Publications

preferential accessibility of the yeast his3 promoter is determined by a general property of the dna sequence, not by specific elements.	yeast promoter regions are often more accessible to nuclear proteins than are nonpromoter regions. as assayed by hinfi endonuclease cleavage in living yeast cells, hinfi sites located in the promoters of all seven genes tested were 5- to 20-fold more accessible than sites in adjacent nonpromoter regions. hinfi hypersensitivity within the his3 promoter region is locally determined, since it was observed when this region was translocated to the middle of the ade2 structural gene. detailed analysis ...	2000	10958664
molecular responses to changes in the environmental ph are conserved between the fungal pathogens candida dubliniensis and candida albicans.	in this work we cloned cdphr1 and cdphr2 from the human fungal pathogen candida dubliniensis. the two genes are homologues to the ph-regulated genes phr1 and phr2 from candida albicans. the ph-dependent pattern of expression of cdphr1 and cdphr2 was conserved in c. dubliniensis. cdphr1 could be shown to be functionally equivalent to phr1. the ph-regulated mode of expression was maintained when cdphr1 was integrated in c. albicans. this indicates a fundamentally similar mode of expressional regul ...	2000	10959725
isolation and characterization of two evolutionarily conserved murine kinases (nek6 and nek7) related to the fungal mitotic regulator, nima.	entrance and exit from mitosis in aspergillus nidulans require activation and proteolysis, respectively, of the nima (never in mitosis, gene a) serine/threonine kinase. four different nima-related kinases were reported in mammals (nek1-4), but none of them has been shown to perform mitotic functions related to those demonstrated for nima. we describe here the isolation of two novel murine protein kinase genes, designated nek6 and nek7, which are highly similar to each other (87% amino acid ident ...	2000	10964517
purification and characterization of an alpha-l-rhamnosidase from aspergillus nidulans.	an enzyme exhibiting alpha-l-rhamnosidase activity was purified by fractionating a culture filtrate of aspergillus nidulans grown on l-rhamnose as the sole carbon source. the alpha-l-rhamnosidase was shown to be n-glycosylated and had a molecular mass of 102 kda, of which approximately 7% was contributed by carbohydrate. the enzyme, optimally active at ph 4.5-6 and 60 degrees c, had an isoelectric point of 5. with rho-nitrophenyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside as the substrate it showed km and vmax va ...	2000	10972728
a defined sequence within the 3' utr of the area transcript is sufficient to mediate nitrogen metabolite signalling via accelerated deadenylation.	nitrogen metabolism in aspergillus nidulans is regulated by area, a member of the gata family of transcription factors. one mechanism that modulates area activity involves the rapid degradation of the area transcript when sufficient nh4+ or gln are available. this signalling mechanism has been shown to require a region of 218 nucleotides within the 3' untranslated region of area mrna. we demonstrate that this region functions independently in a heterologous transcript and acts to accelerate degr ...	2000	10972840
characterization of the class i alpha-mannosidase gene family in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	we describe the cloning and sequence characterization of three class i alpha-1,2-mannosidase genes from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. we used degenerate pcr primers to amplify a portion of the alpha-1,2-mannosidase ia gene and used the pcr fragment to isolate the 2495 nt genomic gene plus several hundred bases of flanking region. putative introns were confirmed by rt-pcr. coding regions of the genomic sequence were used to identify two additional members of the gene family by blas ...	2000	10974561
mitotic histone h3 phosphorylation by the nima kinase in aspergillus nidulans.	phosphorylation of histone h3 serine 10 correlates with chromosome condensation and is required for normal chromosome segregation in tetrahymena. this phosphorylation is dependent upon activation of the nima kinase in aspergillus nidulans. nima expression also induces ser-10 phosphorylation inappropriately in s phase-arrested cells and in the absence of nimx(cdc2) activity. at mitosis, nima becomes enriched on chromatin and subsequently localizes to the mitotic spindle and spindle pole bodies. t ...	2000	10975520
cloning of a sugar utilization gene cluster in aspergillus parasiticus.	at one end of the 70 kb aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway gene cluster in aspergillus parasiticus and aspergillus flavus reported earlier, we have cloned a group of four genes that constitute a well-defined gene cluster related to sugar utilization in a. parasiticus: (1) sugr, (2) hxta, (3) glca and (4) nada. no similar well-defined sugar gene cluster has been reported so far in any other related aspergillus species such as a. flavus, a. nidulans, a. sojae, a. niger, a. oryzae and a. fumigatus. the ...	2000	10978525
a high affinity fungal nitrate carrier with two transport mechanisms.	we have expressed the crna high affinity nitrate transporter from emericella (aspergillus) nidulans in xenopus oocytes and used electrophysiology to study its properties. this method was used because there are no convenient radiolabeled substrates for the transporter. oocytes injected with crna mrna showed nitrate-, nitrite-, and chlorite-dependent currents. although the gene was originally identified by chlorate selection there was no evidence for transport of this anion. the gene selection is ...	2000	10984478
the catabolite inactivation of aspergillus nidulans isocitrate lyase occurs by specific autophagy of peroxisomes.	in aspergillus nidulans, activity of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme isocitrate lyase is finely regulated. isocitrate lyase is induced by growth on c2 compounds and long-chain fatty acids and repressed by glucose. in addition, activity of isocitrate lyase is subject to a second mechanism of catabolite control, glucose-induced inactivation. here, we demonstrate that the catabolite inactivation of a. nidulans isocitrate lyase, a process that takes place during glucose adaptation of cells grown under g ...	2000	10985743
identification and characterization of two ca2+/cam-dependent protein kinases required for normal nuclear division in aspergillus nidulans.	we utilized an expression screen to identify two novel ca(2+)/calmodulin (cam)-regulated protein kinases in aspergillus nidulans. the two kinases, cmkb and cmkc, possess high sequence identity with mammalian cam kinases (camks) i/iv and camkkalpha/beta, respectively. in vitro cmkc phosphorylates and increases the activity of cmkb, indicating they are biochemical homologues of camkkalpha/beta and camki/iv. the disruption of cmkb is lethal; however, when protein expression is postponed, the spores ...	2000	10988293
structural and functional analysis of mutations in alkaptonuria.	alkaptonuria (aku), the prototypic inborn error of metabolism, was the first human disease to be interpreted as a mendelian trait by garrod and bateson at the beginning of last century. aku results from impaired function of homogentisate dioxygenase (hgo), an enzyme required for the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. with the novel 7 aku and 22 fungal mutations reported here, a total of 84 mutations impairing this enzyme have been found in the hgo gene from humans and model organisms. for ...	2000	11001939
characterization of two putative histone deacetylase genes from aspergillus nidulans.	in eukaryotic organisms, acetylation of core histones plays a key role in the regulation of transcription. multiple histone acetyltransferases (hats) and histone deacetylases (hdacs) maintain a dynamic equilibrium of histone acetylation. the latter form a highly conserved protein family in many eukaryotic species. in this paper, we report the cloning and sequencing of two putative histone deacetylase genes (rpda, hosa) of aspergillus nidulans, which are the first to be analyzed from filamentous ...	2000	11004483
antisense silencing of the crea gene in aspergillus nidulans.	antisense expression of a portion of the gene encoding the major carbon catabolite repressor crea in aspergillus nidulans resulted in a substantial increase in the levels of glucose-repressible enzymes, both endogenous and heterologous, in the presence of glucose. the derepression effect was approximately one-half of that achieved in a null crea mutant. unlike results for that mutant, however, growth parameters and colony morphology in the antisense transformants were not affected.	2000	11010922
characterization of mrad18sc, a mouse homolog of the yeast postreplication repair gene rad18.	the rad18 gene of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a protein with ssdna binding activity that interacts with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme rad6 and plays an important role in postreplication repair. we identified and characterized the putative mouse homolog of rad18, designated mrad18sc. the mrad18sc open reading frame encodes a 509-amino-acid polypeptide that is strongly conserved in size and sequence between yeast and mammals, with specific conservation of the ring-zinc-finger and ...	2000	11013078
development of a pcr-based line probe assay for identification of fungal pathogens.	we report on a reverse-hybridization line probe assay (lipa) which when combined with pcr amplification detects and identifies clinically significant fungal pathogens including candida, aspergillus, and cryptococcus species. dna probes have been designed from the internal transcribed-spacer (its) regions of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida dubliniensis, cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus versicolor, asp ...	2000	11015393
rapid and sensitive plate method for detection of aspergillus fumigatus.	the routine identification of aspergillus fumigatus in clinical samples involves, apart from direct examination, the isolation of the organism on a plate followed by its microscopic characterization. this approach lacks sensitivity, specificity, and speed. a new procedure has been developed combining microcolony formation on a nylon membrane filter at 45 degrees c with the detection of a specific 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside cleaving enzyme activity in digitonin permeabilized c ...	2000	11015405
protein expression and subcellular localization of the general purine transporter uapc from aspergillus nidulans.	the uapc gene of aspergillus nidulans belongs to a family of nucleobase-specific transporters conserved in prokaryotic and eucaryotic organisms. we report the use of immunological and green fluorescent protein based strategies to study protein expression and subcellular distribution of uapc. a chimeric protein containing a plant-adapted green fluorescent protein (sgfp) fused to the c-terminus of uapc was shown to be functional in vivo, as it complements a triple mutant (i.e., uapc(-) uapa(-) azg ...	2000	11017766
the dna-binding domain of the gene regulatory protein area extends beyond the minimal zinc-finger region conserved between gata proteins.	the area protein of aspergillus nidulans regulates the activity of over 100 genes involved in the utilisation of nitrogen, and has a limited region of homology with the vertebrate family of gata proteins around a zinc finger (zf) motif. a 66 amino acid (a.a.) residue fragment (zf(66)) corresponding to the zinc finger, a 91 a.a fragment (zf(91)) containing an additional 25 a.a. at the c-terminus, and a much larger 728 a.a. sequence (3'ex) corresponding to the 3'exon have been over-expressed as fu ...	2000	11018257
characterization and mapping of an informational suppressor in aspergillus nidulans.	the present work was undertaken to characterize a suppressor gene present in a mutant strain of a. nidulans obtained with ntg (n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine). analyses of this mutant have shown that this suppressor, designated suo1, induces phenotypic co-reversion of several auxotrophic mutations and makes the strain sensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics and lower temperatures. suo1 has shown to be on linkage group viii. the vegetative growth of the mutant strain is very unstable becaus ...	2000	11021306
the aspergillus nidulans cysa gene encodes a novel type of serine o-acetyltransferase which is homologous to homoserine o-acetyltransferases.	the aspergillus nidulans cysa gene was cloned by functional complementation of the cysa1 mutation that impairs the synthesis of o:-acetylserine. the molecular nature of cysa1 and cysa103 alleles was characterized; a nucleotide substitution and a frame shift were found in the former and a deletion mutation in the latter. the cysa protein is 525 amino acids long and is encoded by an uninterrupted open reading frame. expression of the cysa gene appears not to be regulated by sulfur, carbon and nitr ...	2000	11021945
biolistic co-transformation of metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum strain cg423 with green fluorescent protein and resistance to glufosinate ammonium.	metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (syn. m. flavoviride) is recognized as a highly specific and virulent mycopathogen of locusts and grasshoppers and is currently being developed as a biological control agent for this group of insects in brazil. intact conidia of m. anisopliae var. acridum strain cg423 were transformed using microparticle bombardment. plasmids used were: (1) pbarks1 carrying the bar gene of streptomyces hygroscopicus fused to the aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter, encoding res ...	2000	11024271
comparison of the sequences of the aspergillus nidulans hxb and drosophila melanogaster ma-l genes with nifs from azotobacter vinelandii suggests a mechanism for the insertion of the terminal sulphur atom in the molybdopterin cofactor.	the molybdopterin cofactor (mocf) is required for the activity of a variety of oxidoreductases. the xanthine oxidase class of molybdoenzymes requires the mocf to have a terminal, cyanolysable sulphur ligand. in the sulphite oxidase/nitrate reductase class, an oxygen is present in the same position. mutations in both the ma-l gene of drosophila melanogaster and the hxb gene of aspergillus nidulans result in loss of activities of all molybdoenzymes that necessitate a cyanolysable sulphur in the ac ...	2000	11029694
xylp promoter-based expression system and its use for antisense downregulation of the penicillium chrysogenum nitrogen regulator nre.	a highly inducible fungal promoter derived from the penicillium chrysogenum endoxylanase (xylp) gene is described. northern analysis and the use of a beta-glucuronidase (uida) reporter gene strategy showed that xylp expression is transcriptionally regulated. xylan and xylose are efficient inducers, whereas glucose strongly represses the promoter activity. comparison of the same expression construct as a single copy at the niad locus in p. chrysogenum and at the argb locus in aspergillus nidulans ...	2000	11055928
functional analysis of the leader peptide of the yeast gene cpa1 and heterologous regulation by other fungal peptides.	the 25-amino-acid leader peptide present at the 5' end of yeast cpa1 mrna is responsible for the translational repression of that gene by arginine. we show here that the active domain of the yeast peptide is highly specific and extends over amino acids 6-23. the region between amino acids 6-21 is well conserved between similar peptides present upstream of cpa1-homologous genes in other fungi. the neurospora crassa arg-2 peptide represses the expression of cpa1, whereas the peptide from aspergill ...	2000	11057443
sulfate assimilation in aspergillus terreus: analysis of genes encoding atp-sulfurylase and paps-reductase.	two genes for the sulfate assimilation pathway in aspergillus terreus were cloned. the genes sat (coding for paps-reductase) and sct (coding for atp-sulfurylase) form a small gene cluster. both genes are similar to their homologs in a. nidulans (sa and sc), penicillium chrysogenum (aps) and saccharomyces cerevisiae (met3 and met16). in the coding sequence of the sct gene, a typical non-functional aps-kinase-like domain is present. the sct gene is expressed in a. nidulans, but its expression ther ...	2000	11057445
[detection of emericella nidulans from bedding materials in horse breeding environment and its significance as a causative agent of guttural pouch mycosis in horses].	sixty-six new and used samples of horse bedding materials: 60 rice straws, 2 wheat straws, 2 timothy hays and 2 wood chips, were collected from horse breeding stables of 33 farms in japan and examined for the presence of emericella nidulans (e. nidulans; anam. aspergillus nidulans). the incidence of e. nidulans in the bedding materials was 75.8% and there was no significant difference in detection of the fungus between the new and used materials (25 out of the 33 samples, respectively). the grow ...	2000	11064324
g-protein signalling mediates differential production of toxic secondary metabolites.	filamentous fungi elaborate a complex array of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and mycotoxins. as many of these compounds pose significant economic and health concerns, elucidation of the underlying cellular mechanisms that control their production is essential. previous work revealed that synthesis of the carcinogenic mycotoxins sterigmatocystin (st) and aflatoxin (af) in aspergillus species is negatively controlled by fada, the alpha-subunit of a heterotrimeric g-protein. in sharp ...	2000	11069688
a rapid method for efficient gene replacement in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	the construction of mutant fungal strains is often limited by the poor efficiency of homologous recombination in these organisms. higher recombination efficiencies can be obtained by increasing the length of homologous dna flanking the transformation marker, although this is a tedious process when standard molecular biology techniques are used for the construction of gene replacement cassettes. here, we present a two-step technology which takes advantage of an escherichia coli strain expressing ...	2000	11071951
sconc, a gene involved in the regulation of sulphur metabolism in aspergillus nidulans, belongs to the skp1 gene family.	sconc, which encodes a negative regulator of sulphur metabolism in aspergillus nidulans was cloned, sequenced, and found to belong to the highly conserved family of skp1 genes essential for many cell functions, including cell cycle regulation. the orf of 722 bp, encoding a protein of 161 amino acids, is interrupted by four introns. there is a fifth intron (135 bp long) in the upstream untranslated sequence. two point mutations in conserved regions were identified in the mutant alleles sconc3 and ...	2000	11085267
a recq family dna helicase gene from aspergillus nidulans.	we have identified an aspergillus nidulans gene encoding a recq family helicase which we have therefore named recq. the a. nidulans recq protein is most closely related in sequence to human recq helicase 5. like the latter polypeptide, a. nidulans recq consists of little more than the conserved helicase domain, lacking the long amino- and carboxy-terminal extensions seen in other recq family members such as blm and wrn and in the sole recq family helicase of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae (s ...	2000	11092746
iron starvation leads to increased expression of cu/zn-superoxide dismutase in aspergillus.	in a search for iron-regulated proteins of aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus a 16-kda protein was identified which is about 5-fold upregulated during iron starvation in both species and which can be approximately 500-fold enriched by simple one-step chromatography on amberlite xad-16 resin. n-terminal protein sequence analysis and cloning of the respective a. nidulans cdna identified this protein as a cu/zn-superoxide dismutase (soda). northern analysis revealed that upregulation of ...	2000	11094151
studies of isopenicillin n synthase enzymatic properties using a continuous spectrophotometric assay.	isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) from aspergillus nidulans is a no-heme iron(ii)-dependent oxygenase which catalyses, in a single reaction, the bicyclisation of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine into isopenicillin n, the precursor of all other penicillins, cephalosporins and cephamycins. the ipns reaction can be followed directly and continuously by a new assay which monitors the absorbance increase at 235 nm characteristic of penicillin nucleus formation. using this assay, the ef ...	2000	11094156
landmarks in the early duplication cycles of aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus nidulans: polarity, germ tube emergence and septation.	when the spores of filamentous fungi break dormancy, nuclear division is accompanied by a series of ordered morphological events including the switch from isotropic to polar growth, the emergence of a second germ tube from the conidium and septation. correlation of these morphological events with nuclear number allows them to serve as duplication cycle landmarks. early duplication cycle landmarks have been characterized in aspergillus nidulans, but not in other filamentous fungi. to learn more a ...	2000	11101686
the aspergillus nidulans xprf gene encodes a hexokinase-like protein involved in the regulation of extracellular proteases.	the extracellular proteases of aspergillus nidulans are produced in response to limitation of carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur, even in the absence of exogenous protein. mutations in the a. nidulans xprf and xprg genes have been shown to result in elevated levels of extracellular protease in response to carbon limitation. the xprf gene was isolated and sequence analysis indicates that it encodes a 615-amino-acid protein, which represents a new type of fungal hexokinase or hexokinase-like protein. in ...	2000	11102357
extragenic suppressors of the nimx2(cdc2) mutation of aspergillus nidulans affect nuclear division, septation and conidiation.	the aspergillus nidulans nimx(cdc2) protein kinase has been shown to be required for both the g(2)/m and g(1)/s transitions, and recent evidence has implicated a role for nimx(cdc2) in septation and conidiation. while much is understood of its g(2)/m function, little is known about the functions of nimx(cdc2) during g(1)/s, septation, and conidiophore development. in an attempt to better understand how nimx(cdc2) is involved in these processes, we have isolated four extragenic suppressors of the ...	2000	11102358
polarity-defective mutants of aspergillus nidulans.	we have identified two polarity-defective (pod) mutants in aspergillus nidulans from a collection of heat-sensitive lethal mutants. at restrictive temperature, these mutants are capable of nuclear division but are unable to establish polar hyphal growth. we cloned the two pod genes by complementation of their heat-sensitive lethal phenotypes. the libraries used to clone the pod genes are under the control of the bidirectional niad and niia promoters. complementation of the pod mutants is depende ...	2000	11273680
nek2 expression and localization in porcine oocyte during maturation.	we studied the role of the ser/thr protein kinase nek2 on meiosis progression by using in vitro porcine oocyte maturation system. nek2 is a candidate of a mammalian homologue of nima, which was found in aspergillus nidulans as an essential molecule for mitosis progression. we cloned porcine nek2 cdna, and examined the mrna and protein expression levels during meiosis progression. the expression levels did not change through the oocyte maturation, but fluorescence microscopy observation of nek2 i ...	2000	11162431
lis1 regulates cns lamination by interacting with mnude, a central component of the centrosome.	lis1, a microtubule-associated protein, is required for neuronal migration, but the precise mechanism of lis1 function is unknown. we identified a lis1 interacting protein encoded by a mouse homolog of nude, a nuclear distribution gene in a. nidulans and a multicopy suppressor of the lis1 homolog, nudf. mnude is located in the centrosome or microtubule organizing center (mtoc), and interacts with six different centrosomal proteins. overexpression of mnude dissociates gamma-tubulin from the centr ...	2000	11163258
a lis1/nudel/cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain complex in the developing and adult nervous system.	mutations in mammalian lis1 (pafah1b1) result in neuronal migration defects. several lines of evidence suggest that lis1 participates in pathways regulating microtubule function, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. here, we demonstrate that lis1 directly interacts with the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (cdhc) and nudel, a murine homolog of the aspergillus nidulans nuclear migration mutant nude. lis1 and nudel colocalize predominantly at the centrosome in early neuroblasts but redistribute ...	2000	11163259
nudel is a novel cdk5 substrate that associates with lis1 and cytoplasmic dynein.	disruption of one allele of the lis1 gene causes a severe developmental brain abnormality, type i lissencephaly. in aspergillus nidulans, the lis1 homolog, nudf, and cytoplasmic dynein are genetically linked and regulate nuclear movements during hyphal growth. recently, we demonstrated that mammalian lis1 regulates dynein functions. here we characterize nudel, a novel lis1-interacting protein with sequence homology to gene products also implicated in nuclear distribution in fungi. like lis1, nud ...	2000	11163260
two kinesin-related proteins associated with the cold-stable cytoskeleton of carrot cells: characterization of a novel kinesin, dckrp120-2.	we have previously described the biochemical isolation of 65 kda and 120 kda microtubule-associated proteins from carrot cytoskeletons. the 65 kda maps have subsequently been shown to be structural maps that reconstitute 30 nm cross-bridges of the kind that maintain cortical microtubules in parallel groups. by exploiting its avid binding to microtubules, we have now devised a method for isolating map120 from protoplast extracts, and shown that it has properties of a kinesin-related protein. map1 ...	2000	11135119
pds5 cooperates with cohesin in maintaining sister chromatid cohesion.	sister chromatid cohesion depends on a complex called cohesin, which contains at least four subunits: smc1, smc3, scc1 and scc3. cohesion is established during dna replication, is partially dismantled in many, but not all, organisms during prophase, and is finally destroyed at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. a quite separate protein called spo76 is required for sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis in the ascomycete sordaria. spo76-like proteins are highly conserved amongst eukaryotes a ...	2000	11137006
5' race by tailing a general template-switching oligonucleotide.		2000	11126119
the prr1 response regulator is essential for transcription of ste11+ and for sexual development in fission yeast.	schizosaccharomyces pombe expresses a putative transcription factor, named prr1, which is intriguing in the sense that it contains a bacterial type of phospho-accepting receiver domain, preceded by a mammalian heat shock factor (hsf2)-like dna-binding domain. the receiver domain is most probably involved in an as yet unidentified histidine-to-aspartate (his-to-asp) phosphorelay pathway in s. pombe. in this study, the structure, function, and cellular localization of prr1 were assessed in the con ...	2000	11129048
isolation and analysis of flup, a gene associated with hyphal growth and sporulation in aspergillus parasiticus.	aflatoxins (af) are polyketide-derived mycotoxins that frequently contaminate food and feed crops, causing health risks to animals and humans. the flup gene was cloned by screening an aspergillus parasiticus genomic dna library with a cdna probe encoding part of a polyketide synthase (pks), the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (msas) from penicillium patulum. flup was hypothesized to function as a pks in af biosynthesis. the predicted amino acid sequence of flup demonstrated a high degree of iden ...	2000	11129056
glucose does not activate the plasma-membrane-bound h+-atpase but affects pmaa transcript abundance in aspergillus nidulans.	the addition of glucose to starved cells of aspergillus nidulans increased the abundance of the pmaa transcript only transiently (15 min) and to a very low degree (1.3-fold), but strongly decreased its abundance during further incubation. this down-regulation was crea (carbon catabolite repressor protein)-dependent. glucose failed to stimulate the plasma membrane (pm)-atpase activity of a. nidulans, whereas under the same experimental conditions the activity of the enzyme from saccharomyces cere ...	2000	11131024
the human homologue of the aspergillus nuclear migration gene nudc is preferentially expressed in dividing cells and ciliated epithelia.	we recently identified a novel human gene, hnudc, homologous to an aspergillus nidulans gene coding for a protein crucial to nuclear migration, cell wall morphogenesis, and cell growth. while mrna for this gene is expressed in most tissues, hnudc protein expression is highly regulated. to provide insight into the function of this protein, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of hnudc in 19 different human tissues. intense immunolabeling was observed in proliferating cell ...	2000	11131094
characterization of an echinocandin b-producing strain blocked for sterigmatocystin biosynthesis reveals a translocation in the stcw gene of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway.	echinocandin b (ecb), a lipopolypeptide used as a starting material for chemical manufacture of the anti-candida agent ly303366, is produced by fermentation using a strain of aspergillus nidulans. in addition to ecb, the wild-type strain also produces a significant level of sterigmatocystin (st), a potent carcinogen structurally related to the aflatoxins. characterization of a mutant designated a42355-oc-1 (oc-1), which is blocked in st biosynthesis, was the result of a chromosomal translocation ...	2000	11320421
mycoflora and mycotoxins in brazilian black pepper, white pepper and brazil nuts.	a wide range of field and storage fungi were isolated from black pepper, white pepper and brazil nut kernels from amazonia. a total of 42 species were isolated from both peppers. aspergillus flavus and a. niger were isolated more frequently from black than from white pepper. other potential mycotoxigenic species isolated included: a. ochraceus, a. tamarii, a. versicolor, emericella nidulans and chaetomium globosum, penicillium brevicompactum, p. citrinum, p. islandicum and p. glabrum. species is ...	2000	11229375
identification of medically important aspergillus species by single strand conformational polymorphism (sscp) of the pcr-amplified intergenic spacer region.	the amplified 5.8s rna coding dna with the neighbouring internal transcribed spacers its i and its ii (its i--5.8s rdna--its ii) of 27 culture collection strains of aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus niger, and aspergillus terreus were investigated by single strand conformational polymorphism (sscp) analysis. all strains showed a polymerase gel electrophoresis (pcr) product of 0.6 kb. separation of dna single strands of the pcr product in an acrylamide-b ...	2000	11204354
the nuclear migration gene nudc and human hematopoiesis.	the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans nudc (nuclear distribution c) gene is required for movement of nuclei following mitosis and for normal colony growth. it is highly conserved, structurally and functionally, throughout most of evolution. the human homolog, called hnudc, has been cloned and has an important role in cell proliferation. in hematopoiesis, hnudc is highly expressed in early hematopoietic precursors and declines during normal differentiation. stimulation of proliferation of t ...	2000	11342328
the rpl16a gene for ribosomal protein l16a identified from expressed sequence tags is differentially expressed during sexual development of aspergillus nidulans.	we obtained 305 expressed sequence tags (ests), which are from the poly(a) site to the most proximal mboi site, from mycelia at the early sexual developmental (esd) stage of aspergillus nidulans. by comparison of these ests with those obtained previously from the vegetative stage and from the late sexual developmental stage followed by northern blot analyses, genes of 17 ests were identified as being expressed more abundantly at the esd stage than at the vegetative stage. five of 17 genes were e ...	2000	11170736
septum position is marked at the tip of aspergillus nidulans hyphae.	aspergillus nidulans hyphae have long tip cells that are separated from short basal cells by septa. basal cells average 40 microm long with three or four nuclei. septation follows parasynchronous mitoses in the tip cell and seems to occur at premarked sites, but how these sites are established is unclear. a. nidulans strains with the hypa1 mutation are wildtype at 28 degrees c but if shifted to 42 degrees c, their tip cells insert septa with a wildtype spacing, apparently triggered by an aberran ...	2000	11170740
transactivation of a target gene through feedforward loop activation in plants.	the expression of many genes encoding transcriptional activators in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is upregulated through positive feedback activation. during positive feedback activation, a transcriptional activator binds to its own promoter and thus increases its own expression as well as the expression of its target genes. in the simplest case, increased levels of the transcriptional activator can be directly correlated with increased expression of its target genes. in this study, we present a ge ...	2000	11793220
inositol phosphoryl transferases from human pathogenic fungi.	the ipc1 gene from saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes inositolphosphorylceramide (ipc) synthase, was first identified as a novel and essential gene encoding resistance to the natural product antifungal aureobasidin a (aur1). the formation of ipc in fungi is essential for viability, suggesting inhibitors of ipc1p function would make ideal antifungal drug candidates. homologs of the aur1/ipc1 gene were identified from a number of human pathogenic fungi, candida glabrata, candida krusei, candi ...	2000	10564728
the rational design of semisynthetic peroxidases.	a semisynthetic peroxidase was designed by exploiting the structural similarity of the active sites of vanadium dependent haloperoxidases and acid phosphatases. incorporation of vanadate ion into the active site of phytase (e.c. 3.1.3.8), which mediates in vivo the hydrolysis of phosphate esters, leads to the formation of a semisynthetic peroxidase, which catalyzes the enantioselective oxidation of prochiral sulfides with h(2)o(2) affording the s-sulfoxide, e.g. in 66% ee at 100% conversion for ...	2000	10581439
the human tfiid components taf(ii)135 and taf(ii)20 and the yeast saga components ada1 and taf(ii)68 heterodimerize to form histone-like pairs.	it has been previously proposed that the transcription complexes tfiid and saga comprise a histone octamer-like substructure formed from a heterotetramer of h4-like human htaf(ii)80 (or its drosophila melanogaster dtaf(ii)60 and yeast [saccharomyces cerevisiae] ytaf(ii)60 homologues) and h3-like htaf(ii)31 (dtaf(ii)40 and ytaf(ii)17) along with two homodimers of h2b-like htaf(ii)20 (dtaf(ii)30alpha and ytaf(ii)61/68). however, it has not been formally shown that htaf(ii)20 heterodimerizes via it ...	2000	10594036
a simple and rapid method for the preparation of a cell-free extract with ccaat-binding activity from filamentous fungi.	a simple and rapid method for the preparation of a cell-free extract with the ccaat-binding activity was established with aspergillus nidulans as a model fungus. proteins were extracted with 6 m guanidine hydrochloride directly from mycelia and renatured by dialysis. this method was found applicable to other filamentous fungi such as aspergillus oryzae and trichoderma viride.	2000	10737212
mutational analysis of tyrosine-191 in the catalysis of cephalosporium acremonium isopenicillin n synthase.	isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) is a key enzyme responsible for the catalytic conversion of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (acv) to isopenicillin n in the beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthetic pathway. the aspergillus nidulans ipns crystal structure implicated amino acid residues tyrosine-189, arginine-279, and serine-281 in the substrate-binding of the valine carboxylate portion of acv via hydrogen bonds. in previous reports, we provided mutational evidence for the critical inv ...	2000	10739949
the aspergillus nidulans uvsb gene encodes an atm-related kinase required for multiple facets of the dna damage response.	in aspergillus nidulans, uvsb and uvsd belong to the same epistasis group of dna repair mutants. recent observations suggest that these genes are likely to control cell cycle checkpoint responses to dna damage and incomplete replication. consistent with this notion, we show here that uvsb is a member of the conserved family of atm-related kinases. phenotypic characterization of uvsb mutants shows that they possess defects in additional aspects of the dna damage response besides checkpoint contro ...	2000	10747054
identification of aspergillus species using internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2.	aspergillus species are the most frequent cause of invasive mold infections in immunocompromised patients. although over 180 species are found within the genus, 3 species, aspergillus flavus, a. fumigatus, and a. terreus, account for most cases of invasive aspergillosis (ia), with a. nidulans, a. niger, and a. ustus being rare causes of ia. the ability to distinguish between the various clinically relevant aspergillus species may have diagnostic value, as certain species are associated with high ...	2000	10747135
a comparative repair study of thymine- and uracil-photodimers with model compounds and a photolyase repair enzyme.	cyclobutane uridine and thymidine dimers with cis-syn-structure are dna lesions, which are efficiently repaired in many species by dna photolyases. the essential step of the repair reaction is a light driven electron transfer from a reduced fad cofactor (fadh ) to the dimer lesion, which splits spontaneously into the monomers. repair studies with uv-light damaged dna revealed significant rate differences for the various dimer lesions. in particular the effect of the almost eclipsed positioned me ...	2000	10747389
in vivo studies of upstream regulatory cis-acting elements of the alcr gene encoding the transactivator of the ethanol regulon in aspergillus nidulans.	the alcr gene of aspergillus nidulans, which encodes the specific transactivator of the ethanol utilization pathway, is positively autoregulated and carbon catabolite repressed. regulation by these two circuits occurs at the transcriptional level via the binding of the two regulators, alcr and crea, to their cognate targets respectively. we demonstrate here that out of two clustered putative alcr repeated consensus sequences, only the palindromic target is functional in vivo. hence, it is solely ...	2000	10760169
characterization of the aspergillus parasiticus major nitrogen regulatory gene, area.	the major nitrogen regulatory gene, area, was cloned from aspergillus parasiticus. it encoded a polypeptide of 864 amino acids which contained a nuclear localization signal (nls), a highly acidic region from positions 497 to 542, a cys-x(2)-cys-x(17)-cys-x(2)-cys dna-binding motif and a conserved carboxy-terminus. electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggested that the a. parasiticus area dna-binding domain fusion protein bound cooperatively to single gata elements in the a. parasiticus niad-ni ...	2000	10760588
a novel nuclear factor, sreb, binds to a cis-acting element, sre, required for inducible expression of the aspergillus oryzae taka-amylase a gene in a. nidulans.	the taka-amylase a gene (taag2) of aspergillus oryzae is inducibly expressed in a. nidulans upon exposure to inducing carbon sources, such as starch and maltose. in order to identify nuclear factor(s) possibly involved in the induction of the taag2 gene, gel mobility shift assays and dnase i footprinting analyses were carried out, and revealed a novel nuclear factor in a. nidulans extracts, which specifically bound to two sites in the taag2 promoter region, -204 to -189 and -182 to -168, which s ...	2000	10778741
on the mechanism by which alkaline ph prevents expression of an acid-expressed gene.	previous work has shown that zinc finger transcription factor pacc mediates the regulation of gene expression by ambient ph in the fungus aspergillus nidulans. this regulation ensures that the syntheses of molecules functioning in the external environment, such as permeases, secreted enzymes, and exported metabolites, are tailored to the ph of the growth environment. a direct role for pacc in activating the expression of an alkaline-expressed gene has previously been demonstrated, but the mechan ...	2000	10779325
using dna-tagged mutagenesis to improve heterologous protein production in aspergillus oryzae.	using dna-tagged mutagenesis to improve heterologous protein production in aspergillus oryzae. fungal genetics and biology 29, 28-37. restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) has been employed as a mutagen to generate two insertion libraries in an aspergillus oryzae strain expressing a thermomyces lanuginosus lipase. the remi libraries were created using linearized plasmid containing the a. oryzae pyrg and either bamhi or ecori enzyme. the libraries were screened for lipase production, and ...	2000	10779397
large-scale comparison of fungal sequence information: mechanisms of innovation in neurospora crassa and gene loss in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	we report a large-scale comparison of sequence data from the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa with the complete genome sequence of saccharomyces cerevisiae. n. crassa is considerably more morphologically and developmentally complex than s. cerevisiae. we found that n. crassa has a much higher proportion of "orphan" genes than s. cerevisiae, suggesting that its morphological complexity reflects the acquisition or maintenance of novel genes, consistent with its larger genome. our results also ...	2000	10779483
the analysis of the transcriptional activator prna reveals a tripartite nuclear localisation sequence.	nuclear localisation signals (nlss) have been classified as either mono- or bipartite. genetic analysis and gfp fusions show that the nls of a zn-binuclear cluster transcriptional activator of aspergillus nidulans (prna) is tripartite. this nls comprises two amino-terminal basic sequences and the first basic sequence of the zn-cluster. neither the two amino-terminal basic sequences nor the paradigmatic nucleoplasmin bipartite nls drive our construction to the nucleus. cryosensitive mutations in ...	2000	10788322
aspergillus stea (sterile12-like) is a homeodomain-c2/h2-zn+2 finger transcription factor required for sexual reproduction.	saccharomyces cerevisiae ste12p plays a key role in coupling signal transduction through map kinase modules to cell-specific or morphogenesis-specific gene expression required for mating and pseudohyphal (ph)/filamentous growth (fg). ste12p homologues in the pathogenic yeasts candida albicans and filobasidiela neoformans apparently play similar roles during dimorphic transitions. here we report the isolation and characterization of the first ste12 protein from a true filamentous fungus. aspergil ...	2000	10792717
heterotrimeric g-proteins of a filamentous fungus regulate cell wall composition and susceptibility to a plant pr-5 protein.	membrane permeabilizing plant defensive proteins first encounter the fungal cell wall that can harbor specific components that facilitate or prevent access to the plasma membrane. however, signal transduction pathways controlling cell wall composition in filamentous fungi are largely unknown. we report here that the deposition of cell wall constituents that block the action of osmotin (pr-5), an antifungal plant defense protein, against aspergillus nidulans requires the activity of a heterotrime ...	2000	10792821
ornithine decarboxylase of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum is required for virulence toward wheat.	a knockout strain of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum lacking the single ornithine decarboxylase (odc) allele has been created by targeted gene replacement. a central region of the s. nodorum odc gene was isolated by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotides and used to probe a lambda genomic library. the gene was sequenced and the encoded odc protein sequence was shown to be similar to those from other fungi. the functionality of the s. nodorum odc was confirmed by complementat ...	2000	10799502
the crystal structure and active site location of isocitrate lyase from the fungus aspergillus nidulans.	isocitrate lyase catalyses the first committed step of the carbon-conserving glyoxylate bypass, the mg(2+)-dependent reversible cleavage of isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. this metabolic pathway is an inviting target for the control of a number of diseases, because the enzymes involved in this cycle have been identified in many pathogens including mycobacterium leprae and leishmania.	2000	10801489
the nima-related kinase x-nek2b is required for efficient assembly of the zygotic centrosome in xenopus laevis.	nek2 is a mammalian cell cycle-regulated serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the family of proteins related to nima of aspergillus nidulans. functional studies in diverse species have implicated nima-related kinases in g(2)/m progression, chromatin condensation and centrosome regulation. to directly address the requirements for vertebrate nek2 kinases in these cell cycle processes, we have turned to the biochemically-tractable system provided by xenopus laevis egg extracts. following isolati ...	2000	10806108
cloning and characterization of avfa and omtb genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in three aspergillus species.	the biosynthesis of aflatoxins (b(1), g(1), b(2), and g(2)) is a multi-enzyme process controlled genetically by over 20 genes. in this study, we report the identification and characterization of the avfa gene, which was found to be involved in the conversion of averufin (avf) to versiconal hemiacetal acetate (vha), in aspergillus parasiticus and a. flavus; a copy of avfa gene was also cloned from a non-aflatoxin producing strain a. sojae. complementation of an averufin-accumulating, non-aflatoxi ...	2000	10806361
interaction of human phagocytes with pigmentless aspergillus conidia.	a defect in the pksp gene of aspergillus fumigatus is associated with the loss of conidial pigmentation, a profound change of the conidial surface structure, and reduced virulence. the structural change of the conidial surface structure was not observed in similar a. nidulans wa mutants. our data indicate that the pigment of both species is important for scavenging reactive oxygen species and for protection of conidia against oxidative damage.	2000	10816538
taf-containing and taf-independent forms of transcriptionally active tbp in vivo.	transcriptional activity in yeast strongly correlates with promoter occupancy by general factors such as tata binding protein (tbp), tfiia, and tfiib, but not with occupancy by tbp-associated factors (tafs). thus, tbp exists in at least two transcriptionally active forms in vivo. the taf-containing form corresponds to the tfiid complex, whereas the form lacking tafs corresponds to tbp itself or to some other tbp complex. heat shock treatment altered the relative utilization of these tbp forms, w ...	2000	10818000
a spindle pole body-associated protein, snad, affects septation and conidiation in aspergillus nidulans.	the nuda1 mutation in the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain gene inhibits nuclear migration, colony growth and asexual sporulation (conidiation) in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. it also alters the location of the first cell division event (septation) and prevents nucleation of tip cells. we showed previously that a suppressor of nuda1, snad290, partially reversed the nuclear migration defect and partially restored colony growth. we have now demonstrated that the snad290 mutation also ...	2000	10821171
ambient ph signalling in ascomycetous yeasts involves homologues of the aspergillus nidulans genes palf and paih.	in yarrowia lipolytica, the transcription factor rim101p mediates both ph regulation and control of mating and sporulation. like its homologues pacc of aspergillus nidulans and rim101p of saccharomyces cerevisiae, y1rim101p is activated by proteolytic c-terminal processing, which occurs in response to a signal transduced by a pathway involving several pal gene products. we report here the cloning and sequencing of two of these genes, pal2 and pal3. pal2 encodes a putative 632-residue protein wit ...	2000	10821185
amino acid residues n450 and q449 are critical for the uptake capacity and specificity of uapa, a prototype of a nucleobase-ascorbate transporter family.	specific carrier-mediated transport of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases across cell membranes is a basic biological process in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. recent in silico analysis has shown that the aspergillus nidulans (uapa, uapc) and bacterial (pbux, uraa, pyrp) nucleobase transporters, and a group of mammalian l-ascorbic acid transporters (svct1 and svct2), constitute a unique protein family which includes putative homologues from archea, bacteria, plants and metazoans. the constructi ...	2000	10824738
ami1, an orthologue of the aspergillus nidulans apsa gene, is involved in nuclear migration events throughout the life cycle of podospora anserina.	the podospora anserina ami1-1 mutant was identified as a male-sterile strain. microconidia (which act as male gametes) form, but are anucleate. paraphysae from the perithecium beaks are also anucleate when ami1-1 is used as the female partner in a cross. furthermore, in crosses heterozygous for ami1-1, some crozier cells are uninucleate rather than binucleate. in addition to these nuclear migration defects, which occur at the transition between syncytial and cellular states, ami1-1 causes abnorm ...	2000	10835387
conidial germination in aspergillus nidulans requires ras signaling and protein synthesis.	the dormant spores of aspergillus nidulans become competent for growth and nuclear division in a process called conidial germination. to analyze the molecular details of conidial germination, we developed a genetic screen in which we identified spore germination-deficient mutants that are blocked in this process at the restrictive temperature. these mutants defined eight genes, of which we identified five. four of the five were directly involved in translation and protein folding, and the fifth ...	2000	10835388
dynamics of cytoplasmic dynein in living cells and the effect of a mutation in the dynactin complex actin-related protein arp1.	cytoplasmic dynein is a minus-end-directed microtubule motor that participates in multiple cellular activities such as organelle transport and mitotic spindle assembly [1]. to study the dynamic behavior of cytoplasmic dynein in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, we replaced the gene for the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain, nuda, with a gene encoding a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged chimera, gfp-nuda. the gfp-nuda fusion protein is fully functional in vivo: strains expressing onl ...	2000	10837229
structure-function analysis of nadph:nitrate reductase from aspergillus nidulans: analysis of altered pyridine nucleotide specificity in vivo.	nitrate reductase (nar) catalyses the reduction of nitrate to nitrite via a two-electron transfer. in fungi, the electron donor for nar is nadph whereas plants can have two enzymes, nadh:nar and a bispecific nad(p)h:nar. pcr mutagenesis was employed to introduce mutations into the niad gene of aspergillus nidulans in order to identify residues involved in co-enzyme specificity. the niad3000 mutation (niad t813d, k814q) altered co-enzyme specificity: the new enzyme had high levels of nadh:nar act ...	2000	10846218
confocal microscopy of fm4-64 as a tool for analysing endocytosis and vesicle trafficking in living fungal hyphae.	confocal microscopy of amphiphilic styryl dyes has been used to investigate endocytosis and vesicle trafficking in living fungal hyphae. hyphae were treated with fm4-64, fm1-43 or tma-dph, three of the most commonly used membrane-selective dyes reported as markers of endocytosis. all three dyes were rapidly internalized within hyphae. fm4-64 was found best for imaging the dynamic changes in size, morphology and position of the apical vesicle cluster within growing hyphal tips because of its stai ...	2000	10849201
the aspergillus nidulans crec gene involved in carbon catabolite repression encodes a wd40 repeat protein.	expression of many microbial genes required for the utilisation of less favoured carbon sources is carbon catabolite repressed in the presence of a preferred carbon source such as d-glucose. in aspergillus nidulans, crec mutants show derepression in the presence of d-glucose of some, but not all, systems normally subject to carbon catabolite repression. these mutants also fail to grow on some carbon sources, and show minor morphological impairment and altered sensitivity to toxic compounds inclu ...	2000	10852476
cloning and expression of the s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene of neurospora crassa and processing of its product.	s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (adometdc) catalyzes the formation of decarboxylated adometdc, a precursor of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. the enzyme is derived from a proenzyme by autocatalytic cleavage. we report the cloning and regulation of the gene for adometdc in neurospora crassa, spe-2, and the effect of putrescine on enzyme maturation and activity. the gene was cloned from a genomic library by complementation of a spe-2 mutant. like other adometdcs, that of neurospora is d ...	2000	10852489
tagging of genes involved in multidrug resistance in aspergillus nidulans.	we have used a plasmid containing the neurospora crassa pyr4 gene to transform an aspergillus nidulans pyrg89 mutant strain in the presence of bam-hi, and isolated multidrug-sensitive mutants among the transformants. using this approach, we hoped to identify genes whose products are important for drug resistance by analyzing gene disruptions that alter the drug sensitivity of the cell. about 1300 transformants isolated following transformation were screened for sensitivity to drugs or various st ...	2000	10852493
mutation of a putative ampk phosphorylation site abolishes the repressor activity but not the nuclear targeting of the fungal glucose regulator cre1.	in filamentous ascomycetes, glucose repression is mediated by cre1, a zinc-finger protein related to miglp from yeast. five putative ampk phosphorylation motifs identified in the glucose repressor from the phytopathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum were mutated in a gfp::cre1 translational fusion. complementation experiments in aspergillus nidulans and fluorescence microscopy analyses showed that mutation of one site (ser266) abolishes the repressor activity of the fusion protein but not it ...	2000	10853770
cloning and heterologous expression of solorina crocea pyrg.	a pyrg gene, encoding orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase, was cloned from a phage library derived from the lichen solorina crocea. phylogenetic analysis and a survey of geographically well-separated specimens were used to verify that the gene represented the fungal component of the lichen. both coding and upstream sequences of s. crocea pyrg exhibited features typical of fungal genes. a 132-bp intron interrupting the coding region between nucleotides 157 and 288 was confirmed by rt-pcr and ...	2000	10853771
molecular and physiological aspects of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by aspergillus tamarii and a. ochraceoroseus.	until recently, only three species (aspergillus flavus, a. parasiticus and a. nomius) have been widely recognized as producers of aflatoxin. in this study we examine aflatoxin production by two other species, a. tamarii and a. ochraceoroseus, the latter of which also produces sterigmatocystin. toxin-producing strains of a. tamarii and a. ochraceoroseus were examined morphologically, and toxin production was assayed on different media at different ph levels using thin layer chromatography and a d ...	2000	10855723
distinctive properties of the catalase b of aspergillus nidulans.	aspergillus nidulans catalase b (catb) was purified to homogeneity and characterized as a hydroperoxidase which resembles typical catalases in some physicochemical characteristics: (1) it has an apparent molecular weight of 360000 and is composed of four glycosylated subunits, (2) it has hydrophobic properties as revealed by extractability in ethanol/chloroform and binding to phenyl-superose, and (3) it has an acidic isoelectric point at ph 3. 5. also catb exhibits some distinctive properties, e ...	2000	10858500
interaction between developmental and cell cycle regulators is required for morphogenesis in aspergillus nidulans.	in aspergillus nidulans, mutation of the transcriptional regulator brla arrests formation of asexual spore-forming structures called conidiophores but does not hinder vegetative hyphal growth. during conidiophore development a 6-fold, brla-dependent increase in the kinase activities of nimx(cdc2) and nima occurs. a similar level of kinase induction was promoted by ectopic expression of brla. northern and western analysis revealed marked induction of nimx(cdc2) mrna after ectopic expression of br ...	1999	10601021
prr1, a homolog of aspergillus nidulans palf, controls ph-dependent gene expression and filamentation in candida albicans.	the ph of the environment has been implicated in controlling the yeast-hypha transition and pathogenesis of candida albicans. several c. albicans genes, including phr1 and phr2, are ph dependent in their expression. to investigate the mechanism of ph-dependent expression, we have cloned and characterized prr1 (for ph response regulator). prr1 is homologous to palf, a component of the ph response pathway in aspergillus nidulans. expression of prr1 was itself ph dependent, being maximal at acid ph ...	1999	10601209
effect of environmental ph on morphological development of candida albicans is mediated via the pacc-related transcription factor encoded by prr2.	the ability to respond to ambient ph is critical to the growth and virulence of the fungal pathogen candida albicans. this response entails the differential expression of several genes affecting morphogenesis. to investigate the mechanism of ph-dependent gene expression, the c. albicans homolog of pacc, designated prr2 (for ph response regulator), was identified and cloned. pacc encodes a zinc finger-containing transcription factor that mediates ph-dependent gene expression in aspergillus nidula ...	1999	10601210
[aortic rupture in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a neutropenic patient].		1999	10605483
role of water mobility on mold spore germination.	a sugar transport defected strain of aspergillus nidulans (bia-1 sora-2) was tested for spore germination in nutrient media containing various water activity (a(w)) values and varying amounts of non-nutritive, nontoxic carbohydrates (l-sorbose and cellulose). freeze-dried media [containing the same nutrient level but different in sorbose/cellulose (s:c) ratio] were adjusted to 0.75-0.97a(w) at 25 degrees c before inoculation. minimum a(w) for germination varied with s:c ratio. because both sorbo ...	1999	10606561
refined structures of oxidized flavodoxin from anacystis nidulans.	flavodoxin from anacystis nidulans (synechococcus pcc 7942) was the first member of the flavodoxin family to be characterized, and is the structural prototype for the "long-chain" flavodoxins that have molecular masses of approximately 20 kda. crystal structure analyses and refinements of three orthorhombic forms of oxidized a. nidulans flavodoxin are reported, and salient features of the fold and the fmn binding site are compared with other flavodoxins. the structure of form i (wild-type: p2121 ...	1999	10610791
comparisons of wild-type and mutant flavodoxins from anacystis nidulans. structural determinants of the redox potentials.	the long-chain flavodoxins, with 169-176 residues, display oxidation-reduction potentials at ph 7 that vary from -50 to -260 mv for the oxidized/semiquinone (ox/sq) equilibrium and are -400 mv or lower for the semiquinone/hydroquinone (sq/hq) equilibrium. to examine the effects of protein interactions and conformation changes on fmn potentials in the long-chain flavodoxin from anacystis nidulans (synechococcus pcc 7942), we have determined crystal structures for the semiquinone and hydroquinone ...	1999	10610792