627843186
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