Publications

stable expression of green fluorescent protein in blood and mosquito stages of plasmodium berghei.		1998	9879905
circulating tumour necrosis factor alpha is not involved in the development of cerebral malaria in plasmodium berghei-infected c57bl mice.	administration of neutralizing anti-tnf alpha antibodies did not prevent plasmodium berghei induced cerebral malaria (cm) in c57bl/6 mice, when given at different dosages and time intervals. elevated concentrations of immunoreactive tnf alpha were found in the circulation but no bioactive tnf alpha could be detected in mice developing cm. furthermore, elevated tnf alpha receptor concentrations were measured in the plasma of mice developing cm. plasma of these mice neutralized bioactive recombina ...	1997	9458469
[study in the combining quantity of con a-binding sites on membrane surface of artesunate-resistance strain of plasmodium berghei].	to study the production mechanism of plasmodium berghei (pb) in resisting artesunate.	1997	9863083
role of macrophages in experimental malaria: v--effect of ethyl palmitate on macrophages in plasmodium berghei infected mice.	ethyl palmitate (ep) was used as a macrophage cytotoxin. the response of p. berghei after exposing the macrophage to ep was opposite to what was seen with other agents like silica, antimacrophage serum and freund's complete adjuvant. ep at dose of 5 mg and above decreased the survival period (sp), median survival day (msd) and parasite density 24 hrs. before death (k values). prepatent period (pp) was lower at doses 10 mg and 20 mg per day for 5 days before challenge compared to their correspond ...	1997	10085642
protective role of platelets in chronic (balb/c) and acute (cba/j) plasmodium berghei murine malaria.	the role of blood platelets in the pathogenesis of malaria remains unclear. in this study we investigated the role of experimentally caused thrombocytopaenia in chronic (balb/c) and acute (cba/j) plasmodium-berghei-induced murine malaria. a group of 30 balb/c mice were rendered thrombocytopaenic by injection of anti-mouse platelet serum given every 2 days from day 2 to day 8 after malaria infection. compared with the control group, thrombocytopaenic mice showed a greater mortality. the kaplan-me ...	1997	9731108
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by t lymphocytes in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) by lymphocytes was examined in murine malaria. when spleen cells or lymph node cells from p. berghei-infected mice were cultured in vitro with malaria antigen, the gm-csf production correlated with the incubation time up to 72 hours. when lymphocytes obtained at various days after infection were cultured with the antigen, gm-csf became detectable as early as 2 days after infection, reached a peak at day 9 and then rapidl ...	1997	9656399
immune responses induced by intramuscular or gene gun injection of protective deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines that express the circumsporozoite protein from plasmodium berghei malaria parasites.	the circumsporozoite protein (csp) is a target for effector ab and cell mediated immunity against malaria parasites; dna vaccination can induce both types of effector response. the immunogenicity and efficacy of two dna plasmids expressing different amounts of plasmodium berghei csp were evaluated by immunizing balb/c mice i.m. or epidermally and by varying the number of immunizations (one to three doses) and the interval between immunizations. expanding the interval gave the strongest effect, i ...	1997	9550412
babesia bovis: genome size, number of chromosomes and telomeric probe hybridisation.	pulsed field gel electrophoresis of intact chromosomes of babesia bovis revealed four chromosomes in the haploid genome. a telomere probe, derived from plasmodium berghei, hybridised to eight sfii restriction fragments of genomic b. bovis dna digests indicating the presence of four chromosomes. a small subunit (18s) ribosomal rna gene probe hybridised to the third chromosome only. the genome size of b. bovis is estimated to be 9.4 million base pairs. the sizes of chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 4 are es ...	1997	9467743
role of macrophages in experimental malaria: iv--bioassay of silica in immunity against plasmodium berghei infection.	silica treated mice when challenged with plasmodium berghei showed increase in duration of prepatent(pp) and survival period (sp) and median survival day(msd) as compared with controls. daily parasite density curve during the course of infection was similar to control. response to the parasite challenge, however, was dependent on the dose of silica. no increase in sp at 0.7 mg and in pp at 35 mg (cumulative doses) dose was observed. a dose upto 5 mg per mouse before challenge resulted in protect ...	1997	9475062
crucial role of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor 2 and membrane-bound tnf in experimental cerebral malaria.	tumor necrosis factor (tnf) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (cm), but the respective role of its two types of receptors has not been established. a significant increase in the expression of tnf-receptor 2 (tnfr2, p75), but not of tnfr1 (p55), was found on brain microvessels at the time of cm in susceptible animals. moreover, mice genetically deficient for tnfr2 (tnfr2null) were significantly protected from experimental cm, in contrast to tnfr1-deficient ( ...	1997	9247583
in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of cryptolepine and related alkaloids from cryptolepis sanguinolenta.	three different extracts and four alkaloids from the root bark of cryptolepis sanguinolenta have been assessed in vitro against plasmodium falciparum d-6 (chloroquine-sensitive strain), k-1, and w-2 (chloroquine-resistant strains). cryptolepine (1) and its hydrochloride (2), 11-hydroxycryptolepine (3), and neocryptolepine (5) showed a strong antiplasmodial activity against p. falciparum chloroquine-resistant strains. quindoline (4) was less active. the highest activity was obtained with compound ...	1997	9249972
thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (trap) of plasmodium berghei and parasite motility.		1997	9251640
antimalarial activity of extracts and fractions from bidens pilosa and other bidens species (asteraceae) correlated with the presence of acetylene and flavonoid compounds.	after interviewing natives and migrants from the amazon region of brazil about plants traditionally used for treatment of malaria fever and/or liver disorders, we selected and identified 41 different species, including the native bidens (asteraceae). we have undertaken an antimalarial study of bidens pilosa and other species of bidens from abroad. the crude ethanol extracts (whole plant, leaves and roots) and the chloroform and butanol fractions from b. pilosa at concentrations of 50 microg/ml c ...	1997	9254115
15-deoxyspergualin, an immunosuppressive agent, used in organ transplantation showed suppressive effects on malarial parasites.	deoxyspergualin (dsg), which was discovered to be an immunosuppressive agent, was examined for its in vivo effect on parasites of rodent malaria. although the mice that were not treated by dsg had an increased parasite percentage (% parasitemia) until they died, those that were treated with dsg had a decreased parasitemia and finally had 0% parasites. the spleens of infected mice became small by dsg treatment. parasitemia of mice increased again after dsg treatment was stopped. however, dsg was ...	1997	8996739
circumsporozoite protein is required for development of malaria sporozoites in mosquitoes.	malaria parasites undergo a sporogonic cycle in the mosquito vector. sporozoites, the form of the parasite injected into the host during a bloodmeal, develop inside oocysts in the insect midgut, then migrate to and eventually invade the salivary glands. the circumsporozoite protein (cs), one of the major proteins synthesized by salivary gland sporozoites, is a surface-associated molecule which is important in sporozoite infectivity to the host. here, by gene targeting, we created plasmodium berg ...	1997	9002517
resistance to cerebral malaria in tumor necrosis factor-alpha/beta-deficient mice is associated with a reduction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up-regulation and t helper type 1 response.	tumor necrosis factor (tnf) induced by plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection was suggested to play an important role in the development of cerebral malaria (cm). we asked whether tnf-alpha/beta double-deficient mice, which have a complete disruption of the tnf-signaling pathways, are protected from cm and what might be the possible mechanisms of protection. pba infection induces fatal cm in wild-type mice, which die within 5 to 8 days with severe neurological signs. in contrast, tnf-alpha/beta ...	1997	9006341
depletion of cd4+ or cd8+ t-cells prevents plasmodium berghei induced cerebral malaria in end-stage disease.	the role of t-cells in development of experimental cerebral malaria was analysed in c57b1/6j and c57b1/10 mice infected with plasmodium berghei k173 or plasmodium berghei anka by treatment with anti-cd4 or anti-cd8 mabs. mice were protected against cerebral malaria (cm) when anti-cd4 or anti-cd8 mabs were injected before or during infection. even in mice in end-stage disease, i.e. with a body temperature below 35.5 degrees c, treatment with anti-cd4 or anti-cd8 antibodies or the combination prot ...	1997	9011069
species-specific regulation and switching of transcription between stage-specific ribosomal rna genes in plasmodium berghei.	malaria parasites (plasmodium spp.) differentially express structurally distinct sets of rrna genes in a stage-specific manner. the four rrna genes of the rodent malaria parasite, p. berghei, form two classes of 2 units that are genetically unlinked and termed a-type and s-type. through northern analysis and in situ hybridization, expression of the units was demonstrated in synchronized parasite preparations covering the developmental pathway from the initiation of the blood-stage asexual cycle ...	1997	9013609
the malaria circumsporozoite protein: interaction of the conserved regions i and ii-plus with heparin-like oligosaccharides in heparan sulfate.	the malaria circumsporozoite (cs) protein binds to glycosaminoglycans from heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface of hepatocytes and is specifically cleared from the bloodstream by the liver. we show here that the two conserved regions, i and ii-plus, of the cs protein, in a concerted action, preferentially bind to highly sulfated heparin-like oligosaccharides in heparan sulfate. in a concentration-dependent manner, peptides representing region i and region ii-plus inhibited the bindi ...	1997	9030667
effects of epitope modification on t cell receptor-ligand binding and antigen recognition by seven h-2kd-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte clones specific for a photoreactive peptide derivative.	we tested for antigen recognition and t cell receptor (tcr)-ligand binding 12 peptide derivative variants on seven h-2kd-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) clones specific for a bifunctional photoreactive derivative of the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide 252-260 (syipsaeki). the derivative contained iodo-4-azidosalicylic acid in place of pbcs s-252 and 4-azidobenzoic acid on pbcs k-259. selective photoactivation of the n-terminal photoreactive group allowed crosslinking to kd m ...	1997	9034142
early activation of microglia in the pathogenesis of fatal murine cerebral malaria.	microglia are pluripotent members of the macrophage/monocyte lineage that can respond in several ways to pathological changes in the central nervous system. to determine their role in the pathogenesis of fatal murine cerebral malaria (fmcm) we have conducted a detailed study of the changes in morphology and distribution of retinal microglia during the progression of the disease. adult cba/t6 mice were inoculated with plasmodium berghei anka. these mice died 7 days post inoculation (p.i.) with th ...	1997	9034826
compromised blood-nerve barrier, astrogliosis, and myelin disruption in optic nerves during fatal murine cerebral malaria.	we examined the optic nerve, as an analogous tissue to brain white matter, to assess possible relationships between changes in the blood-nerve barrier, axonal integrity, and astrocyte morphology in the central nervous system during fatal murine cerebral malaria (fmcm). in the fmcm model, namely, cba mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka, neurological symptoms begin around day 5 post-inoculation (p.i.) and mice become increasingly ill by day 7 p.i., at which time they lapse into coma and die ...	1997	9034830
cloning and expression of the thrombospondin related adhesive protein gene of plasmodium berghei.	sporozoite recognition of host cells is a key step in the life-cycle of malaria parasites. two sporozoite proteins have so far been characterized in some detail, the circumsporozoite protein (cs) and thrombospondin related adhesive protein (trap). we report here the cloning and expression of the trap gene homologue from plasmodium berghei, pbtrap. the pbtrap gene encodes a protein of 606 amino acids having a deduced molecular mass of 66 kda. the overall structure is clearly that of the trap fami ...	1997	9041516
evidence of cross-contamination among laboratory lines of plasmodium berghei.		1997	9041530
rapid onset of malaria-induced mortality by immunizations with lipo-peptides: an experimental model to study deleterious immune responses and immunopathology in malaria.	we have recently shown that circumsporozoite (cs) protein-based cytotoxic t-cell epitope of plasmodium berghei coupled to monoplamitic and tripalmitic acid was able to induce cytotoxic t-cell responses. in the present study, we investigated whether lipopeptide derivatized cs protein b and t helper epitopes in different combinations will be able to induce protective immune responses against sporozoite challenge. several p. berghei cs peptides with monopalmitic fatty acid tails were prepared, susp ...	1997	9041668
adrenal cortex alterations in mice infected with plasmodium berghei.	the ultrastructural study of adrenal cortex from plasmodium berghei infected mice showed different degrees of capillary wall alterations including disruption and widening of the fenestrae, capillaries packed with parasitized erythrocytes, necrosis of cortical cells, parasitized erythrocytes outside capillaries and in some instances inside cortical cell cytoplasm. lymphocytes were also observed in degenerated cortical cells. our results suggest that adrenal cortex lesions may be relevant in the e ...	1997	9066148
retarded development of exoerythrocytic stages of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei in human hepatoma cells by extracts from dioncophyllaceae and ancistrocladaceae species.	retarded development of exoerythrocytic stages of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei in human hepatoma cells by extracts from dioncophyllaceae and ancistrocladaceae species. international journal for parasitology 27: 29-32. naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid-containing extracts (10 micrograms ml-1) of species belonging to the dioncophyllaceae and the ancistrocladaceae, 2 small tropical plant families, display pronounced in vitro activities against exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berg ...	1997	9076526
differential roles of t cell receptor alpha and beta chains in ligand binding among h-2kd-restricted cytolytic t lymphocyte clones specific for a photoreactive plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide derivative.	to study the interaction of t cell receptor with its ligand, a complex of a major histocompatibility complex molecule and a peptide, we derived h-2kd-restricted cytolytic t lymphocyte clones from mice immunized with a plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide (pbcs) 252-260 (syipsaeki) derivative containing photoreactive nepsilon-[4-azidobenzoyl] lysine in place of pro-255. this residue and lys-259 were essential parts of the epitope recognized by these clones. most of the clones expressed bv1 ...	1997	9079679
evaluation of immunogenicity of an oral salmonella vaccine expressing recombinant plasmodium berghei merozoite surface protein-1.	a repetitive region of plasmodium berghei merozoite surface protein-1 (pbmsp-1) was expressed as a fusion protein with either maltose binding protein or the b subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin from escherichia coli. vaccination of mice with the fusion proteins indicates that this region of pbmsp-1 is antigenic as evidenced by an antibody response. the fusion proteins were also expressed in salmonella and mice were orally immunized with the recombinant salmonella. some of the vaccinated mice sur ...	1997	9080880
brain metabolites in mice coinfected with plasmodium berghei anka and lp-bm5 virus: assessment by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.		1997	9085926
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. liii. 'fenozan b07' (fenozan-50f), a difluorinated 3,3'-spirocyclopentane 1,2,4-trioxane: comparison with some compounds of the artemisinin series.	fenozan b07, a difluorinated 3,3'-spirocyclopentane, 1,2,4-trioxane, is a novel, second-generation antimalarial endoperoxide which is a potent blood schizontocide against strains of rodent malaria that are highly resistant to a wide spectrum of classical antimalarials. like compounds of the artemisinin series, its action is limited to the intra-erythrocytic stages, both asexual and sexual, and it is devoid of causal prophylactic activity. both fenozan b07 and the artemisinins are potent gametocy ...	1997	9093426
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. liv. combinations of 'fenozan b07' (fenozan-50f), a difluorinated 3,3'-spirocyclopentane 1,2,4-trioxane, with other drugs against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant parasites.	fenozan b07, a 1,2,4-trioxane endoperoxide with potent blood schizontocidal activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant rodent malaria parasites, exerted a modest potentiating action when administered with chloroquine (cq) to mice infected with parasites of the cq-resistant p. yoelii ssp. ns, but not when given to mice infected with the cq-sensitive p. berghei n strain. the reason why this potentiation may be of particular value in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria is discussed. ...	1997	9093427
immunoblot characterization of igg, igm and ige antibodies elicited during the course of fatal and non-fatal infections of plasmodium berghei in dba/2 and balb/c mice.	when infected with the crs line of plasmodium berghei anka, dba/2 mice died of a fulminating infection around day 20 post-infection whereas balb/c mice had crises around day 15 then low or subpatent parasitaemias until approximately day 73, when sterile immunity is believed to have supervened. immunoblots for parasite-specific immunoglobulins g, m and e were made from the sera taken during the course of infection in each mouse strain. although both strains elicited antibodies to a 128-kda antige ...	1997	9093428
evaluation of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) as a tool to induce protective immunity against plasmodium berghei malaria.		1997	9093435
tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in the brain during fatal murine cerebral malaria: evidence for production by microglia and astrocytes.	fatal murine cerebral malaria (fmcm) is an immunopathological process. the depletion of cd4+ t cells, or the administration of antioxidants or antibodies against certain cytokines, protect the mice against cerebral complications. we previously have shown that astrocytes, microglia, and monocytes play a role in the development of fmcm, suggesting that an active immune response occurs locally within the central nervous system. we now have investigated the functional involvement of glia and monocyt ...	1997	9095002
ketanserin effects on thermoregulation in malarial and normal rats.		1997	9100911
elimination of p. berghei liver stages is independent of fas (cd95/apo-i) or perforin-mediated cytotoxicity.	immunization of mammals with irradiated malaria sporozoites protects from a subsequent contact with the parasite. protective immunity is directed against the pre-erythrocytic stages of the parasite, sporozoites and liver stages. specific antibodies neutralize part of the infectious sporozoites infected by the mosquito vector, while liver stages are the target of a cellular immune response which is mediated by t cells. in this study, we evaluated the t-cell dependent protection induced by the inf ...	1997	9106820
down-regulation of murine susceptibility to cerebral malaria by inoculation with third-stage larvae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi.	in areas where malaria is endemic, helminthic infections, caused by intestinal or filarial parasites, commonly coexist with malaria in the same individual. this study investigates the course of plasmodium berghei malaria infection in cba/j mice inoculated with irradiated attenuated 3rd-stage larvae (l3) of brugia pahangi. peripheral eosinophil counts, serum ige levels and cytokine production revealed that the filarial antigen induced t-helper type 2 (th2) cell predominance in these mice, which p ...	1997	9107020
an additional primary proteolytic processing site merozoite surface protein-1 of plasmodium berghei.		1997	9108554
primary structure of a novel ookinete surface protein from plasmodium berghei.		1997	9108555
early gamma interferon responses in lethal and nonlethal murine blood-stage malaria.	this study was undertaken to explore early differences in cytokine production during nonlethal and lethal blood-stage murine malaria infections. cytokine analysis of spleens during these infections showed that the principal difference between two nonlethal and two lethal plasmodium species was the production of gamma interferon 24 h after infection with nonlethal parasites. in contrast, no increases in interleukin-4 production were observed in the first 24 h and tumor necrosis factor alpha level ...	1997	9125535
transfection of the primate malaria parasite plasmodium knowlesi using entirely heterologous constructs.	the recently developed transfection systems for plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum offer important new tools enabling further insight into the biology of malaria parasites. these systems rely upon artificial parasite-host combinations which do not allow investigation into the complex interactions between parasites and their natural hosts. here we report on stable transfection of plasmodium knowlesi (a primate malaria parasite that clusters phylogenetically with p. vivax) for which both ...	1997	9126931
interferon-gamma is essential for the development of cerebral malaria.	infection with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) causes fatal cerebral malaria (cm). while a pathogenic role for tumor necrosis factor (tnf) has been established, we asked whether a disruption of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) signaling would modulate cm. we demonstrate here that ifn-gammar-deficient mice are completely protected from cm. pba-induced release of tnf and up-regulation of endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule (icam)-1 expression, recruitment of mononuclear cells, and cerebral micro ...	1997	9130629
antimalarial activity of new dihydroartemisinin derivatives. 7. 4-(p-substituted phenyl)-4(r or s)-[10(alpha or beta)-dihydroartemisininoxy]butyric acids.	to search for water soluble dihydroartemisinin derivatives with higher efficacy and longer plasma half-life than artesunic or artelinic acid, a series of new stereoisomers of 4-(p-substituted phenyl)-4(r or s)-[10(alpha or beta)-dihydroartemisininoxy]butyric acids were synthesized as new potential antimalarial agents. two approaches were taken in the design of these new molecules in an attempt to (a) increase the lipophilicity of the molecule and (b) decrease the rate of oxidative dealkylation o ...	1997	9135037
a simple and rapid procedure for the purification of synthetic polypeptides by a combination of affinity chromatography and methionine chemistry.	chemical synthesis of bioactive peptides has become a widespread and rapidly growing technique due to automated and efficient protocols for chain assembly. for most applications, the crude synthetic product must be purified to remove residual reactants, failure sequences and chemically modified peptide species. we propose here a method of universal applicability based on immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, cnbr cleavage and use of reversible met-sulfoxide protection. with this method ...	1997	9188777
the treatment of animal models of malaria with iron chelators by use of a novel polymeric device for slow drug release.	the hydrophilic desferrioxamine (dfo) and the lipophilic salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (sih) are iron chelators which inhibit in vitro proliferation of plasmodium falciparum with similar potency (ic50 approximately 20 microm in 24- to 48-h tests). the in vivo assessment of these drugs was performed on swiss mice infected with plasmodium vinckei petteri with novel modes of drug administration and release. the drugs were delivered postpatently either by multiple i.p. injections or by a s ...	1997	9190845
toward a novel metal-based chemotherapy against tropical diseases. 3. synthesis and antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo of the new gold-chloroquine complex [au(pph3)(cq)]pf6.		1997	9191972
replication, expression and segregation of plasmid-borne dna in genetically transformed malaria parasites.	to fully exploit the transfection technology developed for plasmodium we investigated the features of replication, expression and segregation of an episomally maintained dna construct during a sexual blood stage development in genetically transformed parasites of p. berghei. using dna in situ hybridisation techniques we were able to show that the introduced dna construct is located in the nucleus of the parasite and is not segregating uniformly during schizogony. replication of the construct mai ...	1997	9200122
the serum resistance of malaria-infected erythrocytes.	igg and igm antibodies were detected on non-parasitized as well as parasitized erythrocytes (e) from mice surviving over 15 days after infection with rodent malaria, plasmodium berghei, whereas c3 was detected exclusively on parasitized e. parasitized e, however, were quite resistant to the haemolytic activity of guinea pig complement and effectively inactivated human c3b to ic3b on their surface. similarly, parasitized e were extremely resistant to homologous complement as assessed by haemolysi ...	1997	9203959
in vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities of some plants traditionally used in guatemala against malaria.	we present an evaluation of the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic effects of four plants commonly used in guatemalan folk medicine against malaria. methanol extracts of simarouba glauca d. c., sansevieria guineensis willd, croton guatemalensis lotsy, and neurolaena lobata (l.)r.br. significantly reduced parasitemias in plasmodium berghei-infected mice. dichloromethane fractions were screened for their cytotoxicities on artemia salina (brine shrimp) larvae, and 50% inhibitory concentrations were deter ...	1997	9210673
mapping a quantitative trait locus involved in melanotic encapsulation of foreign bodies in the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae.	a plasmodium-refractory strain of anopheles gambiae melanotically encapsulates many species of plasmodium, whereas wild-type mosquitoes are usually susceptible. this encapsulation trait can also be observed by studying the response of refractory and susceptible strains to intrathoracically injected cm-sephadex beads. we report the results of broad-scale quantitative trait locus (qtl) mapping of the encapsulation trait using the bead model system. interval mapping using the method of maximum like ...	1997	9215900
multiple antigen constructs (macs): induction of sterile immunity against sporozoite stage of rodent malaria parasites, plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii.	we prepared multiple antigen constructs (macs) using circumsporozoite (cs) protein-based b-epitopes from plasmodium berghei, (ppppnpnd)2 and plasmodium yoelii, (qgpgap)3qg, along with a p. berghei t-helper epitope kqirdsiteews. mice were immunized with individual macs in oil-in-water or water-in-oil vehicles containing block copolymer (p1005) and detoxified ralps (ralps) as well as other adjuvants. sporozoite challenge results demonstrated that macs in adjuvant could induce antibodies capable of ...	1997	9160515
two antigens on zygotes and ookinetes of plasmodium yoelii and plasmodium berghei that are distinct targets of transmission-blocking immunity.	we have developed transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against plasmodium yoelii 21-kda (pys21) and 28-kda (pys25) ookinete surface proteins. these mabs block infectivity of p. yoelii to anopheles stephensi. one mab, 14, cross-reacted by western blotting with a 28-kda surface protein (pbs25) of p. berghei ookinetes and blocked oocyst development, as assayed by direct mosquito feeds on passively immunized p. berghei-infected mice. in total, we have identified two ookinete surface pr ...	1997	9169761
adult schistosoma mansoni worms positively modulate soluble egg antigen-induced inflammatory hepatic granuloma formation in vivo. stereological analysis and immunophenotyping of extracellular matrix proteins, adhesion molecules, and chemokines.	synchronized liver granulomas were induced by injecting sepharose beads to which sea soluble egg antigen (sea) or the concanavalin a binding fraction of sea had been coupled into a mesenteric vein in naive, single-sex (35 days) and bisexually (28 days) schistosoma mansoni-infected and plasmodium berghei-immunized mice. stereological analysis revealed that peak granuloma formation was already reached 8 days after injection in single-sex infected mice compared with 16 days in naive animals. no dif ...	1997	9176396
a long range restriction map of chromosome 5 of plasmodium berghei demonstrates a chromosome specific symmetrical subtelomeric organisation.		1997	9178274
increased c-fos expression in the brain during experimental murine cerebral malaria: possible association with neurologic complications.	cerebral expression of c-fos protein was studied by immunocytochemistry in murine cerebral malaria (cm) and malaria without cerebral involvement (non-cm). c-fos expression, low in the brains of uninfected mice, increased in frequency, intensity, and distribution during the course of fatal cm (e.g., a 70-fold increase on day 7 after inoculation). these changes paralleled the timing and degree of the neurologic complications and histopathologic changes. only a slight increase in c-fos expression w ...	1997	9180190
the spleen, igg antibody subsets and immunity to plasmodium berghei in rats.	the development of igg subclass-specific antibody responses to plasmodium berghei in spleen-chimeric rats were monitored to determine if there was any relationship between igg subset profiles and resistance. strongly immune eusplenic rats respond to challenge with p. berghei by producing high levels of parasite-specific igg2a, igg2b and igg2c but only modest levels of igg1. splenectomy profoundly affects the antibody response to infection. thus, in splenectomized immunized rats, which harbour a ...	1997	9243299
effect of tryptophan-n-formylated gramicidin on growth of plasmodium berghei in mice.	the effect of tryptophan-n-formylated gramicidin (nfg) on the growth of plasmodium berghei in mice was tested in three different experiments. nfg was shown to be capable of inhibiting the growth of the parasite in a dose-dependent way, although its action did not result in elimination of the parasite and was only temporary, preventing mice from early death, presumably due to cerebral malaria, but not from fatal generalized malaria. intriguingly, a similar observation was made with two other drug ...	1997	9257760
trap is necessary for gliding motility and infectivity of plasmodium sporozoites.	many protozoans of the phylum apicomplexa are invasive parasites that exhibit a substrate-dependent gliding motility. plasmodium (malaria) sporozoites, the stage of the parasite that invades the salivary glands of the mosquito vector and the liver of the vertebrate host, express a surface protein called thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (trap) that has homologs in other apicomplexa. by gene targeting in a rodent plasmodium, we demonstrate that trap is critical for sporozoite infection of ...	1997	9267031
heme biosynthesis by the malarial parasite. import of delta-aminolevulinate dehydrase from the host red cell.	the mouse and human malarial parasites, plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum, respectively, synthesize heme de novo following the standard pathway observed in animals despite the availability of large amounts of heme, derived from red cell hemoglobin, which is stored as hemozoin pigment. the enzymes, delta-aminolevulinate dehydrase (alad), coproporphyrinogen oxidase, and ferrochelatase are present at strikingly high levels in the p. berghei infected mouse red cell in vivo. the isolated p ...	1997	9268315
purification and characterisation of the hexokinase of plasmodium berghei, a murine malaria parasite.	hexokinase (ec 2.7.1.1) activity in cell-free plasmodium berghei was 35 and 5 times higher as compared to normal and p. berghei-infected mouse erythrocytes, respectively. maximal enzyme activity was present in the cytosolic fraction of the isolated parasite. manifold purification of parasite hexokinase was achieved with sephadex g-200. sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) revealed parasite enzyme subunit in the molecular weight range of 47 kda with atp (adenosine ...	1997	9270135
in vitro inhibition of liver forms of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei by naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids--structure-activity relationships of dioncophyllines a and c and ancistrocladine.	naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids are derived from dioncophyllaceae and ancistrocladaceae species and comprise a new class of promising antimalarials with a demonstrated potential against asexual erythrocytic plasmodium falciparum and p. berghei stages in vitro. we report herein the pronounced activity of pure naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids against exoerythrocytic malaria parasites. p. berghei-infected human hepatoma cells (hep g2) were incubated with culture medium containing selected alkaloids at ...	1997	9272557
the roles of temperature, ph and mosquito factors as triggers of male and female gametogenesis of plasmodium berghei in vitro.	developmentally arrested malarial gametocytes undergo gamete formation in the mosquito midgut immediately after ingestion of the infected bloodmeal. in the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei male gametogenesis (exflagellation) can be induced in vitro by a temperature decrease (from 39 degrees c in the vertebrate host to 20 degrees c) and a concomitant ph increase (from 7.3 in mouse blood to 8.0). we report the presence of additional gametocyte activating factor(s) (gaf) present in anophe ...	1997	9280891
leukocytes in a plasmodium falciparum-infected blood meal reduce transmission of malaria to anopheles mosquitoes.	mosquitoes are infected with plasmodium falciparum by taking a blood meal from a gametocyte carrier. since a mosquito takes a volume of 1 to 2 microl, a blood meal may contain 1 x 10(4) to 3 x 10(4) leukocytes (wbc). the majority of wbc are composed of neutrophils which may phagocytose and kill developing gametes inside the mosquito midgut. phagocytosis was measured in vitro by a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (cl) assay. in the presence of p. falciparum gametes, sera from areas of endemici ...	1997	9284160
inhibition of nitric oxide interrupts the accumulation of cd8+ t cells surrounding plasmodium berghei-infected hepatocytes.	the elimination of liver-stage malaria parasites by nitric oxide (no)-producing hepatocytes is regulated by t cells. both cd8+ and cd4+ t cells, which surround infected hepatocytes, are evident by 24 h after sporozoite challenge in brown norway rats previously immunized with irradiated plasmodium berghei sporozoites. while the number of cd4+ t cells remained the same beyond 24 h postchallenge, the number of cd8+ t cells increased three- and sixfold by 31 and 44 h, respectively. this increase in ...	1997	9284167
infection with plasmodium berghei alters benzodiazepine receptor in rat brain.	the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of malaria infection on benzodiazepine binding in rat brain. young male wistar rats were infected with the rodent parasite plasmodium berghei, while age-matched control rats (n = 5) received normal saline intraperitoneally. parasitemia was determined in blood of infected animals. animals were killed after two weeks, and synaptosomal brain membrane homogenate was prepared from cerebral cortex. membrane homogenate was incubated in duplicate with 3 ...	1997	9291643
the diversity of antigen-specific tcr repertoires reflects the relative complexity of epitopes recognized.	antigen-selected t cell receptor (tcr) repertoires vary in complexity from very limited to extremely diverse. we have previously characterized two different cd8 t cell responses, which are restricted by the same mouse major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecule, h-2 kd. the tcr repertoire in the response against a determinant from plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (pbcs; region 252-260) is very diverse, whereas tcrs expressed by clones specific for a determinant in region 1 ...	1997	9297530
erythrocyte binding protein homologues of rodent malaria parasites.	erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites requires specific molecular interactions between the merozoite and erythrocyte surface receptors. a well-conserved, functionally important family of erythrocyte binding proteins is the ebp family. the ebp family includes the plasmodium vivax, p. knowlesi duffy binding protein (dbp) family and the p. falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (eba-175). the ebp are transmembrane proteins, characterized by two conserved cysteine-rich domains, expressed in ...	1997	9297707
induction of a cytotoxic t lymphocyte response by immunization with a malaria specific ctl peptide entrapped in biodegradable polymer microspheres.	we have previously reported that biodegradable polymer microspheres (ms) are capable of eliciting strong and long-lasting antibody and t cell proliferative responses for either natural protein antigens or synthetic peptides. in this study, we investigated the possibility of inducing antigen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) responses in vivo with a short synthetic peptide from the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium berghei (pb) 252-260 by using different ms formulations. we show tha ...	1997	9302752
plasmodium activates the innate immune response of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes.	innate immune-related gene expression in the major disease vector mosquito anopheles gambiae has been analyzed following infection by the malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei. substantially increased levels of mrnas encoding the antibacterial peptide defensin and a putative gram-negative bacteria-binding protein (gnbp) are observed 20-30 h after ingestion of an infected blood-meal, at a time which indicates that this induction is a response to parasite invasion of the midgut epithelium. the indu ...	1997	9321391
molecular immune responses of the mosquito anopheles gambiae to bacteria and malaria parasites.	immune responses of the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae were monitored systematically by the induced expression of five rna markers after infection challenge. one newly isolated marker encodes a homologue of the moth gram-negative bacteria-binding protein (gnbp), and another corresponds to a serine protease-like molecule. additional previously described markers that respond to immune challenge encode the antimicrobial peptide defensin, a putative galactose lectin, and a putative serine ...	1997	9326640
recognition of the parasite infected cell surface determinants by homologous antiserum raised against infected cell membranes.	identification of neo-antigenic determinant(s) on parasite infected cell surface is important to control intracellular infections. such determinant(s) on the surface of intact plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes have not been conclusively demonstrated. to generate polyclonal antiserum selectively recognizing the parasite infected cell surface determinant(s), in natural state, we have examined the efficacy of the homologous immunizations, in balb/c mice, with the membrane rich preparation of ...	1997	9342738
cytokine profile suggesting that murine cerebral malaria is an encephalitis.	cerebral malaria (cm) remains a poorly understood and life-threatening complication of malaria caused by the parasite plasmodium falciparum. the discovery that murine cm caused by plasmodium berghei anka and human cm are both characterized by production of inflammatory cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), led to a revival of the suggestion that p. berghei cm may have value as a model of the human disease. in this study, quantitative reverse transcription-pcr was used to ...	1997	9353082
a protein particle vaccine containing multiple malaria epitopes.	ty virus-like particles consist of a single protein species that can be produced in yeast. recombinant ty-vlps carrying a string of up to 15 defined cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitopes from plasmodium species prime protective ctl responses in mice following a single administration without adjuvant. effective processing of epitopes from the string was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo and was not affected by flanking sequences.	1997	9359112
the novel oxygenated chalcone, 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-butoxychalcone, exhibits potent activity against human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum in vitro and rodent parasites plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii in vivo.	previous studies have shown that licochalcone a, an oxygenated chalcone, exhibits antileishmanial and antimalarial activities. the present study was designed to examine the antimalarial activity of an analog of licochalcone a, 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-butoxychalcone (2,4mbc). 2,4mbc inhibited the in vitro growth of both a chloroquine-susceptible (3d7) and a chloroquine-resistant (dd2) strain of plasmodium falciparum in a [3h]hypoxanthine uptake assay. the in vivo activity of 2,4mbc was tested in mice in ...	1997	9359735
ctl induction using synthetic peptides delivered in emulsions--critical role of the formulation procedure.	emulsions have been used with variable degrees of success to deliver antigen to stimulate immune responses. we have investigated three different ways of incorporating peptide antigen into soybean emulsions to induce ctl responses in mice. two of these emulsions (oil-in-water, o/w, and water-in-oil-in-water, w/o/w) had peptide incorporated at the formulation stage, while the third had peptide added to a pre-formed o/w emulsion. high levels of ctl activity were induced when peptide was dispersed i ...	1997	9364682
malaria toxins from p. chabaudi chabaudi as and p. berghei anka cause dyserythropoiesis in c57bl/6 mice.	the lack of correlation between parasitaemia and anaemia in severe malaria indicates that factors in addition to schizont rupture or erythrophagocytosis contribute to anaemia. we asked whether malaria toxin (mt) from plasmodium berghei or p. chabaudi might impair erythropoiesis. daily intraperitoneal injection of mt into c57bl/6 mice induced a transient reduction of rbc values by 25-30% after about 2 weeks, followed by increased haematopoiesis in the spleen as compared to mice receiving uninfect ...	1997	9368897
malaria toxins: effects on murine spleen and bone marrow cell proliferation and cytokine production in vitro.	the ability of deproteinated malaria exoantigens from plasmodium falciparum (pf-mt) and p. berghei anka (pba-mt) to activate murine haematopoietic cells was analysed in vitro. malaria toxins (mt) of both plasmodium species induced cell proliferation and the production of ifn-gamma in overnight and long-term (5 days) spleen and bone marrow cultures and a reduction of the number of tnf-alpha spot forming cells (sfc). when added to cells of malaria-experienced animals, mt decreased the number of il ...	1997	9368898
expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens on mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells in relation to susceptibility to cerebral malaria.	the physiopathology of experimental cerebral malaria (cm), an acute neurological complication of plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection, involves interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), two cytokines that are known to modulate major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecule expression. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the genetic susceptibility to cm is related to the constitutive or ifn-gamma-induced expression of mhc molecules on brain microvess ...	1997	9370924
synthesis and antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo of a new ferrocene-chloroquine analogue.	the antimalarial activities of ferrocenic compounds mimicking chloroquine and active upon chloroquine-resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum were evaluated. four 7-chloro-4-[[[2-[(n,n-substituted amino)methyl]ferrocenyl]methyl]amino]quinoline derivatives have been synthesized; one of them, 1a, showed high potent antimalarial activity in vivo on mice infected with plasmodium berghei n. and plasmodium yoelii ns. and was 22 times more potent against schizontocides than chloroquine in vitro agai ...	1997	9371235
regulation of heme polymerizing activity and the antimalarial action of chloroquine.	mice infected with plasmodium berghei served as donors of erythrocytes with a high level of parasitemia for the study of ferriprotoporphyrin ix (fp) polymerization. six hours after treatment of these mice with 3 micromol of chloroquine per 25 g of body weight, there were significant losses of heme polymerase i (hpa i). for chloroquine-susceptible (cs) p. berghei, the rate of fp polymerization decreased from 541 +/- 42 (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 12) to 51 +/- 19 (n = 8) nmol of fp polymeri ...	1997	9371350
naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids against malaria: evaluation of the curative potentials of dioncophylline c and dioncopeltine a against plasmodium berghei in vivo.	naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid-containing extracts from species of the families dioncophyllaceae and ancistrocladaceae and purified alkaloids derived therefrom were shown to exhibit antiparasitic activity in plasmodium berghei-infected mice. several extracts and alkaloids, especially dioncophylline c and dioncopeltine a, isolated from triphyophyllum peltatum (dioncophyllaceae), displayed high levels of activity. dioncopeltine a was able to suppress parasitemia almost totally, while dioncophylline ...	1997	9371362
partial nucleotide sequence and organisation of extrachromosomal plastid-like dna in plasmodium berghei.	the murine malaria parasite plasmodium berghei contains a plastid-like extrachromosomal genome. this genome is 30.7 kb in size and is transcriptionally active as shown by rt-pcr. dna sequence analysis of the genome reveals 69.9-95.5% homology to sequences of the 35-kb extrachromosomal circle found in the human malaria species plasmodium falciparum. homologous sequences include regions of genes for the ssu-rrna, lsu-rrna, rpo b and clusters of t-rnas. sequence variation between the two plasmodium ...	1997	9373142
interleukin-10 modulates susceptibility in experimental cerebral malaria.	in this study, we examined the effects of interleukin-10 (il-10) on the outcome of experimental cerebral malaria (cm), a lethal neurological syndrome that occurs in susceptible strains of mice after infection with plasmodium berghei anka (pba). constitutive il-10 mrna levels were significantly higher in the spleen and brain of resistant animals. in vivo neutralization of endogenous il-10 in cm-resistant mice induced the neurological syndrome in 35.7% of these mice, as opposed to 7.7% in controls ...	1997	9378491
effects of plasmodium berghei infection on arteether metabolism and disposition.	arteether (ae) is primarily deethylated to dihydroqinghaosu (dqhs) in rats and humans. conversion of ae to dqhs was impaired in microsomes from rats infected with plasmodium berghei. the km for ae was 175.1 +/- 49.1 and 124.4 +/- 115.1 mumol/l, and vmax was 2.24 +/- 0.45 and 1.22 +/- 0.67 nmol ae formed/mg protein/min in control and infected microsomes (p < 0.05), respectively. calculated intrinsic clearance (clint = initial vmax/km) for ae was only 4% lower in infected microsomes. apparent phar ...	1997	9380774
partial purification and characterization of a murine malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei specific aldolase.	cell-free p. berghei contains 26.1 times more aldolase activity as compared to normal mouse erythrocytes. subcellular fractionation of cell-free parasite showed maximum enzyme activity in the soluble fraction. the parasite enzyme was active in a narrow ph range of 7.8-8.0. of the enzyme activity 90% was lost within 2 weeks at 4 degrees c. slight inhibition was observed with specific inhibitors atp, pyrophosphate (ppi) and pep. the f1, 6dp km was 0.025 mm.	1997	9394614
transfection of malaria parasites.	the stable genetic transformation of three phylogenetically diverse species of plasmodium, the parasitic etiological agent of malaria, is now possible. the parasite is haploid throughout the vast majority of its life cycle. therefore with the single selectable marker activity and protocols currently available, it is possible not only to express introduced transgenes but also to study the effects of site-specific homologous recombination such as gene knockout. transgene expression will allow the ...	1997	9405197
gene targeting in malaria parasites.	gene targeting, which permits alteration of a chosen gene in a predetermined way by homologous recombination, is an emerging technology in malaria research. soon after the development of techniques for stable transformation of red blood cell stages of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei, genes of interest were disrupted in the two species. the main limitations of gene targeting in malaria parasites result from the intracellular growth and slow replication of these parasites. on the othe ...	1997	9405198
polyamine metabolism in various tissues during pathogenesis of chloroquine-susceptible and resistant malaria.	the pathophysiological impact of infections with chloroquine-susceptible (cqs) and chloroquine-resistant (cqr) strains of plasmodium berghei in mastomys natalensis was studied with respect to changes in polyamine profiles in various tissues. both cqs and cqr infections produced similar changes in polyamine profiles of various tissues. maximum increase was recorded in spleen followed by liver and lungs. renal, cardiac and cerebral tissues did not register significant changes. an increase in sperm ...	1997	9415968
n-acetyl penicillamine a protector of plasmodium berghei induced stress organ injury in mice.	n-acetyl penicillamine (nap), a derivative of penicillamine and copper chelator has been employed as a potential protector of host stress organ injury during plasmodium berghei infection in mice. intramuscular injection of nap (60 mg kg-1 body wt for 10 days) to p. berghei mice was able to restrict the hepato- and splenomegaly. the mortality rate of infected mice was decreased by 50% by nap. the decreased protein and lipid peroxidation and increased copper contents during p. berghei were almost ...	1997	9425620
antiplasmodial triterpene from vernonia brasiliana.	the hexane extract from leaves of vernonia brasiliana (l.) druce (compositae) was active in vitro against plasmodium falciparum and in vivo in mice infected with plasmodium berghei. this extract was subjected to a bioassay-guided fractionation protocol based on the in vitro model. lupeol was identified as a compound responsible for the activity, inhibiting the p.falciparum growth by 45% when tested at 25 micrograms/ml. however, this triterpene was inactive in vivo when 15 mg/kg were administered ...	1997	9434611
[synthesis and antimalarial activities of fluorenemethanols].	for the purpose of improving the oral antimalarial activities of the fluorenemethanols (reported by us in previous articles) which were less effective by oral than by subcutaneous administration, 24 alpha-(alkylaminomethyl)-2, 7-dichloro-9-substituted benzylidene-4-fluorenemethanols (iii) were synthesized. the results of preliminary screenings demonstrated that five compounds (no. 1-4, 8) exhibited significant antimalarial activities against plasmodium berghei nk65 strain in mice by oral adminis ...	1997	11596209
metabolism of diazepam and ethosuximide in rats with malaria and endotoxin-induced fever.	we have investigated the effects of malaria infection with rodent parasite plasmodium berghei and fever induced by escherischia coli endotoxin on the metabolism of diazepam to temazepam by rat liver microsomes, and on the clearance of ethosuximide in vivo in the rat. livers from malaria-infected (parasitaemia =36.8+/- 7.6% endotoxin-treated or saline-treated (control) rats (n=5 per treatment) were used to prepare microsomes. these were incubated with diazepam (10-600ū m) for 10 minutes in an nad ...	1996	17451291
[chemical and biological evaluation of the effect of plant extracts against plasmodium berghei].	extracts from thirteen species of plants were evaluated by "in vivo" antimalarial test against plasmodium berghei effects. significant activities were observed in the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts, elaborated of cedrela tonduzii leaves, trichilia havanensis and trichilia americana barks, neurolaena lobata and gliricidia sepium leaves and duranta repens fruits. compounds identified include flavanoids, coumarins, mellilotic acid and iridoids which some kind of biodynamic activity has previous ...	1996	9246360
temporary appearance of a circulating granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in lethal murine malaria.	infection of mice with plasmodium berghei engendered a temporary appearance of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) in the serum. the peak of gm-csf levels was detected at day 2 post-infection, and then gradually decreased. on the other hand, the number of committed stem cells for granulocytes and macrophages (cfu-gm) in bone marrow transiently decreased at day 2 post-infection, and then increased and peaked at day 6 post-infection. when the serum of p. berghei-infected mice ...	1996	9185264
nitric oxide synthase activity in malaria-infected mice.	nitric oxide (no) is implicated in a variety of major cellular functions including defence from invasion by microbical pathogens. evidence has been presented suggesting that it is an important mediator of protection in the early non-specific responses to malaria in mice infected with plasmodium chabaudi (taylor-robinson et al. 1993). other data from in vitro studies on the asexual stages of human parasite plasmodium falciparum indicated that while nitric oxide itself may not be inhibitory to par ...	1996	9226691
protection of rats against malaria by a transplanted immune spleen.	a number of reports have suggested that the spleen plays a key role in the regulation of immunity to malaria but the role, if any, of other tissues is less clear. furthermore, numerous functional changes occur in the spleen following malaria infection and it is not known whether the spleen's role relates primarily to its content of malaria-specific lymphocytes or to the altered structure and function that has occurred. to address these issues we have generated splenic chimeras by transplanting s ...	1996	9229385
synthesis and biological activity of platinum group metal complexes of o-vanillin thiosemicarbazones.	o-vanillin-(4-methylthiosemicarbazone), o-vanillin-(4-phenylthiosemicarbazone) and some of their metal complexes of the platinum group have been synthesized, characterized by chemical and spectral methods and studied for their antibacterial, antifungal and amoebicidal activity in vitro. the platinum group metal chelates exibited significant activity against a wide spectrum of microorganisms at different concentrations. the pt(ii) and ru(iii) chelates derived from o-vanillin-(4-phenylthiosemicarb ...	1996	9050213
cytotoxic t cell induction with ratchet peptide libraries.	immunization with synthetic peptides are used to induce cytotoxic t cell (ctl) responses in vivo. however, ctl peptide vaccines require the use of multiple peptides to overcome genetic diversity associated with mhc restriction, and prior epitope identification from the chosen protein template. we describe here a method whereby all nonamer sequences from a longer template can be synthesized simultaneously in a ratchet peptide library (rpl) covering all potential epitopes within a protein. we synt ...	1996	9032897
synthetic peptides entrapped in microparticles can elicit cytotoxic t cell activity.	peptides from plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (cs) and influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np) were entrapped in microparticles prepared from poly (lactide-co-glycolide) polymers, and the microparticles were administered parenterally to mice. after immunization with single or multiple doses, splenocytes were tested for a cytotoxic t cell (ctl) response and high levels of ctl activity were detected. the ctl induced were cd8+, mhc class i restricted, and could recognize virus infected cel ...	1996	9014294