Publications

cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues.	diagnosis of rabies is routinely confirmed by detection of rabies virus antigens in acetone-fixed frozen brain tissues or imprint smears using an immunofluorescence method with commercial antirabies virus antibodies. since recent molecular analyses disclosed wide heterogeneity in the genome sequences of rabies virus strains and related lyssaviruses, it is necessary to confirm the presence of common epitopes in these lyssaviruses. in this study we confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigens ...	2003	12895231
new approaches to the prevention and eradication of rabies.	despite significant progress in improving the pre- and postexposure prophylaxis of human rabies, the development of better and more cost-effective vaccines and antiviral therapeutics remains a major goal for the treatment of human rabies, the control of animal rabies and particularly for the eradication of rabies virus reservoirs in terrestrial wildlife. in this review, we discuss the structural requirements for an effective rabies vaccine, as well as new strategies currently in use for the deve ...	2003	12903805
[antibodies to the rabies virus in humans working in a veterinary hospital environment at the universidade federal de mato grosso. cuiabá, mt, brazil].	a characterization of the serological profile of 102 workers in constant activities in a veterinary hospital environment at the universidade federal de mato grosso was made through epidemiological data and serological tests to the rabies virus from november 1999 to november 2000. of these, 27 had been vaccinated in a pre-exposure scheme and 75 had not received any kind of antirabies immunization. the results of the study classified the people into four groups (g1, g2, g3 and g4). in g1, 19 (18.6 ...	2003	12908036
rabies among infrequently reported mammalian carnivores in the united states, 1960-2000.	most cases of rabies reported annually in the united states occur among three groups of carnivores--raccoons (procyon lotor), skunks (mephitis, spilogale, and putorius), foxes (vulpes, urocyon, and alopex)--and among bats (numerous species). however, between 1960 and 2000, a total of 2,851 cases of rabies in 17 other carnivore taxa were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, georgia (usa), from 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico. three species of t ...	2003	12910751
rabies emergence among foxes in turkey.	sixteen rabies isolates recently collected from mainland turkey and two isolates held within a british archive were used to form a representative cohort from a range of vectors, and were analyzed to identify potential causes for an increase of rabies within the fox (vulpes vulpes) population in turkey. each isolate was characterized by sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene and compared phylogenetically to the cohort, to isolates from neighboring countries and to isolates from continental e ...	2003	12910752
the persistence of rabies virus antibodies in the sera of fox cubs.	the persistence of maternal antibodies transfer from rabies-immune vixens to their fox cubs was studied. eight vixens (vulpes vulpes) were vaccinated 1 month before pregnancy with lysvulpen vaccine for oral vaccination of foxes. twenty-one were foxes born at the first half of april. the geometrical mean titre of rabies neutralizing antibodies of fox cubs sampled in may was 1.31 iu/ml and has dropped successively to 0.54 iu/ml in june samples and to 0.18 iu/ml in july samples. it has been proven ...	2003	12916696
canine rabies dna vaccination: a single-dose intradermal injection into ear pinnae elicits elevated and persistent levels of neutralizing antibody.	rabid dog exposures cause >99% of human rabies deaths world-wide. in developing countries, where dogs are the viral reservoir, the 30-50% vaccination coverage of dog populations is insufficient to break the disease transmission cycle. in addition, many vaccines currently used in developing countries fail to maintain detectable levels of neutralizing antibody. the poor vaccination coverage with inadequate vaccines, in addition to the difficulty in locating dogs for booster vaccinations, suggest t ...	2003	12922136
study of lyssaviruses of bat origin as a source of rabies for other animal species in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.	an epidemic-geographic rabies study was carried out in which 72 animal and human brain samples were analyzed for lyssaviruses by a direct immunofluorescent technique (dift) and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay. fifty-two samples were also tested by a mouse inoculation test. lyssavirus rna was detected in 60 of 72 samples. five dift-negative bat samples tested by a nested pcr assay showed evidence of the presence of rabies virus rna. sequencing of amplified rabies ...	2003	12932103
in vitro and in vivo gene delivery by recombinant baculoviruses.	although recombinant baculovirus vectors can be an efficient tool for gene transfer into mammalian cells in vitro, gene transduction in vivo has been hampered by the inactivation of baculoviruses by serum complement. recombinant baculoviruses possessing excess envelope protein gp64 or other viral envelope proteins on the virion surface deliver foreign genes into a variety of mammalian cell lines more efficiently than the unmodified baculovirus. in this study, we examined the efficiency of gene t ...	2003	12941888
[the antiviral activity of the peptide immunomodulator "gepon" in experimental models of street rabies virus].	intracerebral injections of the gepon drug were shown to be non-toxic when administered to outbred white mice, 0.01-0.1 micrograms. the drug protects 30-40% of mice (p < 95-99%) in contamination by street rables virus. the animals' protection depends on a dose and drug application scheme. the most pronounced protection was observed in its intramuscular administration, 0.1 microgram in the virus locus (infection opening). it should be necessarily pointed out that such pronounced protection (40%; ...	2003	12945207
molecular and antigenic characterization of rabies viruses from iran identifies variants with distinct epidemiological origins.	a molecular epidemiological study of 48 recent rabies isolates recovered from cases reported throughout iran identified three distinct viral variants, the evolutionary origins of which were identified by phylogenetic comparison with rabies viruses originating from europe and asia. members of group 1 (15 isolates) were recovered from the northern half of the country only, while those of group 2 (31 isolates) were widely dispersed; both groups clustered within the widely disseminated cosmopolitan ...	2003	12948379
mapping of the low ph-sensitive conformational epitope of rabies virus glycoprotein recognized by a monoclonal antibody #1-30-44.	monoclonal antibody (mab) #1-30-44 recognized an acid-sensitive conformational epitope of rabies virus glycoprotein (g). the antigenicity of g protein exposed on the cell surface was lost when the infected cells were exposed to ph 5.8. by comparing the deduced amino acid sequence of g protein between the hep-flury strain and the epitope-negative cvs strain as well as the mab-resistant escape mutants, two distant sites that contained lys-202 and asn-336 were shown to be involved in the epitope fo ...	2003	12953844
use of discriminatory probes for strain typing of formalin-fixed, rabies virus-infected tissues by in situ hybridization.	an in situ hybridization (ish) method has been developed to overcome difficulties encountered in the viral typing of formalin-fixed rabies virus-infected brain tissue. rabies viruses representative of all strains normally encountered in diagnostic submissions throughout canada, including 3 strains of terrestrial hosts (arctic fox, western skunk, mid-atlantic raccoon), 10 strains circulating in several bat reservoirs (bbcan1 to bbcan7, lacan, shcan, and mycan), and the evelyn-rokitniki-abelseth ( ...	2003	12958267
incidence of adverse events in ferrets vaccinated with distemper or rabies vaccine: 143 cases (1995-2001).	to determine the incidence of adverse events in ferrets vaccinated with a modified-live avian cell culture canine distemper virus vaccine licensed for use in ferrets, an inactivated rabies vaccine licensed for use in ferrets, or both.	2003	12959385
rhabdoviruses and apoptosis.	viral-induced apoptosis is recognized as a common method utilized by viruses to overcome the host. recent evidence indicates that infection by rhabdoviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), spring viremia of carp virus (svcv), and rabies virus results in apoptotic cell death. similar morphological changes and host cell proteins are induced in cells infected with these different viruses; however, the viral proteins responsible for these changes vary. in addition, the molecular mechanism( ...	2003	12959754
cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate.	we used transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses to examine the topographic organization of circuits linking the cerebellar cortex with the arm area of the primary motor cortex (m1) and with area 46 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of monkeys. retrograde transneuronal transport of the cvs-11 (challenge virus strain 11) strain of rabies virus in cerebello-thalamocortical pathways revealed that the arm area of m1 receives input from purkinje cells located primarily in lobules iv-vi of the c ...	2003	12968006
glycoprotein of nonpathogenic rabies viruses is a key determinant of human cell apoptosis.	we showed that, unlike pathogenic rabies virus (rv) strain cvs, attenuated rv strain era triggers the caspase-dependent apoptosis of human cells. furthermore, we observed that the induction of apoptosis is correlated with a particular virus antigen distribution: the overexpression of the viral g protein on the cell surface, with continuous localization on the cytoplasmic membrane, and large cytoplasmic inclusions of the n protein. to determine whether one of these two major rv proteins (g and n ...	2003	12970438
update on appropriate rabies postexposure prophylaxis.		2003	12971069
bite wound infections.	patients with mammalian bite wounds account for hundreds of thousands of emergency department, urgent care center, and physician office visits in the united states each year. the types of wounds encountered by physicians range from insignificant scratches to life-threatening neck and facial injuries. infectious complications of bite wounds are common, and the consequences of these infections are significant and sometimes disabling. this article reviews the infectious complications of cat, dog, a ...	2003	13678572
phylogenetic analysis reveals a low rate of homologous recombination in negative-sense rna viruses.	recombination is increasingly seen as an important means of shaping genetic diversity in rna viruses. however, observed recombination frequencies vary widely among those viruses studied to date, with only sporadic occurrences reported in rna viruses with negative-sense genomes. to determine the extent of homologous recombination in negative-sense rna viruses, phylogenetic analyses of 79 gene sequence alignments from 35 negative-sense rna viruses (a total of 2154 sequences) were carried out. powe ...	2003	13679603
[old and new prescriptions for infectious diseases and the newest recipes for biomedical products in plants].	the three antiviral vaccines discovered in the 18th century (smallpox), 19th century (rabies), and 20th century (polio) share a common feature: none would ever be licensed today for human vaccination. yet jenner's smallpox vaccine led to the eradication of smallpox, pasteur's rabies vaccine represented the first successful post-exposure treatment of people bitten by rabid animals, and polio vaccine administered since its discovery in 1950 is leading to the eradication of polio (in the years 2004 ...	2002	12549429
immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell anti-rabies vaccine in post-exposure treatment of animal bite cases.	the observations on immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell (pcec) anti rabies vaccination in post-exposure prophylaxis is reported. in total 207 serum samples collected from patients receiving 3 to 6 doses of pcec were analysed for the presence of anti-rabies antibodies. the samples were collected from 10 days to 11 months after the last dose of vaccine. all the vaccinees (n=33) tested after 3 doses of pcec showed protective titres (> or = 0.5 iu/ml) and those receiving 5-6 doses (n=161) s ...	2002	12718340
human rabies: a disease of complex neuropathogenetic mechanisms and diagnostic challenges.	rabies is inevitably fatal and presents a horrifying clinical picture. human rabies can manifest in either encephalitic (furious) or paralytic (dumb) forms. the brainstem is preferentially involved in both clinical forms, though there are no clinical signs of brainstem dysfunction. differences in tropism at the inoculation site or the cns, in the route of spread, or in the triggering of immune cascades in the brainstem may account for clinical variation. rabies still poses diagnostic problems, p ...	2002	12849514
novel, chimpanzee serotype 68-based adenoviral vaccine carrier for induction of antibodies to a transgene product.	an e1-deletion-containing adenoviral recombinant based on the chimpanzee serotype 68 (adc68) was developed to express the rabies virus glycoprotein. mice immunized with this construct (adc68rab.gp) developed antibodies to rabies virus and remained resistant to challenge with an otherwise lethal dose of rabies virus. in naïve mice immunized intranasally, the rabies virus-specific antibody responses elicited by adc68rab.gp were comparable with regard to both titers and isotype profiles to those in ...	2002	11861833
[ferrets in veterinary practice].	ferrets (mustela putorius furo) show up with increasing frequency in veterinary practice. originally domesticated for hunting of rodents and rabbits, they became very popular pets which require legal permission though and the further fulfillment of various husbandry needs. ferrets have to be maintained on a high protein diet which in practice is often done with commercial feline products. physical examination is similar to dogs and cats whereas the frequent occurrence of non-specific symptoms re ...	2002	12481538
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001.	during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ...	2002	12494966
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--tennessee, 2002.		2002	12495403
rabies virus p and small p products interact directly with pml and reorganize pml nuclear bodies.	the interferon-induced promyelocytic leukaemia (pml) protein localizes both in the nucleoplasm and in matrix-associated multi-protein complexes known as nuclear bodies (nbs). nbs are disorganized in acute promyelocytic leukaemia or during some viral infections, suggesting that pml nbs could be a part of cellular defense mechanism. rabies virus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family, replicates in the cytoplasm. rabies phosphoprotein p and four other amino-terminally truncated products (p2, p3, p4 ...	2002	12439746
[anti-rabies antibody titers among subjects who received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis with foreign-made rabies vaccines at the beginning and followed with japanese rabies vaccine].	recently travelers who were bitten by possibly rabid animals in rabies endemic regions and returned to japan have increased in number. about half of them received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (rpep) with one or more doses of foreign-made rabies vaccines (frv) in the local medical institutions. frv, however, are not available in japan so we have to continue the rpep with japanese rabies vaccine (jrv). it has not been demonstrated that an anti-rabies antibody induced with jrv following vero ce ...	2002	12448848
thermo-stability of the oral rabies virus vaccines sad b19 and sad p5/88.	the thermo-stability of two widely used oral rabies vaccine viruses, sad b19 and sad p5/88, was examined under various laboratory and field conditions. in the laboratory, both vaccine viruses were kept at 35 degrees c and titrated after 3 days. the titer of both vaccine viruses was also determined after 4 and 7 days when stored at 20 degrees c. furthermore, vaccine baits were placed in three different micro-environments during two successive 21-day observation periods (11.9.01-2.10.01 and 2.10.0 ...	2002	12448972
pathogenesis studies with australian bat lyssavirus in grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus).	to examine the susceptibility of the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus) to australian bat lyssavirus (abl), and to provide preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of the disease in flying foxes.	2002	12465817
structural relationship between nucleocapsid-binding activity of the rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) and exposure of epitope 402-13 located at the c terminus.	the structural changes of the nominal phosphoprotein (p) of rabies virus using a monoclonal antibody, mab #402-13, was investigated. this mab recognized a linear epitope that was mapped roughly to a c-terminal region of the p protein, ranging from aa 256 to 297. the p gene products were detected by the mab in immunoblot assays, the products of which were produced either in bhk-21 cells or in escherichia coli cells. the mab, however, detected very low levels of p gene products in immunoprecipitat ...	2002	12466480
studies on the different conditions for rabies virus neutralization by monoclonal antibodies #1-46-12 and #7-1-9.	virus-neutralizing activity of two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), #7-1-9 and #1-46-12, against rabies virus glycoprotein (g) was compared. although these mabs affected the virion's ability to bind to host cells similarly, a big difference was found in the titres of virus neutralization (1:7132 and 1:32 for mabs #1-46-12 and #7-1-9, respectively, at a concentration of 10 micro g protein/ml). although no big difference in virion-binding affinity between the two mabs was found, the number of antibod ...	2002	12466481
evaluation of various serum and animal protein free media for the production of a veterinary rabies vaccine in bhk-21 cells.	we have carried out the adaptation of bhk-21 cells to two serum free (ex cell 520 and hyq pf cho) and three animal protein free media: ex cell 302, hyq pf cho mps and rencyte bhk. after a direct switch or a gradual adaptation, we have achieved bhk-21 cells growth in the following media: hyq pf cho, hyq pf cho mps, rencyte bhk and ex cell 302. the most suitable media for bhk-21 cells growth, with respect to cell density and specific growth rate, were hyq pf cho and hyq pf cho mps. hence we have s ...	2002	12007860
cats differ from mink and ferrets in their response to commercial vaccines: a histologic comparison of early vaccine reactions.	early histologic changes in lesions at vaccine sites were compared in cats, mink, and ferrets. twenty-four 4-month-old cats, 20 4-month-old mink, and 20 12-month-old ferrets were vaccinated with three rabies virus vaccines, two feline leukemia virus vaccines, alum adjuvant, and saline. injection sites were excised at selected time points up to 21 days postvaccination. histologic examination of the tissue revealed significant differences among the cats, mink, and ferrets in the local response to ...	2002	12009059
rabies dna vaccination of non-human primates: post-exposure studies using gene gun methodology that accelerates induction of neutralizing antibody and enhances neutralizing antibody titers.	pre-exposure dna vaccination protects non-human primates against rabies virus. post-exposure protection of monkeys against rabies virus by dna vaccination has not been attempted. presumably, post-exposure experiments have not been undertaken because neutralizing antibody is usually slow to be induced after dna vaccination. in this study, we initially attempted to accelerate the induction of neutralizing antibody by varying the route and site of dna vaccination and booster frequency. gene gun (gg ...	2002	12009276
immunopathology and immunoprotection in cns virus infections: mechanisms of virus clearance from the cns.		2002	12014188
comparison between the counter immunoelectrophoresis test and mouse neutralization test for the detection of antibodies against rabies virus in dog sera.	the detection of rabies antibodies is extremely valuable for epidemiological studies, determination of immune status in man, animals, and for the diagnosis of the disease. several serological procedures have been described for this purpose. the present study reports a comparison between counterimmunoelectrophoresis test (ciet) and mouse neutralization test (mnt) in the detection of antibodies against rabies virus from 212 serum samples of vaccinated dogs. the agreement between both techniques wa ...	2002	12016453
effect of the contents and form of rabies glycoprotein on the potency of rabies vaccination in cattle.	one of the methods used for controlling cattle rabies in brazil consists of vaccination. sometimes, however, rabies occurs in cattle supposedly protected. since rabies vaccine batches are officially controlled by tests performed on laboratory animals, it is questionable whether the minimal mandatory requirements really correspond to immunogenicity in the target species. we have analyzed the association among potencies of rabies vaccines tested by the nih test, the contents and form (free-soluble ...	2002	12016455
neuronal premotor networks involved in eyelid responses: retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the orbicularis oculi muscle in the rat.	retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the right orbicularis oculi muscle was used to identify neural networks underlying spontaneous, reflex, and learned blinks. the kinetics of viral transfer was studied at sequential 12 hr intervals between 3 and 5 d after inoculation. rabies virus immunolabeling was combined with the immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase expression in brainstem motoneurons or fluoro-ruby injections in the rubrospinal tract. virus uptake ...	2002	12388587
canine vaccine recipients recognize an immunodominant region of the rabies virus glycoprotein.	to investigate the immune response to anti-rabies vaccination in the principal recipient (the domestic dog), four truncated fragments of the rabies virus glycoprotein were expressed as glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins. immune sera from vaccinated rabbits and dogs were then used to probe for reactivity with these expressed proteins. in two rabbits and four dogs tested, the dominant antibody response to non-conformational antigenic sites appeared to be directed to a region of the glycopro ...	2002	12388801
a retrospective study on adverse reactions to canine vaccines in japan.	adverse reactions to vaccines were examined in 311 canine cases reported to the ministry of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in japan during the period of 6 years from april of 1994 to march of 2000, and classified according to their clinical symptoms. there were 27 cases of adverse reactions to rabies virus vaccines. gastrointestinal symptoms were the most frequently observed (26%), followed by respiratory and/or cardiovascular symptoms (22%) and dermatologic symptoms (11%). there were 284 c ...	2002	12399614
synthesis, conformation and t-helper cell stimulation of an o-linked glycopeptide epitope containing extended carbohydrate side-chains.	to answer the question whether or not t cells to immunodominant protein fragments recognize glycosylated antigens, we synthesized a series of glycopeptides corresponding to peptide 31d, a major t-helper cell epitope of the rabies virus nucleoprotein. thr4 of the epitope is known to allow mono- or disaccharide side-chain substitutions in either alpha- or beta-anomeric configuration without interfering with mhc-binding. to model naturally occurring glycoprotein fragments that carry extended sugar ...	2002	12413838
genetic and antigenic typing of rabies virus in chile. brief report.	forty-one isolates of rabies virus from insectivorous bats and one from a domestic cat in chile, were characterized using eight anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies (n-mabs) and by nucleotide sequence analysis. thirty-two isolates were identified as antigenic variant 4 associated with tadarida brasiliensis bats, twenty-eight were genetically associated with variant tadarida brasiliensis and four with lasiurus sp. bats. one isolate was identified as antigenic variant 3 associated with desmodu ...	2002	12417953
investigation of a human case of rabies in the united kingdom.	in may of 2001 a nigerian woman visiting the united kingdom presented with fever, headache and difficulty swallowing. within 24 h she showed a marked deterioration and died shortly afterwards. autopsy samples from a range of tissues were analysed to confirm a clinical diagnosis of rabies. phylogenetic analysis of the viral nucleoprotein gene confirmed that this was an infection with a genotype 1 virus (classical rabies) belonging to the africa 2 group, which is endemic in northern africa. compar ...	2002	12423699
postexposure treatment of rabies infection: can it be done without immunoglobulin?	the last remaining international manufacturer of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig) discontinued production in 2001. however, erig remains an essential biological that has no substitute other than human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig), which is in short supply and virtually unaffordable in developing countries. physicians in regions where canine rabies is endemic and neither erig nor hrig is available are providing less-than-optimal treatment to patients exposed to rabies. if no immunoglobulin is ...	2002	11797174
a novel expression cassette of lyssavirus shows that the distantly related mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome.	by comparing three expression vectors for the rabies virus (rv) minigenome, we show that the characteristic of the rv rna is important for efficient rescue despite its not being crucial for replication. moreover, we show that the coexpression of the viral proteins from helper rv and mokola virus could rescue the rv minigenome while rv-related european bat lyssavirus 1 could not, suggesting that the signals controlling transcription and replication are conserved in the distantly related rv and mo ...	2002	11799201
safety of lyophilized sag2 oral rabies vaccine in collared lemmings.	fifteen collared lemmings (dicrostonyx groenlandicus) were exposed to a lyophilized oral rabies vaccine designed to immunize wild carnivore populations. no animals contracted rabies from the vaccine as determined by the absence of clinical signs after 37 days and lack of rabies virus in brain tissue determined by the fluorescent antibody (fa) test. these results suggest that collared lemmings would not contract rabies if they ingested this lyophilized vaccine in the wild during bait vaccination ...	2002	11838220
distribution of rabies antigen in infected brain material: determining the reliability of different regions of the brain for the rabies fluorescent antibody test.	to assist in making recommendations for sampling of brains for the fluorescent antibody test (fat), a study was conducted to determine the regions of the brain where rabies antigen is found most reliably. each identifiable part of 252 rabies-positive brains of various species was re-tested using routine fa tests. it was found that there was frequent variation in the quantity of antigen between regions of the brain. the thalamus, pons and medulla were the most reliable parts of the brain as they ...	2002	11849687
urine samples for rabies rna detection in the diagnosis of rabies in humans.		2002	11850870
[combined experimental infection of microtus gregalis by tick-borne encephalitis and rabies viruses and probable interference].	narrow-skulled voles (microtus gregalis) were inoculated with tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and rabies (rv) viruses isolated in the steppe zone of west siberia. tbe infection was asymptomatic and nonlethal in all voles. the virus was eliminated from the voles between days 14 and 60 postinoculation. only 1 of 26 tested animals produced anti-tbe antibodies in titer 1:20. rv infection was acute and lethal. all sick animals contained rv in the brain, 42.1% in salivary glands, 5.3% in the lungs and k ...	2002	11852779
induction of protective immunity by topic application of a recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	the objective of this study was to determine if a replication defective recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (adrab.gp) given through a non-invasive vaccination route (by topical application) onto the skin (nivs) could elicit an immune response and/or protection against rabies. groups of mice were immunized by nivs with various doses of adrab.gp. for comparison, groups of mice were immunized intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intradermally with adrab.gp. mice received two ...	2002	11856579
rhabdovirus-based vectors with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelopes display hiv-1-like tropism and target human dendritic cells.	we describe replication-competent, vaccine strain-based rabies viruses (rvs) that lack their own single glycoprotein and express, instead, a chimeric rv-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein composed of the ectodomain and transmembrane domains of hiv-1 gp160 and the cytoplasmic domain of rv g. the envelope proteins from both x4 (nl4-3)- and r5x4 (89.6)-tropic hiv-1 strains were utilized. these recombinant viruses very closely mimicked an hiv-1- like tropism, as indicated b ...	2002	11739668
targeted transduction patterns in the mouse brain by lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with vsv, ebola, mokola, lcmv, or mulv envelope proteins.	lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of central nervous system (cns) cells in vivo and in vitro. in this study, cns transduction patterns of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from ebola virus, murine leukemia virus (mulv), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), or the rabies-related mokola virus were compared to a vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g). mokola-, lcmv-, and vsv-g-pseudotyped vectors ...	2002	11991743
a heminested polymerase chain reaction for the detection of brazilian rabies isolates from vampire bats and herbivores.	a heminested-pcr (hn-pcr) using primers to the nucleoprotein-coding gene in a nested set was evaluated in the detection of brazilian strains of rabies virus (rv). a representative number of rv nucleoprotein sequences belonging to genotype 1 were aligned. based on such alignment, primers were directed to highly conserved regions. all 42 clinical samples positive by both fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests were also positive by the hn-pcr. brain tissue that had been left to decompose, ...	2002	11992159
rabies antibody testing and the uk pet travel scheme.	the pet travel scheme (pets) commenced on february 28, 2000, allowing pet dogs and cats from named countries to enter the uk without spending six months in quarantine as long as they met specific criteria. since the start of the scheme to the end of february 2002, more than 45,000 animals have successfully entered the uk under pets. in this article, dr tony fooks and colleagues consider the results of serological testing under the scheme at the veterinary laboratories agency and look to future d ...	2002	11993970
epidemiology of urban canine rabies, santa cruz, bolivia, 1972-1997.	we analyzed laboratory data from 1972 to 1997 from santa cruz, bolivia, to determine risk factors for laboratory canine samples' testing positive for rabies virus (rabv). of 9,803 samples, 50.7% tested positive for rabv; the number of cases and the percentage positive has dropped significantly since 1978. a 5- to 6-year cycle in rabies incidence was clearly apparent, though no seasonality was noted. male dogs had significantly increased odds of testing positive for rabv (odds ratio [or]=1.14), a ...	2002	11996678
knowledge of bat rabies and human exposure among united states cavers.	we surveyed cavers who attended the national speleological society convention in june 2000. fifteen percent of respondents did not consider a bat bite a risk for acquiring rabies; only 20% had received preexposure prophylaxis against the disease. an under-appreciation of the risk for rabies from bat bites may explain the preponderance of human rabies viruses caused by variant strains associated with bats in the united states.	2002	11996694
rabies post-exposure management in south africa: a telephonic survey used as a rapid tool for operational research.	rabies is an important disease in rural south africa, and vaccine and immunoglobulin are provided, at the state's expense, to humans following suspected exposure to rabies virus by bite, scratch or mucosal splash. health facilities where post-exposure treatment is available are listed, with contact telephone numbers, in national rabies guidelines. to verify the accuracy of this recently updated information, members of the national rabies advisory group were tasked to complete a rapid survey. a s ...	2002	12000656
mapping the oculomotor system: the power of transneuronal labelling with rabies virus.	neuronal networks underlying and related to horizontal eye movements were visualized by retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the left medial rectus muscle in guinea pigs. time-sequenced labelling revealed distinct circuitries involved in particular oculomotor functions, i.e. vestibulo-ocular reflex and saccade generation (brainstem circuitry), adaptive plasticity (cerebellar modules) and possibly motivation and navigation (limbic, hippocampal and cortical structures). our resu ...	2002	12028367
rabies virus glycoprotein can fold in two alternative, antigenically distinct conformations depending on membrane-anchor type.	rabies virus glycoprotein (g) is a trimeric type i transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates both receptor recognition and low ph-induced membrane fusion. we have previously demonstrated that a soluble form of the ectodomain of g (g(1-439)), although secreted, is folded in an alternative conformation, which is monomeric and antigenically distinct from the native state of the complete, membrane-anchored glycoprotein. this has raised questions concerning the role of the transmembrane domain (tmd) i ...	2002	12029162
new approaches to the development of live attenuated rabies vaccines.	in the united states, extensive reservoirs of the rabies virus exist in many diverse wild animal species, which continue to pose a serious risk of lethal infection of humans and cause an economic burden exceeding $1 billion annually. previous experience with rabies control in foxes in europe has clearly demonstrated that oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free-ranging animals. however, unlike europe where vulpine rabies was the only major r ...	2002	12031103
immunogenicity of a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (neethling vaccine strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in cattle.	rabies virus (rv) readily infects cattle and causes a fatal neurological disease. a stable vaccine, which does not require the maintenance of a cold chain and that is administered once to elicit lifelong immunity to rabies would be advantageous. the present study describes the construction of a live recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) vaccine, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (rg) and assessment of its ability to generate a humoral and cellular immune response against rabies v ...	2002	12034095
molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from trinidad.	bovine rabies continues to be a serious problem facing the cattle industry in south and central america. although trinidad played an important role in originally demonstrating the link between bats and bovine rabies, relatively little is known about rabies in trinidad, an island 7miles off the coast of venezuela. in order to obtain a more complete understanding of bovine rabies in the region, we report herein on a study undertaken in trinidad to characterize isolates of rabies virus obtained fro ...	2002	12034537
rabies virus detection by rt-pcr in decomposed naturally infected brains.	the warm climate of israel and mishandling of the cadavers during transit to the laboratory requires an accurate method for diagnosis of rabies in decomposed tissues. by using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) 10 decomposed brain samples that collected between 1998 and 2000 were diagnosed as negative by direct fluorescent antibody test (fat), were found positive. three of the 10 decomposed brains were confirmed as positive by isolation of rabies virus in tissue culture ...	2002	12034539
oral efficacy of an attenuated rabies virus vaccine in skunks and raccoons.	raccoons and skunks are major rabies reservoirs in north america. oral vaccination is one method to consider for disease control in these carnivores. under field conditions in the usa, only one oral rabies vaccine has been used. it is efficacious in wildlife such as raccoons (procyon lotor), coyotes (canis latrans), and foxes (vulpes vulpes) but not in skunks (mephitis mephitis). the objectives of this study were to evaluate an attenuated sag-2 rabies virus vaccine for safety, immunogenicity, an ...	2002	12038142
safety studies of the oral rabies vaccine sad b19 in striped skunk (mephitis mephitis).	safety of the modified live rabies virus vaccine, sad b19, was studied in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis). seven skunks received 10(7.9) foci formatting units by direct oral administration. in four cages, a vaccinated animal was placed with a control animal, the other three vaccinated skunks were housed individually. saliva and nasal swabs were collected 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr post-vaccination. from all vaccinated and control animals (n = 11) blood samples were collected 0, 28, 56, 84, an ...	2002	12038143
role of dietary antioxidants to protect against dna damage in adult dogs.	we studied the effects of feeding an antioxidant blend of vitamins, minerals and carotenoids to a mixed adult dog population (n = 40, mean 4.4 +/- 1.85 y) for a 16-wk period. compared to the control group of dogs (n = 20), the antioxidant (aox)-supplemented group of dogs (n = 20) demonstrated significant increases in plasma levels of vitamin e and taurine by 4 wk of supplementation (p < 0.01) and total antioxidant activity (as measured by ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay) by 8 wk of suppl ...	2002	12042506
update on rabies.	rabies remains an important public health problem worldwide due to endemic dog rabies in developing countries. rabies was a re-emerging disease in the united states during the 1990s due to bat rabies virus variants. australian bat lyssavirus also emerged in australian bat populations and caused two human deaths. there have been important recent advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of rabies and in our ability to diagnose and prevent it.	2002	12045733
antigenic typing of brazilian rabies virus samples isolated from animals and humans, 1989-2000.	animal and human rabies samples isolated between 1989 and 2000 were typified by means of a monoclonal antibody panel against the viral nucleoprotein. the panel had been previously established to study the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in the americas. samples were isolated in the diagnostic laboratory of the pasteur institute and in other rabies diagnostic centers in brazil. in addition to the fixed virus samples cvs-31/96-ip, preserved in mouse brain, and pv-bhk/97, preserved in cell c ...	2002	12048546
an attempt to predict a possible existence of antiviral and antimicrobial activity.	it is known that many pathogenic and toxic agents may attach to binding site of the same endogenic receptor. such an effect is due to the resemblance between chemical structures in foreign agents. one may imagine the structure which contains binding-site fragments and may compete with the receptor for foreign agents. then next suggestions are probable: (1)the same substance may interact with some agents with established resemblance; (2) if substance (1) interacts with agents a and b and substanc ...	2002	12056882
antibody responses induced by immunization with a japanese rabies vaccine determined by neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the immunogenicity of a japanese purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine (pcecv) was examined. serum samples were obtained from 86 subjects after pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis. rabies antibody titres were determined by neutralization test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). titres higher than 0.5 international units (iu)/ml were demonstrated by neutralization test in all the 19 subjects after three-time pre-exposure immunization on days 0, 30 and 180. titres high ...	2002	12057599
morphology of marburg virus np-rna.	when marburg virus (mbgv) nucleoprotein (np) is expressed in insect cells, it binds to cellular rna and forms np-rna complexes such as insect cell-expressed nucleoproteins from other nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses. recombinant mbgv np-rna forms loose coils that resemble rabies virus n-rna. mbgv np monomers are rods that are spaced along the coil similar to the nucleoprotein monomers of the rabies virus n-rna. high salt treatment induces tight coiling of the mbgv np-rna, again a charact ...	2002	12069528
[experiences with follow-up investigations of oral vaccination campaigns against rabies in foxes in saxony with special emphasis on a standardised serology].	an 8-year experience with organisation and standardisation of follow-up investigations within oral vaccination campaigns against rabies in foxes (ovf) in saxony is summarised. with respect to ovf, the number of diagnostic tests performed during the years 1992-2000 on foxes amounts to a total of 52,226 fluorescence antibody-(fat), 7,551 marker-(tc) and 11,645 serological tests. the mean bait-uptake and the mean immunisation rate in foxes ranged between 78-86% and 60-89%, respectively. based on th ...	2002	12073494
characterization of the equilibrium between the native and fusion-inactive conformation of rabies virus glycoprotein indicates that the fusion complex is made of several trimers.	rabies virus-induced membrane fusion is triggered at low ph and is mediated by the trimeric viral glycoprotein (g). g assumes three conformations: the native state (n) detected above ph 7; the activated state (a), which initiates the fusion process; and the fusion-inactive conformation (i) observed after prolonged incubation at low ph. differently from other viral fusogenic glycoproteins, g in the i state recovers its native conformation when reincubated above ph 7. here, we demonstrate that the ...	2002	12083843
clinical and serological response of wild dogs (lycaon pictus) to vaccination against canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and rabies.	wild dogs lycaon pictuis (n = 8) were vaccinated 4 times against canine distemper (n = 8) (initially with inactivated and subsequently with live attenuated strains of canine distemper) and canine parvovirus infection (n = 8) over a period of 360 days. four of the wild dogs were also vaccinated 3 times against rabies using a live oral vaccine and 4 with an inactivated parenteral vaccine. commercially-available canine distemper, canine parvovirus and parenteral rabies vaccines, intended for use in ...	2002	12088076
human viral superantigens: to be or not to be transactivated?		2002	12102742
genealogical analyses of rabies virus strains from brazil based on n gene alleles.	thirty rabies virus isolates from cows and vampire bats from different regions of são paulo state, southeastern brazil and three rabies vaccines were studied genetically. the analysis was based on direct sequencing of pcr-amplified products of 600 nucleotides coding for the amino terminus of nucleoprotein gene. the sequences were checked to verify their genealogical and evolutionary relationships and possible implication for health programmes. statistical data indicated that there were no signif ...	2002	12113496
lyssavirus p gene characterisation provides insights into the phylogeny of the genus and identifies structural similarities and diversity within the encoded phosphoprotein.	a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the lyssavirus genus, employing p gene sequences from 128 isolates recovered globally, is presented. while confirming prior suggestions of the genetic distinctness of the australian bat lyssaviruses, these data also revealed a clear division within the rabies virus clade (genotype 1) between globally distributed viruses circulating predominantly in canid species (subgroup 1-1), and american strains harbored by both chiropteran and terrestrial hosts (subgr ...	2002	12127791
distribution of rabies virus in infected mice, vaccinated and submitted to p. acnes as immunomodulator.	the lethality and distribution of rabies virus were evaluated in swiss mice experimentally infected with street rabies virus, vaccinated and submitted to immunomodulation by p .acnes (formerly corynebacterium parvum). the animals were sacrificed at different times,when the different tissues were collected and submitted to fluorescent antibody test (fat) and mouse inoculation test (mit). the group submitted to vaccination and p. acnes treatment presented a percentage of survival superior to that ...	2002	12135238
rabies re-examined.	rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis. the causative agents are neurotropic rna viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. mammalian reservoirs include the carnivora and chiroptera, but rabid dogs still pose the greatest hazard worldwide. viral transmission occurs mainly via animal bite, and once the virus is deposited in peripheral wounds, centripetal passage occurs towards the central nervous system. after viral replication, there is centrifugal spread to ma ...	2002	12144896
genetic analysis of rabies virus isolates in the philippines.	to determine the genetic characteristics of the rabies virus in the philippines, 59 rabies virus isolates were obtained from domestic rabid dogs and their partial nucleotide sequences of nucleoprotein (n) gene were compared. based on comparison with reported sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates from the philippines had close genetic relations and formed two subgroups. the philippines isolates belonged to a different lineage from other asian isolates but were closer to them ...	2002	12153119
rabies virus is not cytolytic for rat spinal motoneurons in vitro.	cultures of purified rat embryonic spinal cord motoneurons were used to investigate the capacity of the neurons to survive rabies virus infection in vitro. in crude primary spinal cord cultures, neurons did not survive more than 2 days after rabies virus infection with the fixed strain challenge virus standard. in contrast, virus-infected purified motoneurons resisted cytolysis for at least 7 days, as also did infected motoneurons treated with conditioned medium sampled from rabies virus-infecte ...	2002	12161815
the rabies virus glycoprotein determines the distribution of different rabies virus strains in the brain.	the contribution of rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) in viral distribution in the brain was examined by immunohistochemistry following stereotaxic inoculation into the rat hippocampus. viruses used in this study include the highly neuroinvasive challenge virus standard strains (cvs-n2c and cvs-b2c) and the nonneuroinvasive attenuated sn-10 strain, as well as sn-10-derived recombinant viruses expressing the g gene from cvs-n2c (rn2c) or cvs-b2c (rb2c). the distribution of recombinant viruses in ...	2002	12161819
expression in plants and immunogenicity of plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine.	a new approach to the production and delivery of vaccine antigens is the use of engineered amino virus-based vectors. a chimeric peptide containing antigenic determinants from rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) (amino acids 253-275) and nucleoprotein (n protein) (amino acids 404-418) was pcr-amplified and cloned as a translational fusion product with the alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) coat protein (cp). this recombinant cp was expressed in two plant virus-based expression systems. the first one ...	2002	12163267
rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a trimeric ligand for the n-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the mammalian p75 neurotrophin receptor.	rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is a trimeric and surface-exposed viral coat protein that has been shown to interact with the murine p75 neurotrophin receptor. we have investigated binding of rvg to p75 and describe several features that distinguish the p75-rvg interaction from conventional neurotrophin binding to p75. rvg binds mammalian but not avian p75 and does not bind to any of the trk neurotrophin receptors. the mammalian p75 specificity of rvg binding may partly explain the phyletic spec ...	2002	12163480
calculating rabies virus neutralizing antibodies titres by flow cytometry.	the determination of the rabies neutralizing antibody (vna) response after immunization against rabies is an acceptable index of the efficacy of a vaccine and a successful treatment. several tests have been developed in attempt to improve the assessment of vna, from mice inoculation to cell-culture fluorescence inhibition tests. all of them, however, present special difficulties in terms of reading or accuracy. the present study describes a neutralization test performed in cell-culture appraised ...	2002	12163908
postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs.	to evaluate postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in dogs experimentally infected with rabies.	2002	12171160
rabies viral antigen in extracranial organs: a post-mortem study.	rabies is a communicable disease and a significant health hazard. histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis depends on the demonstration of negri bodies - characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions. in cases where these are not seen, immunohistochemistry serves as a useful adjunct. after its establishment in the central nervous system, the rabies virus is known to reach peripheral organs by a centrifugal spread. the present study was undertaken with the aim of demonstrating rabies viral an ...	2002	12175346
a rapid rt-pcr method to differentiate six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses using taqman technology.	a rapid and sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay incorporating taqman probes has been developed that can distinguish among the six established rabies and rabies-related virus genotypes. taqman probes were designed and validated against 106 rabies and rabies-related virus isolates, one isolate of the australian bat lyssaviruses (genotype 7), and 18 other non-rabies viruses important in the veterinary field. the n gene was used as the target for the probes as it ...	2002	12176139
flow cytometry assay for intracellular rabies virus detection.	following previous studies reporting microbiological diagnosis by flow cytometry, the possibility of using this method was examined to monitor infection of susceptible cell lines by a fixed rabies virus strain (pasteur virus strain-pv) or a wild rabies virus strain (wrs). suspensions of bhk-21 and c6 cells were infected with viruses and a time course of virus infection was established. sequentially, at several time points, infected and control uninfected cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stai ...	2002	12176155
emerging epidemiology of bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the united states.	in the united states, during the past half-century, the number of humans to die of rabies dramatically decreased to an average of 1-2 per year. although the number of deaths is low, most deaths occur because individuals are unaware that they had been exposed to and infected with rabies virus, and, therefore, they do not seek effective postexposure treatment. molecular epidemiological studies have linked most of these cryptic rabies exposures to rabies virus variants associated with insectivorous ...	2002	12203172
rabies: recent developments.	rabies remains as one of the most feared zoonotic diseases in the world. all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection by the virus, but the main vectors of human infection are dogs and cats. the control of rabies largely depends on the prevention of infection of dogs and cats by vaccination in endemic areas and the control of their movement, including measures of quarantine and vaccination, in rabies-free countries. this paper provides an overview on recent developments in rabies, with ...	2002	12208103
density gradients of trans-synaptically labeled collicular neurons after injections of rabies virus in the lateral rectus muscle of the rhesus monkey.	we evaluated the two-dimensional distribution of superior colliculus (sc) neurons visualized after retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus injected into the lateral rectus muscle of rhesus monkeys to test whether the density of projection neurons might play a role in the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition. if this were the case, the number of horizontal eye movement-related sc neurons should increase with their distance from the rostral pole of the sc and decrease ...	2002	12210129
rabies intradermal post-exposure vaccination of humans using reconstituted and stored vaccine.	thailand's northern petchabun province is endemic for canine rabies. there were 27 reported human rabies deaths between 1989 and 1998. a rabies control plan was formulated in 1997 between medical and veterinary public health officials. it started an intense education program and an ongoing dog vaccination campaign. economic constraints and the high cost of biological were the main reasons for inadequate human post-exposure management (pet). it was therefore decided to use the economical thai red ...	2002	12213396
transcriptional control of the rna-dependent rna polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus.	the nonsegmented negative strand (nns) rna viruses include some of the mosr problematic human, animal and plant pathogens extant: for example, rabies virus, ebola virus, respiratory syncytial virus, the parainfluenza viruses, measles and infectious hemapoietic necrosis virus. the key feature of transcriptional control in the nns rna viruses is polymerase entry at a single 3' proximal site followed by obligatory sequential transcription of the linear array of genes. the levels of gene expression ...	2002	12213662
studies on the escape mutants of rabies virus which are resistant to neutralization by a highly conserved conformational epitope-specific monoclonal antibody #1-46-12.	we investigated a virus-neutralizing conformational epitope of the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) that is recognized by an anti-g monoclonal antibody (mab; #1-46-12) and shared by most of the laboratory strains of the virus. to investigate the epitope structure, we isolated escape mutants from the hep-flury virus (wild-type; wt) after repeated passages in culture in the presence of the mab. immunofluorescence studies indicated that the mutants could be classified into two groups; the group i lack ...	2002	12222931
studies on the rabies virus rna polymerase: 3. two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the multiplicity of non-catalytic subunit (p protein).	we described previously (takamatsu et al., 1998. microbiol. immunol. 42: 761-771) the rabies virus p protein as being composed of several components of different sizes, among which the full-sized major components were termed as p40 and p37 according to their electrophoretic mobilities, and radiolabeling studies with [32p]phosphate implied that p40 was a hyperphosphorylated form. we further examined here these proteins by two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, showing that ...	2002	12222932
[rhabdovirus--the possibility of rabies reemergence in rabies free japan].		2002	12227175
human rabies--california, 2002.	on march 31, 2002, a man aged 28 years residing in glenn county, california, died from rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with the mexican free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis) (figure). this report summarizes the investigation by the glenn county health department (gchd) and the california department of health services (cdhs). persons who observe abnormal behavior in any wildlife species should contact animal control or animal rescue agencies immediately and shoul ...	2002	12233911