Publications

uptake of influenza vaccination by patients with serious cardiac disease.		1989	2506971
brain stem death and organ donation.	organs for donation are in short supply in the united kingdom, resulting in allegations that relatives of potential donors are not being asked for consent. legislation on "required request" has been proposed to overcome this. the incidence, causes, complications, and patterns of organ donation in brain stem dead patients in one referral centre were studied over 12 months. data were collected on all patients fulfilling criteria for brain stem death or considered suitable for donating organs after ...	1989	2511940
monitoring the prevalence of hiv.	britain's department of health has proposed a program of extensive human immunodeficiecy virus (hiv) testing of unlinked anonymous blood samples from patients in a variety of health care settings in england and wales. the program's aim is to provide estimates of the prevalence of hiv infection in the population, and of the rate of change of prevalence estimates over time. this information will be used to target prevention campaigns to high-risk populations, and to determine future allocations ...	1989	2513926
clinical manifestations of human parvovirus b19 in adults.	human parvovirus b19 has been associated with various clinical effects in a number of uncontrolled reports. to define the usual manifestations of b19 infection in adults and the factors that influence them we present a clinicoepidemiological study of an outbreak of b19 infection centered on a junior school. four hundred fifty-three of 475 adults in this community were interviewed and blood was obtained for serological diagnosis. fifty-four cases of recent infection were identified and were hla t ...	1989	2541666
epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 3 in england and wales over a ten-year period.	we have analysed data on respiratory syncytial (rs) and parainfluenza type 3 (pf3) viruses reported to the communicable disease surveillance centre, london, over the period 1978-87. these confirm the annual winter epidemic of rs virus and show that, in england and wales, pf3 is a summer infection with regular yearly epidemics.	1989	2544442
human papillomavirus type 31 infection of the uterine cervix in england.	a total of 452 uterine cervical scrapes, from two centres in england, has been examined by dot blot hybridisation for the presence of human papilloma virus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31. hpv dna was found in 36.5% samples. twenty-nine of the women were infected with more than one type. of those with detectable hpv, 14.5% had hpv type 31 infections. this type appears to cause significant infection of the genital tract in england.	1989	2545788
group c rotavirus infections in patients with diarrhea in thailand, nepal, and england.	atypical rotavirus obtained from fecal specimens of six patients with diarrhea from thailand, nepal, and england were characterized by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune electron microscopy. the electropherotypes were characteristic of the porcine reference group c rotavirus strain but demonstrated considerable strain-to-strain variation. human convalescent group c sera had a high titer (1:320) when tested against the human isolates and a low titer (1:40) when tested against a p ...	1989	2547880
erythema infectiosum in a primary school: investigation of an outbreak in bury.	between january and april 1987, 97 of 302 (32%) children attending a primary school in bury, lancashire, were affected by an exanthematous illness. the duration and extent of the episode caused considerable local interest and anxiety. examination of 6 serum specimens obtained during the subsequent investigation demonstrated evidence of recent human parvovirus b19 infection in 3 children and 1 teacher. no evidence of recent rubella virus infection was found. the investigation of the episode is di ...	1989	2552489
london general practitioners' involvement with hiv infection.	a total of 2510 general practitioners in the london postal districts were circulated with a questionnaire about their involvement with patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection--1261 (50%) replies could be analysed. over half of the respondents had at least one patients who was hiv seropositive and most felt confident to handle such patients' psychosocial problems. although almost 60% of doctors had attended at least one postgraduate teaching session on the acquired immune defic ...	1989	2556542
conservative management of an echovirus 11 outbreak in a neonatal unit.	two babies in a neonatal unit presented on the same day with meningitis due to echovirus 11, which was thought to have been introduced by staff. at this time echovirus 11 was also isolated from the stools of eight other babies; five of them did not have signs of infection. no intervention was made except to emphasise the importance of handwashing. there was evidence of secondary spread to two babies who were both clinically well. the attack rate was twelve (29%) of forty-one babies exposed. seve ...	1989	2564069
relation between infection with a subtype of hpv16 and cervical neoplasia.	a variant (hpv16b) of the previously described human papillomavirus (hpv)16 (now called hpv16a) has been identified by polymerase chain reaction assays. compared with hpv16a, hpv16b has a 21bp deletion and several point mutations within the upstream regulatory region. all cervical carcinoma samples studied contained only hpv16a. hpv16b was found only rarely in cervical neoplasia but was common in the normal population.	1989	2566780
evidence for recent changes in sexual behaviour in homosexual men in england and wales.	over 80% of cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in england and wales have occurred in homosexual men. changes in sexual behaviour in this group may have a substantial influence on the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and will therefore be crucial in determining future cases of aids. this paper critically weighs the indirect and direct evidence for changes in behaviour in homosexual men since the advent of the aids epidemic. the paper reports on falling in ...	1989	2572014
epidemiological and statistical aspects of the aids epidemic: introduction.	in 1988, a government working party studied estimates of incidence and prevalence of numbers of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cases. they investigated a series of epidemiological, statistical and mathematical problems associated with predicting trends in incidences of aids. this paper introduces a series of papers that give a fuller and more technical exposition of the appendixes of that working party report. the papers provide a brief background to the current state of knowledge on ...	1989	2572020
assessment of the axicare human milk pasteuriser (cm80).	the performance of the axicare human milk pasteurizer was evaluated under different load conditions. the design criteria for pasteurisation specified that milk should be held at 63 degrees c for 30 min. the holding time at this temperature was insufficient if bottles of milk frozen at -20 degrees c were placed into the machine as directed, after the water-bath preheating phase. however, if the machine was loaded with frozen bottles before the whole cycle was commenced, adequate thawing and warmi ...	1989	2572634
subtypes of human papillomavirus 16 in cervical tissue.		1989	2574295
[aids--the most important events in 1988. the london declaration. resolution on avoiding discrimination].	two documents are discussed whose acceptance the author considers as the most important events in 1988 in the control of aids, that is the london declaration and the resolution of the 41st world health assembly concerning avoiding of discrimination of subjects infected with hiv and aids patients. both these documents are of essential epoch-making importance for facilitation of the trend of the further prophylactic actions conducted for halting the aids epidemic in the whole world.	1989	2576569
pseudologia fantastica: a case study of a man charged with murder.	a case of pseudologia fantastica is presented in a man charged with murder. psychological assessment revealed him to be highly compliant and suggestible, consistent with early research (healy and healy, 1915) which showed pathological liars to be suggestible to misleading information. a specific dyslexic disorder is also demonstrated, and the possible mechanisms behind the man's lying considered. some implications regarding the reliability of the man's varying confessions to the police are discu ...	1989	2586275
[a comparison of the spectra of antibodies to individual proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus in seropositive sera collected in the territories of the ussr and england].	antibody spectra to individual proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in 74 seropositive serum samples collected in the ussr and 65 serum samples collected in britain were studied by immunoblotting techniques. most of the sera belonged to clinically healthy persons, some of the sera collected in britain contained specific igm antibodies. the results were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. in the former case the study of samples collected both in the ussr and in britain yielded s ...	1989	2588879
teaching medicine in general practice: the guy's experience.	the development of teaching in general practice at guy's hospital medical school is described. important features of the current programme (a new programme for the united schools of guy's and st thomas' hospitals will come into effect this year) are the emphasis on learning directly from patients and the active role and responsibility given to clinical students. students welcome the opportunities to see patients first, to deal with undifferentiated problems, to work with one clinical teacher, to ...	1989	2593881
the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain.	twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ...	1989	2596902
fatal echovirus 7 infection during an outbreak in a special care baby unit.	a case of fatal echovirus 7 infection in a neonate which was probably acquired from the symptomatic mother and an outbreak of infection in a neonatal unit are described. the baby who died had extensive haemorrhagic necrosis of the brain, liver, adrenal glands and kidneys as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation. three other babies and one member of staff were found to be infected. no other babies died. human normal immunoglobulin was administered to all babies on the unit.	1989	2600441
workers exposed to ethylene oxide: a follow up study.	a cohort study has been carried out of 2876 men and women with potential exposure to ethylene oxide. subjects were identified from employment records at four companies that have produced or used ethylene oxide since the 1950s and at eight hospitals which have had ethylene oxide sterilising units since the 1960s. the cohort represents a substantial proportion of the british workforce with a history of occupational exposure to ethylene oxide. industrial hygiene data were not available before 1977, ...	1989	2611160
influenza influence.		1989	2616319
epidemiology of human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (htlv-1) infections in a subpopulation of afro-caribbean origin in england.	epidemiological studies on neurological diseases in residents of afro-caribbean origin in the west midlands region of england have identified eight patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (tsp), all of whom were found to be infected with human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (htlv-1). the husband of one of the patients with tsp was also infected with htlv-1 and had a t-cell lymphoma. in addition, six asymptomatic htlv-1-infected first-degree relatives of the tsp patients have been foun ...	1989	2621455
longitudinal studies based on vital registration records.	we describe here the increased use of routine vital event and census records to construct national follow-up and longitudinal studies. the strengths and weaknesses of these studies are discussed and examples given of their use in research into relationships between employment and mortality and socio-economic differences in mortality.	1989	2626588
persistent and transient clones of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 recognized by biotyping.	among the 81 cultures of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 examined, 72 had been isolated from sheffield incidents in 1984-5 and 9 were scottish isolates from 1986-7. all of these cultures from diverse sources belonged to primary biotype 31; 79 were of full biotype 31beg and 2 anaerogenic cultures were of full biotype 31begj. this is the first known occasion on which an epidemic strain of s. typhimurium of phage type/biotype 141/31beg has been implicated in outbreaks of human or animal in ...	1989	2645152
a prospective study of the incidence and significance of fetal choroid plexus cysts.	cysts of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle can be detected in the fetus during routine scanning at 16-18 weeks' gestation with an approximate incident of one in every 120 pregnancies. it is likely that in a high percentage of cases cysts are bilateral and that their recent discovery is mainly due to improvements in imaging technology. although the great majority of cases resolve and do not result in any morbidity, five cases of trisomy 18 and one case of trisomy 21 associated with feta ...	1989	2652132
verotoxin-producing escherichia coli infections in sheffield: cattle as a possible source.	during 1986 and 1987, faecal samples from patients with haemorrhagic colitis (hc) or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) were examined for evidence of infection by verotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec). during the 2-year period vtec infections were found in 31 (78%) of 40 patients initially presenting with hc, and in 5 (63%) of 8 patients initially presenting with hus. vtec were found in only 2 (0.9%) of 229 age and sex matched control patients with acute non-bloody diarrhoea. all but one vt ...	1989	2661252
aids vaccine study begins in england.		1989	2668833
acquisition of a drug resistance plasmid converts salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 to phage type 24.	salmonella enteritidis accounted for 55% of the 27,478 salmonellae isolated from humans in england and wales during 1988. within this serotype phage type 24 has increased from 24 isolations in 1987 to 201 in 1988. the high frequency of drug resistance in this phage type has been shown to be due to the presence of plasmids belonging to inc n and coding for resistance to a range of antimicrobial drugs among which resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline (ast) and t predominate. these p ...	1989	2680544
dna discoverer james watson now dreams of curing genetic diseases.		1989	2685379
who was the first to describe anorexia nervosa: gull or lasègue?	leading articles or textbooks on anorexia nervosa generally give credit for its discovery to either the british physician william withey gull or to the french neuropsychiatrist ernest charles lasègue. although the major contributions of both men show a remarkable but independent coincidence around 1873, gull is mostly given a slight priority because of a rather cryptic mention of an anorexia-like condition in a paper read in 1868. an analysis of the events, however, shows that the british physic ...	1989	2687918
roe v. wade and the history of abortion regulation.	in "roe," the supreme court found that the privacy right in the 14th amendment's view of "personal liberty" encompasses a woman's right to choose an abortion. the court found that "abortion is a fundamental right." these conclusions are mistaken. the court's analysis of "the history of abortion regulation" had a lot of errors and did not consider the state of technology in which abortion evolved. sir edward coke, a 16th and 17th century jurist, said that abortion was a "great misprison." qu ...	1989	2690604
dr richard bright--a man of many parts. his bicentenary year--1789-1858.		1989	2692780
the strange tale of martin van butchell.	in the eighteenth century, a pedestrian strolling around georgian london may have witnessed the bizarre sight of an ageing gentleman parading the streets on a painted horse and brandishing the jawbone of an ass. not only was this man an eccentric, he was also a dentist. david watkins here relates the remarkable story of martin van butchell, a dentist extraordinaire.	1989	2695150
[a historical perspective of human-animal interaction as a field of study].	a chronological review is given of the most important people, publications, scientific gatherings and societies which have contributed to the development and recognition of human-animal interactions as a field of study. lorenz is recognised as the founder of this new field of study. his contribution was to emphasise the role of humans who have to have a thorough knowledge of animal behaviour and he also pointed out the fact that modern man needs to keep contact with nature. other pioneers were l ...	1989	2699501
attitudes of operating theatre staff to inoculation-risk cases.	in a 12-month period, 177 patients at risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or hepatitis b were operated on. sixty-nine had hiv antibodies. the procedures used to identify these patients and minimize the risk of infection of hospital staff in the operating department are described. all staff working in the operating department were surveyed to determine their caseload, feelings of anxiety, and the incidence of high-risk exposure to infection. anxiety was not related to worklo ...	1989	2702457
hiv testing. human rights assessed.		1989	2716831
an assessment of the risks to the health of grazing animals from the radioactive contamination of pastures.	as a result of the chernobyl accident sheep and cattle in wales, cumbria and scotland became contaminated with radionuclides of caesium and iodine. in the worst case, the maximum levels of contamination were of the order of 4000 bq/kg of caesium-137 and 2000 bq/kg of caesium-134 in muscle and 2,000,000 bq/kg of iodine-131 in the thyroid gland. calculations show that the radiation dose rates to the animals from these burdens of the radionuclides of caesium would have been approximately one thousa ...	1989	2736377
group c streptococci in human infection: a study of 308 isolates with clinical correlations.	a collection of 308 clinical isolates of beta-haemolytic lancefield group c streptococci was assembled from laboratories in england, nigeria and new zealand. of these, 276 isolates were streptococcus equisimilis, 23 s. milleri and nine s. zooepidemicus. isolates of s. equisimilis in the african collection, though few, gave higher rates of lactose and raffinose fermentation, aesculin hydrolysis and positive alpha-galactosidase reactions than those from elsewhere. erythromycin resistance was found ...	1989	2737252
a two-year study of the distribution of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in human, environmental and food samples from the reading area with particular reference to toxin production and heat-stable serotype.	the incidence of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in foods and environmental samples has been studied over a two-year period. of 781 environmental samples, 529 (67%) were found to contain campylobacters, and campylobacters were isolated from 835 (39%) of 2116 food samples. sewage was almost always contaminated with campylobacters (96.6% of samples) and of the food samples both poultry (55.5%) and offal (47.0%) were commonly contaminated. determination of the heat-stable serotypes of all strains iso ...	1989	2753842
microcomputer networking in the hospital environment: powerful computing for the common man? discussion paper.		1989	2754683
limits on bilingualism.	speech, in any language, is continuous; speakers provide few reliable cues to the boundaries of words, phrases, or ther meaningful units. to understand speech, listeners must divide the continuous speech stream into portions that correspond to such units. this segmentation process is so basic to human language comprehension that psycholinguists long assumed that all speakers would do it in the same way. in previous research, however, we reported that segmentation routines can be language-specifi ...	1989	2755479
reexamination of london, england, mortality in relation to exposure to acidic aerosols during 1963-1972 winters.	air pollution epidemiology since the 1950s has been able to demonstrate that increases in daily mortality in london, england, were associated with elevated concentrations of index air pollutants, i.e., british smoke (bs) and sulfur dioxide (so2). in this work, we reanalyze that portion of the 1958-1972 winter mortality-pollution record for which daily direct acid aerosol measurements were made at a central site in london (st. bartholomew's medical college). the purposes of these exploratory anal ...	1989	2785034
incidence and nature of human tuberculosis due to mycobacterium africanum in south-east england: 1977-87.	a total of 210 new cases of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium africanum were registered at the south-east regional centre for tuberculosis bacteriology, dulwich, between 1977 and 1987 inclusive. this represented 1.25% of bacteriologically-confirmed cases of tuberculosis in south-east england, an incidence slightly higher than that of disease due to m. bovis. two variants were identified: 150 strains were typed as african i (a type associated with east africa) and 60 as african ii (a type more pr ...	1989	2789145
condom use by heterosexuals attending a department of gum: attitudes and behaviour in the light of hiv infection.	the use of condoms to prevent the further spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is one of the main themes of the government's health education campaign against aids. a study of the use of and attitudes towards condoms in 222 heterosexual men and women attending a department of genitourinary medicine (gum) in central london showed that 55% (50/91) to 59% (41/70) of men or women never, and 6% (6/95) to 15% (14/91) always, used condoms with their regular or non-regular sexual partn ...	1989	2807283
ethnicity, sibling, and family correlates of young adults' status attainment: a follow-up study.	longitudinal data were used to examine relationships among sibling variables, perceptions of family environments, and measures of educational attainment, occupational status, and occupational aspirations. the analyses involved 21-year-old australians from anglo-australian, greek, and southern italian families. regression surfaces were plotted from models that included terms to test for possible linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. the study indicated that sibsiz ...	1989	2814566
modelling migration flows between areas: an analysis for london using the census and opcs longitudinal study.	"this paper analyses migration between the london boroughs using a discrete probability model, but with a correction for excess dispersion to that expected under the poisson process. two sources of migration data are used: one-year migration from the 1981 census; and ten-year migration from the opcs longitudinal study. the evidence from both sets is that both housing and labour market factors are relevant to explaining interborough migration, in addition to the distance and mass terms of the b ...	1989	12315621
inter-regional migration and social change: a study of south east england based upon data from the longitudinal study.	"data from the [office of population censuses and surveys] longitudinal study are used to trace the social class effects of migration between the south east region and the rest of england and wales in the period 1971-81. the analysis begins with the migration streams into and out of the south east of those people who were in the labour market (including the unemployed) at both census dates. the paper then proceeds to an analysis of the migration streams of those who entered or left the labour ...	1989	12281688
finnegan v. clowney youth training programme [1988].	the plaintiff challenged her forced retirement at age 60 as discrimination under the sex discrimination (northern ireland) order 1976, because men were not forced to retire until age 65. she argued that, although the order specifically noted that it did not apply to retirement requirements, it should be read in conjunction with european communities council directive 76/207/eec, which prohibits such discrimination and had been issued before the enactment of the order. the court rejected this ar ...	1989	12344144
the ethics of animal experimentation in seventeenth-century england.		1989	11645864
r v. tait.	stephen tait and a friend had gone to colin mcintyre's house to frighten him. mcintyre's two daughters were home, and the elder, wendy, was pregnant. mcintyre was not home, so tait and his friend stole some property and then threatened wendy and her sister not to tell the police, or they would all be hurt, including wendy's "baby." the men were arrested, charged, and convicted of threatening to kill wendy, her sister, and wendy's baby. tait appealed the conviction for threatening to kill the ...	1989	11648149
the natural history of waiting lists--some wider explanations for an unnecessary problem.	the examination of waiting list statistics suggests that long waiting times have at most a tenuous relationship with any lack of nhs resources. long waiting times offer strong evidence that nhs resources are not allocated rationally in that the conditions whose relative neglect is expressed in waiting lists are those conditions where clear benefits are likely to follow comparatively cheap treatments. this article offers two wider explanations for the fact that this seemingly irrational picture h ...	1989	10293580
class mortality differentials, income distribution and trends in poverty 1921-1981.	the official figures which appear to show a widening of class differences in health in england and wales during the post-war period have been controversial partly because they do not fit with common perceptions of what has happened to differences in the standard of living. as a result, a great deal of effort has gone into investigating suggested weaknesses in the decennial social class mortality data. though initially plausible, the artifactual and selective explanations of the widening mortalit ...	1989	10296719
healthy move on equality.		1988	10302691
re f (in utero)	a local british health authority, fearing for the welfare of the fetus of a mentally disturbed woman whose first child had been made a ward of the court and put up for adoption, sought to make the unborn child a ward of the court. the case came before the court of appeal, civil division, after the health authority appealed the dismissal of its application. the court found that it could not exercise wardship, because it had no jurisdiction over unborn children. until the child was born, thereb ...	1988	11648578
confidentiality and young people.		1988	11659097
the interdependence of geographical migration with job and housing mobility in london.	"a multinomial logit model is developed to analyse the association between residential migration within and from london with employment and tenure mobility. migration is shown to interact more strongly with tenure change than career shifts, and with changes of workplace as against changes in occupation in general.... while occupational mobility and job-linked migration are higher among lower income workers, they are positively related to educational resources, confirming human capital models of ...	1988	12341626
bromley v. h. and j. quick, 30 march 1988.	the appellants charged the respondent employer with sex discrimination under the equal pay act 1970 because they were paid less than male employees that they claimed were performing work of equal value. the respondent asserted that there was no discrimination, relying on a commissioned job evaluation study giving different values for the work. the court of appeal of england held that the respondent could not rely on the job evaluation study because the study was not an analytical study based o ...	1988	12289307
stockton-on-tees borough council v. brown, 21 april 1988.	the appellant was an employee of a youth training scheme whose employment was terminated when her employers introduced a revised scheme employing fewer staff. after she was not offered one of the new staff positions because she was pregnant and would require maternity leave, she charged her employer with discrimination on the basis of pregnancy as prohibited by section 60 of the employment protection (consolidation) act. the house of lords of the uk reversed a lower court ruling (see arpl, vol ...	1988	12289308
benveniste v. university of southampton, 23 november 1988.	the appellant charged her employer, the university of southampton, with sex discrimination in violation of the equal pay act 1970 because she was paid less than men employed in the same position. she had been initially employed at a time when the university was subject to severe financial constraints, and, although she had subsequently been given extra annual pay increases, she was still not paid as much as the men. first the court of appeal of england ruled that the financial constraints cons ...	1988	12289311
declaration.	this article presents the declaration of the 1988 london summit of health ministers focusing on aids prevention and control. over 148 countries were represented and a total of 114 ministers of health were present. the summit adopted the year to be the year of communication and cooperation to combat aids. about 98 ministers and delegates spoke on the prevention and control of aids. 15 declarations were announced, which were: actions by all governments and people all over the world to take hee ...	1988	12315655
recent respiratory and enteric adenovirus infection in children in the manchester area.	seventy-three group b adenoviruses (29 type 3 and 44 type 7) identified in a recent community outbreak were analysed with restriction endonucleases. considerable genetic heterogeneity was identified, particularly amongst the type 3 isolates, but this genome variation could not be correlated with either clinical or epidemiological findings. group f adenoviruses were found in 132 (4.1%) of 3202 stool specimens from children with gastroenteritis and, after rotaviruses, they were the most common vir ...	1988	2830401
an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37.	an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37 in liverpool in 1984 is reported. initially serum neutralisation suggested that isolates were type 10 but further neutralisation studies supported by dna restriction enzyme analysis showed that they were type 37. clinical and epidemiological features of this cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, recently recognised in the united kingdom, are presented and the implications for the laboratory investigation discussed.	1988	2841171
aetiology of bilateral sensori-neural deafness in children.	the study was carried out in the department in children born during the four year period 1981-1984 in a well defined geographical areas known as the greater manchester county. the children were investigated for possible congenital infections. perinatal assessment was carried out in conjunction with the paediatricians for aetiological adverse factors. family histories were obtained and parents and siblings were examined for any hearing impairment. a total of 155 cases were investigated. cases wit ...	1988	2852399
cytological screening for cervical cancer and human papillomavirus in general practice.	in a retrospective study of cervical screening in a general practice in birmingham 156 out of 1913 smears taken over three years showed some abnormality. smears from 65 women showed severe non-specific inflammation, and 91 women had various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, of whom 53 were aged under 30 and 13 over 40. of 35 women with clinical evidence of human papillomavirus, 21 had normal results on cervical testing and 14 abnormal results. the incidence of genital warts among sex ...	1988	2852515
nature, incidence and prognosis of neurological involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in central london.	clinical neurological involvement at various times throughout the illness was recorded in 52% of 122 patients seen in central london who died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). various metabolic encephalopathies, dementias, focal encephalopathies, retinopathies and peripheral nerve pathology were the most frequent manifestations. seven of 9 patients with a neurological presentation had no other major systemic illness. the median time from diagnosis of aids to death was 9 months and ...	1988	2855752
some specimens from william clift's copy of matthew baillie's the morbid anatomy of the human body (1799-1802).	recently in reproducing matthew baillie's classic atlas of morbid anatomy using an almost complete set of the original drawings of william clift an attempt was made to give a modern diagnosis of all the conditions illustrated. some of the many memorable specimens are here described and illustrated. the morbid anatomy of the human body is published by melbourne university press.	1988	3052400
incidence and nature of human tuberculosis due to bovine tubercle bacilli in south-east england: 1977-1987.	a total of 201 new cases of tuberculosis due to bovine tubercle bacilli was confirmed in south-east england between 1977 and 1987 inclusive. this represents about 1% of all cases of tuberculosis in this region. most cases occurred amongst older individuals of indigenous white british origin, although some younger patients of southern european and indian subcontinent ethnic origin were also diagnosed. the lung was the most frequent site of disease, followed by the genito-urinary tract. in view of ...	1988	3053216
historical vignette #9. little big man: the life and genius of william john little (1810-1894).	william john little had in many respects a unique career. he suffered childhood poliomyelitis with residual left lower extremity paraparesis, complicated by severe talipes. as a youth he was an apothecary's apprentice, surrendering his indentures at the age of 18 and entering medical school at the london hospital. he was admitted to the royal college of surgeons in 1832. he later travelled to germany to study the technique of subcutaneous tenotomy with its originator, louis stromeyer, who subseq ...	1988	3060808
historical aspects of anxiety.	although the syndromes of anxiety have only been recognized this century, the belief that the emotion of fearful apprehension could cause physical illness has a much longer history. james vere wrote his book entitled "a physical and moral enquiry into the causes of that internal restlessness and disorder in man which has been the complaint of all ages" in 1778. the earliest accounts of phobia, as anxiety associated with specific circumstances have been ascribed to two cases from hippocrates, whi ...	1988	3064064
cum hastis sic clypeatis: the turbulent history of the condom.	the recommendation of the surgeon general of the us public health service that individuals use the condom to prevent the risks of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and transmission has been poorly received. many oppose it on the basis of the perception that condoms would promote continued sexual activity when the solution to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is to discourage such activity. others raise questions about the efficacy of condoms in preventing hiv infection. fu ...	1988	3069159
epidemiology of aeromonas species in a hospital.	the occurrence of aeromonas spp. in a hospital water supply, in patients and in the local community was investigated. in healthy persons outside the hospital the isolation rate was 3.6% and among hospital patients it was 6%. seven per cent of water samples yielded aeromonas strains. isolates were typed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sulphur-35 methionine labelled proteins of aeromonas isolates. no relationship between water and human isolates could be establishe ...	1988	2896686
molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of an adult t cell leukaemia virus/human t cell leukaemia virus type i (atlv/htlv-i) isolate of caribbean origin: relationship to other members of the atlv/htlv-i subgroup.	we report the first complete nucleotide sequence of an adult t cell leukaemia virus/human t cell leukaemia virus type i (atlv/htlv-i) isolate from a british patient of caribbean origin. sequence comparisons of our proviral clone (hs-35) with other molecular clones are shown. we note the strong sequence conservation between isolates of caribbean and japanese origin (2.3% divergence), but demonstrate the higher homologies existing between isolates originating from similar geographical areas (appro ...	1988	2899128
association of genetic variant of the glucose transporter with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.	a dna sequence polymorphism, revealed by digestion of genomic dna with the endonuclease xba1 and hybridisation with a complementary dna clone for a human glucose transporter, yields two alleles (sizes 6.2 kbp, the x1 allele; or 5.9 kbp, the x2 allele). the genotype frequencies were investigated in three non-insulin-dependent diabetic populations. the frequencies (%) of x1.x1, x1.x2, and x2.x2 were 13, 51, and 36 among 89 north european diabetic subjects, and 8, 38, 54 among their 104 controls (c ...	1988	2899775
colic, "overfeeding", and symptoms of lactose malabsorption in the breast-fed baby: a possible artifact of feed management?	curtailing the time for which a baby feeds at the first breast, in order to encourage intake from the second breast, may maximise milk production by the mother. with escalation of this situation a point may be reached at which the infant, because of the constraint of his stomach capacity, is unable to consume sufficient calories at a feed, since foremilk is lower in calories than hindmilk. the result will be symptoms of hunger (crying, fretfulness) and maybe even failure to thrive. the low fat c ...	1988	2899785
randomised trials and informed consent.	a british barrister analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the recommendations of the medical research council's cancer therapy committee on the ethical aspects of cancer treatment trials. although the medical community criticizes the requirements of informed consent and randomized controlled trials because of the practical difficulties they create, both are ideals which must be pursued. if patients do not accept that all of the options in a randomized trial are equal and refuse to participa ...	1988	2902486
splitting schizophrenia.		1988	2903447
serological studies on health care workers caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus.	between 1982 and july 1987, more than 1200 patients attending st stephen's hospital were found to be hiv antibody positive. four hundred were inpatients and most of the outpatients attended the sexually transmitted disease clinic. two hundred and twenty-one patients had aids, 480 hiv-related disorders and 500 were asymptomatic. most inpatients had invasive procedures within the operating theatres and there were 25 postmortems. four hundred and five antibody tests from 220 health care workers fro ...	1988	2905725
dna polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene in japanese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.	genotypes identified by two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) of the insulin receptor gene (irg) with the restriction endonuclease sst-1 were determined in a japanese group comprising 51 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (niddm) and 50 control subjects. southern hybridization using a probe for the beta subunit of the human irg identifies 4 alleles, termed s1(+) (5.3 kb), s1(-) (5.8 kb), s2(+) (7.0 and 2.4 kb) and s2(-) (9.4 kb). the frequencies of genotypes po ...	1988	2906902
needlestick injuries: how can we teach people better about risk assessment?	at work people run some small risk of death or injury which is directly attributable to their occupation. in biomedical sciences the accidental puncture of the skin by hypodermic needles, other instruments or broken glass has long been regarded as an occupational hazard and there is increasing concern that staff could become infected with a range of micro-organisms, including hepatitis b and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). needlestick injuries should be preventable if staff are trained e ...	1988	2907336
screening for cervical dysplasia in department of genitourinary medicine.	in 632 patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic who were colposcoped because they were in certain high risk groups for cervical neoplasia, and irrespective of cytological findings, 13 out of 51 biopsied had false negative cytology results. human papilloma virus (hpv) was the most important sexually transmitted agent associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin), but hpv was also present in most patients with false negative (11/13) and false positive (11/14) cytol ...	1988	3169756
just world beliefs and attitudes toward helping elderly people: a comparison of british and canadian university students.	social science students from a british university and a canadian university were studied to determine the relationship between their beliefs in a just world and their attitudes toward helping elderly people who have social, economic or health needs. approximately 30 percent of the british students (n = 71) and 50 percent of the canadian students (n = 124) expressed a belief in a just world. in both groups, just world believers blamed elderly people for being in poor health or financial circumsta ...	1988	3170015
campylobacters in man and the environment in hull and east yorkshire.	campylobacter organisms isolated from water samples taken weekly from ponds and land-drains in the city of hull were compared with isolates from humans. of 314 campylobacter organisms isolated from patients, 237 (75.5%) of the strains were identified as typical campylobacter jejuni, whilst of 125 identified strains isolated from the water samples, 85 (68%) resembled c. jejuni in most respects but were hippurate hydrolysis negative by the hwang and ederer method. the ponds and land drains in the ...	1988	3181312
the aviation psychology program at raf upper heyford.	an aviation psychology program was started in september, 1985 at raf upper heyford, with the focus on teaching flight commanders and their wives to recognize and deal with aircrew member and family stress. the overall goal is to prevent aircraft accidents and mishaps caused by human factor errors. case reports are presented which demonstrate the value of the aviation psychologist becoming integrated in the flying community. the program has been successful, but needs further commitment and suppor ...	1988	3190626
the shipham report. an investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health. introduction.		1988	3222700
the shipman report. an investigation in cadmium contamination and its implications for human health.		1988	3222701
the shipham report. an investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health. health studies.		1988	3222702
the shipham report. an investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health. metal contamination at shipham.		1988	3222703
the shipham report. an investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health. discussion and conclusions.		1988	3222704
the shipham report. an investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health. metal content of soils and dusts.		1988	3222705
the shipham report. an investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health. metal availability.		1988	3222706
the shipham report. an investigation into cadmium contamination and its implications for human health. intakes of metal.		1988	3222707
prostitution in sheffield: differences between prostitutes.	this study to assess differences between street walking prostitutes and sauna girls who attended this clinic in 1986 and 1987 showed that fewer street walkers used barrier methods for disease prevention with clients or accepted tests for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) when offered and more street walkers practised their profession in both sheffield and london. they therefore represent a potential pathway for the heterosexual spread of hiv to the region. trichomonas vaginalis was ...	1988	3224974
genetic and morphometric variances in three human populations.	data from three human populations were used to investigate the putative relationship between genetic and morphological variances. there was no evidence to support the hypothesis that individuals heterozygous at a small number of marker loci are more often near the mean for anthropometric characters than are homozygotes. in one population (otmoor), apparent support for the hypothesis was due to the confounding factors of correlations between anthropometric traits and population subdivision. it is ...	1988	3248007
a study of hla-a, b, dr and bf bearing haplotypes derived from 304 families resident in the north west of england.	we report here haplotype frequencies for class i (hla-a, b), class ii (hla-dr) and class iii (bf) gene products of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) of man. as in other studies (bertrams & baur, 1979; grange et al., 1981), we have chosen to document all families typed for hla antigens and bf phenotypes irrespective of ascertainment. we obtained 1,094 haplotypes from 304 families resident in the north west of england, of which 34.1% had been fully typed for hla-a,b,dr and bf polymorphism ...	1988	3250976
incidence and types of acute viral hepatitis in newcastle upon tyne.	the incidence and types of viral hepatitis in the city of newcastle upon tyne have been studied by serological analysis of (a) all blood samples sent to the virological laboratory for hepatitis testing and (b) all blood samples sent by general practitioners to the biochemical laboratory for liver function testing. the annual detection rate of acute viral hepatitis was found to be 31.5 cases/100,000 population, of which 9.1 were hepatitis b. only three sporadic cases of non-a non-b hepatitis were ...	1988	3255933
james barry, m.d., inspector general of hospitals. man or woman?		1988	3277326
low-dose rate irradiation.	there are a number of rather obvious conclusions from these experimental data that have implications in clinical radiotherapy: (1) survival curves for cells of human origin, in general, have a smaller initial shoulder and exhibit greater sensitivity to ionizing radiation than cells of rodent origin. (2) nevertheless, the response of human cells to gamma-rays, in a fractionated or low-dose schedule, is dominated by repair. (3) radiosensitivity, as well as the repair of sublethal damage as evidenc ...	1988	3280412
[the man behind the "tube": his dissertation on intratracheal anesthesia was rejected because of insignificant practical use].		1988	3280925