Publications

meta-analysis of prophylactic treatments against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasma encephalitis in hiv-infected patients.	in a meta-analysis, we examined the efficacy of aerosolized pentamidine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and dapsone or dapsone/pyrimethamine for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with hiv infection. of 22 trials, 13 compared trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with aerosolized pentamidine, nine compared dapsone alone or in combination with pyrimethamine with aerosolized pentamidine, and eight compared trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with dapsone/pyr ...	1997	9241108
central nervous system pneumocystosis in a patient with aids.	extrapulmonary involvement with pneumocystis carinii has been described in 0.5%-2.5% of persons with aids. one hundred nine patients with aids and confirmed extrapulmonary pneumocystosis were identified, and seven of these patients (including our patients) had central nervous system (cns) pneumocystosis. of these seven patients, six had prior aids-related complications, and three had previous p. carinii pneumonia. six patients had cns symptoms, one of whom underwent a focal neurological examinat ...	1997	9243039
a pneumocystis carinii multi-gene family with homology to subtilisin-like serine proteases.	copies of multi-gene family, named prt1 (protease 1), encoding a subtilisin-like serine protease were cloned from the opportunistic fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii. comparison of the nucleotide sequence of a genomic clone and a cdna clone of prt1 from p. carinii f. sp. carinii revealed the presence of seven short introns. several different domains were predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence: an n-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence, a pro-domain, a subtilisin-like catalytic domain, ...	1997	9245811
steady-state effects of vitronectin and fibronectin on the binding, uptake, and degradation of pneumocystis carinii in rat alveolar macrophages.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains a serious complication of immunodeficiency. vitronectin (vn) and fibronectin (fn) accumulate in the lung during p. carinii infection and bind to the organism, thereby enhancing macrophage release of tnf alpha. it is not known whether vn and fn also regulate uptake and degradation of p. carinii by macrophage when present in concentrations similar to those in the lung during pneumonia. to address this, macrophages were cultured with 35s-radiolabeled p. carini ...	1997	9246575
understanding the devastation of aids.	a patient admitted to your unit this morning presents a dauntingly complex clinical picture. maria dejesus, 34 years old, has hiv infection, which progressed to aids last year with an episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. she's also experienced recurrent vaginal and esophageal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis, and her more recent history includes peripheral neuropathy, causing pain and numbness, as well as cognitive and motor function problems. her admission was prompted by diarrhea ...	1997	9247379
penetration of dapsone into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aids.	it has been proposed that dapsone in combination with pyrimethamine could be used for prophylaxis of both pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and encephalitis due to toxoplasma gondii. ten patients with aids undergoing lumbar puncture for diagnostic purposes were studied in order to assess the penetration of dapsone into csf. blood and csf samples were obtained between 3 and 72 h following administration. six patients had received oral dapsone for at least 1 month at the dosage regimen of 100 mg twic ...	1997	9249213
predicting in-hospital mortality of patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: an example of hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis.	a non-linear statistical classification methodology known as hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis (cta) offers promise of outperforming linear alternatives. we present the first example of cta in medicine, for an application that uses four attributes (age, body mass index, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, prior history of aids) to predict in-hospital mortality for a sample of 1339 patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. we also illustrate use of a hold-out (cr ...	1997	9249918
the results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.	when little or no data directly comparing two treatments are available, investigators often rely on indirect comparisons from studies testing the treatments against a control or placebo. one approach to indirect comparison is to pool findings from the active treatment arms of the original controlled trials. this approach offers no advantage over a comparison of observational study data and is prone to bias. we present an alternative model that evaluates the differences between treatment and plac ...	1997	9250266
pneumocystis carinii cysts are susceptible to inactivation by chemical disinfectants.	the inactivation efficacy of eight disinfectants commonly used in laboratories and animal rooms to inactive pneumocystis carinii cysts was estimated by experimental infection in c.b-17-scid mice. the disinfectants examined in this study were 70% ethyl alcohol, 10% iodoform, 0.5% hypochlorous acid, two 1% quanternary ammonium salts, 3% hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorite and 1% cresol soap. the lung homogenates from p. carinii infected c.b-17-scid mice were treated with each disinfectant for 15 mi ...	1997	9250487
late infections following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: suggested strategies for prophylaxis.	bone marrow transplant recipients remain at risk for infections for a variable period of time even after adequate hematologic reconstitution. late infections are a significant cause of morbidity and can be fatal in 4-15% of these patients. patients with chronic graft versus host disease (gvhd) and unrelated-donor transplant recipients, even without gvhd, are at particular risk. most late infections occur in the first post-transplant year, the majority are caused by bacteria, particularly encapsu ...	1997	9250782
impact of pregnancy on maternal aids.	to assess the impact of pregnancy on maternal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) among tribal women in india.	1997	9252934
clinical spectrum of x-linked hyper-igm syndrome.	we report the clinical and immunologic features and outcome in 56 patients with x-linked hyper-igm syndrome, a disorder caused by mutations in the cd40 ligand gene. upper and lower respiratory tract infections (the latter frequently caused by pneumocystis carinii), chronic diarrhea, and liver involvement (both often associated with cryptosporidium infection) were common. many patients had chronic neutropenia associated with oral and rectal ulcers. the marked prevalence of infections caused by in ...	1997	9255191
defective antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in the x-linked hyper-igm syndrome.	we examined t-cell proliferation in five patients with x-linked hyper-igm syndrome (xhim), using a panel of antigens and lectins. all patients had impaired antigen-induced proliferation, whereas their lectin responses were normal. thus, in addition to severely depressed antibody responses, patients with xhim have a defect in antigen-specific t-cell proliferation, which may explain their susceptibility to pathogens such as pneumocystis carinii.	1997	9255207
[prevention of parasitic infections (excluding toxoplasmosis) in immunocompromised patients].	immunocompromised patients, notably those with cell mediated immunity deficiency, are at risk for severe and life-threatening parasitic infections. severity and frequency of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia have led to systematically initiate prophylaxis for high-risk patients such as patients with hiv infection, hemopathy or renal transplants. cotrimoxazole has shown the best efficacy both in primary and secondary prophylaxis. side effects, notably skin rash, constitute the major limiting factor ...	1997	9255333
endocrine modulation of the neurotoxicity of gp120: implications for aids-related dementia complex.	hiv infection often involves the development of aids-related dementia complex, a variety of neurologic, neuropsychologic, and neuropathologic impairments. a possible contributor to aids-related dementia complex is the hiv envelope glycoprotein gp120, which damages neurons via a complex glutamate receptor- and calcium-dependent cascade. we demonstrate an endocrine modulation of the deleterious effects of gp120 in primary hippocampal and cortical cultures. specifically, we observe that gp120-induc ...	1997	9256504
prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: who are we missing?	to obtain population-based information on the characteristics of persons who were not receiving chemoprophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) by examining the use of primary and secondary pcp prophylaxis among san francisco residents whose aids-defining opportunistic illness was pcp in 1993.	1997	9256945
occurrence of pneumocystis carinii in canine distemper.		1997	9257457
radioactively labelled diethylene triamine penta acetate lung scan in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and asymptomatic hiv-positive patients.	the objective of this study is to establish normal ranges for the assessment of lung permeability, using 99mtc dtpa (diethylene triamine penta acetate) aerosol by measuring the half-time of transfer from the lung in asymptomatic hiv-positive patients. also to audit the use of the test in the clinical management of outpatients with symptoms suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). a retrospective analysis of data from outpatients' notes for the audit of symptomatic patients, and prospe ...	1997	9259495
investigations of pneumocystosis among humans and rodents in lithuania.	pneumocystosis (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) is a parasitic disease which in lithuania used to be diagnosed only with the use of pathohistological methods. the aim of our study was to determine prevalence of p. carinii antibodies among children and women, using immunochemical method (elisa) and to find out which groups of patients have higher antibody titres. we also addressed the question of infection with p. carinii among rodents. after investigating 9 species of rodents it was found that m ...	1997	9259608
pleural disease in patients with aids.	patients infected with hiv are at risk of developing a variety of infectious and malignant pleuropulmonary disorders. the three most common causes of aids-related pleural effusions are parapneumonic effusions or empyemas, tuberculosis, and kaposi's sarcoma. however, the relative frequency of these conditions varies from series to series as well as from one region of the world to another. pneumocystis carinii is a common pulmonary pathogen in aids, but it is rarely the cause of a pleural effusion ...	1997	9262120
a population pharmacokinetic model of trimethoprim in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, made with parametric and nonparametric methods.	a population pharmacokinetic model of intravenously and orally administered trimethoprim in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been made using a parametric iterative two-stage bayesian and a nonparametric expectation maximization computer program. when good information was present in the serum level data, both methods obtained similar results. with the nonparametric expectation maximization program, the median apparent rate constant for absorp ...	1997	9263388
variations in medical care for hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a comparison of process and outcome at two hospitals.	institutional variation in the quality of medical care may be evaluated by examining process measures, such as use of diagnostic procedures or treatment modalities, or outcome measures, such as mortality. we undertook this study to examine variations in both process and outcome of care for patients with hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) at two geographically diverse, hiv-experienced, public municipal hospitals.	1997	9266875
pneumocystis carinii infection alters gtp-binding proteins in the lung.	the gtp-binding regulatory proteins (g proteins) in the membranes of the lung parenchyma from normal, uninfected ferrets were compared to those from immunosuppressed animals with and without pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. in lung membranes, pertussis toxin (pt) catalyzed adp ribosylation of a 41-kda protein; treatment with cholera toxin (ct) led to ribosylation of a 44-kda polypeptide. compared to that in the normal ferrets, the level of the 44-kda protein was dramatically suppressed in the p ...	1997	9267411
imp dehydrogenase from pneumocystis carinii as a potential drug target.	mycophenolic acid, a specific inhibitor of imp dehydrogenase (impdh; ec 1.1.1.205), is a potent inhibitor of pneumocystis carinii growth in culture, suggesting that impdh may be a sensitive target for chemotherapy in this organism. the impdh gene was cloned as a first step to characterizing the enzyme and developing selective inhibitors. a 1.3-kb fragment containing a portion of the p. carinii impdh gene was amplified by pcr with two degenerate oligonucleotides based on conserved sequences in im ...	1997	8980752
effects of steroidal allenic phosphonic acid derivatives on the parasitic protists leishmania donovani, leishmania mexicana mexicana, and pneumocystis carinii carinii.	several pathogenic fungi and protozoa are known to have sterols distinct from those of their mammalian hosts. of particular interest as targets for drug development are the biosyntheses of the sterols of important parasites such as the kinetoplastid flagellates and the aids-associated opportunistic protist pneumocystis carinii. these pathogens synthesize sterols with an alkyl group at c-24, and some have a double bond at c-22 of the side chain. humans and other mammalian hosts are incapable of c ...	1997	8980773
efficacy of lasalocid against murine pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.	the efficacy of the ionophore lasalocid against pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in corticosteroid-immunosuppressed sprague-dawley rats was investigated. lasalocid was effective in the prevention of the pneumonitis in a dose-dependent manner. at dosages of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day, p. carinii infection rates were 92, 60, 20, and 0%, respectively, during dexamethasone immunosuppression. also, lasalocid compared favorably with other drugs known to have anti-p. carinii activity, including trimeth ...	1997	8980779
temporary seronegativity in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected man.	over a period of 3 months a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1)-infected patient showed a sequence of positive-negative-positive anti-hiv screening test results. during this period the level of hiv p24 antigen declined and the hiv antibody pattern by western blot gradually became complete, suggesting recent hiv infection. however the patient's weight loss, esophageal candidiasis, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, together with the severely and persistently lowered cd4 cell counts and the ab ...	1997	8986953
chest radiograph interpretation of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis in hiv-positive patients: accuracy, distinguishing features, and mimics.	the purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of chest x-ray (cxr) interpretation in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), bacterial pneumonia (bp), and pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients and to identify the frequency with which these infections mimic one another radiographically. the admitting cxrs of 153 hiv-positive patients with laboratory proven bp (n = 71), pcp (n = 73), and tb (n = 9) and those of 10 hiv-positive pat ...	1997	8989759
predictors of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected persons. pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group.	the pulmonary complications of hiv infection study is a prospective, multicenter, observational study evaluating pulmonary disease among hiv-infected persons. for approximately 52 mo, 1,182 hiv-infected subjects were followed. all participants were evaluated for pulmonary disease on a predetermined schedule. there were 145 episodes of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). low cd4 count correlated with risk of pcp (p < 0.0001); 79% had cd4 counts less than 100/microl and 95% had cd4 counts less t ...	1997	9001290
intensive care of patients with hiv infection: utilization, critical illnesses, and outcomes. pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group.	to examine intensive care unit (icu) admission rates and diagnoses of patients with hiv infection, and to determine the outcomes of different critical illnesses, we analyzed data derived from the 63 patients who were admitted to an icu from among the 1,130 adults with hiv infection who did not have aids at the time of enrollment in a multicenter prospective study. patients were admitted and treated according to the judgment of their physicians. during 4,298 patient-years of follow-up for the ent ...	1997	9001291
respiratory disease trends in the pulmonary complications of hiv infection study cohort. pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group.	we examined trends in the incidence of specific respiratory disorders in a multicenter cohort with progressive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease during a 5-yr period. individuals with a wide range of hiv disease severity belonging to three transmission categories were evaluated at regular intervals and for episodic respiratory symptoms using standard diagnostic algorithms. yearly incidence rates of respiratory diagnoses were assessed in the cohort as a whole and according to cd4 count o ...	1997	9001292
biodiversity of pneumocystis carinii hominis: typing with different dna regions.	the purpose of this study was to identify the most useful gene for the detection of biodiversity of pneumocystis carinii hominis isolates and to compare samples from french and italian subjects. we studied 20 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens from 20 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (10 french and 10 italian patients) with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by dna sequencing of the thymidylate synthase (ts), 5s rrna, large-subunit mitochondrial rrna (mt lsu rrna), and internal tra ...	1997	9003601
role of gamma interferon in the host immune and inflammatory responses to pneumocystis carinii infection.	the role of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) in host defense to pneumocystis carinii was investigated by use of three different murine models of infection. c57bl/6 scid/scid (severe combined immunodeficient [scid]) mice were given intratracheal inoculations of p. carinii and reconstituted with splenocytes from either mice with disrupted ifn-gamma genes (ifn-gamma-/- mice) or homozygous wild-type (ifn-gamma+/+) mice. unreconstituted scid mice had log10 7.08 +/- 0.13 p. carinii nuclei in their lungs a ...	1997	9009285
drug treatment of hiv-related opportunistic infections.	the aids epidemic has led to the emergence of several disease entities which in the pre-aids era were rare or seemingly innocuous. experience of treating these diseases varies. in some instances, such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, there is an abundance of published literature to direct our course of action. however, for many of these newly recognised diseases our treatment experience is limited. furthermore, in many instances, well controlled trials evaluating treatment modalities in the ai ...	1997	9010648
interpretation of chest radiographs in aids patients: usefulness of cd4 lymphocyte counts.	specific infections and neoplasms that are complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) occur within various cd4 lymphocyte count ranges. knowledge of how these counts correlate with radiographic appearances of these entities can limit the differential diagnosis because certain conditions are uncommon above a specific count. in patients with cd4 lymphocyte counts above 200 cells/mm3 and radiographic findings of cavitary and noncavitary consolidation, bacterial pneumonia and mycobac ...	1997	9017798
clinically used antimicrobial drugs against experimental pneumocystosis, singly and in combination: analysis of drug interactions and efficacies.	we analyzed single drugs and combinations of drugs used clinically in the treatment of opportunistic infections and other conditions for their activities against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunosuppressed rats. when they were used alone, atovaquone, rifabutin, and dapsone were more active than clarithromycin or trimethoprim. drug combinations were evaluated for synergistic activity by an analysis of variance model for two-way factorial experiments and a response surface model. atovaquone ...	1997	9021174
immunodeficient and immunosuppressed mice as models to test anti-pneumocystis carinii drugs.	congenitally immunodeficient and immunosuppressed normal mice with naturally acquired pneumocystis carinii infection were compared as models for testing anti-p. carinii drugs. among the immunodeficient mice, mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (scid), which lack b and t cells, had higher levels of p. carinii pneumonia than did micromt mice, which lack k cells. normal mice administered dexamethasone in the drinking water had more extensive pneumocystosis than mice administered pare ...	1997	9021175
a cytotoxicity assay for evaluation of candidate anti-pneumocystis carinii agents.	a series of over 60 agents representing several different classes of compounds were evaluated for their effects on the atp pools of pneumocystis carinii populations derived from immunosuppressed rats. a cytotoxicity assay based on an atp-driven bioluminescent reaction was used to determine the concentration of agent which decreased the p. carinii atp pools by 50% versus untreated controls (ic50). a ranking system based on the ic50 value was devised for comparison of relative responses among the ...	1997	9021195
diarylsulfones, a novel class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase inhibitors.	a majority of reported human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (hiv-1 in) inhibitors are polyhydroxylated aromatic compounds containing two phenyl rings separated by aliphatic or aromatic linkers. most inhibitors possessing a catechol moiety exhibit considerable toxicity in cellular assays. in an effort to identify nonhydroxylated analogs, a series of aromatic sulfones were tested for their ability to inhibit the 3' processing and strand transfer steps that are necessary for hiv replicatio ...	1997	9021196
encephalitozoon cuniculi microsporidiosis: infection of the brain, heart, kidneys, trachea, adrenal glands, and urinary bladder in a patient with aids.	a female aids patient, dying with widely disseminated encephalitozoon cuniculi microsporidiosis, cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease, and pneumocystis carinii infection, is described. indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining studies and molecular analyses identified the microsporidian as the dog strain of e. cuniculi. autopsy revealed necrotizing microsporidiosis of the adrenal glands and kidneys, with lesser involvement of the brain, heart, trachea, urinary bladder, spleen, and lymph nodes. cellu ...	1997	9021729
immune restoration by fetal pig thymus grafts in t cell-depleted, thymectomized mice.	donor-specific tolerance can be induced across a discordant xenogeneic barrier in t/nk cell-depleted, thymectomized (atx) b10 mice by grafting of fetal pig thymic and liver tissue (fp thy/liv) under the kidney capsule. we have now examined the phenotype and function of murine t cells that develop in fp thy/liv grafts in these mice. mouse cd4+ t cells reached normal levels in pbl by 14 wk, and were maintained up to 30 wk. similar proportions of splenic cd4+ cells expressed the naive phenotype (cd ...	1997	9029100
tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated host defense against pneumocystis carinii.		1997	9032116
exacerbation of murine pneumocystis carinii infection by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of a tnf inhibitor.	the role of mononuclear phagocytes and their cytokine products in host defense against pneumocystis carinii (pc) remains unclear. the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (tnf) has been proposed as critical for host defense against this pathogen. to investigate the role of this cytokine in pc infection, we treated immunocompetent mice (cd4+) or mice depleted of cd4 lymphocytes (cd4-) with a recombinant adenovirus encoding a tnf inhibitor gene (adtnf-r). adtnf-r treated cd4+ animals displayed delayed c ...	1997	9032117
effect of charcoal hemoperfusion on clearance of pentamidine isethionate after accidental overdose.	pentamidine isethionate is an antimicrobial agent effective in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. severe and fatal toxicity is reported with pentamidine use.	1997	9022658
terminology changes needed for descriptions of pneumocystis carinii infection.		1997	9038331
light and electron microscopy study of carbohydrate antigens found in the electron-lucent layer of pneumocystis carinii cysts.	the localization and biochemical nature of antigens found in the electron-lucent layer (ell) of pneumocystis carinii cysts using polyclonal rabbit antibodies are described. these antigens, specific for the cystic stages of the parasite, were shared by organisms from different hosts, suggesting that they represent functionally important components of the cyst cell wall. the binding sites were situated on an interwoven net of fibrils in the ell produced by mild to strong proteolysis. degradation o ...	1997	9039701
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia masquerading as tuberculosis.	recent laboratory studies indicate that genetic diversity exists in human strains of pneumocystis carinii. structural and functional variability in infecting strains could result in differences in host-parasite interactions and the natural history of p carinii pneumonia. we report 5 unusual cases in which the clinical presentation mimicked tuberculosis. all patients were cared for at a university-based public hospital clinic in los angeles, calif, during a 2-year period. these patients were chro ...	1997	9040304
cyclosporin treatment for ulcerative colitis complicated by fatal pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1997	9040337
survival after diagnosis of aids: a prospective observational study of 2625 patients. royal free/chelsea and westminster hospitals collaborative group.	to estimate median survival and changes in survival in patients diagnosed as having aids.	1997	9040386
isoenzyme diversity in pneumocystis carinii from rats, mice, and rabbits.	pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. to investigate the genetic diversity of p. carinii populations, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to analyze five enzyme systems (malate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, malic enzyme, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). only five different multilocus associations (zymodemes) were recorded for the 70 isolates studied. while only one multilocus combi ...	1997	9041338
lipid transfer from human epithelial cells to pneumocystis carinii in vitro.	pneumocystis carinii lipids are similar to host lipids, but it is not known if some of these lipids are acquired from host cells. the ability of p. carinii to incorporate a fluorescent fatty acid analogue (bodipy-c12) was analyzed, the metabolism of the incorporated lipid by p. carinii was characterized, and lipid transfer from human alveolar epithelial cells (a549) to p. carinii was investigated. both p. carinii and a549 cells incorporated exogenous bodipy-c12 in a concentration-dependent manne ...	1997	9041339
gamma-interferon inhibits pneumocystis carinii attachment to lung cells by decreasing expression of lung cell-surface integrins.	pneumocystis carinii (pc) is a leading cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. previous work has shown that fibronectin (fn) and fn-binding integrins mediate pc attachment to lung cells in vitro. gamma-interferon (gamma-ifn) is a major factor in host defence against pc infection. to determine the effect of gamma-ifn on pc attachment to lung cells, the alveolar epithelial cell line a549 was incubated with gamma-ifn (0-10(4) u ml(-1)) and attachment of 51cr-labelled pc to the a549 cells ...	1997	9041372
bacterial infections in hiv: the extent and nature of the problem.	leucopenia and neutropenia in hiv appears to be much less common than in the context of haematological malignancies although severe neutropenia (< 0.75 x 10(9)/l) occurs in as many as 70% of patients with aids often related to concomitant drug therapy. in addition to low numbers of neutrophils there is also some evidence of defective neutrophil function in hiv/aids (chemotaxis, bacterial killing, phagocytosis and superoxide production). however the frequency and importance of these defects is as ...	1997	9043975
in-vitro activity of atovaquone, sulphamethoxazole and dapsone alone and combined with inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and macrolides against pneumocystis carinii.	the anti-pneumocystis carinii activity of atovaquone, dapsone and sulphamethoxazole alone and combined with dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors and macrolides was investigated against five clinical isolates of p. carinii. the susceptibility tests were performed by inoculation of the organisms on to cell monolayer and parasite count after 72 h incubation at 37 degrees c. culture plates were added to dulbecco's modified eagle's medium containing serial dilutions of atovaquone, dapsone and su ...	1997	9044027
human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoid proliferations.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is associated with a range of lymphoid alterations from generalized lymphadenopathy to abnormal lymphoid proliferations and malignant lymphomas. special characteristics of lymphoid proliferation are seen in the lungs and thymus of children infected with hiv. hiv-related lymphoid proliferations may be associated with other infectious agents including pneumocystis carinii, mycobacteria, rickettsial-like organisms, epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's s ...	1997	9044509
synthesis and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitory activities of 2,4-diamino-5-deaza and 2,4-diamino-5,10-dideaza lipophilic antifolates.	two series of nonclassical antifolates (2,4-diamino-5-deaza compounds 2-5 and 5,10-dideaza compounds 6-13) were synthesized as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from pneumocystis carinii (pc) and toxoplasma gondii (tg) organisms that are responsible for fatal opportunistic infections in aids patients. rat liver (rl) dhfr served as the mammalian reference enzyme to determine selectivity. syntheses of the target 5-deaza compounds were achieved by initial construction of the pivaloyl-pro ...	1997	9046337
synthesis and biological evaluation of nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines with novel side chain substituents as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases.	nine novel 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-substituted-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, 2-10, were synthesized as potential inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcdhfr) and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase (tgdhfr). compounds 2-5 were designed as conformationally restricted analogues of trimetrexate (tmq), in which rotation around tau 3 was constrained by incorporation of the side chain nitrogen as part of an indoline or an indole ring. analogue 6, which has an extra atom between ...	1997	9046338
opportunistic infection and immunologic function in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-hodgkin's lymphoma treated with chemotherapy.	the incidence of systemic non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) is higher in the population infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) than in the uninfected population. standard treatment for this cancer involves the administration of systemic chemotherapy.	1997	9048834
a study of malaysian drug addicts with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the clinical profile, haematological and biochemical changes, seroprevalence of common opportunistic pathogens, and aids-defining events in 49 malaysian male drug addicts with hiv infection. their mean age was 33.2 years, the majority had been injecting drugs for more than 5 years and 88% reporting sharing needles. fatigue, weight loss and night sweats were common presenting symptoms and the most frequent physical findings were hepatomegaly (57 ...	1997	9061411
presence of glomerular basement membrane (gbm) antibodies in hiv- patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	following the unexpected finding of antibodies to gbm in a patient with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the absence of kidney abnormalities, the presence of anti-gbm antibodies was analysed in 14 patients with pulmonary p. carinii infection who did not have clinical evidence of autoimmune glomerulonephritis. patients were divided into three groups: hiv- with p. carinii pneumonia (n = 4), hiv+ with p. carinii pneumonia (n = 5) and hiv- carriers of p. carinii without pneumonia (n = 5). as contro ...	1997	9067515
human t cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type i (htlv-i) and pneumocystis carinii associated with t cell proliferation and haemophagocytic syndrome.		1997	9067590
pulmonary manifestations in hiv seropositivity and malnutrition in zimbabwe.	over a 10 month period 184 children, aged 5 years or less, who died at home had their nutritional status and hiv serostatus established; necropsies were also carried out. the hiv antibody test was positive in 122/184 (66%). of the hiv seropositive children pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was present in 19 (16%), cytomegalovirus pneumonia in nine (7%), and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis in 11 (9%). opportunistic infection was therefore seen in 28/122 (23%) of the seropositive cases but in none ...	1997	9068301
[clinical course of hiv-infected tuberculosis patients who admitted to the tuberculosis isolation ward: current problems of medical care].	to clarify the problems of medical care of hiv-infected tuberculosis patients, we investigated clinical course of six cases admitted to our tuberculosis isolation ward. all cases were sputum smear positive for tubercle bacilli at the time of diagnosis of tuberculosis. hiv-positive was confirmed at the same time or soon after the diagnosis of tuberculosis in four cases. cd4+ cell count was on the average 21/mm3 on admission, and all cases were defined as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) ...	1997	9071088
skin involvement with pneumocystis despite dapsone prophylaxis: a rare cause of skin nodules in a patient with aids.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is among the most common life-threatening opportunistic infections that occurs in those with hiv infection and a depleted absolute cd4+ t-lymphocyte count. fortunately, with the advent of effective prophylaxis, this aids-defining complication is diminishing. rarely, pneumocystis carinii (p carinii) occurs outside the lungs, typically in the setting of prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine or no prophylaxis at all. this is the case of a man with advanced aids and ...	1997	9075436
detection of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputa from immunocompromised patients using a repetitive dna probe.	a hybridization assay for the detection of pneumocystis carinii was developed using a repetitive dna fragment of p.c. hominis. the assay was specific as different micro-organisms typically found in the respiratory tract, normal human lung dna (a 549 cell line) and normal rat lung dna did not react with the repetitive probe. in a slot blot (sb) hybridization assay, the repetitive probe was able to detect as few as 100 p.c. hominis organisms with no false-positives. the results of the sb hybridiza ...	1997	9076709
[biological diagnosis of pneumocystis infection. evaluation and value of a new direct immunofluorescent technique].	opportunist disease in immunocompromised patients and prematured babies, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was rare. it represents today inaugural manifestation of sida in 35-40% of cases. the research of the parasite becomes a current analysis for a medical laboratory. biological diagnosis is based on the show of the parasite in the sampling with classical coloration technics. the limits of these colorations have played a great part in the development of fluorescent monoclonal antibody stains. in ...	1997	9097841
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with a solid organ transplant].		1997	9102664
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with a solid organ transplant: a report of 5 cases].	a report is made here of five patients who underwent solid organ transplantation, were not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, and suffered pneumocystis carinii pneumonia while receiving immunosuppressive drugs. the figure represents a prevalence of 0.43% among patients with solid organ transplantation at the clínica puerta de hierro. some features of this infection are reported in patients without aids, both transplanted patients and with other clinical conditions, the possible pred ...	1997	9102669
does pulmonary airway inflammation relate to intercellular adhesion molecule (icam-1) in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens? a pilot study.	the objective of this study was to assess the value of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens.	1997	9103837
maintenance of chemoprophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii despite combination antiretroviral treatment associated cd4+ t-lymphocytosis.		1997	9105103
relevance of nucleic acid amplification techniques for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in the clinical laboratory.	clinical laboratories are increasingly receiving requests to perform nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of a wide variety of infectious agents. in this paper, the efficiency of nucleic acid amplification techniques for the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections is reviewed. in general, these techniques should be applied only for the detection of microorganisms for which available diagnostic techniques are markedly insensitive or nonexistent or when turnaround times for existin ...	1997	9105753
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-negative patients with haematologic disease.	since 1990, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was diagnosed in 15 adult hiv-negative haematologic patients in our hospital. none of them had received pcp prophylaxis. all except one had been treated with prednisone. symptoms usually started after stopping or tapering. in six patients the diagnosis of pcp was delayed because of confounding bacterial isolates from blood, sputum or urine leading to unsuccessful antibiotic treatment. pcp was diagnosed by demonstrating pneumocysts in bronchoalveol ...	1997	9108180
disseminated histoplasmosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected african child.	progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (pdh), a recognized defining illness of aids, is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by histoplasma capsulatum. the authors report a case of pdh in a hiv-infected african child from a histoplasma capsulatum non-endemic area. an 8-year-old girl from kwazulu/natal, south africa, was admitted to king edward viii hospital with pyrexia and respiratory distress. pale with generalized lymphadenopathy, she had been sick with general malaise and fever for 3 ...	1997	9109150
characterization of rat cd4 t cell clones specific for the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii are coated by abundant heterogenous major surface glycoproteins (msgs), which facilitate interaction with the host. we have produced msg-specific t-cell clones from the spleens of p. carinii-exposed lewis rats and analyzed five for antigen specificity to native msg and a recombinant form of msg, cell surface markers, and cytokine profiles. all five of the clones were cd4+. all of the clones proliferated specifically to both the native msg and the recombinant msg only in the ...	1997	9109259
pneumocystis carinii of the common shrew, sorex araneus, shows a discrete phenotype.	we carried out an immunohistological and morphological study on pneumocystis carinii originating from the common shrew, sorex araneus. immunologic properties were studied by applying two commercially available immunofluorescence staining kits with differing developmental form specificity to a lung homogenate. the cyst form-specific staining kit reacted with cysts originating from s. araneus. ultrastructurally this particular antigen epitope specifically deposited on the electron-lucent middle la ...	1997	9109260
aspergilloma formation in a pneumatocele associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1997	9110096
chronic immunosuppressive therapy for systemic vasculitis.	treatment with glucocorticoids and cytotoxic agents has markedly improved the outcome in patients with systemic vasculitis. as more patients survive with these disorders, the long-term risks of these therapies have become increasingly apparent. an understanding of therapeutic toxicities is important because in some instances they can be minimized by the use of treatment strategies and monitoring techniques. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is associated with a high mortality rate in immunosuppress ...	1997	9110133
correspondence re: fraire ae, kemp b, greenberg sd, kim h-s, estrada r, mcbride ra. calcofluor white stain for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in transbronchial lung biopsy specimens: a study of 68 cases. mod pathol 1996;9:861-4.		1997	9110307
surveillance for thrombocytopenia in persons infected with hiv: results from the multistate adult and adolescent spectrum of disease project.	thrombocytopenia in persons infected with hiv is prevalent and has numerous causes. to study the occurrence, associations, and effect on survival of thrombocytopenia in hiv-infected persons, we used surveillance data from a longitudinal survey of the medical records of 30,214 hiv-infected patients who received medical care from january 1990 through august 1996 in more than 100 medical clinics in 10 u.s. cities. thrombocytopenia was defined as a physician diagnosis of thrombocytopenia or a platel ...	1997	9111481
features and outcome of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia according to risk category for hiv infection.	a retrospective study of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was undertaken to examine differences between the presentation and outcome of pcp in aids patients from different risk categories for hiv infection. there were 176 pcp episodes recorded in 126 patients from the following risk categories: 69 intravenous drug misusers (idms), 36 homosexually infected men and 21 heterosexually infected patients. most clinical features did not differ significantly between the 3 groups but hypercapnia was ...	1997	9112299
no evidence of nosocomial pneumocystis carinii infection via health care personnel.	clusters of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in immunocompromised settings suggest person-to-person transmission. we examined whether personnel in a ward for hiv-infected patients were carriers of p. carinii. none of 29 sputum samples from 19 personnel caring for hiv-infected patients had detectable amounts of p. carinii dna, as determined by the two pcr methods used. two of 26 personnel were found, by an immunofluorescence assay, to have serum antibodies for p. carinii. the results do not s ...	1997	9112300
the continued occurrence of primary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia despite the availability of prophylaxis.		1997	9114218
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like dna sequences (kshv/hhv-8) in oral aids-kaposi's sarcoma: a pcr and clinicopathologic study.	recently, a new human herpesvirus (kshv/hhv-8) has been identified in classic, transplant, endemic, and aids kaposi's sarcoma that may be involved in the pathogenesis of kaposi's sarcoma. the purpose of this study was to evaluate oral aids-kaposi's sarcoma for detection of kshv/hhv-8 dna. dna extracted from 54 oral aids-kaposi's sarcoma lesions (47 initial, 7 postvinblastine treated), 5 non-kaposi's sarcoma hiv-positive lesions, and 3 non-kaposi's sarcoma hiv-negative lesions was evaluated by po ...	1997	9117759
pulmonary aspergilloma and aids. a comparison of hiv-infected and hiv-negative individuals.	while pulmonary aspergilloma has been well described in immunocompetent hosts, to date and to our knowledge, there has not been a description of pulmonary aspergilloma in the hiv-infected individual. a retrospective review of cases seen by the bellevue hospital chest service from january 1992 through june 1995 identified 25 patients with aspergilloma. to investigate the impact of hiv status on pulmonary aspergilloma, we compared clinical presentation, progression of disease, treatment, and outco ...	1997	9118696
neutralization of interferon-gamma exacerbates pneumocystis-driven interstitial pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation in mice.	the role of ifngamma in the development of infection-driven interstitial pneumonitis in a model of murine graft-versus-host disease was investigated. mice were given either syngeneic or allogeneic bone marrow transplants along with lung pneumocystis carinii infections and were treated with either control mab or anti-ifngamma mab. at day 21 after transplant, lung weights were elevated nearly twofold in all groups. by day 41, mice in all groups had cleared the p. carinii but only the mice given al ...	1997	9120007
[prevention of opportunistic infections in hiv seropositive patients. prevention of parasitic infections].	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: below a threshold 200 cd4 cont, the risk of p. carinii infection is sufficiently high to propose systematic prophylaxis. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the treatment of choice for primary and secondary prevention. pentamidine-isothionate can also be used, possibly with dapsone. toxoplasmosis: there is a consensus on primary prevention in patients with positive toxoplasmosis serology whose cd4 count is under 100. trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole is the first intent ...	1997	9122147
antiretroviral treatment and progression to aids in hiv seroconverters from different risk groups. hiv italian seroconversion study.	to evaluate the association between time since initiation of pre-aids antiretroviral therapy [mainly with zidovudine (zdv)] and aids-free survival in a cohort of hiv seroconverters, and to assess possible differences in this association and in the use of antiretroviral therapy by hiv exposure group.	1997	9084793
predictors of cytomegalovirus disease, natural history and autopsy findings in a cohort of patients with aids.	to identify the predictors of acquiring cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease, and to describe natural history, therapeutic management and autopsy findings in affected patients.	1997	9084800
pneumocystis carinii hominis sequencing to study hypothetical person-to-person transmission.		1997	9084812
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. review of 32 cases in immunocompromised hosts.	the records of patients in whom pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was diagnosed between january 1989 and december 1991 were reviewed. thirty-two patients--all immunocompromised--were included in the study: 41% were hiv-positive and 59% hiv-negative. in 23 patients (72%) concomitant pathogens were isolated, most frequently cytomegalovirus. presenting symptoms included fever (97%), cough (75%) and dyspnea (63%). all hiv-infected patients had a t4-lymphocyte count below 200/mm3 (or 20%). the maj ...	1997	9085615
novel anti-pneumocystis carinii effects of the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil in contrast to provocative effects of tacrolimus, sirolimus, and dexamethasone.	the effects of three new immunosuppressive drugs used for organ transplantation, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus, were compared with those of dexamethasone in provocation of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in virus-free sprague-dawley rats. rats injected daily with tacrolimus showed a dose-related response to the point of severe p. carinii pneumonitis 4 weeks after initiation of drug administration identical to those animals treated with high-dose dexamethasone. thirty percent ...	1997	9086147
current trends in hiv-related hospital admissions and their impact on hospital resource utilization in ontario.	to assess changes in patterns of hospital admissions, in frequency of admissions and in average length of stay (alos) at a tertiary hiv referral centre, and to investigate the overall impact of care for patients with hiv infection of aids on peer hospitals in ontario.	1997	9088665
effect of n9-methylation and bridge atom variation on the activity of 5-substituted 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines against dihydrofolate reductases from pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii.	the effect of n9-methylation and bridge atom variation on inhibitory potency and selectivity of 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines against dihydrofolate reductases (dhfr) was studied. specifically three nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-((n-methylanilino)methyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with 2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl (2), 3',4'-dichlorophenyl (3), 1'-naphthyl (4), one classical analogue with a 4'-l-glutamate substituent (10), and four nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-((phenylthio)methyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin ...	1997	9089339
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains an important complication of aids. advances have been made in establishing the taxonomy of the organism but the life cycle of the organism and pathogenetic mechanisms of disease remain obscure. in hiv patients the incidence of pcp has decreased because of widespread use of prophylaxis and survival of those with pcp has improved with use of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy. less toxic drug therapies are still needed as well as better noninvasive diagn ...	1997	9093230
animal model of mucosally transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease: intravaginal and oral deposition of simian/human immunodeficiency virus in macaques results in systemic infection, elimination of cd4+ t cells, and aids.	chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) consists of the env, vpu, tat, and rev genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) on a background of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we derived a shiv that caused cd4+ cell loss and aids in pig-tailed macaques (s. v. joag, z. li, l. foresman, e. b. stephens, l. j. zhao, i. adany, d. m. pinson, h. m. mcclure, and o. narayan, j. virol. 70:3189-3197, 1996) and used a cell-free stock of this virus (shiv(ku-1)) to inoculate macaques b ...	1997	9094679
comparison of oral agents for treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1997	9054287
toxoplasma pneumonia.	toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, is the causal agent of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. in the presence of a normal immune response, the pathogen becomes latent and the immunocompetent host remains chronically infected throughout life, often without clinical disease. in the case of the patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) or other defects in cell-mediated immunity, the infection reactivates and is most often manifest as toxoplasmic encep ...	1997	9097375
gender differences in early suspicion of tuberculosis in hospitalized, high-risk patients during 4 epidemic years, 1987 to 1990.	to assess the degree to which, from 1987 to 1990, physicians suspected tuberculosis (tb) in the first 2 hospital days in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with pulmonary disease.	1997	9131365
lung parasites of shrews from pennsylvania.	we examined lung parasites of three species of soricids, sorex cinereus (n = 58), sorex fumeus (n = 23) and blarina brevicauda (n = 45) collected from pennsylvania (usa), from 1990 to 1995. yeast-like cells of hisfoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum were found in lung sections stained with grocott's modification of gomori's methenamine silver, periodic acid-schiff, giemsa, and hematoxylin-eosin in two (3%) s. cinereus, eight (35%) s. fumeus and two (4%) b. brevicauda. the number of spores of h. c ...	1997	9131560
the demography, clinical manifestations and natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in an older population in singapore.	in this retrospective study, we report 43 cases (41 males and 2 females) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in the singapore population aged 50 years and above at first presentation. we found an increasing proportion of these older individuals among our hiv-seropositive patients; from 4.8% in 1991 to 16.7% by mid-1996. the mean age at presentation was 59.2 years (range 50 to 75 years). they were mainly heterosexuals (93%) and the majority (79.1%) were previously or currently married ...	1997	9522969