Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| molecular methods for detecting and typing of clostridium difficile. | since the early 2000s, clostridium difficile has emerged as a major international pathogen. recently, strains of c. difficile in circulation appear to be changing, with greater diversity, leading to challenges for diagnostics and surveillance. currently molecular diagnostic methods are favoured for their high sensitivity and rapid processing times; however, a number of issues still exist with molecular tests, in particular high cost, low clinical specificity and failure to detect some variant c. ... | 2015 | 25719853 |
| differential immunodetection of toxin b from highly virulent clostridium difficile bi/nap-1/027. | we developed a simple immunoassay capable of differentially detecting toxin b from highly virulent strains of clostridium difficile (bi/nap-1/027) in stool. this assay can simultaneously confirm the presence of in vivo toxin production and provide strain-related information relevant to infection control epidemiology and disease prognosis. | 2015 | 25716449 |
| impact of sink location on hand hygiene compliance for clostridium difficile infection. | hand hygiene with soap and water after the care of a patient with clostridium difficile infection is essential to reduce nosocomial transmission in an outbreak situation. factors that may pose barriers to user completion of infection prevention measures, such as hand hygiene, are of interest. we undertook a quantitative study to evaluate the relationship between sink location and compliance with handwashing among health care workers and visitors in a surgical transplant unit. we found that place ... | 2015 | 25704256 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for clostridium difficile infection: focus on immunocompromised patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an emerging problem worldwide associated with significant morbidity, mortality, recurrence rates and healthcare costs. immunosuppressed patients, including hiv-seropositive individuals, solid organ transplant recipients, patients with malignancies, hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, and patients with inflammatory bowel disease are increasingly recognized as being at higher risk of developing cdi where it may be associated with significant comp ... | 2015 | 25703532 |
| toxin synthesis by clostridium difficile is regulated through quorum signaling. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is dramatically increasing as a cause of antibiotic- and hospital-associated diarrhea worldwide. c. difficile, a multidrug-resistant pathogen, flourishes in the colon after the gut microbiota has been altered by antibiotic therapy. consequently, it produces toxins a and b that directly cause disease. despite the enormous public health problem posed by this pathogen, the molecular mechanisms that regulate production of the toxins, which are directly responsib ... | 2015 | 25714717 |
| high-throughput analysis of gene essentiality and sporulation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated intestinal infections and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. infection with c. difficile requires disruption of the intestinal microbiota, most commonly by antibiotic usage. therapeutic intervention largely relies on a small number of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which further exacerbate intestinal dysbiosis and leave the patient acutely sensitive to reinfection. development of novel targeted therapeutic interven ... | 2015 | 25714712 |
| burden of clostridium difficile infection in the united states. | the magnitude and scope of clostridium difficile infection in the united states continue to evolve. | 2015 | 25714160 |
| is combination therapy for carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae the new standard of care? | carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae causes serious nosocomial infections and therapeutic options are limited. there is increasing evidence suggesting that combination antibiotic therapy is more effective than monotherapy and leads to better outcomes. however, questions remain about which regimen is optimal and how to balance the potential benefits of combination therapy versus the risks and possible complications (e.g., toxicity, increased costs, clostridium difficile infection). well-des ... | 2015 | 25711690 |
| separating the microbiome from the hyperbolome. | microbiome-based therapies are moving quickly towards the clinic, with successes including fecal microbial transplants for recurring clostridium difficile, hints of new antibiotics to come, and possible new microbial biomarkers for common complex diseases. can the microbiome live up to its hype? | 2015 | 25709718 |
| refractory clostridium difficile infection cured with fecal microbiota transplantation in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus colonized patient. | the rates and severity of clostridium difficile infections, including pseudomembranous colitis, have increased markedly. however, there are few effective treatments for refractory or recurrent c. difficile infections and the outcomes are poor. fecal microbiota transplantation is becoming increasingly accepted as an effective and safe intervention in patients with recurrent disease, likely due to the restoration of a disrupted microbiome. cure rates of >90% are being consistently reported from mu ... | 2015 | 25691847 |
| case-control comparison of bacterial and protozoan microorganisms associated with gastroenteritis: application of molecular detection. | the introduction of molecular detection of infectious organisms has led to increased numbers of positive findings, as observed for pathogens causing gastroenteritis (ge). however, because little is known about the prevalence of these pathogens in the healthy asymptomatic population, the clinical value of these additional findings is unclear. a case-control study was carried out in a population of patients served by general practitioners in the netherlands. a total of 2710 fecal samples from case ... | 2015 | 25700890 |
| genomic diversity of clostridium difficile strains. | approaches to exploring clostridium difficile genomic diversity have ranged from molecular typing methods to use of comparative genome microarrays and whole genome sequence comparisons. the c. difficile population structure is clonal and distributed into six clades, which correlate well with mlst sts (multilocus sequence types) and pcr ribotypes. however, toxigenic strains and strains with increased virulence are distributed throughout several clades. here we summarize studies on c. difficile ge ... | 2015 | 25700631 |
| clostridium difficile infection: a serbian single-center experience. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. severity of cdi is associated with advanced age and co-morbidities. the clinical spectrum varies from mild watery diarrhea to severe fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with complications. | 2015 | 25699487 |
| risk factors and clinical outcomes of candidaemia in patients treated for clostridium difficile infection. | the alterations occurring in the intestinal flora during clostridium difficile infection (cdi) may promote the translocation of candida to the blood and the development of candidaemia. the aim of our study was to analyse clinical findings of these patients to determine the risk factors associated with the development of candidaemia subsequent to cdi. we compared 35 patients with candidaemia subsequent to cdi with 105 patients with cdi. patients with candidaemia showed more severe infections and ... | 2015 | 25698658 |
| perspectives on lantibiotic discovery - where have we failed and what improvements are required? | the increasing resistance of bacteria to conventional antimicrobial therapy within both the nosocomial and community environment has enforced the urgent requirement for the discovery of novel agents. this has stimulated increased research efforts within the field of lantibiotic discovery. lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesised, post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptides that exhibit antimicrobial activity against a range of multi-drug-resistant (mdr) bacteria. the success of these ag ... | 2015 | 25697059 |
| ambush of clostridium difficile spores by ramoplanin: activity in an in vitro model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a gastrointestinal disease caused by c. difficile, a spore-forming bacterium that in its spore form is tolerant to standard antimicrobials. ramoplanin is a glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic that is active against c. difficile with mics ranging from 0.25 to 0.50 μg/ml. the activity of ramoplanin against the spores of c. difficile has not been well characterized; such activity, however, may hold promise, since posttreatment residual intraluminal spores are l ... | 2015 | 25691641 |
| impact of clostridium difficile recurrence on hospital readmissions. | the impact of recurrent clostridium difficile infections (cdis) on hospital readmissions is unknown. the objective of this study was to determine whether recurrent cdi was independently associated with the number of hospital readmissions and days readmitted. | 2015 | 25690876 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with cancer undergoing treatment. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a technique used to restore the normal body flora to the gut in cases of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). it involves instillation of the stool of a healthy donor through a nasogastric tube or colonoscopy into the gastrointestinal tract of the patient. more research is needed to determine the parameters of fmt use in patients with cancer. | 2015 | 25689657 |
| risk factors for systemic vancomycin exposure following administration of oral vancomycin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | to identify risk factors for systemic exposure to vancomycin (van) following administration of oral vancomycin (pov) for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2015 | 25689243 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection--reply. | 2015 | 25688788 | |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25688787 | |
| the recombinant lactococcus lactis oral vaccine induces protection against c. difficile spore challenge in a mouse model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) causes nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in the developed world. two potent cytotoxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) are the virulence factors of this disease and can be a good vaccine candidate against cdi. in the present study, we genetically engineered lactococcus lactis to express the nontoxic, recombinant fragments derived from tcda and tcdb c-terminal receptor binding domains (tcd-ac and tcd-bc) as an oral vaccine candidate. th ... | 2015 | 25698490 |
| the potential of probiotics to prevent clostridium difficile infection. | exposure to antibiotics is the major risk factor for clostridium difficile diarrhea (cdd), suggesting that impairment of colonization resistance due to depletion of the gut flora is a significant underlying disease susceptibility factor. many properties of probiotic organisms indicate that they may be able to replenish the depleted gut flora and restore colonization resistance. however, despite numerous clinical trials, the evidence base for probiotics in the prevention of cdd remains weak. a re ... | 2015 | 25677707 |
| pulsed faecal microbiota transplantation for recalcitrant recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25658573 | |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infection is associated with increased mortality. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are associated with decreased survival, and up to 30% of cdi patients may experience a recurrence. data on the impact of recurrent cdi on mortality are scarce. the purpose of this study was to determine whether recurrent cdi was independently associated with decreased 6-month survival compared with patients with cdi who did not develop a recurrence. we performed a retrospective cohort study at an academic, urban, tertiary care hospital. data were collected ... | 2015 | 25658560 |
| the morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of infectious health care-associated diarrhea and is a major burden to patients and the health care system. the incidence and severity of cdi remain at historically high levels. this article reviews the morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with cdi. | 2015 | 25677706 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for the management of clostridium difficile infection. | this article discusses the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). the disruption of the normal gut microbiota is central to the pathogenesis of cdi, and disruption persists in recurrent disease. the use of fmt for recurrent cdi is characterized by a high response rate and short term safety is excellent, although the long-term effects of fmt are as yet unknown. | 2015 | 25677705 |
| is the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms changing in canadian hospitals? comparison of point-prevalence survey results in 2010 and 2012. | a national point-prevalence survey for infection or colonization with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre), and for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) was done in canadian hospitals in 2010. a follow-up survey was done in november 2012 to determine whether there were any changes in the prevalence of these organisms; we also determined the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae, and carbapenem-re ... | 2015 | 25677630 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection in the united kingdom. | faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been shown to be highly effective in treating recurrent clostridium difficile infection, but to date there have been no data from the united kingdom. an electronic survey was developed at portsmouth hospitals' national health service (nhs) trust and sent out to uk hospital specialists utilizing the contact databases of the british infection association and the royal college of gastroenterologists. a total of 162 responses were received, representing ne ... | 2015 | 25677629 |
| potential role of post-transplant hypogammaglobulinemia in the risk of clostridium difficile infection after kidney transplantation: a case-control study. | to identify reversible risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) after kidney transplantation (kt) that could lead to a reduction in its incidence and associated complications. | 2015 | 25676130 |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 emerges in taiwan. | clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 is a hypervirulent strain that has caused significant nosocomial diarrhea in many countries but has not yet been reported or isolated in taiwan previously. here, we present the characteristics of a case of c. difficile pcr ribotype 027 identified in taiwan. taiwan is located in a key transportation center of asia. this report is important for alerting hospitals and public health departments in asia about the emergence of this hypervirulent strain so that cl ... | 2015 | 25672348 |
| synergistic inhibition of clostridium difficile with nisin-lysozyme combination treatment. | clostridium difficile vegetative cells were not inhibited completely after a 120-min treatment with 40 nm nisin or 0.8 mm lysozyme. however, these cells were completely inhibited after only a 30-min incubation with both 20 nm nisin and 0.2 mm lysozyme. | 2015 | 25863312 |
| the use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for genotyping of clostridium difficile. | genotyping approaches are important for tracking infectious agents and can be used for various purposes. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is among the highly discriminatory genotyping approaches commonly used for characterizing clostridium difficile. other genotyping methods used for c. difficile include ribotyping, restriction endonuclease assay (rea), multilocus variable number tandem repeats (vntr) assay, and others. pfge has a high discriminatory power, high reproducibility, and typea ... | 2015 | 25862051 |
| interaction of the clostridium difficile binary toxin cdt and its host cell receptor, lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (lsr). | cdt (clostridium difficile transferase) is a binary, actin adp-ribosylating toxin frequently associated with hypervirulent strains of the human enteric pathogen c. difficile, the most serious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. cdt leads to the collapse of the actin cytoskeleton and, eventually, to cell death. low doses of cdt result in the formation of microtubule-based protrusions on the cell surface that increase the adherence and colonization of c. difficile ... | 2015 | 25882847 |
| clinical characterization and risk factors of clostridium difficile infection in elderly patients in a chinese hospital. | clostridium difficile is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea, especially in elderly patients. this study aimed to analyze the clinical features and assess the risk factors associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in elderly hospitalized patients. | 2015 | 25881527 |
| clostridium difficile in western romania: unfavourable outcome predictors in a hospital for infectious diseases. | the recent emergence of clostridium difficile infections has included this condition among top nosocomial infections, due to its incidence, complications and important fatality, as well as to significant economic costs. | 2015 | 25881288 |
| a randomised phase 1 study to investigate safety, pharmacokinetics and impact on gut microbiota following single and multiple oral doses in healthy male subjects of smt19969, a novel agent for clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a leading cause of diarrhoea in health care settings with symptoms ranging from mild and self-limiting to life threatening. smt19969 is a novel, non-absorbable antibiotic currently under development for the treatment of cdi. here we report the results from a phase i study. | 2015 | 25880933 |
| stress ulcer prophylaxis in the intensive care unit: an international survey of 97 units in 11 countries. | stress ulcer prophylaxis (sup) may decrease the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients in the intensive care unit (icu), but the risk of infection may be increased. in this study, we aimed to describe sup practices in adult icus. we hypothesised that patient selection for sup varies both within and between countries. | 2015 | 25880349 |
| high mortality risk in chronic kidney disease and end stage kidney disease patients with clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the mortality risk in patients with chronic kidney diseases (ckd) and end stage renal disease (esrd) requiring dialysis with clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2015 | 25879082 |
| sanitary status and incidence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile within canadian hotel rooms. | the study described in this article aimed at establishing a baseline assessment of the sanitary status of ice and guest rooms within canadian hotels. collectively, 54 hotel rooms belonging to six different national chains were sampled. high-contact surfaces (comforter, alarm clock, bedside lamp, tv remote, bathroom countertop, faucet, and toilet seat) were sampled using adenosine triphosphate (atp) swabs and replicate organism detection and counting plates. atp swab readings ranged from 2.12 to ... | 2015 | 25876260 |
| toward a true bacteriotherapy for clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25875262 | |
| burden of clostridium difficile infection on hospital readmissions and its potential impact under the hospital readmission reduction program. | both clostridium [corrected] difficile infection (cdi) rates in hospitals and interest in reducing 30-day readmission rates have increased dramatically in the united states. the objective of this study was to characterize the burden of cdi on 30-day hospital readmissions at a tertiary care health-system. | 2015 | 25838133 |
| induced sporicidal activity of chlorhexidine against clostridium difficile spores under altered physical and chemical conditions. | chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial commonly used to disinfect the skin of patients to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections. because chlorhexidine is not sporicidal, it is not anticipated that it would have an impact on skin contamination with clostridium difficile, the most important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. however, although chlorhexidine is not sporicidal as it is used in healthcare settings, it has been reported to kill spores of bacillus species un ... | 2015 | 25861057 |
| genome resequencing of the virulent and multidrug-resistant reference strain clostridium difficile 630. | we resequenced the complete genome of the virulent and multidrug-resistant pathogen clostridium difficile strain 630. a combination of single-molecule real-time and illumina sequencing technology revealed the presence of an additional rrna gene cluster, additional trnas, and the absence of a transposon in comparison to the published and reannotated genome sequence. | 2015 | 25858846 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection: results of a hospital-based study in krakow, poland. | over the past two decades clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has appeared as a major public health threat. we performed a retrospective study based on the records of patients hospitalized for cdi at the university hospital in krakow, poland, between 2008 and 2014. in the study period, cdi occurred in 1009 individuals. there were 790 (78%) individuals who developed infection only once, whereas 219 (22%) developed infection more than once. the percentage of deaths within 14 days of cdi confirma ... | 2015 | 25858553 |
| contamination of the hospital environment from potential clostridium difficile excretors without active infection. | clostridium difficile was recovered from 33 (34%) of 98 rooms of patients who were excretors compared with 36 (49%) of 73 rooms of patients with active infection. not all laboratory algorithms can distinguish between these 2 groups, yet both may be a significant source for ongoing transmission. | 2015 | 25857829 |
| clinical and economic impact of empirical extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam in a community medical center. | current medical center practice allows for the automatic conversion of all piperacillin/tazobactam orders from intermittent to extended infusion (ei). | 2015 | 25855703 |
| frozen encapsulated stool in recurrent clostridium difficile: exploring the role of pills in the treatment hierarchy of fecal microbiota transplant nonresponders. | 2015 | 25853204 | |
| the microbiota and microbiome in aging: potential implications in health and age-related diseases. | advances in bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing allow for characterization of the human commensal bacterial community (microbiota) and its corresponding genome (microbiome). surveys of healthy adults reveal that a signature composite of bacteria characterizes each unique body habitat (e.g., gut, skin, oral cavity, vagina). a myriad of clinical changes, including a basal proinflammatory state (inflamm-aging), that directly interface with the microbiota of older adults and enhance susceptib ... | 2015 | 25851728 |
| rapid, accurate, and on-site detection of c. difficile in stool samples. | a rapid test to diagnose clostridium difficile infection (cdi) on hospital wards could minimize common but critical diagnostic delay. field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (faims) is a portable mass spectrometry instrument that quickly analyses the chemical composition of gaseous mixtures (e.g., above a stool sample). can faims accurately distinguish c. difficile-positive from -negative stool samples? | 2015 | 25823766 |
| infections and antimicrobial use among institutionalized residents in hungary: increasing need of microbiological surveillance. | as a result of the age-related changes, more elders live in long-term care facilities (ltcfs). due to their susceptibility, infections and excess use of antimicrobials are common. the aim was to estimate the burden of infections and antimicrobial use in hungarian ltcfs in order to increase the attention given to the prevention. european-wide point prevalence survey was conducted between april and may 2013. for each resident who had a signs and symptoms of an infection and/or treated with an anti ... | 2015 | 25823452 |
| saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of hospital onset clostridium difficile infection. | probiotics, including saccharomyces boulardii, have been advocated for the prevention of clostridium difficile infection. the aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of the removal of s. boulardii from an automatic antibiotic order set and hospital formulary on hospital onset c. difficile infection rates. | 2015 | 25822430 |
| the economic impact of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. | with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) on the rise, knowledge of the current economic burden of cdi can inform decisions on interventions related to cdi. we systematically reviewed cdi cost-of-illness (coi) studies. | 2015 | 25848925 |
| euroscore is a predictor of postoperative pericardial effusion following heart transplantation. | pericardial effusion is an early complication following orthotopic heart transplantation. effusion that requires surgical intervention not only prolongs in-hospital stay but also increases early mortality rate. euroscore is one of the most common methods for calculating predictive mortality in heart surgery. | 2015 | 25847682 |
| [clostridium difficile colitis]. | c. difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic enteropathogen responsible for a wide range of clinical features ranging from mild uncomplicated diarrhoea to severe debilitating disease, toxic megacolon, or even perforation and sometimes death. risk factors for c. difficile infection (cdi) include age > 65 years, previous hospitalization and recent antibiotic therapy. main virulence factors of c. difficile are toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb). since 2005, a new hypervirulent strain has emerged. this epide ... | 2015 | 25842418 |
| highlighting clinical needs in clostridium difficile infection: the views of european healthcare professionals at the front line. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhoea in europe. despite increased focus, its incidence and severity are increasing in many european countries. | 2015 | 25842241 |
| the epidemiology and economic burden of clostridium difficile infection in korea. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection and the associated burden have recently increased in many countries. while the main risk factors for c. difficile infection include old age and antibiotic use, the prevalence of this infection is increasing in low-risk groups. these trends highlight the need for research on c. difficile infection. this study pointed out the prevalence and economic burden of c. difficile infection and uses the representative national data which is primarily from t ... | 2015 | 25821807 |
| complete genome sequence of the hypervirulent bacterium clostridium difficile strain g46, ribotype 027. | clostridium difficile is one of the leading causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in health care facilities worldwide. here, we report the genome sequence of c. difficile strain g46, ribotype 027, isolated from an outbreak in glamorgan, wales, in 2006. | 2015 | 25814591 |
| infectious diseases society of america or american college of gastroenterology guidelines for treatment of clostridium difficile infection: which one to follow? | 2015 | 25812639 | |
| proton pump inhibition may promote clostridium difficile recurrences. | 2015 | 25812637 | |
| evaluation of the qiagen artus c. difficile qs-rgq kit for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in clinical stool specimens. | we compared the qiagen artus c. difficile qs-rgq kit, a new nucleic acid amplification test for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins in stool specimens, with the cepheid xpert c. difficile test. the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the qiagen artus c. difficile qs-rgq test were 100%, 89.5%, 60.9%, and 100%, and those for the cepheid xpert c. difficile test were 100%, 90%, 62.2%, and 100%, respectively. | 2015 | 25809977 |
| exposure to gastric acid-suppression therapy is associated with health care- and community-associated clostridium difficile infection in children. | the aim of the study was to determine whether gastric acid-suppression therapy is associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in both inpatient and outpatient pediatric populations. | 2015 | 25806678 |
| insight into alteration of gut microbiota in clostridium difficile infection and asymptomatic c. difficile colonization. | clostridium difficile is well recognized as the common pathogen of nosocomial diarrhea, meanwhile, asymptomatic colonization with c. difficile in part of the population has also drawn public attention. although gut microbiota is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of c. difficile infection (cdi), whether there is any alteration of gut microbial composition in asymptomatic c. difficile carriers hasn't been clearly described. the purpose of this study was to explore the differences ... | 2015 | 25817005 |
| multiplex gastrointestinal pathogen panels: implications for infection control. | in the acute care hospital inpatient setting, there is a wide variety of causes for both infectious and noninfectious diarrhea. however, without molecular assays for the wide range of agents causing gastroenteritis, there is no reliable way to determine which individuals should be placed in contact precautions, as recommended by cdc. we tested 158 inpatient diarrheal stool specimens with the filmarray gi panel (biofire diagnostics, salt lake city, ut, usa) that had been stored at -70°c after tes ... | 2015 | 25796558 |
| a universal mariner transposon system for forward genetic studies in the genus clostridium. | dna transposons represent an essential tool in the armoury of the molecular microbiologist. we previously developed a catp-based mini transposon system for clostridium difficile in which the expression of the transposase gene was dependent on a sigma factor unique to c. difficile, tcdr. here we have shown that the host range of the transposon is easily extended through the rapid chromosomal insertion of the tcdr gene at the pyre locus of the intended clostridial target using allele-coupled excha ... | 2015 | 25836262 |
| fecal microbiota transplant to treat recurrent clostridium difficile infections. | the prevalence of recurrent or refractory clostridium difficile infection has been steadily increasing since 2000. consequently, alternative treatments to the standard antibiotic therapies are now being considered. one alternative treatment is fecal microbiota transplant. although fecal microbiota transplant is relatively new--and not appealing to most people--it has been around for many years and has great promise as an inexpensive, safe, and efficient treatment of refractory and recurrent c di ... | 2015 | 25834008 |
| regional differences in clostridium difficile infections in relation to fluoroquinolone and proton pump inhibitor use, finland, 2008-2011. | several antimicrobial agents and proton pump inhibitors (ppis) have been identified as risk factors for clostridium difficile infections (cdis). nationwide laboratory-based surveillance of cdis in finland since 2008 has shown variation in regional cdi rates. we evaluated whether regional differences in cdi rates were associated with antibacterial and ppi use. | 2015 | 25832317 |
| editorial commentary: clostridium difficile ribotype 027: an intrinsically virulent strain, but clinical virulence remains to be determined at the bedside. | 2015 | 25828996 | |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027: relationship to age, detectability of toxins a or b in stool with rapid testing, severe infection, and mortality. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) can cause severe disease and death, especially in older adults. a better understanding of risk factors for adverse outcomes is needed. this study tests the hypotheses that infection with specific ribotypes and presence of stool toxins independently associate with severity and constructs predictive models of adverse outcomes. | 2015 | 25828993 |
| proton-pump inhibitor exposure aggravates clostridium difficile-associated colitis: evidence from a mouse model. | clostridium difficile is currently the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. in addition to the infection due to toxigenic c. difficile in the gastrointestinal tract of susceptible hosts, other predisposing factors for c. difficile infection (cdi) are identified, including advanced age, a prolonged hospital stay, and use of acid-suppressive drugs. of note, exposure to gastric acid-reducing agents, such as h2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors (ppis), remains a controver ... | 2015 | 25805751 |
| a modified r-type bacteriocin specifically targeting clostridium difficile prevents colonization of mice without affecting gut microbiota diversity. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide and has become an urgent public health threat requiring immediate attention. epidemic lineages of the bi/nap1/027 strain type have emerged and spread through health care systems across the globe over the past decade. limiting person-to-person transmission and eradicating c. difficile, especially the bi/nap1/027 strain type, from health care facilities are difficult due to the abundant shedding of spores that are impervio ... | 2015 | 25805733 |
| structure and function of a clostridium difficile sortase enzyme. | sortase enzymes are responsible for covalent anchoring of specific proteins to the peptidoglycan of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. in some gram-positive bacteria (e.g. staphylococcus aureus), sortases have been found to be essential for pathogenesis and their inhibitors are under development as potential novel therapeutics. here we provide the first report on the structural characterisation of the c. difficile sortase. an active site mutant was crystallised and its structure determined ... | 2015 | 25801974 |
| dynamic changes in short- and long-term bacterial composition following fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an effective treatment for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) that often fails standard antibiotic therapy. despite its widespread recent use, however, little is known about the stability of the fecal microbiota following fmt. | 2015 | 25825673 |
| [fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent clostridium difficile infections. framework and pharmaceutical preparation aspects]. | the fecal microbiota transplantation consists in introducing a preparation constituted by a dilution of stools of a healthy donor in the digestive tract of a patient recipient, to restore his intestinal physiological balance. this therapeutic approach was the subject of numerous studies showing its efficiency in the treatment of the recurrent infections with clostridium difficile. the fecal microbiota transplantation has now a high level of clinical evidence, which explains that it appears in va ... | 2015 | 25825054 |
| berberine blocks the relapse of clostridium difficile infection in c57bl/6 mice after standard vancomycin treatment. | vancomycin is a preferred antibiotic for treating clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and has been associated with a rate of recurrence of cdi of as high as 20% in treated patients. recent studies have suggested that berberine, an alternative medical therapy for gastroenteritis and diarrhea, exhibits several beneficial effects, including induction of anti-inflammatory responses and restoration of the intestinal barrier function. this study investigated the therapeutic effects of berberine on p ... | 2015 | 25824219 |
| outcomes of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized leukemia patients: a nationwide analysis. | background the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased among hospitalized patients and is a common complication of leukemia. we investigated the risks for and outcomes of cdi in hospitalized leukemia patients. methods adults with a primary diagnosis of leukemia were extracted from the united states nationwide inpatient sample database, 2005-2011. the primary outcomes of interest were cdi incidence, cdi-associated mortality, length of stay (los), and charges. in a seconda ... | 2015 | 25801085 |
| antimicrobial activity of bismuth subsalicylate on clostridium difficile, escherichia coli o157:h7, norovirus, and other common enteric pathogens. | previous studies have shown bismuth subsalicylate (bss) has antimicrobial properties, but few studies have addressed the mechanism of action. furthermore, following bss ingestion other bismuth salts form throughout the gastrointestinal tract including bismuth oxychloride (biocl) that also act upon enteric pathogens. to further understand the antimicrobial activity of bismuth in infectious diarrhea, the antimicrobial effect of bss and biocl on clostridium difficile, salmonella, shigella, shiga to ... | 2015 | 25901890 |
| a combination of three fully human toxin a- and toxin b-specific monoclonal antibodies protects against challenge with highly virulent epidemic strains of clostridium difficile in the hamster model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the principal cause of nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy. recent increases in the number of outbreaks attributed to highly virulent antibiotic-resistant strains underscore the importance of identifying efficacious alternatives to antibiotics to control this infection. cdi is mediated by two large exotoxins, toxins a and b. strong humoral toxin-specific immune responses are associated with recovery and a la ... | 2015 | 25924765 |
| identification of recurrent clostridium difficile infection using administrative codes: accuracy and implications for surveillance. | to develop an algorithm using administrative codes, laboratory data, and medication data to identify recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and to examine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and performance of this algorithm. | 2015 | 25924718 |
| high molecular weight typing with maldi-tof ms - a novel method for rapid typing of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile strains were typed by a newly developed maldi-tof method, high molecular weight typing, and compared to pcr ribotyping. among 500 isolates representing 59 pcr ribotypes a total of 35 high molecular weight types could be resolved. although less discriminatory than pcr ribotyping, the method is extremely fast and simple, and supports for cost-effective screening of isolates during outbreak situations. | 2015 | 25923527 |
| infectious disease outbreaks and increased complexity of care. | this study examined the effects of healthcare-associated infectious disease outbreaks on nurses' work in a large acute care hospital in ontario, canada. | 2015 | 25922983 |
| the clostridium difficile protease cwp84 modulates both biofilm formation and cell-surface properties. | clostridium difficile is responsible for 15-20% of antibiotic-associated diarrheas, and nearly all cases of pseudomembranous colitis. among the cell wall proteins involved in the colonization process, cwp84 is a protease that cleaves the s-layer protein slpa into two subunits. a cwp84 mutant was previously shown to be affected for in vitro growth but not in its virulence in a hamster model. in this study, the cwp84 mutant elaborated biofilms with increased biomass compared with the parental stra ... | 2015 | 25922949 |
| surveillance of clostridium difficile infections in a long-term care psychogeriatric facility: outbreak analysis and policy improvement. | following an exceptionally high clostridium difficile infections (cdi) incidence (spring 2011) in a psychogeriatric long-term care facility, a bidirectional study (2009-2012) was initiated to identify determinants (retrospectively) and to assess intervention measures taken (prospectively). | 2015 | 25922669 |
| lactobacillus species: taxonomic complexity and controversial susceptibilities. | the genus lactobacillus is a taxonomically complex and is composed of over 170 species that cannot be easily differentiated phenotypically and often require molecular identification. although they are part of the normal human gastrointestinal and vaginal flora, they can also be occasional human pathogens. they are extensively used in a variety of commercial products including probiotics. their antimicrobial susceptibilities are poorly defined in part because of their taxonomic complexity and are ... | 2015 | 25922408 |
| differences of the fecal microflora with clostridium difficile therapies. | during treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), patterns of pathogen reduction in relationship to changes in components of the normal microbiota are hypothesized to be predictive of response to treatment and subsequent sustained cure. | 2015 | 25922407 |
| determining the long-term effect of antibiotic administration on the human normal intestinal microbiota using culture and pyrosequencing methods. | the purpose of the study was to assess the effect of ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily for 10 days) or clindamycin (150 mg 4 times daily for 10 days) on the fecal microbiota of healthy humans for a period of 1 year as compared to placebo. two different methods, culture and microbiome analysis, were used. fecal samples were collected for analyses at 6 time-points. the interval needed for the normal microbiota to be normalized after ciprofloxacin or clindamycin treatment differed for various bacte ... | 2015 | 25922405 |
| clostridium difficile infection in long-term care facilities: a call to action for antimicrobial stewardship. | across the united states, the baby boomers are entering into their elderly years. as they are america's largest generation to do so to date, their need for care will greatly affect nursing homes, long-term care facilities, and long-term acute-care hospitals (ltachs). unfortunately, the rise of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), particularly in extended-care facilities, might become the biggest obstacle in their care. elderly extended-care-facility residents are at an elevated risk of cdi sim ... | 2015 | 25922404 |
| current trends in the epidemiology and outcomes of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified cause of nosocomial diarrhea and has been associated with epidemics of diarrhea in hospitals and long-term care facilities. the continued increase in c. difficile infection (cdi) suggests that it has surpassed other pathogens in causing healthcare-associated infections. the centers for disease control and prevention recently identified cdi as an "urgent threat" in its recent report on antibiotic resistance threats in the united states, high ... | 2015 | 25922403 |
| pathway to prevention of nosocomial clostridium difficile infection. | to address the significant morbidity and mortality rates associated with nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), a series of recommendations and a pathway to prevention were developed. | 2015 | 25922401 |
| clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized hiv-infected individuals: epidemiology and risk factors: results from a case-control study (2002-2013). | hiv infection is a risk factor for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) yet the immune deficiency predisposing to cdi is not well understood, despite an increasing incidence of cdi among such individuals. we aimed to estimate the incidence and to evaluate the risk factors of cdi among an hiv cohort in italy. | 2015 | 25899507 |
| oral teicoplanin (targocid) and intestinal clostridium difficile infection. just another option. | 2015 | 25897455 | |
| clostridium difficile infection in the united states: a national study assessing preventive practices used and perceptions of practice evidence. | we surveyed 571 us hospitals about practices used to prevent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). most hospitals reported regularly using key cdi prevention practices, and perceived their strength of evidence as high. the largest discrepancy between regular use and perceived evidence strength occurred with antimicrobial stewardship programs. | 2015 | 25896321 |
| a new approach to recognition of clostridium difficile infections with community onset. | 2015 | 25895635 | |
| fecal transplantation to treat initial severe clostridium difficile infection with sepsis. | 2015 | 25895282 | |
| fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent clostridium difficile infection after peripheral autologous stem cell transplant for diffuse large b-cell lymphoma. | 2015 | 25893454 | |
| identification of patients at high risk for clostridium difficile infection: development and validation of a risk prediction model in hospitalized patients treated with antibiotics. | to develop and validate a prediction model for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in hospitalized patients treated with systemic antibiotics, we performed a case-cohort study in a tertiary (derivation) and secondary care hospital (validation). cases had a positive clostridium test and were treated with systemic antibiotics before suspicion of cdi. controls were randomly selected from hospitalized patients treated with systemic antibiotics. potential predictors were selected from the literatur ... | 2015 | 25889357 |
| prevalence and management of antibiotic associated diarrhea in general hospitals. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) is a common adverse effect of antibiotic (ab) treatment. this study aimed to measure the overall prevalence of aad (including mild to moderate diarrhea) in hospitalized ab treated patients, to investigate associated risk factors and to document aad associated diagnostic investigations, contamination control and treatment. | 2015 | 25888351 |
| risk factors associated with lower defecation frequency in hospitalized older adults: a case control study. | constipation is highly prevalent in older adults and may be associated with greater frequency of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). we investigated the prevalence of lower defecation frequency (df) and risk factors (including aecopd) associated with lower df among hospitalized elderly patients. | 2015 | 25887756 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile infection among solid organ transplant recipients: a meta-analysis of published studies. | several factors including antibiotic use, immunosuppression and frequent hospitalizations make solid organ transplant (sot) recipients vulnerable to clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we conducted a meta-analysis of published studies from 1991-2014 to estimate the prevalence of cdi in this patient population. we searched pubmed, embase and google scholar databases. among the 75,940 retrieved citations, we found 30 studies coded from 35 articles that were relevant to our study. based on these ... | 2015 | 25886133 |
| identification of toxemia in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | toxemia can develop in clostridium difficile-infected animals, and correlates with severe and fulminant disease outcomes. circumstantial evidence suggests that toxemia may occur in patients with c. difficile infection (cdi), but positive diagnosis is extremely rare. we analyzed the potential for c. difficile toxemia in patients, determined its characteristics, and assessed challenges. c. difficile toxins in serum from patients were tested using an ultrasensitive cell-based assay and further conf ... | 2015 | 25885671 |