Publications

family planning services in developing countries: an opportunity to treat asymptomatic and unrecognised genital tract infections?	to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognised genital tract infections among women attending a family planning clinic in rural south africa.	1997	9582484
comparative sequence analysis of 5.8s rrna genes and internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of trichomonadid protozoa.	the taxonomic situation in the genus tritrichomonas is the subject of controversial discussion: potentially t. foetus and t. suis, the tritrichomonads from cattle and swine, respectively, could belong to the same species. in order to shed some light on this question, a molecular biological analysis was performed. the 5.8s rrna gene and the flanking internal transcribed spacer regions (its1 and its2) of 12 different isolates of 3 tritrichomonas species t. foetus, t. suis and t. mobilensis were en ...	1997	10190167
urethral trichomonas vaginalis infection and hiv-1 transmission.	the authors' previous study of 504 male workers in mombasa, kenya, provides further documentation of an association between urethral infection and increased shedding of hiv in semen. in this study, trichomonas vaginalis was isolated by culture in 30 men (6%) and was the most commonly isolated urethral pathogen. men with trichomonas vaginalis were significantly older than those with neisseria gonorrhoeae, suggesting infection may be of long duration. 83% of men with unmixed infections were asy ...	1997	10213555
colorimetric one-tube nested pcr for detection of trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharge.	a colorimetric one-tube nested pcr was developed for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis in clinical vaginal discharge specimens. a family of 650-bp specific dna repeats from the t. vaginalis genome was targeted. there was no cross-reaction with human dna or other infectious agents, including pentatrichomonas hominis and giardia lamblia. the colorimetric assay was applied as an adjunct to nested pcr for semiquantitative determination of t. vaginalis dna at levels corresponding to 1 to 1,000 p ...	1997	8968894
specific and sensitive detection of trichomonas tenax by the polymerase chain reaction.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol was developed for specific detection of trichomonas tenax by using a pair of primers designed for its 18s rrna gene. the detection was specific for t. tenax, since no amplification was detected with dnas from trichomonas vaginalis, which belongs to the same genus as t. tenax, in addition to various species of oral protists, fungi and bacteria, and human leukocytes. this method had a detection limit of 100 fg for t. tenax genomic dna and could detect t. ...	1997	9080698
semisynthetic derivatives of purpuromycin as potential topical agents for vaginal infections.	purpuromycin (1) is an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, encompassing bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, particularly those involved in vaginal infections. with the aim of enhancing the solubility and reducing the serum binding, a chemical program of modifications was undertaken on the natural compound, and a new interesting series of derivatives at the naphthoquinone system was synthesized and evaluated as potential topical agents for vaginal infections. in particular thre ...	1997	9083486
urethral infection in a workplace population of east african men: evaluation of strategies for screening and management.	transport workers (n = 504) in mombasa, kenya, were screened for urethral infection by history, clinical examination, and laboratory testing of urethral swabs and first-catch urine specimens. the prevalence of neisseria gonorrhoeae was 3.4%, chlamydia trachomatis, 3.6%, and trichomonas vaginalis, 6.0%; more than two-thirds of infections were asymptomatic. a complaint of urethral discharge, dysuria, or both was twice as sensitive as the sign of discharge on physical examination (34.5% vs. 15.5%) ...	1997	9086138
one-tube, nested-pcr assay for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharges.	to shorten the time and improve the accuracy of diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis, a novel, one-tube, nested pcr, which targets a family of 650-bp specific dna repeats from the trichomonas vaginalis genome, has been developed. samples were prepared by a rapid boiling method and the pcr products analysed by gel electrophoresis. a 290-bp dna fragment was observed in all positive cases. no cross-reaction with any other pathogens, including the pentatrichomonas hominis and giardia lamblia used as ...	1997	9093430
degradation of human immunoglobulins and cytotoxicity on hela cells by live trichomonas vaginalis.	the present study was undertaken to determine whether live t. vaginalis degrades human secretory iga, serum iga and igg molecules. human immunoglobulins were exposed to live trophozoites, parasite lysate, and excretory-secretory product (esp) of t. vaginalis. to determine the fragmentation of immunoglobulins, the reaction sample was subjected to sds-page and eitb, and peroxidase conjugated antihuman iga and igg were used as probes. live trophozoites degraded secretory iga. serum iga and igg, and ...	1997	9100438
use of inhibitors to identify essential cysteine proteinases of trichomonas vaginalis.	designing cysteine proteinase inhibitors as antitrichomonal drugs requires knowledge of which cysteine proteinases are essential to the parasite. in an attempt to obtain such information, the effects of a number of cysteine proteinase inhibitors on trichomonad growth in vitro and proteinase activity were investigated. the broad specificity inhibitor trans-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (known as e-64) had little effect on growth of trichomonas vaginalis (27% inhibition at 280 mi ...	1997	9103977
immunological detection and subcellular localization of hsp70 and hsp60 homologs in trichomonas vaginalis.	heat shock protein (hsp) homologs of trichomonas vaginalis belonging to hsp70 and hsp60 families with mr 72 and 58 kda, respectively, were detected by cross-reacting polyclonal antibody to dnak of escherichia coli. polyclonal antibody to hsp60 of heliothis virescens, and polyclonal antibody to groel/hsp60 of cyanobacteria. a diffuse and finely granular intracellular staining of t. vaginalis was obtained with anti-dnak on frozen 4-micron sections of the parasite as revealed by light microscopy. t ...	1997	9105301
evaluation of a screening algorithm for the diagnosis of genital infections with neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis among female sexworkers in bénin.	in developing countries, simple and cheap procedures for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) are urgently needed, especially for screening purposes in high risk groups.	1997	9111757
transient and selectable transformation of the parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis.	we have developed methods to transiently and selectably transform the human-infective protist trichomonas vaginalis. this parasite, a common cause of vaginitis worldwide, is one of the earlier branching eukaryotes studied to date. we have introduced three heterologous genes into t. vaginalis by electroporation and have used the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the endogenous gene alpha-succinyl coa synthetase b (alpha-scsb) to drive transcription of these genes. transient expression of two repo ...	1997	9114057
organelle origins: energy-producing symbionts in early eukaryotes?.	the discovery that trichomonas vaginalis, an early diverging protist that lacks mitochondria but has energy-producing hydrogenosomes, makes bacterial-like heat shock proteins suggests that symbionts ancestral to mitochondria and hydrogenosomes were present at early stages of eukaryote evolution.	1997	9115381
sexual transmission of hepatitis b in mwanza, tanzania.	hepatitis b virus (hbv) is endemic and poses a grave public health problem in africa where it is mainly transmitted from mother to baby or during childhood. sexual transmission has also been suggested to play a role in east africa, but this has never been properly demonstrated. additional preventive strategies may be proposed if sexual transmission of hbv occurred in this region where hiv and other stds are highly prevalent.	1997	9132977
multicenter comparison of clotrimazole vaginal tablets, oral metronidazole, and vaginal suppositories containing sulfanilamide, aminacrine hydrochloride, and allantoin in the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis.	trichomonas vaginalis is a common vaginal pathogen. oral metronidazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of trichomoniasis. oral metronidazole, however, may cause unpleasant side effects and is contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy. in vitro studies and preliminary clinical data have suggested that intravaginal clotrimazole may be effective against this pathogen.	1997	9132982
polymerase chain reaction analysis of distal vaginal specimens: a less invasive strategy for detection of trichomonas vaginalis.	we compared polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of specimens obtained from the distal vagina with wet mount microscopy and culture of specimens from the posterior vaginal fornix. one or all three techniques revealed that 61 (20.3%) of 300 women tested were positive for trichomonas vaginalis. pcr analysis of distal vaginal specimens detected 56 (91.8%) of 61 infections, while wet mount microscopy and culture detected 49 (80.3%) of 61 infections. results of this study may impact the approach ...	1997	9142807
sexual behavior risk factors associated with bacterial vaginosis and chlamydia trachomatis infection.	few studies have demonstrated that bacterial vaginosis (bv) is associated with sexual behavior risk factors similar to those for other sexually transmitted diseases. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of these factors in a multivariate analysis of data from women infected with bv and chlamydia trachomatis, and noninfected control subjects.	1997	9153730
validity of self-reported sexual behaviors in adolescent women using biomarker outcomes.	to determine the criterion-related validity of alternative approaches to the measurement of sexual intercourse using sexually transmitted diseases (std) as a biomarker (the criterion).	1997	9153734
std rapid assessment in rwandan refugee camps in tanzania.	to obtain baseline information on sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in the rwandan refugees camps in tanzania, prior to establishment of std services.	1997	9155553
the minimum single oral metronidazole dose for treating trichomoniasis: a randomized, blinded study.	to identify the minimum effective single oral dose of metronidazole for trichomoniasis.	1997	9166304
evidence for the bacterial origin of genes encoding fermentation enzymes of the amitochondriate protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica.	entamoeba histolytica is an amitochondriate protozoan parasite with numerous bacterium-like fermentation enzymes including the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (por), ferredoxin (fd), and alcohol dehydrogenase e (adhe). the goal of this study was to determine whether the genes encoding these cytosolic e. histolytica fermentation enzymes might derive from a bacterium by horizontal transfer, as has previously been suggested for e. histolytica genes encoding heat shock protein 60, nicotinamide nu ...	1997	9171424
organelle genomes: going, going, gone!		1997	9036544
sexually transmitted diseases among women in coventry.		1997	9050291
hiv and reproductive tract infections in a total village population in rural kilimanjaro, tanzania: women at increased risk.	the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hiv infection, other sexually transmitted diseases (stds), and biological risk factors associated with hiv infection in a rural population in tanzania. a population-based study of a village population was carried out from july 1991 through january 1992. a total of 3,239 people (83.7%) participated in an hiv serosurvey. the total hiv prevalence was 0.7 and 1.9% among males and females, respectively (odds ratio, or = 2.5; 95% confidence inte ...	1997	9052726
synthesis and antiparasitic activities of amidinic azolated derivatives.	a set of heterocyclic n-acetamidinium hydrochlorides were prepared from the corresponding n-acetonitriles. the antiparasitic screening showed that, while all amidines are practically inactive, some nitriles present leishmanicide properties.	1997	9241827
conservation of mitochondrial targeting sequence function in mitochondrial and hydrogenosomal proteins from the early-branching eukaryotes crithidia, trypanosoma and trichomonas.	kinetoplastid protozoa are the earliest-branching eukaryotes to possess a true mitochondrion. this organelle is host to a variety of intriguing and unique features, including rna editing. we examined the characteristics of protein import into mitochondria of trypanosoma brucei. dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) carrying a yeast mitochondrial targeting signal was correctly translocated into trypanosome mitochondria in vivo, as were dhfr fusion proteins bearing two unusually short (7-9 amino acids) p ...	1997	9243185
trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. the vaginal infections and prematurity study group.	several studies have suggested that pregnant women infected with trichomonas vaginalis may be at increased risk of an adverse outcome.	1997	9243743
evidence for loss of mitochondria in microsporidia from a mitochondrial-type hsp70 in nosema locustae.	in molecular phylogenies based on ribosomal rna, three amitochondriate protist lineages, microsporidia, metamonada (including diplomonads) and parabasala (including trichomonads), are the earliest offshoots of the eukaryotic tree. as an explantation for the lack of mitochondria in these organisms, the hypothesis that they have diverged before the mitochondrial endosymbiosis is preferred to the less parsimonious hypothesis of several independent losses of the organelle. nevertheless, if they had ...	1997	9247927
extracellular release by trichomonas vaginalis of a nadp+ dependent malic enzyme involved in pathogenicity.	this report presents evidence showing that trichomonas vaginalis releases in the extracellular environment a functional form of nadp(+)-dependent malic enzyme. the protein which is likely responsible for the oxidative decarboxilase activity had already been identified in previous studies as p65, one of the five adhesive proteins of the protozoan. the same protein had also been described as ap65 by other authors, which identified it as one of the four surface proteins specifically responsible for ...	1997	9250781
molecular cloning of actin genes in trichomonas vaginalis and phylogeny inferred from actin sequences.	the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis is known to contain the ubiquitous and highly conserved protein actin. a genomic library and a cdna library have been screened to identify and clone the actin gene(s) of t. vaginalis. the nucleotide sequence of one gene and its flanking regions have been determined. the open reading frame encodes a protein of 376 amino acids. the sequence is not interrupted by any introns and the promoter could be represented by a 10 bp motif close to a consensus mot ...	1997	9252588
a rapid diagnostic test for trichomonas vaginalis infection.	the applicability of the quantitative buffy coat tube test (qbc) for diagnosis of t. vaginalis was studied. the results of the qbc tube test was compared with that of the wet mount examination in 60 women having genital infection. the cases were selected from outpatient clinic of el-shatby university hospital t. vaginalis was identified by qbc tube test in 24 cases out of 60 while the wet mount smear, it was detected in 21 cases. the sensitivity of the qbc tube test was 100% and the specificity ...	1997	9257972
isolation and characterization of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from trichomonas vaginalis.	malate dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.37.) (mdh) was purified to apparent homogeneity from the cytosolic fraction of the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis donné. the four step purification included ion-exchange chromatography (deae-sephacel and q-sepharose, elution with nacl) and affinity chromatography (reactive red agarose, elution with nadh and nacl). the enzyme was purified about 132-fold (30.6% yield) to a specific activity of 352 units mg-1. the km values determined at ph 7.8 (ph optimum from 7.5 t ...	1997	9269720
study on ultrastructural cytochemistry and pathogenic mechanism of trichomonas vaginalis.	to study the relation among enzymic ultrastructural localizations, cell organelles and functions of trichomonas vaginalis (t. vaginalis) as well as its pathogenic mechanism.	1996	9275338
rapid antigen tests for neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis are not accurate for screening women with disturbed vaginal lactobacillary flora.	we studied the accuracy of the rapid antigen detection tests gonozyme and chlamydiazyme in high-risk women in an outpatient prenatal clinic, kalafong university hospital, pretoria, south africa. women (n = 433) presenting with uneventful pregnancy (n = 324), unavoidable miscarriage (n = 41) or infertility of 1 year's duration (n = 68) had a pap smear for lactobacillary grading and detection of pathogens like candida albicans or trichomonas vaginalis, a swab for culture of neisseria gonorrhoeae, ...	1996	9060056
morphogenesis of the hydrogenosome: an ultrastructural study.	the morphogenesis of hydrogenosomes in several trichomonad species (tritrichomonas foetus, trichomonas vaginalis, tritrichomonas suis, trichomonas gallinae, tritrichomonas augusta and monocercomonas sp) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas of whole cells or the isolated organelle. close proximity, and even continuity, between endoplasmic reticulum and hydrogenosomes was observed. structures were seen connecting hydrogenosomes to each ...	1996	9075329
tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis: the pattern of inactivation of hydrogenase activity by oxygen and activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase.	the concentration-dependence of the inhibition of whole-cell hydrogen formation by oxygen has been measured in the trichomonads trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus, and compared with the oxygen inhibition of the in situ hydrogenase activity as measured by a tritium exchange assay. the inhibition profiles closely paralleled each other, suggesting that hydrogenase is the primary site of inhibition of anaerobic fermentative metabolism. in addition the inhibition profile for isolated hyd ...	1996	8581167
an electron microscope study of the interaction between trichomonas vaginalis and epithelial cells of the human amnion membrane.	the mechanism of cytopathogenicity of trichomonas vaginalis is not well established. adhesion of t. vaginalis to human epithelial cells is considered a prerequisite for parasitic infection and its pathogenic effect. to investigate cytopathological changes in the host caused by t. vaginalis infection, human amnion membrane was used as an in vitro model. t. vaginalis strain waa38 from axenic culture was allowed to interact with the epithelial layer of the human amnion membrane for 6 and 9 h. struc ...	1996	8825444
molecular characterization of a third malic enzyme-like ap65 adhesin gene of trichomonas vaginalis.	adherence to the vaginal epithelium by the sexually transmitted parasite trichomonas vaginalis is mediated by four trichomonad surface proteins (ap65, ap51, ap33 and ap23). we recently showed that the 65-kda adhesin is a member of a multigene family comprised of two similar but distinct proteins, ap65-1 and ap65-2, encoded by the genes ap65-1 and ap65-2, respectively. an additional immuno-crossreactive clone, the 1.2 kb f11.1 cdna, was isolated from a phagemid expression library and encoded a fu ...	1996	8831829
actin cytoskeleton demonstration in trichomonas vaginalis and in other trichomonads.	the flagellate form of trichomonas vaginalis (t v) transforms to amoeboid cells upon adherence to converslips. they grow and their nuclei divide without undergoing cytokinesis, yielding giant cells and a monolayer of t v f-actin was demonstrated in trichomonas vaginalis by fluorescence microscopy using phalloidin and an anti-actin mab which labelled the cytoplasm of both the flagellate and amoeboid forms. comparative electrophoresis and immunoblotting established that the actin band has the same ...	1996	9175265
linked genes for calmodulin and e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in trichomonas vaginalis.	in searching the genomes of early-diverging protists to study whether the possession of calmodulin is ancestral to all eukaryotes, the gene for calmodulin was identified in trichomonas vaginalis. this flagellate is a member of the parabasalia, one of the earliest lineages of recognized eukaryotes to have diverged. this sequence was used to isolate a homologous 1.250-kb fragment from the t. vaginalis genome by inverse polymerase chain reaction. this fragment was also completely sequenced and show ...	1996	8976604
[management of male urethritis].		1996	8978204
[microbial associations in trichomonas urethritis].	the results on isolation of associated microflora from 190 patients suffering from trichomonas urethritis are given. microorganisms belonged to the species: mycoplasma hominis. ureaplasma urealyticum. streptococcus pyogenes. escherichia coli. klebsiella pneumoniae. proteus mirabilis. moraxella lacunata. acinetobacter calcoaceticus and candida. staphylococcus cultures which were isolated from 100% patients belonged to 8 species: staphylococcus aureus, s. intermedius, s. haemolyticus, s. epidermid ...	1996	8983524
detection of chlamydia trachomatis by immunofluorescence, papanicolaou and immunoperoxidase in women with leucorrhea.	bacteriological, papanicolaou, direct immunofluorescense (dif) and immunoperoxidase studies were done in 245 samples from women with vaginal discharge and the frequency of chlamydia trachomatis was investigated. the samples were obtained from two hospitals of the public health services of mexico city. samples were taken from the endocervical and posterior fornix areas and streaked in different cultures media for the isolation and microbiological differentiation. smears were done and stained by g ...	1996	8986105
processing trichomonas vaginalis for scanning electron microscopy.		1996	8987030
comparable growth of a trichomonas vaginalis strain in pehps and tyi-s-33 media.	pehps medium, developed for axenic cultivation of entamoeba histolytica and e. invadens, was also capable of supporting the growth of a trichomonas vaginalis strain, with an inoculum of 1 to 100 trichomonads/ml. the logarithmic growth phase in pehps or in tyi-s-33 medium lasted 72 h; yield (3.33 +/- 0.56 x 10(6) trichomonads/ml), duplication time (4.27 h), number of duplications (16.85), or increase ratio (33,328) in pehps medium showed no significant differences with those obtained in tyi-s-33 ...	1996	8987196
the sequence and organization of the core histone h3 and h4 genes in the early branching amitochondriate protist trichomonas vaginalis.	among the unicellular protists, several of which are parasitic, some of the most divergent eukaryotic species are found. the evolutionary distances between protists are so large that even slowly evolving proteins like histones are strongly divergent. in this study we isolated cdna and genomic histone h3 and h4 clones from trichomonas vaginalis. two histone h3 and three histone h4 genes were detected on three genomic clones with one complete h3 and two complete h4 sequences. h3 and h4 genes were ...	1996	8995053
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in prostitutes in turkey.	prostitutes are an important group for the transmission of a number of sexually transmitted diseases (std) all over the world. infection with t. vaginalis is one of the most common. in this study, the incidence and diagnostic procedures for trichomonas vaginalis infection as one of the sexually transmitted diseases (std's) have been studied. in legal prostitutes in ankara, turkey, 64 (25%) of 225 vaginal wet smears were positive for t. vaginalis. there was no significant difference between the d ...	1996	8996719
high frequency of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women in dar es salaam, tanzania: need for intervention.	in order to determine the prevalence and characteristics of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in pregnant women (pw) attending a primary health care antenatal clinic (anc) in metropolitan dar es salaam, tanzania, a randomly selected sample of pw in their second or third trimesters were invited to participate at their first visit. they were interviewed using a questionnaire and underwent genital examination. genital swabs were obtained for microscopy and/or culture isolation of candida albican ...	1996	8997849
sustained estrogenization is insufficient to support long-term experimentally induced genital trichomonas vaginalis infection in balb/c mice.		1996	9001187
scsb, a cdna encoding the hydrogenosomal beta subunit of succinyl-coa synthetase from the anaerobic fungus neocallimastix frontalis.	a clone containing a neocallimastix frontalis cdna assumed to encode the beta subunit of succinyl-coa synthetase (scsb) was identified by sequence homology with prokaryotic and eukaryotic counter-parts. an open reading frame of 1311 bp was found. the deduced 437 amino acid sequence showed a high degree of identity to the beta-succinyl-coa synthetase of escherichia coli (46%), the mitochondrial beta-succinyl-coa synthetase from pig (48%) and the hydrogenosomal beta-succinyl-coa synthetase from tr ...	1996	9003318
metabolic adaptation of trichomonas vaginalis to growth rate and glucose availability.	the parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis adapted the specific activities of twelve of the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism to the growth rate an glucose availability. these changes in enzyme activities were induced by culturing t. vaginalis in chemostats with glucose, present in rate-limiting or excess concentrations, as carbon and energy source. the specific activities were measured in pelleted cells at each steady state, while metabolic end products were determined in filtered culture ...	1996	9004498
[synthesis and antiparasitic activity of new n-alkyl derivatives of 1-(nitrophenyl)-3-(methyl-3-indolyl)-prop-2-ene-1-ones (nitroindolylchalcones)].		1996	9008902
[microbiological study of some microorganisms implicated in sexually transmitted diseases among the female prison population].	background: sexually transmitted diseases (std) are of over greater interest, particularly since the appearance of the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv) in the last decade. asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic infections are very frequent, overall in women. the aim of this study was to know the prevalence of certain std producing microorganisms in a female penitentiary population, the clinical characteristics and evaluate the risk factors which may be found in this population. methods: one hundred ...	1996	9011204
iron-ascorbate cleavable malic enzyme from hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis: purification and characterization.	two isoforms of nad(p)(+)-dependent malic enzyme (ec 1.1.1.39) were isolated from hydrogenosomes of trichomonas vaginalis. a positively charged isoform at ph 7 was obtained in a single purification step using cation-exchange chromatography. the second isoform, negatively charged at ph 7.5, was partially purified using a combination of anion-exchange and affinity chromatography. both isoforms displayed similar physical and kinetic properties. molecular weight determination of the native enzyme su ...	1996	9027755
pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase from entamoeba histolytica recognized by a monoclonal antibody.	a mouse monoclonal antibody, eh208c2-2 mab, raised against whole cell antigens of entamoeba histolytica trophozoites of the pathogenic strain hm-1: imss and polyclonal antisera (pab) against membrane antigens of e. histolytica trophozoites of strain hth-56: mutm were screened against a cdna library of the pathogenic strain, sfl3. the monoconal antibody detected many phage plaques expressing an e. histolytica protein. the dna sequence encoding the protein was approximately 55% identical, over 1,1 ...	1996	9031403
relationship of the virulence of trichomonas vaginalis and the major histocompatibility complex in murine trichomonad infection.	a biological assay based upon the induction of abscesses in mice injected subcutaneously with trichomonas vaginalis was shown to be a valid method for comparing the virulence of two isolates of t. vaginalis cultured from two patients, one suffering from severe vaginitis and the other exhibiting only mild disease. the data showed excellent correlation between the physical dimensions of abscesses in mice injected with each trichomonad isolate and the severity of vaginitis produced in the women fro ...	1996	8875571
arsenical pessaries in the successful elimination of metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis.		1996	8876365
modified thioglycolate medium: a simple and reliable means for detection of trichomonas vaginalis.	despite the declining rate of sexually transmitted diseases in developed countries, trichomoniasis is still one of the most common venereal infections. while diagnosis of this condition is commonly based on the microscopic wet-mount method, culture remains the most accurate single procedure for detecting the presence of trichomonas vaginalis in clinical samples. in the present study, the efficacy of a modified formula of the commonly available thioglycolate medium was compared with that of the s ...	1996	8880540
electrostatic effects in electron transfer reactions of [2fe-2s] ferredoxins with inorganic reagents.	the kinetics of electron transfer from the reduced [2fe-2s] ferredoxins from the cyanobacterium anabaena 7120 and the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis to select cobalt coordination compounds have been studied in order to gain insight into the mechanism of electron transfer and intrinsic reactivity of [2fe-2s] active sites. with tripositive cobalt complexes, reactions of both proteins displayed saturation kinetics; values of association constants of 12,900 and 1,400 m-1 and limiting rate constants ...	1996	8880903
use of wet mount to predict chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhea cervicitis in primary care.	cervicitis is associated with salpingitis, infertility, and complications of pregnancy. universal screening has been recommended for high-prevalence populations but may not be appropriate in the family practice setting. leukocytes on an endocervical gram stain have been associated with infectious cervicitis due to chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhea. this study sought to determine whether the finding of leukocytes in a vaginal wet mount could be used to screen for infectious cervicitis ...	1996	8884256
epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis. a prospective study in china.	trichomonas vaginalis infection is probably one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. the epidemiology of this disease has long been ignored, and not much is known about its natural history and risk factors.	1996	8885075
bacterial vaginosis: prevalence in an italian population of asymptomatic pregnant women and diagnostic aspects.	the present study has been carried out with the main objective of determining the prevalence rate of bacterial vaginosis (bv) in a population of asymptomatic pregnant women (8th to 9th month of pregnancy). out of a total 1,441 patients examined bv was found to be present in 70 (4.9%). the diagnosis was made when an analysis of the vaginal discharge revealed the simultaneous presence of at least three out of four of the following laboratory indices: (1) direct gram stain positive (bacterial flora ...	1996	8891543
phylogenetic implication of iron-containing superoxide dismutase genes from trichomonad species.		1996	8892298
molecular characterisation of adenosylhomocysteinase from trichomonas vaginalis.	the enzyme s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (sahh) has been identified as a potential target for chemotherapy in protozoan parasites including trichomonas vaginalis. to investigate this area of trichomonad metabolism in more detail, we have isolated and characterised a gene which encodes this activity from the waa38 strain of this parasite. the gene was isolated by probing a bg/ii genomic mini-library with a fragment of the gene generated by thermal cycling using degenerate oligonucleotide prime ...	1996	8892301
trichomonas vaginalis adhesin proteins display molecular mimicry to metabolic enzymes.		1996	8895795
etiologic study of genitourinary infections in women of childbearing age in bobo-dioulasso, burkina faso, 1992.	genitourinary infections have a major impact on public health, especially in africa. relative distribution of the different pathogens is unknown in bobo-dioulasso.	1996	8919743
molecular characterization and expression of a n-acetylneuraminate lyase gene from trichomonas vaginalis.		1996	8920014
identification and characterization of [fe]-hydrogenases in the hydrogenosome of trichomonas vaginalis.		1996	8920017
clinical and microbiological correlates of vaginal trichomoniasis during pregnancy. the vaginal infections and prematurity study group.	colonization with trichomonas vaginalis is a possible cause of poor pregnancy outcome. to facilitate the diagnosis of this condition during pregnancy, we conducted a prospective, multicenter study of 13,816 gravid women who were between 23rd and 26th week of gestation. findings significantly associated with t. vaginalis colonization included a yellow, green, or bloody discharge from the vagina or cervix; abnormal odor after koh was added to a vaginal specimen; a vaginal ph of > 5.0; and cervical ...	1996	8922806
[preliminary study on low-trait genital infection and cervical epithelial dysplasia in women from the parakanä tribe of south america].	we evaluated the occurrence of low-trait genital infection and cervical epithelial dysplasia in women from a south-american indian tribe in the brazilian amazonia.	1996	8935669
prokaryotic dna sequences in patients with chronic idiopathic prostatitis.	half of all men experience symptoms of prostatitis at some time in their lives, but the etiology is unknown for more than 90% of patients. optimal clinical and culture methods were used to select 135 men with chronic prostatitis refractory to multiple previous courses of antimicrobial therapy. the subjects had no evidence of structural or functional lower genitourinary tract abnormalities of bacteriuria or bacterial prostatitis by traditional clinical tests, or of urethritis or urethral pathogen ...	1996	8940458
sequence of a malic enzyme gene of giardia lamblia.	the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) or malic enzyme (ec 1.1.1.40) of the amitochondriate protist giardia lamblia were determined. the overall amino acid identity with malic enzyme sequences from other eukaryotes was between 34 and 39%. functional domains previously defined in other malic enzymes, the malate-, the adp- and the nad(p)-binding domains, were present also in the g. lamblia sequence. in phylogenetic reconstructions, the g ...	1996	8946381
[prevalence of bacterial vaginitis and vaginosis: association with clinical and laboratory features, and treatment].	this was a cross-sectional study meant to determine the prevalence of vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis among open population females from cuernavaca city. the relationship between clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and response to therapy were evaluated as well. a group of 405 sexually active women were enrolled between january and july, 1994. the patients were attending the city hospital for a regular gynecological consultation, upon their informed consent, they answered a specifica ...	1996	8948921
presence of a mitochondrial-type 70-kda heat shock protein in trichomonas vaginalis suggests a very early mitochondrial endosymbiosis in eukaryotes.	molecular phylogenetic analyses, based mainly on ribosomal rna, show that three amitochondriate protist lineages, diplomonads, microsporidia, and trichomonads, emerge consistently at the base of the eukaryotic tree before groups having mitochondria. this suggests that these groups could have diverged before the mitochondrial endosymbiosis. nevertheless, since all these organisms live in anaerobic environments, the absence of mitochondria might be due to secondary loss, as demonstrated for the la ...	1996	8962101
a possible mitochondrial gene in the early-branching amitochondriate protist trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonads are anaerobic flagellated protists that, based on analyses of ribosomal rna sequences, represent one of the earliest branching lineages among the eukaryotes. the absence of mitochondria in these organisms coupled with their deep phylogenetic position has prompted several authors to suggest that trichomonads, along with other deeply-branching amitochondriate protist groups, diverged from the main eukaryotic lineage prior to the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria. in this report we ...	1996	8962102
[clinico-microbiological findings in women with a genital discharge].	the authors compare the prevalence of the most common vaginal infections at present and before 10 years and find that the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection is diminished and there is a tendency for the increase in the incidence of bacterial vaginosis. the determination of the vaginal ph and the application of 10% koh for the "sniff test" may prove very useful in the diagnosis of vaginal infection.	1996	8967532
entamoeba histolytica encodes a highly divergent beta-tubulin.	the microtubules of the amitochondrial parasite entamoeba histolytica are atypical in certain respects. consistent with this, we report that e. histolytica encodes the most divergent beta-tubulin identified to date, with only 54% to 58% identity to beta-tubulins from various species. a similarly divergent beta-tubulin is encoded by the related entamoeba invadens; single gene copies appear to be present in both organisms. the entamoeba sequences were compared with a database of 101 beta-tubulins, ...	1996	8563707
the relationship between pregnancy and sexual risk taking.	we attempted to determine whether risks of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases differ between pregnant and nonpregnant women.	1996	8633632
sexually acquired metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis in a lesbian couple.	a lesbian couple in a monogamous relationship each presented with vaginal discharge demonstrable on culture to contain trichomonas vaginalis. their symptoms had failed to respond to standard regimens of metronidazole, and subsequent microbiological sensitivities confirmed resistance of the trichomonads to metronidazole (minimum inhibitory concentrations in aerobic conditions > 8 mcg/ml). in addition, the couple denied use of penetrative sex toys or recent male partners, supporting the concept of ...	1996	8655171
expression and spectroscopic characterization of the hydrogenosomal [2fe-2s] ferredoxin from the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis.	the heterologous expression and spectroscopic characterization of the [2fe-2s] ferredoxin from the sexually transmitted human parasite trichomonas vaginalis is described. using oligonucleotide primers based on the deduced dna sequence, the gene encoding the ferredoxin was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and cloned into a t7 rna polymerase expression vector. expression of the gene in escherichia coli host hms174(de3) resulted in the high level production of the protein with the correctly a ...	1996	8663034
protozoan infections in the male genital tract.	we reviewed the literature on protozoan infections in the male genital tract, with special reference to histopathological findings and their repercussions on different andrological functions.	1996	8683676
detection of chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction in introital specimens from pregnant women.	we analyzed whether specimens obtained from the vaginal introitus were comparable to endocervical and posterior vaginal vault specimens for detection of chlamydia trachomatis and trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction.	1996	8694044
an in vitro metronidazole susceptibility test for trichomoniasis using the inpouch tv test.	an efficient anaerobic culture system, the inpouch tv test, was used to determine the susceptibility of trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole. glacial acetic acid was employed as a solvent for metronidazole.	1996	8698362
genital ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression.		1996	8699087
transcription in the early diverging eukaryote trichomonas vaginalis: an unusual rna polymerase ii and alpha-amanitin-resistant transcription of protein-coding genes.	we have examined transcription in an early diverging eukaryote by analyzing the effect of the fungus-derived toxin alpha-amanitin on the transcription of protein-coding genes of the protist trichomonas vaginalis. in contrast to that typical in eukaryotes, the rna polymerase that transcribes t. vaginalis protein-coding genes is relatively resistant to alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition = 250 microg alpha-amanitin/ml). we have also characterized the gene encoding the largest subunit of rna polymerase ...	1996	8703091
in vitro activity of metronidazole alone and in combination with clotrimazole against clinical isolates of trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis is generally treated with oral metronidazole. widespread use of this drug has led, however, to selection of resistant strains. topical therapy seems appropriate whenever systemic high dosage schedule cannot be adopted in order to overcome resistance. this study was designed to assess the activity of metronidazole alone and in combination with clotrimazole, an imidazole derivative for topical use, against t. vaginalis. tests were performed employing the antitrichom ...	1996	8708753
primary structure of a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase of the amitochondriate eukaryote, trichomonas vaginalis.	the nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for a 37 kda subunit of a cytosolic malate dehydrogenase of trichomonas vaginalis was established. the sequence of a gdna clone and a cdna clone, which lacked seven amino-terminal codons, were identical, indicating an absence of introns from the gene. cell fractionation combined with sequencing of peptide fragments of the purified enzyme showed that the gene codes for an expressed cytosolic enzyme. the derived amino acid sequence was closely related to cy ...	1996	8595866
evaluation of a deoxyribonucleic acid probe for the detection of trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal secretions.	our purpose was to compare affirm vp, a new deoxyribonucleic acid probe test, with standard "wet preparation" microscopic examinations and culture for the identification of trichomonas vaginalis organisms in vaginal secretions.	1996	8623867
[diagnostic value of stamey's test in chronic prostatitis].	analysis and technical details of staomey's fractionated urine cultures, the reference method for the evaluation and bacteriological diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis, but the application of which has been rarely described in the literature.	1996	8624520
trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis: ph regulates a contact-independent mechanism based on pore-forming proteins.	there is a controversy in literature about involvement of secreted factors in the pathogenetic mechanisms of trichomonas vaginalis, described mostly as contact-dependent. we found that the protozoan, under triggering conditions, is able to release molecules that lead to lysis without direct contact between parasite and target cells as a prerequisite. in this paper we characterize contact-independent cytotoxicity using the red blood cell as a cellular model. contact-independent haemolysis is a ph ...	1996	8722099
in vitro effect of tinidazole and furazolidone on metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis.	trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted protozoan parasite. although often considered simply a nuisance infection, t. vaginalis has been implicated in premature rupture of placental membranes and increases in the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus. metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole, is currently the drug of choice to treat t. vaginalis infection. because some patients have severe reactions to metronidazole and others are infected with metronidazole-resistant t. vaginal ...	1996	8723451
simultaneous extraction of dna and rna from nuclease-rich pathogenic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis.		1996	8723918
phylogenetic analysis of beta-tubulin sequences from amitochondrial protozoa.	it has been proposed that certain extant anaerobic protozoa are descended from organisms that diverged early in eukaryotic evolution prior to the acquisition of mitochondria. among these are the extracellular parasites giardia lamblia, trichomonas vaginalis, and entamoeba histolytica, and the obligately intracellular microsporidia. phylogenetic analysis of rrna sequences from these amitochondrial organisms suggests that g. lamblia, t. vaginalis, and microsporidia are near the base of the eukaryo ...	1996	8728394
detection of trichomonas vaginalis in endocervical and ectocervical smears.	the objective of this study was to determine the relative sensitivity of detecting trichomonas vaginalis in endocervical as compared to ectocervical papanicolaou-stained smears. the average number of organisms in 10 (200x) high-power fields (hpf) per smear was used for comparing the presence of trichomonads in the two smear types. in every pair of ectocervical-endocervical smears, there were always more trichomonads in the ectocervical smear. fifty percent of cases showed at least 25 more tricho ...	1996	8732661
hemolytic activity of trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus.	the hemolytic activity of live isolates and clones of trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus was investigated. the isolates were tested against human erythrocytes. no hemolytic activity was detected by the isolates of t. foetus. whereas the isolates of t. vaginalis lysed erythrocytes from all human blood groups. no hemolysin released by the parasites could be detected. our preliminary results suggest that hemolysis depend on the susceptibility of red cell membranes to destabilization an ...	1996	8734959
is trichomonas vaginalis still a marker for other sexually transmitted infections in women?	trichomonas vaginalis (tv) has, in the past, been regarded as a useful marker for other asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia in women. the aim of this study was to determine whether tv is still such a marker. all women attending the department of genito-urinary medicine at the leeds general infirmary with a diagnosis of tv during 1983 and 1993 were identified and concurrent infections were tabulated. in 1993 approximately 30% of women with tv had at least ...	1996	8737338
inducible immunity to trichomonas vaginalis in a mouse model of vaginal infection.	we studied the protective effect of subcutaneous immunization with trichomonas vaginalis in a mouse model of vaginal infection. balb/c mice were immunized with various doses of t. vaginalis (4.5 x 10(5), 9 x 10(6), and 1 x 10(8) organisms per ml) suspended in freund's complete adjuvant 56 days prior to vaginal infection and were given booster injections of the same doses of t. vaginalis in freund's incomplete adjuvant 4 weeks later. control mice were immunized and given booster injections of pho ...	1996	8751901
production and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies to blastocystis hominis.	several hybridomas producing antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were established by fusions of mouse myeloma p3.x63.ag8.u1 with spleen cells from balb/c mice immunized against an isolate of blastocystis hominis. five strongly positive hybrids (6b6, 1d5, 1e7, 4f7 and 4g11) were cloned and all were found to secrete igm monoclonal antibodies. four mabs (6b6, 1e7, 4f7 and 4g11) reacted in immunoblots with a number of b. hominis antigens (mol. wt ranging from 25,000 to 2 ...	1996	8773525
patients with genital warts: how are they managed by general practitioners?	this study was carried out to assess the management by general practitioners of patients with genital warts. an anonymized postal questionnaire was sent to 2060 general practitioners in the north west of england; 1260 (61.2%) completed questionnaires were returned. a total of 76.69% of gps saw one or more cases per quarter. of 468 (37.1%) gps who managed patients in-house, 393 (83.9%) used podophyllin of concentration between 0.5 and 50%; 169 (43%) did not specify the podophyllin concentration a ...	1996	8799786