Publications

differential induction of cd94 and nkg2 in cd4 helper t cells. a consequence of influenza virus infection and interferon-gamma?	influenza a virus causes worldwide epidemics and pandemics and the investigation of memory t helper (th) cells that help maintain serological memory following infection is important for vaccine design. in this study we investigated cd94 and nkg2 gene expression in memory cd4 t-cell clones established from the spleens of c57bl/10 (h-2(b)) and balb/c (h-2(d)) mice infected with influenza a virus (h3n2). cd94 and nkg2a/c/e proteins form heterodimeric membrane receptors that are involved in virus re ...	2007	17462078
design and validation of an h5 taqman real-time one-step reverse transcription-pcr and confirmatory assays for diagnosis and verification of influenza a virus h5 infections in humans.	increasing diversity among influenza h5n1 viruses has resulted in the need for sensitive and specific diagnostic assays, fully validated for the detection of h5 viruses belonging to all hemagglutinin (ha) clades, particularly the recently circulating h5n1 viruses of clade 2. in this report, the development and validation of a real-time, one-step taqman reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay specific for the detection of influenza a h5 viruses from clades 1, 1', 2, and 3 is described. the real- ...	2007	17473050
avian influenza a (h5n1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention.	in an avian flu pandemic, which drugs could be used to treat or prevent infection with influenza a (h5n1) virus? foremost are the viral neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, which have already been used to treat human influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b virus infections. the use of the m2 ion channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine is compounded by the rapid development of drug resistance. although formally approved for other indications (i.e. treatment of hepatitis c), ribavirin ...	2007	17481739
receptor binding specificity of recent human h3n2 influenza viruses.	human influenza viruses are known to bind to sialic acid linked alpha2-6 to galactose, but the binding specificity beyond that linkage has not been systematically examined. h3n2 human influenza isolates lost binding to chicken red cells in the 1990s but viruses isolated since 2003 have re-acquired the ability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. we have investigated specificity of binding, changes in hemagglutinin sequence of the recent viruses and the role of sialic acid in productive infection ...	2007	17490484
avian influenza virus screening in wild waterfowl in norway, 2005.	the prevalence of influenza a virus infection, and the distribution of different subtypes of the virus, were studied in 604 geese and ducks shot during ordinary hunting 2005. the study was based upon molecular screening of cloacal swabs taken by the hunters. the sampling included the following species: greylag (anser anser), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), wigeon (anas penelope), teal (anas crecca), goosander (mergus merganser), tufted duck (aythya fuligula), common scoter (melanitta nigra), golde ...	2007	17494599
[rimantadine and arbidol sensitivity of influenza viruses that caused epidemic morbidity rise in russia in the 2004-2005 season].	the study of the activity of arbidol against epidemic influenza a and b virus strains (2002-2005) in the cultured mdck cells showed the higher sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay than that of hemagglutination test. the influenza a virus strains tested, including those resistant to rimantadine (5 microg/ml), were sensitive to arbidol (10 microg/ml). the population of influenza b virus strains was heterogeneous in this indicator, 43% of the strains being less sensitive to arbidol. there was an incre ...	2007	17500235
influenza surveillance in victoria, 2006.	the victorian influenza season in 2006 remained within normal seasonal activity thresholds and was relatively mild compared with recent years. the season peaked in mid-august, with influenza-like illness (ili) rates from general practitioner sentinel surveillance and the melbourne medical locum service (mmls), and cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza notified to the department of human services, reaching their zeniths within one week of each other. a total of 74 general practitioners (gps) pa ...	2007	17503649
low ph gel intranasal sprays inactivate influenza viruses in vitro and protect ferrets against influenza infection.	developing strategies for controlling the severity of pandemic influenza is a global public health priority. in the event of a pandemic there may be a place for inexpensive, readily available, effective adjunctive therapies to support containment strategies such as prescription antivirals, vaccines, quarantine and restrictions on travel. inactivation of virus in the intranasal environment is one possible approach. the work described here investigated the sensitivity of influenza viruses to low p ...	2007	17509128
specific biochemical features of replication of clinical influenza viruses in human intestinal cell culture.	influenza a viruses isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with influenza were cultured in human intestinal epithelium cells (caco-2 line). the caco-2 cells were found to be 100-fold more susceptible to the clinical viruses than mdck cells and chicken embryos. on passaging in caco-2 cells, clinical isolates of the subtype h3n2 retained the original "human" phenotype and agglutinated human but not chicken erythrocytes, whereas on passaging in mdck cells the virus phenotype changed to the ...	2007	17511604
response of influenza vaccines against heterovariant influenza virus strains in adults with chronic diseases.	the ability of influenza vaccination to provide cross-protection against heterovariant influenza strains was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, trial in north-east italy during the winter of 2005-2006. of 238 adult subjects with underlying chronic diseases, 120 received mf59-adjuvanted subunit vaccine (sub/mf59) and 118 received a conventional subunit vaccine (subunit). immunogenicity was measured for a/h3n2 and b influenza strains against both the homologous vaccine strains (a/new york/55 ...	2007	17514499
the delivery site of a monovalent influenza vaccine within the respiratory tract impacts on the immune response.	pulmonary vaccination is a promising immunization route. however, there still remains a crucial need to characterize the different parameters affecting the efficacy of inhaled vaccination. this study aimed at assessing the impact of antigen distribution within the respiratory tract on the immune response to a monovalent a/panama/2007/99 h3n2 influenza split virus vaccine administered to balb/c mice. varying the administration technique allowed the targeting of the vaccine to different sites of t ...	2007	17521369
the genesis and spread of reassortment human influenza a/h3n2 viruses conferring adamantane resistance.	a dramatic rise in the frequency of resistance to adamantane drugs by influenza a (h3n2) viruses has occurred in recent years -- from approximately 2% to approximately 90% in multiple countries worldwide-and associated with a single s31n amino acid replacement in the viral matrix m2 protein. to explore the emergence and spread of these adamantane resistant viruses we performed a phylogenetic analysis of recently sampled complete a/h3n2 genome sequences. strikingly, all adamantane resistant virus ...	2007	17522084
spatial clustering of swine influenza in ontario on the basis of herd-level disease status with different misclassification errors.	this approach maximizes sensitivity of serology-based monitoring systems by considering spatial clustering of herds classified as false positive by herd testing, allowing outbreaks to be detected in an early phase. the primary objective of this study was to determine whether swine herds infected with influenza viruses cluster in space, and if so, where they cluster. the secondary objective was to investigate the combining of a multivariate spatial scan statistic with herd test results to maximiz ...	2007	17531333
global surveillance of emerging influenza virus genotypes by mass spectrometry.	effective influenza surveillance requires new methods capable of rapid and inexpensive genomic analysis of evolving viral species for pandemic preparedness, to understand the evolution of circulating viral species, and for vaccine strain selection. we have developed one such approach based on previously described broad-range reverse transcription pcr/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (rt-pcr/esi-ms) technology.	2007	17534439
effect of a plant polyphenol-rich extract on the lung protease activities of influenza-virus-infected mice.	influenza infection was induced in white mice by intranasal inoculation of the virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). the lung protease and the protease-inhibitory activities were followed for 9 days after infection. the intranasal application of a polyphenol-rich extract (pc) isolated from geranium sanguineum l. induced a continuous rise in the anti-protease activity but did not cause substantial changes in the lung protease activity of healthy mice. influenza virus infection triggered a slight reduction i ...	2007	17542152
n-linked glycosylation attenuates h3n2 influenza viruses.	over the last four decades, h3n2 subtype influenza a viruses have gradually acquired additional potential sites for glycosylation within the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. here, we have examined the biological effect of additional glycosylation on the virulence of h3n2 influenza viruses. we created otherwise isogenic reassortant viruses by site-directed mutagenesis that contain additional potential sites for glycosylation and examined the effect on virulence in naïve balb/c, c5 ...	2007	17553891
antigenic characterisation of h3n2 subtypes of the influenza virus by mass spectrometry.	the antigenic characterisation of three h3n2 type a influenza strains by mass spectrometry is described. the approach, developed in this laboratory, employs matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (maldi) mass spectrometry to analyse gel-resolved antigens, post their proteolysis and treatment with monoclonal antibodies. the primary structure and antigenicity of the component antigens of the virus can be determined in a single step. four antigenic domains of hemagglutinin have been identified ...	2007	17588679
influenza surveillance in new zealand in 2005.	we report the influenza activity in new zealand in 2005 (including an influenza b epidemic) in terms of the disease burden, hospitalisations, viral strain characterisations, and vaccine recommendations.	2007	17589549
low dose oral combination chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir and amantadine for influenza a virus infections in mice.	in the present study, the effect of combining anti-influenza drugs active at different steps of the influenza virus replication cycle, oseltamivir as a neuraminidase (na) inhibitor and amantadine targeting m2 protein, was investigated in vivo by oral administration in a mouse model of aerosol influenza virus infection and in vitro in mdck cells. in mice, doses of oseltamivir and amantadine providing 50-60% survival against a/hongkong/1/68 (h3n2) or a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) were capable of conferring com ...	2007	17594925
quality and kinetics of the antibody response in mice after three different low-dose influenza virus vaccination strategies.	the threat of a new influenza pandemic has led to renewed interest in dose-sparing vaccination strategies such as intradermal immunization and the use of adjuvanted vaccines. in this study we compared the quality and kinetics of the serum antibody response elicited in mice after one or two immunizations with a split influenza a (h3n2) virus, using three different low-dose vaccination strategies. the mice were divided into four groups, receiving either a low-dose vaccine (3 microg hemagglutinin [ ...	2007	17596426
control of mucosal virus infection by influenza nucleoprotein-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes.	mhc class i-restricted cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are thought to play a major role in clearing virus and promoting recovery from influenza infection and disease. this has been demonstrated for clearance of influenza virus from the lungs of infected mice. however, human influenza infection is primarily a respiratory mucosal infection involving the nasopharynx and tracheobronchial tree. the role of cd8+ ctl directed toward the influenza nucleoprotein (np) in defense against influenza virus ...	2007	17597533
longer virus shedding in influenza b than in influenza a among outpatients treated with oseltamivir.	to compare the persistence, susceptibility and resistance of influenza a and influenza b viruses in oseltamivir therapy in outpatients of various ages.	2007	17604839
bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus.	influenza virus was used to characterize the efficacy of a cyclone-based, two-stage personal bioaerosol sampler for the collection and size fractionation of aerosolized viral particles.	2007	19453416
real-time rt-pcr assays for type and subtype detection of influenza a and b viruses.	influenza viruses type a (h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes) and b are the most prevalently circulating human influenza viruses. however, an increase in several confirmed cases of high pathogenic h5n1 in humans has raised concerns of a potential pandemic underscoring the need for rapid, point of contact detection. in this report, we describe development and evaluation of 'type,' i.e., influenza virus a and b, and 'subtype,' i.e., h1, h3, and h5, specific, single-step/reaction vessel format, real-time rt-pc ...	2007	19432632
[antigenic and genetic study of influenza virus circulated in china in 2006].	to analyse seasonal influenza epidemic situation in 2006, and to analyse the genetic and antigenic characteristics of viral hemagglutinin (ha) gene.	2007	18322584
[preparation of armored rna containing m gene of influenza h3n2].	to prepare the armored rna containing m gene of influenza h3n2.	2007	18322598
increased antibodies against unfolded viral antigens in the elderly after influenza vaccination.	our studies aimed to measure the quality of antibody response to influenza vaccines in the elderly. the frequency of significant rise in hemagglutination inhibition (hai) titer in the elderly is low and although annual vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality, better correlates of vaccine efficacy in the elderly are needed.	2007	18458742
swine influenza (h3n2) infection in a child and possible community transmission, canada.	an influenza a virus (h3n2) of probable swine origin, designated a/canada/1158/2006, was isolated from a 7-month-old hospitalized child who lived on a communal farm in canada. the child recovered uneventfully. a serosurvey that used a hemagglutination-inhibition assay for a/canada/1158/2006 was conducted on 54 of the 90 members of the farm. seropositivity was demonstrated in the index patient, 4 of 7 household members, and 4 of 46 nonhousehold members; none had a history of hospital admission fo ...	2007	18258037
[generation of cell culture high-yield recombinant h3n2 subtype swine influenza vaccine candidate by reverse genetics].	high-yield h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus for large-scale vaccine production in cell culture was generated by reverse genetics. the rescued h3n2 (rh3n2) candidate virus contained hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes derived from a field isolate a/swine/henan/s4/01 (h3n2), pb2 gene from a/pr/8/34, and the other five internal genes from a/goose/dalian/3/01 (h9n2). the rh3n2 virus titer in mdck cell culture were measured by hemagglutination assay and the maximum virus titre of 1:512 ...	2007	18092685
comparison of epitope structures of h3has through protein modeling of influenza a virus hemagglutinin: mechanism for selection of antigenic variants in the presence of a monoclonal antibody.	starting with nine plaques of influenza a/kamata/14/91(h3n2) virus, we selected mutants in the presence of monoclonal antibody 203 (mab203). in total, amino acid substitutions were found at nine positions (77, 80, 131, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144 and 146), which localized in the antigenic site a of the hemagglutinin (ha). the escape mutants differed in the extent to which they had lost binding to mab203. ha protein with substitutions of some amino acid residues created by site-directed mutagenesis i ...	2007	18094536
[surveillance program set for influenza a virus (h1n1) in children in taiyuan, china, 2005-2006].	to study the epidemic situation and dominant strain of influenza in children with acute respiratory infection (ari) during flu season from oct. 2005 to mar. 2006 in taiyuan.	2007	18080559
[h3n2 subtype of human influenza pneumonia with staphylococcal sepsis and staphylococcal pneumonia: report of one case].	to investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapy of influenza pneumonia with staphylococcal infection. one patient in our hospital was diagnosed and the literatures on the subject were reviewed. the patient presented with high fever and dyspnea. arterial gas analysis indicated type 1 respiratory failure. chest x ray photographs showed bilateral infiltrations and bilateral encapsulated pleural effusions. viral separation and culture of pharyngeal swab indicated h(3)n(2) subtype ...	2007	18087564
global patterns in seasonal activity of influenza a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b from 1997 to 2005: viral coexistence and latitudinal gradients.	despite a mass of research on the epidemiology of seasonal influenza, overall patterns of infection have not been fully described on broad geographic scales and for specific types and subtypes of the influenza virus. here we provide a descriptive analysis of laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance data by type and subtype (a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b) for 19 temperate countries in the northern and southern hemispheres from 1997 to 2005, compiled from a public database maintained by who (flunet). k ...	2007	18074020
[antiviral action of some antioxidants/antihypoxants and their combinations with remantadine against human influenza a(h3n2) virus studied in in vitro models].	the possible antiviral activity of preparations with antioxidant and/or antihypoxant properties was studied on two in vitro models of influenza infection: (i) in cultures of chorio-allantoic membranes of chicken embryos and (ii) in mdck cells. preparations under study were hypoxene, reduced glutathione, dihydroquercetin, trolox, coenzyme q10, and the enzymatic preparation of superoxide-dismutase (recsod). preparations possessing combined antioxidant/antihypoxic and detoxicating properties (reduc ...	2007	18074805
protection against mouse and avian influenza a strains via vaccination with a combination of conserved proteins np, m1 and ns1.	experimental data accumulated over more than a decade indicate that cross-strain protection against influenza may be achieved by immunization with conserved influenza proteins. at the same time, the efficacy of immunization schemes designed along these lines and involving internal influenza proteins, mostly np and m1, has not been sufficient.	2007	18784792
[an adult case of acute cerebellitis after influenza a infection with a cerebellar corical lesion on mri].	we report an adult case of acute cerebellitis associated with influenza a. a 25-year-old woman with fever and headache was diagnosed as having influenza a infection, because nasal swab extract was found positive in the influenza assay. she was treated with oseltamivir. after the treatment, she gradually developed gait and speech disturbance. neurological examination revealed dysarthria with scanning slurred speech, and limb and truncal ataxia. cerebrospinal fluid showed pleocytosis and a four-fo ...	2006	17061703
long intervals of stasis punctuated by bursts of positive selection in the seasonal evolution of influenza a virus.	the interpandemic evolution of the influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) protein is commonly considered a paragon of rapid evolutionary change under positive selection in which amino acid replacements are fixed by virtue of their effect on antigenicity, enabling the virus to evade immune surveillance.	2006	17067369
[avian influenza viruses--new causative agents of human infections].	introduction: influenza a viruses can infect humans, some mammals and especially birds. subtypes of human influenza a viruses: a(h1n1), a(h2n2) and a(h3n2) have caused pandemics. avian influenza viruses vary owing to their 15 hemagglutinins (h) and 9 neuraminidases (n). human cases of avian influenza a: in the netherlands in 2003, there were 83 human cases of influenza a (h7n7). in 1997, 18 cases of h5n1 influenza a, of whom 6 died, were found among residents of hong kong. in 2004, 34 human case ...	2006	17068888
response to influenza vaccine in people with non-protective hi antibody titers.	the purpose of the study was to determine which factors correlate directly with response to vaccination in such a group of subjects with non-protective hi antibody titers before vaccination. two vaccines were used, a subunit virus vaccine adjuvanted with mf59 and a split virus vaccine. the analysis indicated that immunization with vaccine adjuvanted with mf59 was an independent variable for immune response against a/h3n2 (or: 3.51; 95% ci: 1.81-6.79) and b (or: 2.31; 95% ci: 1.37-3.89). the resu ...	2006	17082899
[peptide mapping of the monoclonal antibodies against the heavy chain hemagglutinin from influenza virus h3n2].	interaction of the synthetic peptides corresponding to the regions 122-133, 136-147, 154-164 and 314-328 of the virus a/aichi/2/68 hemagglutinin heavy chain with monoclonal antibodies specific for this hemagglutinin was assayed in a variety of tests, e.g., elisa, competition ria, hemagglutinin-inhibition and virus-neutralization assays. the monoclonal antibody 152 reacted with the area 136-147 (epitope a), three monoclonal antibodies 3, 19 and 63 reacted exclusively with the area (154-164) glu ( ...	2006	17094654
subtyping of influenza a isolates in taiwan--2003 to 2004.	some isolated influenza strains are untypable. the possibility that a novel and potentially lethal strain, such as h5 virus, might be one of these untypable strains remains a major concern. this study investigated the nature of untypable influenza strains in taiwan.	2006	17098691
virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome accompanied by acute respiratory failure caused by influenza a (h3n2).	a 40-year-old japanese woman was admitted to oita university hospital with progressive dyspnea, consciousness disturbance and severe cytopenias. her chest roentgenogram showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates. she was therefore forced to receive mechanical ventilation. bone marrow aspiration disclosed numerous hemophagocytic histiocytes, thus suggesting her condition to be hemophagocytic syndrome. in addition, she also developed myocarditis and renal failure. pulsed methylprednisolone, gamma-globul ...	2006	17106167
characterization of multidrug-resistant influenza a/h3n2 viruses shed during 1 year by an immunocompromised child.	development of influenza drug resistance is an important problem in immunocompromised children that could result in treatment failure and viral transmission to others.	2006	17109288
superior relative efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine compared with inactivated influenza vaccine in young children with recurrent respiratory tract infections.	young children have a high incidence of influenza and influenza-related complications. this study compared the efficacy and safety of cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent (caiv-t) with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) in young children with a history of recurrent respiratory tract infections (rtis).	2006	17006279
outbreak of influenza amongst residential school students in malaysia.	in the months of july and august 2003, an outbreak of acute respiratory illness caused by influenza a virus occurred among students in seven residential schools situated in the northern part (perak) of peninsular malaysia. out of 4989 students, aged 13 to 18 years (mean = 15.9), 1419 (28%) were effected by influenza-like illness. all patients were treated as outpatients except for 36 students who required admission for high fever, severe coughing and shortness of breath. abnormal chest x-ray fin ...	2006	16898307
importance of neuraminidase active-site residues to the neuraminidase inhibitor resistance of influenza viruses.	neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are antivirals designed to target conserved residues at the neuraminidase (na) enzyme active site in influenza a and b viruses. the conserved residues that interact with nais are under selective pressure, but only a few have been linked to resistance. in the a/wuhan/359/95 (h3n2) recombinant virus background, we characterized seven charged, conserved na residues (r118, r371, e227, r152, r224, e276, and d151) that directly interact with the nais but have not been r ...	2006	16912325
addition of a prominent epitope affects influenza a virus-specific cd8+ t cell immunodominance hierarchies when antigen is limiting.	a reverse genetics strategy was used to insert the ova peptide (amino acid sequence siinfekl; ova(257-264)) into the neuraminidase stalk of both the a/pr8 (h1n1) and a/hkx31 (h3n2) influenza a viruses. initial characterization determined that k(b)ova257 is presented on targets infected with pr8-ova and hk-ova without significantly altering d(b) nucleoprotein (np)366 presentation. there were similar levels of k(b)ova257- and d(b)np366-specific ctl expansion following both primary and secondary in ...	2006	16920927
influenza a outbreak in a community hospital.	in january 2005, the department of public health, hse eastern region, received notification of an outbreak of influenza-like illness (ili) in a community hospital for elderly patients. influenza a (h3n2 subtype) was isolated in 12 of 18 (66%) throat swabs sent to the national virus reference laboratory (nvrl). an outbreak control team was convened. infection control measures were put in place. immunisation clinics were organised for non-immunised staff. the epidemic curve confirmed peak onset of ...	2006	16921823
overcoming maternal antibody interference by vaccination with human adenovirus 5 recombinant viruses expressing the hemagglutinin and the nucleoprotein of swine influenza virus.	sows and gilts lack immunity to human adenovirus 5 (ad-5) vectored vaccines so immunogens of swine pathogens can be expressed with these vaccines in order to immunize suckling piglets that have interfering, maternally derived antibodies. in this study 7-day-old piglets, that had suckled h3n2 infected gilts, were sham-inoculated with a non-expressing ad-5 vector or given a primary vaccination with replication-defective ad-5 viruses expressed the h3 hemagglutinin and the nucleoprotein of swine inf ...	2006	16939702
vaccination of pigs against swine influenza viruses by using an ns1-truncated modified live-virus vaccine.	swine influenza viruses (siv) naturally infect pigs and can be transmitted to humans. in the pig, genetic reassortment to create novel influenza subtypes by mixing avian, human, and swine influenza viruses is possible. an siv vaccine inducing cross-protective immunity between different subtypes and strains circulating in pigs is highly desirable. previously, we have shown that an h3n2 siv (a/swine/texas/4199-2/98 [tx98]) containing a deleted ns1 gene expressing a truncated ns1 protein of 126 ami ...	2006	16943300
a fused gene of nucleoprotein (np) and herpes simplex virus genes (vp22) induces highly protective immunity against different subtypes of influenza virus.	we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective activity of plasmid dna vaccines encoding the influenza virus np gene (pnp) alone or in combination with the herpes simplex virus type 1 protein 22 gene (pvp22). optimal immune responses were observed in balb/c mice immunized with the combination of pvp22 plus pnp, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), enzyme-linked immunospot (elispot) and intracellular cytokine staining (iccs). these mice also showed maximal resistance followin ...	2006	16945400
immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in partially immunized toddlers.	children > or = 6 months of age who have previously received 1 dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine are recommended to be given an additional single trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine dose the following fall. limited data exist documenting the immunogenicity of 2 doses of influenza vaccine given in separate years to young children, and it is not known if the antigen content of each of the 2 doses of vaccine must be identical or similar to optimally immunize children in this age g ...	2006	16950949
evaluation of hemagglutinin subtype 1 swine influenza viruses from the united states.	swine influenza viruses (siv) of the hemagglutinin subtype 1 (h1) isolated from the united states (u.s.) have not been well-characterized in the natural host. an increase in the rate of mutation and reassortment has occurred in siv isolates from the u.s. since 1998, including viruses belonging to the h1 subtype. two independent animal studies were done to evaluate and compare the pathogenesis of 10 siv isolates dating from 1930 to currently circulating isolates. in addition, the hemagglutinin an ...	2006	16962262
inhibition of multiple subtypes of influenza a virus in cell cultures with morpholino oligomers.	peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (p-pmo) are single-stranded nucleic acid-like antisense agents that can reduce gene expression by sterically blocking complementary rna sequence. p-pmo are water soluble and nuclease resistant, and they readily achieve uptake into cells in culture under standard conditions. eight p-pmo, each 20 to 22 bases in length, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza a virus (fluav) a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) replication in cell culture. the p- ...	2006	16966399
serological profiles after consecutive experimental infections of pigs with european h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 swine influenza viruses.	swine influenza viruses (sivs) of h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 subtypes, with antigenically different hemagglutinins, are currently cocirculating in pigs in europe. this study aimed to determine whether the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test, which is the primary serological test for siv, is sufficiently specific to discriminate between infections with the three subtypes. in experiment 1, pigs were consecutively inoculated with european h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2 sivs by the intranasal route, or with the r ...	2006	16987057
[sequence analysis of the ha1 regions of hemagglutinin genes of influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from children in beijing from 1998 - 2004].	to characterize the ha1 regions of hemagglutinin gene of influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from children in beijing from 1998 - 2004.	2006	16792896
amantadine resistance among porcine h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1981 and 2001.	this study was designed to gain insight into amantadine susceptibility of porcine influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1981 and 2001. the 12 studied h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 porcine influenza virus strains were isolated in chicken eggs and passaged once in mdck cells. plaque reduction assays were applied to examine virus susceptibility to amantadine. genotyping was used to confirm drug resistance. in the results of these antiviral studies, only 3 of the 12 isolates were shown to be amanta ...	2006	16809934
single amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin of influenza a/singapore/21/04 (h3n2) increase virus growth in embryonated chicken eggs.	most of the recently circulating h3n2 influenza a strains do not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs and had to be isolated by cell culture, which presents a great challenge for influenza vaccine production using embryonated chicken eggs. we previously reported that a human h3n2 virus, a/fujian/411/02, which replicates poorly in eggs, could be improved by changing a minimum of two ha residues (g186v/v226i or h183l/v226a). here, we extended our work to the a/singapore/21/04 strain that was ...	2006	16814431
[adamantane resistance among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated from the mainland of china].	to study the incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated from the mainland of china since 1989 through our influenza surveillance system, and to provide more information for the clinical usage of adamantane drugs.	2006	16816855
natural selection on the influenza virus genome.	influenza viruses are the etiological agents of influenza. although vaccines and drugs are available for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza virus infections, the generation of escape mutants has been reported. to develop vaccines and drugs that are less susceptible to the generation of escape mutants, it is important to understand the evolutionary mechanisms of the viruses. here natural selection operating on all the proteins encoded by the h3n2 human influenza a virus genome was inferre ...	2006	16818477
identification of genetic diversity by cultivating influenza a(h3n2) virus in vitro in the presence of post-infection sera from small children.	antigenic variants probably arise in the field by escaping herd immunity. we have earlier found that sera from small children are more strain-specific than sera from adults and could therefore, provide favourable conditions for selecting antigenic escape mutants. we had access to small volumes of anonymous sera collected in norway after the epidemic season 1999/00, which was dominated by the a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) variant. the ha gene of the representative strain of that season was genetically ...	2006	16844271
genomic analysis of influenza a viruses, including avian flu (h5n1) strains.	this study was designed to conduct genomic analysis in two steps, such as the overall relative synonymous codon usage (rscu) analysis of the five virus species in the orthomyxoviridae family, and more intensive pattern analysis of the four subtypes of influenza a virus (h1n1, h2n2, h3n2, and h5n1) which were isolated from human population. all the subtypes were categorized by their isolated regions, including asia, europe, and africa, and most of the synonymous codon usage patterns were analyzed ...	2006	16858618
evidence of a cross-protective immune response to influenza a in the cotton rat model.	epidemiologic evidence suggests that cross-protective immune responses to influenza a viruses that have different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes occur in humans. this study characterized this heterosubtypic immunity in cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus). animals were infected with influenza a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) or a/wuhan/359/95 (h3n2), and then challenged with a/wuhan/359/95(h3n2) virus 4 weeks later. viral titers, respiratory rates, and pathology of the respiratory tract following primary a ...	2006	16860444
infection of human airway epithelium by human and avian strains of influenza a virus.	we describe the characterization of influenza a virus infection of an established in vitro model of human pseudostratified mucociliary airway epithelium (hae). sialic acid receptors for both human and avian viruses, alpha-2,6- and alpha-2,3-linked sialic acids, respectively, were detected on the hae cell surface, and their distribution accurately reflected that in human tracheobronchial tissue. nonciliated cells present a higher proportion of alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid, while ciliated cells po ...	2006	16873262
prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2005 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2005;54[no. rr-8]:1--44). the 2006 recommendations include new and updated information. principal changes include 1) recommending vaccination of children aged 24-59 months and their household contacts and out-of- ...	2006	16874296
influenza-related mortality in the italian elderly: no decline associated with increasing vaccination coverage.	we investigated trends in influenza-related mortality among the elderly population in italy associated with increased vaccination coverage. using italian vital statistics data, we studied monthly death rates for pneumonia and influenza and all-cause for persons >/=65 years of age by 5-year age groups for 1970-2001. using a classic seasonal regression modelling approach, we estimated the age-specific seasonal excess mortality rates among italian elderly as a measure of influenza-related deaths. w ...	2006	16876293
lack of transmission of h5n1 avian-human reassortant influenza viruses in a ferret model.	avian influenza a h5n1 viruses continue to spread globally among birds, resulting in occasional transmission of virus from infected poultry to humans. probable human-to-human transmission has been documented rarely, but h5n1 viruses have not yet acquired the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, an essential property of a pandemic virus. the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 were caused by avian-human reassortant influenza viruses that had acquired human virus-like receptor binding properties. ...	2006	16880383
experimental evaluation of the fluchip diagnostic microarray for influenza virus surveillance.	global surveillance of influenza is critical for improvements in disease management and is especially important for early detection, rapid intervention, and a possible reduction of the impact of an influenza pandemic. enhanced surveillance requires rapid, robust, and inexpensive analytical techniques capable of providing a detailed analysis of influenza virus strains. low-density oligonucleotide microarrays with highly multiplexed "signatures" for influenza viruses offer many of the desired char ...	2006	16891504
mutations conferring zanamivir resistance in human influenza virus n2 neuraminidases compromise virus fitness and are not stably maintained in vitro.	viruses resistant to zanamivir have been generated in vitro, but no resistant virus has yet been isolated from a zanamivir-treated immunocompetent patient. in contrast most resistant viruses isolated from oseltamivir-treated patients correspond to those selected in vitro. however, despite mutations being in conserved residues in the neuraminidase (na) they do not confer resistance in all na subtypes.	2006	16891631
[influenza associated excess mortality in argentina: 1992-2002].	to describe the effect of influenza on mortality in argentina, from 1992 to 2002.	2006	17186076
rimantadine and oseltamivir demonstrate synergistic combination effect in an experimental infection with type a (h3n2) influenza virus in mice.	we studied the combination effect of rimantadine hydrochloride and oseltamivir phosphate on mice infected with influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus. compounds were simultaneously administered in a 5-day-treatment course, starting 4 h before intranasal infection with 10 or 20 viral 50% mouse lethal doses. initially, we tested combinations of oseltamivir (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg/day) and rimantadine (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg/day). significant differences were recorded between combination-treated grou ...	2006	17176629
anti-influenza virus activities of 4-[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3h-indol-3-ylidene)amino]-n-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulphonamide and its derivatives.	4-[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3h-indol-3-ylidene)amino]-n-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-benzenesulphonamide (spiii-5h) and related compounds were tested for antiviral activity against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1) and b viruses in madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell culture. among the compounds tested, spiii-5h and four derivatives (5-chloro [spill-5cl], 5-bromo [spiii-5br], 5-methyl [spiii-5me] and n-acetyl [spiii-na]) showed similar antiviral potencies, with only the 5-fluoro (spiii-5f) derivati ...	2006	17176631
prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines.	the efficacy of influenza vaccines may decline during years when the circulating viruses have antigenically drifted from those included in the vaccine.	2006	17167134
[surveillance for influenza a virus infections in infants and young children in beijing, china, 2001-2005].	to characterize the prevalence and antigenic drift of influenza a viruses isolated during the period from 2001 to 2005 in infants and young children in beijing.	2006	17044978
dose-related safety and immunogenicity of baculovirus-expressed trivalent influenza vaccine: a double-blind, controlled trial in adult patients with non-hodgkin b cell lymphoma.	in 27 patients randomized to receive commercial trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) containing 15 microg of the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a (h3n2 and h1n1) and b virus or a recombinant vaccine (rhao) containing 15, 45, or 135 microg of each ha, reactogenicity was minor. among patients with similar prevaccination titers, 40% given 45 microg and 60% given 135 microg of rhao developed an increase in influenza a/h3 neutralizing antibody levels; there were no increases in 4 given tiv. for each va ...	2006	17054068
using sentinel surveillance to monitor effectiveness of influenza vaccine is feasible: a pilot study in denmark.	the influenza vaccine for the season 2003/04 did not contain the circulating a(h3n2)/fujian virus strain. vaccine effectiveness (ve) estimates were needed but unavailable. we explored whether or not laboratory based influenza surveillance can be used to estimate ve. we carried out a case-control study nested within danish sentinel surveillance. a case was defined as a person aged 25 or above with a(h3n2)/fujian/411/02 influenza. four controls per case, matched on age groups and time, were select ...	2006	17130655
proteinase inhibitors from streptomyces with antiviral activity.	an extensive screening study for the production of proteolytic inhibitors has been carried out on 75 streptomyces strains. it was found that 18 of the strains and/or their variants (24%) produced proteinaceous substances, which belonged to the group of typical serine protease inhibitors. 23 samples were tested for inhibitory activity on the replication of influenza virus a/germany/34, strain rostock (h7n1) (a/rostock) in chicken embryonic fibroblast (cef) cells. eleven of the tested samples (52. ...	2006	17139614
stochastic processes are key determinants of short-term evolution in influenza a virus.	understanding the evolutionary dynamics of influenza a virus is central to its surveillance and control. while immune-driven antigenic drift is a key determinant of viral evolution across epidemic seasons, the evolutionary processes shaping influenza virus diversity within seasons are less clear. here we show with a phylogenetic analysis of 413 complete genomes of human h3n2 influenza a viruses collected between 1997 and 2005 from new york state, united states, that genetic diversity is both abu ...	2006	17140286
influenza virus pleiomorphy characterized by cryoelectron tomography.	influenza virus remains a global health threat, with millions of infections annually and the impending threat that a strain of avian influenza may develop into a human pandemic. despite its importance as a pathogen, little is known about the virus structure, in part because of its intrinsic structural variability (pleiomorphy): the primary distinction is between spherical and elongated particles, but both vary in size. pleiomorphy has thwarted structural analysis by image reconstruction of elect ...	2006	17146053
antiviral management of seasonal and pandemic influenza.	the goals of antiviral treatment for influenza are to decrease symptoms and functional disability and, more important, to decrease associated complications, hospitalizations, and mortality. four drugs have been approved for treatment of and prophylaxis against influenza in the united states, but they are underutilized. the m2 ion channel inhibitors amantadine and rimantadine are effective for prophylaxis, and they decrease the duration of symptoms if they are used for early treatment of influenz ...	2006	17163384
longitudinal analysis of genotype distribution of influenza a virus from 2003 to 2005.	influenza a viruses cause yearly epidemics, in part, due to their ability to overcome immunity from previous infections through acquisition of mutations. amino acid sequences encoded by genes 4 (ha), 6 (na), 7 (m), and 8 (ns) from 77 h3n2 influenza a isolates, collected between november 2003 and march 2005, were analyzed to determine the extent to which the viruses mutated within epidemic periods and between the epidemics. nucleotide and amino acid sequences were stable throughout the epidemics ...	2006	17021086
reassortment between human a(h3n2) viruses is an important evolutionary mechanism.	phylogenetic relationships of whole genomes of h3n2 viruses circulating in germany during a 6-year period from 1998 to 2005 revealed the co-circulation of different lineages of viruses. multiple reassortment events occurred during this time between viruses belonging to different lineages or different subgroups. strains isolated during 1998-1999 were characterised by a surprisingly high heterogeneity and multiple reassortment events. seventy percent of the examined 1998-1999 viruses had completel ...	2006	17030498
[expression of host genes in influenza virus infected cells].	when nci-h292 human bronchial epithelial cells were infected with influenza a/udorn/72(h3n2) virus, 152 host genes were identified as virus-stimulated genes (vsgs). the expression of these genes was increased more than 4-fold by the virus infection and reached to the level of more than one copy per cell. seventy-three vsgs were also stimulated by interferon-beta (ifn-beta) treatment and they contained the genes known to possess antiviral activity. as a likely consequence, the production of proge ...	2006	17037354
[influenza in poland in 2004].	a total number of 336,919 cases of influenza and influenza-like illness registered in poland in 2004 (incidence 882.4 per 100 000 population). regionally the incidence ranged from 226.2 per 100 000 population in podlaskie to 2,122.3 in mazowieckie. children and adolescents under 15 years of age accounted for 30.5% of all cases (age specific incidence 1,588.2 per 100,000). in this age group the incidence varied regionally from 388,7 in slaskie to 3,718.2 in mazowieckie. 1,038 patients (0.31% of a ...	2006	17249160
[the properties of the epidemic influenza viruses a and b strains circulating in russia in the 2004-2005 epidemic season].	the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity in russia in 2004-2005 was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h3n2) and b viruses. a hundred and sixty-six epidemic strains were studied. all the strains were isolated in the mck cell culture. influenza a(h3n2) viruses (n=77) were antigenic variants of the reference a/fujian/411/ 2002 and a/california/7/2004 strains. three influenza a(h1n1) viral strains that were antigenic variants of a/new caledonia/20/99 strains were isolated in sporadi ...	2006	17214079
performance testing of two new one-step real time pcr assays for detection of human influenza and avian influenza viruses isolated in humans and respiratory syncytial virus.	two real time one-step rt-pcr assays were developed for simultaneous detection and typing of influenza a and b viruses and detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). as regard influenza, primers were designed to amplify specific sequences of gene m of a/h1n1, a/h3n2, a/h5n1, a/h7n7 and a/h9n2 viruses and of gene np of type b viruses belonging both yamagata and victoria lineage. specificity, analytical and clinical sensitivity, dynamic range, linearity of the new assays were evaluated.	2006	17263157
evidence of the concurrent circulation of h1n2, h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses in densely populated pig areas in spain.	this paper reports on a serological and virological survey for swine influenza virus (siv) in densely populated pig areas in spain. the survey was undertaken to examine whether the h1n2 siv subtype circulates in pigs in these areas, as in other european regions. six hundred sow sera from 100 unvaccinated breeding herds across northern and eastern spain were examined using haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests against h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 siv subtypes. additionally, 225 lung samples from pigs wi ...	2006	15914047
influenza a/fujian/411/02(h3n2)-lineage viruses in finland: genetic diversity, epidemic activity and vaccination-induced antibody response.	the first sporadic cases of fujian/411/02-lineage viruses were recorded in finland in winter 2001-2002. the first protracted but low-intensity outbreak occurred here during the first half of 2003, and the second outbreak early in autumn 2003, after detection of sporadic influenza a cases in the summer. the calculated incidence of influenza a in the finnish army was 515/10000 during the first outbreak and 2066/10000 during the second outbreak. during the 2003-2004 epidemic season, the isolates fe ...	2006	16195790
immunization with influenza a np-expressing vaccinia virus recombinant protects mice against experimental infection with human and avian influenza viruses.	two-fold immunization of balb/c mice with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the np protein of influenza a/pr8/34 (h1n1) virus under the control of a strong synthetic promoter induced specific antibodies and protected animals against low-dose challenge by mouse-adapted heterosubtypic variants of human a/aichi2/68 (h3n2) and avian a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) influenza virus strains. the surviving immunized animals had lower anti-hemagglutinin antibody titers compared to non-immuni ...	2006	16292596
interaction between a 1998 human influenza virus n2 neuraminidase and monoclonal antibody mem5.	influenza virus constantly escapes antibody inhibition by introducing mutations that disrupt protein-protein interactions. based on the structure of the complex between neuraminidase (na) of influenza a/memphis/31/98 (h3n2) and the fab of a monoclonal antibody (mem5) that binds and inhibits the memphis/98 na, we investigated the contribution made by individual amino acids of na to the stability of the complex. we made mutations d147a, d147n, h150a, h197a, d198a, d198n, e199a, e199q, k221r, a246k ...	2006	16297424
low growth ability of recent influenza clinical isolates in mdck cells is due to their low receptor binding affinities.	madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells have generally been used to isolate influenza viruses from patients. however, in recent years, most fresh isolates of the h3n2 subtype have shown poor growth in mdck cell cultures. such low-growth viruses were often converted to high-growth viruses after several passages through mdck cell cultures. in the present study, viruses were found to lose a potential glycosylation site near the receptor-binding pocket of hemagglutinin (ha), at the same time as they ...	2006	16300986
detailed analysis of the genetic evolution of influenza virus during the course of an epidemic.	the genetic variability of influenza virus is usually studied with sequences selected over numerous years and countries, and rarely within a single season. here we examined the viral evolution and the correlation between genetic and clinical features during an epidemic. from a french prospective household-based study in 1999-2000, 99 infected patients were randomly selected. the ha1 genomic domain was sequenced. phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of two groups of a/h3n2 viruses. we found ...	2006	16316493
safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with quiescent disease.	to assess the safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), and to evaluate the influence of immunosuppressive drugs on the immune response.	2006	16322083
are swine workers in the united states at increased risk of infection with zoonotic influenza virus?	pandemic influenza strains originate in nonhuman species. pigs have an important role in interspecies transmission of the virus. we examined multiple swine-exposed human populations in the nation's number 1 swine-producing state for evidence of previous swine influenza virus infection.	2006	16323086
anti-influenza virus activity of peramivir in mice with single intramuscular injection.	in the event of an influenza outbreak, antivirals including the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors, peramivir, oseltamivir, and zanamivir may provide valuable benefit when vaccine production is delayed, limited, or cannot be used. here we demonstrate the efficacy of a single intramuscular injection of peramivir in the mouse influenza model. peramivir potently inhibits the neuraminidase enzyme n9 from h1n9 virus in vitro with a 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of 1.3+/-0.4 nm. on-site dissociatio ...	2006	16325932
viral pneumonia in older adults.	viruses account for a substantial portion of respiratory illnesses, including pneumonia, in the elderly population. presently, influenza virus a h3n2 and respiratory syncytial virus are the most commonly identified viral pathogens in older adults with viral pneumonia. as diagnostic tests such as reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction become more widely used, the relative importance of additional viruses (such as parainfluenza, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and human metapneumovirus) will ...	2006	16421796
heterocyclic rimantadine analogues with antiviral activity.	2-(1-adamantyl)-2-methyl-pyrrolidines 3 and 4, 2-(1-adamantyl)-2-methyl-azetidines 5 and 6, and 2-(1-adamantyl)-2-methyl-aziridines 7 and 8 were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza a. parent molecules 3, 5, and 7 contain the alpha-methyl-1-adamantan-methanamine 2 pharmacophoric moiety (rimantadine). the ring size effect on anti-influenza a activity was investigated. pyrrolidine 3 was the most potent anti-influenza virus a compound, 9-fold more potent than rimant ...	2006	16439137
influenza pandemics: past, present and future.	influenza a virus is well known for its capability for genetic changes either through antigen drift or antigen shift. antigen shift is derived from reassortment of gene segments between viruses, and may result in an antigenically novel virus that is capable of causing a worldwide pandemic. as we trace backwards through the history of influenza pandemics, a repeating pattern can be observed, namely, a limited wave in the first year followed by global spread in the following year. in the 20th cent ...	2006	16440064
avian influenza viruses and human health.	influenza a viruses cause natural infections of humans, some other mammals and birds. few of the 16 haemagglutinin and nine neuraminidase subtype combinations have been isolated from mammals, but all subtypes have been isolated from birds. in the 20th century, there were four pandemics of influenza as a result of the emergence of antigenically different strains in humans: 1918 (h1n1), 1957 (h2n2), 1968 (h3n2) and 1977 (h1n1). influenza a viruses contain eight distinct rna genes and reassortment ...	2006	16447497
restricted infectivity of a human-lineage h3n2 influenza a virus in pigs is hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene dependent.	influenza a viruses cause pandemics at sporadic intervals. pandemic viruses can potentially be introduced into the human population through in toto transfer of an avian influenza virus or through reassortment between avian and human strains. pigs are believed to play a central role in the creation of pandemic viruses through reassortment because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and human influenza viruses. however, we recently found that a human-lineage h3n2 influenza virus w ...	2006	16455873