Publications

[liver toxicity of camellia sinensis dried etanolic extract].		2003	14622530
effective use of tea to limit dietary iron available to starlings (sturnus vulgaris).	wild-caught starlings (sturnus vulgaris) were fed an iron-enriched diet, with or without supplemental black tea leaves, to determine whether tea-derived tannins would prevent intestinal iron absorption. hepatic biopsies were obtained to determine hepatic iron concentrations by atomic absorption spectroscopy. hepatic iron concentrations increased significantly (p = 0.04) in 21 birds that consumed only the iron-enriched diet for 6 mo but not in the 20 birds that consumed the iron-enriched diet wit ...	2003	14582799
[antioxidant activities of green and black teas determined by the cumene hydroperoxide/hemoglobin.methylene blue method].	antioxidant activity in tea was measured by the new cumene hydroperoxide/hemoglobin.methylene blue(chp/hb.mb) method developed in our laboratory. using the chp/hb.mb method, we investigated the activities of polyphenols(11 varieties) in order to determine their reactivity on chp. according to the chp/hb.mb method, an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups in polyphenols induced high antioxidant activity. we found that this method was capable of measuring the antioxidant activity of polyphenol ...	2003	14560653
fermentation characteristics of some assamica clones and process optimization of black tea manufacturing.	changes in the specific activities of polyphenol oxidase (ppo), peroxidase (pod), and protease and in the relative amounts of flavan-3-ols for eight genetically derived cultivated teas at various stages of leaf maturity and in four succescive seasons were examined. a series of investigations were carried out to study the cross-reactivity of complex polyphenols and ppo-generated orange-yellow theaflavins, as well as of pod oxidized substrates, producing brown so-called thearubigins during ferment ...	2003	14558781
the epidemiology of tea consumption and colorectal cancer incidence.	this manuscript provides a brief synopsis of 30 studies aimed at examining tea consumption as a factor in the incidence of colon and rectal cancers. the 30 papers examine populations in 12 countries and provide data on consumption of both black and green tea. these studies do not provide consistent evidence to support the theory from animal studies and basic research that tea is a potent chemopreventive agent. details of the studies are presented, and the potential impact of measurement error, p ...	2003	14519831
effect of increased tea consumption on oxidative dna damage among smokers: a randomized controlled study.	tea drinking has been associated with decreased occurrence of cancer and heart disease. one potential mechanism for these findings is the strong antioxidant effect of tea polyphenols. a phase ii randomized controlled tea intervention trial was designed to study the effect of high consumption (4 cups/d) of decaffeinated green or black tea on oxidative dna damage as measured by urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-ohdg) among smokers over a 4-mo period. a total of 143 heavy smokers, aged 18-79 y, we ...	2003	14519830
black tea consumption reduces total and ldl cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults.	despite epidemiological evidence that tea consumption is associated with the reduced risk of coronary heart disease, experimental studies designed to show that tea affects oxidative stress or blood cholesterol concentration have been unsuccessful. we assessed the effects of black tea consumption on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. tea and other beverages were included in a carefully controlled weight-maintaining diet. five servings/d of tea were compare ...	2003	14519829
antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: evidence from animal studies.	tea is particularly rich in polyphenols, including catechins, theaflavins and thearubigins, which are thought to contribute to the health benefits of tea. tea polyphenols act as antioxidants in vitro by scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and chelating redox-active transition metal ions. they may also function indirectly as antioxidants through 1) inhibition of the redox-sensitive transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappab and activator protein-1; 2) inhibition of "pro-oxidant" enz ...	2003	14519826
coordination of aluminium with purpurogallin and theaflavin digallate.	polyphenols are antioxidants, which are known to influence bioavailability of metals in the body. the theaflavins of black tea are important members of this family, which have been sparsely investigated. the complexation of aluminium with purpurogallin (2,3,4,6-tetrahydroxy-5h-benzocyclohepten-5-one) has been investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (lc-ms) and fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy. 1h nmr was used to det ...	2003	13678812
hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid scavenging activity of small centaury (centaurium erythraea) infusion. a comparative study with green tea (camellia sinensis).	small centaury (centaurium erythraea rafin.) is a herbal species with a long use in traditional medicine due to its digestive, stomachic, tonic, depurative, sedative and antipyretic properties. this species is reported to contain considerable amounts of polyphenolic compounds, namely xanthones and phenolic acids as the main constituents. although the antiradicalar activity of some pure polyphenolic compounds is already known, it remains unclear how a complex mixture obtained from plant extracts ...	2003	13678237
adsorption from black tea and red wine onto in vitro salivary pellicles studied by ellipsometry.	the adsorption of black tea and red wine components onto a pellicle-like protein layer formed in vitro by adsorption from whole unstimulated saliva on hydroxyapatite discs were studied by in situ ellipsometry. it was found that components from black tea readily adsorbed to the pellicle. subsequent exposure to saliva led to further adsorption of salivary components to give an overall increase in the amounts adsorbed. the amounts adsorbed increased still further following a third tea and saliva ex ...	2003	12974686
identification of chlorophylls and carotenoids in major teas by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection.	the separation and identification of pigments, chlorophylls, and carotenoids of seven teas and fresh leaf of tea (camellia sinensis) by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) are described. hplc was carried out using a symmetry c(8) column with a photodiode array detector. pigments were eluted with a binary gradient of aqueous pyridine solution at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at 25 degrees c. hplc analyses achieved the separation of more than 100 pigment peaks, and 79 pigment species, 41 chl ...	2003	12926875
lack of association between tea and cardiovascular disease in college alumni.	epidemiological studies suggest that tea intake, a major dietary source of flavonoids, may be associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (cvd).	2003	12913023
aluminium and fluoride concentrations of three tea varieties growing at lantau island, hong kong.	the present project aims to investigate aluminium (al) and fluoride (f) contents in teas (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze). three different commercial tea varieties: assam variety and two china sub-varieties, a large leafed variety and small leafed variety, were collected in two tea gardens of lantau island tea plantation of hong kong. in general, high concentrations of al and f were accumulated in the mature leaves (15.3 and of 2.07 g kg-1 respectively). among the three varieties, 'the small l ...	2003	12901167
black tea extract supplementation decreases oxidative damage in jurkat t cells.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of black tea (bt) extract against induced oxidative damage in jurkat t-cell line. cells supplemented with 10 or 25 mg/l bt were subjected to oxidation with ferrous ions. malondialdehyde (mda) production as marker of lipid peroxidation, dna single strand breaks as marker of dna damage, and modification of the antioxidant enzyme activity, glutathione peroxidase (gpx) were measured. results show the efficacy of bt polyphenols to dec ...	2003	12893297
catechin content of 18 teas and a green tea extract supplement correlates with the antioxidant capacity.	our literature review of currently available data in the area of tea and cancer prevention demonstrated that there is more conclusive evidence for the chemopreventive effect of green tea compared with black tea. we suggest that this is due to a large variation of the flavanol content in tea, which is not taken into consideration in most of the epidemiological studies. it was the purpose of this study to determine the flavanol content of various teas and tea products and to correlate it with thei ...	2003	12881018
black tea consumption and risk of rectal cancer in moscow population.	this population-based case-control study (663 cases and 323 controls) examined the effect of black tea intake on the risk of rectal cancer in moscow residents. the moscow population was selected for its wide range of black tea consumption.	2003	12875797
potential therapeutic properties of green tea polyphenols in parkinson's disease.	tea is one of the most frequently consumed beverages in the world. it is rich in polyphenols, a group of compounds that exhibit numerous biochemical activities. green tea is not fermented and contains more catechins than black tea or oolong tea. although clinical evidence is still limited, the circumstantial data from several recent studies suggest that green tea polyphenols may promote health and reduce disease occurrence, and possibly protect against parkinson's disease and other neurodegenera ...	2003	12875608
green tea and risk of breast cancer in asian americans.	there is substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence implicating tea polyphenols as chemopreventive agents against various cancers. however, epidemiologic data obtained from mainly western populations are not supportive of a protective role of tea, mainly black tea, in the etiology of breast cancer. much less is known about the relationship between green tea and breast cancer risk. during 1995-1998, we conducted a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer among chinese, japanese and fi ...	2003	12845655
beta-glycosylamidine as a ligand for affinity chromatography tailored to the glycon substrate specificity of beta-glycosidases.	an affinity adsorbent for beta-glycosidases has been prepared by using beta-glycosylamidine as a ligand. beta-glucosylamidine and beta-galactosylamidine, highly potent and selective inhibitors of beta-glucosidases and beta-galactosidases, respectively, were immobilized by a novel one-pot procedure involving the addition of a beta-glycosylamine and 2-iminothiolane.hcl simultaneously to a matrix modified with maleimido groups via an appropriate spacer to give an affinity adsorbent for beta-glucosi ...	2003	12829393
thearubigin, the major polyphenol of black tea, ameliorates mucosal injury in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis.	inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leukocyte infiltration and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. the aim of the present study was to examine the protective effects of thearubigin, an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant beverage derivative, on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (tnbs)-induced colitis in mice, a model for inflammatory bowel disease. intestinal lesions (judged by macroscopic and histological score) were associated with neutrophi ...	2003	12787838
chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside and black tea phenols are extensively metabolized in humans.	dietary phenols are antioxidants, and their consumption might contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. coffee and tea are major dietary sources of phenols. dietary phenols are metabolized extensively in the body. lack of quantitative data on their metabolites hinders a proper evaluation of the potential biological effects of dietary phenols in vivo. the aim of this study was to identify and quantify the phenolic acid metabolites of chlorogenic acid (major phenol in coffee), querce ...	2003	12771321
carbon-13 cp-mas nuclear magnetic resonance studies of teas.	13c cp-mas nmr spectra of green and black tea were obtained and assigned based on the solid-state nmr spectra of tropolone, (+)-catechin hydrate, gallic acid, caffeine and flavone derivatives. the peak shape and chemical shifts observed for carbonyl carbons in cp-mas spectra of teas indicate the existence of different chemical species, mainly free phenollic acids and ester derivatives of flavonoids. the peak patterns allow to establish differences between both teas.	2003	12763559
black tea extract and dental caries formation in hamsters.	several studies have suggested that green tea and oolong tea extracts have antibacterial and anticariogenic properties in vitro and in vivo. the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a standardized black tea extract (bte) on caries formation in inbred hamsters on a regular and a cariogenic diet. eighty hamsters were divided into four groups of 20 animals each. two groups received a pelleted regular diet (labchow) with water or bte ad libitum. the other two groups received a pow ...	2003	12701240
can black tea influence plasma total homocysteine concentrations?	polyphenols can act as acceptors of methyl groups during the metabolism of methionine to homocysteine. this may result in elevations in plasma total homocysteine (thcy) concentrations after ingestion of polyphenol-rich beverages such as tea.	2003	12663290
factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves.	an isocratic hplc procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and six catechins in tea samples. when 31 commercial teas extracted by boiling water or 75% ethanol were analyzed by hplc, the levels of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (egcg), and total catechins in teas were in the order green tea (old leaves) > green tea (young leaves) and oolong tea > black tea and pu-erh tea. tea samples extracted by 75% ethanol could yield higher levels of egcg and total catechins. the ...	2003	12643643
tissue distribution and intracellular localization of catechins in tea leaves.	we investigated the leaf tissue and cellular morphology of tea (camellia sinensis). osmiophilic material, presumably catechins, was present in mesophyll cells, but not in epidermal cells. electron microscopy showed that catechins were localized to restricted regions within the central vacuoles. in addition, two kinds of small vacuoles of 0.5-3 microm were present in mesophyll cells. one vacuole had catechins within its whole lumen, while the other had an electron-lucent lumen. we found fusion pr ...	2003	14730155
production of hydrogen peroxide by polyphenols and polyphenol-rich beverages under quasi-physiological conditions.	to investigate the ability of the production of h(2)o(2) by polyphenols, we incubated various phenolic compounds and natural polyphenols under a quasi-physiological ph and temperature (ph 7.4, 37 degrees c), and then measured the formation of h(2)o(2) by the ferrous ion oxidation-xylenol orange assay. pyrocatechol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, 1,2,4-benzenetriol, and polyphenols such as catechins yielded a significant amount of h(2)o(2). we also examined the effects of a metal chelator, ph, and o(2 ...	2003	14730143
[acute hepatitis due to exolise, a camellia sinensis-derived drug].		2003	14770123
prevention of coronary heart disease and cancer by tea, a review.	biomedical research has uncovered the mechanisms whereby tea promotes good health and lowers the risk of major chronic diseases, such as heart disease and many types of cancer. the active components in tea are polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate in green tea, theaflavins and thearubigins in black tea. green and black tea and the polyphenols have similar beneficial effects. the mechanisms are categorized into 5 groups. 1) tea polyphenols are powerful antioxidants. they decrease the oxidation of ...	2003	21432397
determination of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea flowers (camellia sinensis) and their hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitric oxide suppressing effects.	the native occurrence of tea polyphenols, namely, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin 3-gallate, and caffeine in tea flowers was assessed by an isocratic hplc procedure. the levels of total catechins and caffeine were determined in tea flowers collected from 10 different species of camellia sinensis. the results showed the levels of total catechin ranged from 10 to 38 mg/g, whereas the level of caffeine ranged from 3 to 8 mg/g. leve ...	2003	12568558
signal transduction pathways: targets for green and black tea polyphenols.	tea is one of the most popular beverages consumed in the world and has been demonstrated to have anti-cancer activity in animal models. research findings suggest that the polyphenolic compounds, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate found primarily in green tea, and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, a major component of black tea, are the two most effective anti-cancer factors found in tea. several mechanisms to explain the chemopreventive effects of tea have been presented but others and we suggest that tea ...	2003	12542977
bioavailability of soluble oxalate from tea and the effect of consuming milk with the tea.	to measure the availability of oxalate normally extracted when making tea from two commercially available black teas bought from a supermarket in christchurch, new zealand in july 2001.	2003	12627177
novel pvc-based copper(ii) membrane sensor based on 2-(1'-(4'-(1''-hydroxy-2''-naphthyl)methyleneamino)butyl iminomethyl)-1-naphthol.	a copper(ii) ion-selective pvc membrane sensor based on 2-(1'-(4'-(1''-hydroxy-2''-naphthyl)methyleneamino)butyl iminomethyl)-1-naphthol (bhnb) as a novel schiff base containing a sensing material has been successfully developed. the sensor exhibits a good linear response of 29 mv per decade within the concentration range of 10(-1)-10(-6) m of cu2+. the sensor shows good selectivity for copper(ii) ion in comparison with alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. the bhnb-based sens ...	2003	12608749
development of caps markers based on three key genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tea, camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze, and differentiation between assamica and sinensis varieties.	the genetic diversity of tea, camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze, including the two main cultivated sinensis and assamica varieties, was investigated based on pcr-rflp analysis of pal, chs2 and dfr, three key genes involved in catechin and tannin synthesis and directly responsible for tea taste and quality. polymorphisms were of two types: amplicon length polymorphism (alp) due to the presence of indels in two introns of pal and dfr, and point mutations detected after restriction of amplified frag ...	2003	12589537
[determination of low-level pesticide residues in agricultural products by ion-trap gc/ms/ms].	the objective of this study was to elucidate the utility of ion-trap gc/ms/ms for the analysis of pesticides in extracted matrices from various agricultural products. identification and quantitative analysis of pesticides in matrices were performed by quadrupole gc/ms and ion-trap gc/ms/ms. chlorpyrifos was added to the matrix of spinach, soybean in the pod or corn, and aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, alpha-bhc, beta-bhc, gamma-bhc, delta-bhc, p,p'-ddd, p,p'-dde, o,p'-ddt and p,p'-ddt were added to ea ...	2003	15038113
analysis of catechin content of commercial green tea products.	tea (camellia sinensis) contains numerous polyphenolic flavonoid-derived compounds known as catechins, which have shown interesting protective activity against cancer and cardiovascular disease. numerous products based on tea are commercially available, many of which claim to contain specific amounts of the bioactive catechins. the catechin content of seven commercial green tea products (encapsulated extracts or tea bags) was quantified by hplc and, where possible, compared to that claimed on th ...	2003	15277054
tea consumption and the prevalence of coronary heart disease in saudi adults: results from a saudi national study.	the aim of the study was to determine whether there was a relationship between tea consumption and the prevalence of coronary heart disease (chd) in saudi arabia.	2003	12473426
chain-breaking antioxidant activity and cyclic voltammetry characterization of polyphenols in a range of green, oolong, and black teas.	a series of eight green, eight oolong, and 17 black teas have been analyzed for polyphenol content by absorbance at 272 nm and cyclic voltammetry response at an inert carbon electrode, a new method developed to provide a rapid measure of easily oxidizable polyphenols in beverages. the chain-breaking antioxidant activity of the teas has also been determined during the chain oxidation of methyl linoleate in a ph 7.4 micellar solution, for which realistic kinetic parameters have been derived. while ...	2003	12952436
thoughts on thearubigins.	the chemistry underlying the changes which occur during tea leaf fermentation is reviewed and used as a basis for proposals for the structure of thearubigins, the major pigments of black teas.	2003	12946406
determination of tea components with antioxidant activity.	levels of essential elements with antioxidant activity, as well as catechins, gallic acid, and caffeine levels, in a total of 45 samples of different teas commercialized in spain have been evaluated. chromium, manganese, selenium, and zinc were determined in the samples mineralized with hno(3) and v(2)o(5), using etaas as the analytical technique. the reliability of the procedure was checked by analysis of a certified reference material. large variations in the trace element composition of teas ...	2003	12848521
total phenol, catechin, and caffeine contents of teas commonly consumed in the united kingdom.	levels of total phenol, catechins, and caffeine in teas commonly consumed in the united kingdom have been determined using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. tea bags or tea leaves were purchased from local supermarkets and extracted in boiling water for 5 min. the resulting data showed considerable variability in both total phenols [80.5-134.9 mg/g of dry matter (dm) in black teas and 87-106.2 mg/g of dm in green teas] and catechins (5.6-47.5, 51.5-84.3, and 8.5-13.9 mg/g of ...	2002	11804530
simultaneous determination of catechins, caffeine and gallic acids in green, oolong, black and pu-erh teas using hplc with a photodiode array detector.	a simple and fast hplc method using a photodiode array detector was developed for simultaneous determination of four major catechins, gallic acid and caffeine. after multiple extractions with aqueous methanol and acidic methanol solutions, tea extract was separated within 20 min using a methanol-acetate-water buffer gradient elution system on a c(18) column. the sample extraction data demonstrated that the single extraction used in the previous studies with aqueous acetonitrile or methanol is no ...	2002	18968631
the association of 137cs with various components of tea leaves fermented from chernobyl contaminated green tea.	the distribution of 137cs among various components of fermented tea leaves harvested after the chernobyl accident was investigated by applying a sequential extraction procedure. an association of the radioisotope with the phenolic moiety of a phenylglucoside was detected in black tea infusate using permeation chromatography as well as uv and nmr spectroscopy. the chemical structure of a 137cs containing compound also isolated from an artificially 137cs labelled aqueous extract of green leaves wa ...	2002	12440515
antioxidative activities of oolong tea.	while the antioxidative properties of green and black tea have been extensively studied, less attention has been given to these properties in oolong tea. the reducing powers, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) scavenging activities, the amount of total phenolic compounds, the inhibitory effect on fecl(2)/h(2)o(2) (fenton reaction system)-induced dna damage, and the inhibitory effect on erythrocyte hemolysis of an oolong tea water extract (ote) were evaluated in the present study. the ote w ...	2002	12405799
validation of a food frequency questionnaire in the hiroshima/nagasaki life span study.	we evaluated the performance of a 22-item food frequency questionnaire (ffq) administered in 1980-81 to 3,005 members of the adult health study cohort, part of the life span study. the questionnaire was compared with the records of a 24-hour dietary survey that was performed in 1984-85. from the dietary records, food and nutrient intakes were estimated. the association between the two measures of dietary intake was assessed using mantel-haenszel chi-square test and the spearman's rank correlatio ...	2002	12395883
tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in china.	to investigate whether tea consumption has an etiological association with ovarian cancer, a case-control study was conducted in china during 1999-2000. the cases were 254 patients with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer. the 652 controls comprised 340 hospital visitors, 261 non-neoplasm hospital outpatients, and 51 women recruited from the community. information on the frequency, type, and duration of tea consumption was collected by personal interview using a validated question ...	2002	12163323
oxalate content and calcium binding capacity of tea and herbal teas.	thirty-two commercially available teas consisting of green, oolong and black teas were bought from supermarkets in christchurch, new zealand in june 2001. fifteen herbal teas were also purchased at the same time. the soluble oxalate content of the infusate made from each of the teas was determined using high pressure liquid chromatography. the mean soluble oxalate contents of black tea in tea bags and loose tea leaves were 4.68 and 5.11 mg/g tea, respectively, while green teas and oolong tea had ...	2002	12495262
specific fluctuations in the composition of lipoxygenase- and glycosidase-generated flavors in some cultivated teas of assam.	variations of fatty acid compositions, glycosides precursors, and lipoxygenase and glycosidase enzymatic activities were used simultaneously to differentiate for nine genetically different cultivated teas, four seasonal changes, and the affect of leaf maturity. the muscatel flavor of second-flush teas was associated with increased activities of glycosidase and several terpenes, phenolics, and aliphatic compounds bound to glycosides, whereas high levels of fatty acids and lipoxygenase activity bi ...	2002	12475290
protective effect of boldo and tea infusions on the visible light-mediated pro-oxidant effects of vitamin b2, riboflavin.	the effect of boldo and black tea infusions on the pro-oxidant effects of vitamin b2, riboflavin (rf), when exposed to the action of visible light was studied. the amounts of antioxidants present in boldo and tea infusions were evaluated by a procedure based on the bleaching of preformed 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cations and were expressed as 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid equivalent concentrations. the quenching rate constants of sing ...	2002	12081319
theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) synthesis in leaves of a chinese tea, kucha (camellia assamica var. kucha).	theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) and caffeine were the major purine alkaloids in the leaves of an unusual chinese tea known as kucha (camellia assamica var. kucha). endogenous levels of theacrine and caffeine in expanding buds and young leaves were ca. 2.8 and 0.6-2.7% of the dry wt, respectively, but the concentrations were lower in the mature leaves. radioactivity from s-adenosyl-l-[methyl-14c]methionine was incorporated into theacrine as well as theobromine and caffeine by leaf disks ...	2002	12009315
[cancer prevention with green tea: reality and wishful thinking].	different processing of the leaves of the tea plant camellia sinensis yields green or black tea, the subject of numerous investigations on the preventive effects on chronic degenerative diseases. the tea polyphenols, in particular (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) were found to account for most of the protective effects. since the concentration of egcg is 5 times higher in green than in black tea, it is assumed that green tea possesses a greater preventive potential. protection against cancer ...	2002	11998565
novel epr characterization of the antioxidant activity of tea leaves.	electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopy is utilized to investigate several categories of green and black tea: twining green tea (tgt), chinese green tea (cgt), red-labels black tea (rbt). basically, two epr signals from all the studied samples are observed: one of them is a very weak sharp epr signal with deltahpp approximately 10 g and g-factor = 2.00023 superimposed on the other broad signal with deltahpp approximately 550 g and g-factor = 2.02489. the broad signal is a characterist ...	2002	11993474
synthesis of theaflavin from epicatechin and epigallocatechin by plant homogenates and role of epicatechin quinone in the synthesis and degradation of theaflavin.	oxidation products of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin by treatment with homogenates of 62 plants belonging to 49 families were compared. forty-six plants were capable of synthesizing theaflavin, a black tea pigment, regardless of whether they contained catechins. loquat, japanese pear, and blueberry had activities higher than that of fresh tea leaves after 5 h of treatment; furthermore, these plants oxidized theaflavin to theanaphthoquinone. an additional new metabolite, dehydrotheasine ...	2002	11902970
congou tea drinking and oesophageal cancer in south china.	the study from a large hospital-based case-control for 1248 cases with oesophageal cancer and the same number of controls in south china showed that congou, a grade of chinese black tea, may protect against cancers of the oesophagus and reduce the risk of a combination of alcohol drinking and smoking (especially smoking), regardless of temperature when drinking.	2002	11875696
nanoparticles in plant extracts: influence of drugs on the formation of nanoparticles and precipitates in black tea infusions.	the influence of the neuroleptics fluphenazine and promethazine on the formation of nanoparticles in aqueous tea infusions was investigated using photon correlation spectroscopy. formation of nanoparticles and of precipitates was observed in decaffeinated tea and caffeine-containing tea. the amount of drug in the nanoparticle fraction was determined at different starting concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. in the case of fluphenazine, between 8 and 30% are assigned to th ...	2002	11849911
regular ingestion of black tea improves brachial artery vasodilator function.	a higher intake of black tea has been associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk. the antioxidant effects of tea polyphenols may enhance endothelial function and thereby reduce the risk of coronary events. the objective of the present study was to determine whether regular ingestion of black tea can improve brachial artery vasodilator function. the effects of regular ingestion of 5 cups per day of black tea for 4 weeks were compared with control conditions (hot water ingestion) in 21 subj ...	2002	11834139
regular ingestion of tea does not inhibit in vivo lipid peroxidation in humans.	prospective studies suggest that tea may protect against cardiovascular disease. a potential mechanism for such an effect involves inhibition of lipid peroxidation by polyphenolic antioxidants derived from tea. our objective was to determine whether regular ingestion of tea could inhibit in vivo lipid peroxidation. two controlled intervention studies assessed the effects of regular ingestion of tea on lipid peroxidation determined by measurement of urinary f(2)-isoprostane excretion. study 1: th ...	2002	11773508
anti-invasive effects of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), a natural inhibitor of metallo and serine proteases.	several reports have attributed to green tea chemopreventive and therapeutic properties. epidemiological studies have linked the regular use of green tea to a reduced incidence of breast and colon carcinomas. tea contains several antioxidants, including polyphenols of the catechin (green tea) and theaflavin (black tea) groups. green tea derivatives have been shown to act in vitro and in vivo as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-tumor drugs. despite the extensive body of data only few studie ...	2002	11928805
antioxidant activity of black tea vs. green tea.		2002	11925478
tea pigments inhibit the production of type 1 (t(h1)) and type 2 (t(h2)) helper t cell cytokines in cd4(+) t cells.	tea pigments are oxidized products of polyphenols derived from tea leaves (camellia sinensis). theaflavins are constituents of tea pigments with antioxidant, antineoplastic and antiinflammatory properties similar to their parent compounds. the biological properties of polyphenols and theaflavins have been linked to their capacity to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab), a transcription factor, which is critically involved in the molecular regulation of a number of proinfla ...	2002	11807963
lifestyle, health and disease prevention: the underlying mechanisms.	international studies in geographic pathology provide background information that a disease may have a quite different incidence and resulting mortality as a function of area of residence. investigations in animals can model fairly precisely what is learned through such international research, and provide the basis for examining relevant hypotheses and, more importantly, possible mechanisms of action. these approaches can yield public health recommendations and health promotion activities. regul ...	2002	12570328
black tea represents a major source of dietary phenolics among regular tea drinkers.	the phenolic composition and antioxidant activities [teac, orac, frap] of consumer brews (1 tea bag in 230 ml for 1 min) of seven different brands of black tea from the british market were investigated. the main phenolic compounds identified were epigallocatechin gallate, four theaflavins, as well as epicatechin gallate, theogallin (tentative assignment), quercetin-3-rutinoside and 4-caffeoyl quinic acid. thearubigins represented an estimated 75-82% of the total phenolics. further, polyphenol fr ...	2002	12516885
studies with black tea and its constituents on leukemic cells and cell lines.	the anticancer effect of black tea (bt) and its polyphenols theaflavin (tf) and thearubigin (tr) has been evaluated on u-937 cell line, a myeloid leukemic cell line and on leukemic cells isolated from peripheral blood of chronic myeloid leukemia (cml) patients. in both types of cells, cell growth inhibition was observed 24 hrs after treatment with bt, tf and tr. mtt assay showed growth inhibition of metabolically active cells and inhibition of dna synthesis was observed by 3h-thymidine incorpora ...	2002	12636103
an anticlastogenic in vivo micronucleus assay for tea.	common use of antimutagens and anticarcinogens in everyday life is an effective measure for preventing human cancer and genetic diseases. antioxidant properties of tea have vast potential as protective agents against diverse toxic effects. the present study was aimed to evaluate the role of aqueous clonal tea extracts (green tea, oolong tea and black tea) in modulating the genotoxic damage induced by cyclophosphamide (cp), a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug and a well-known mutagen and clasto ...	2002	12674376
elimination of deleterious effects of free radicals in murine skin carcinogenesis by black tea infusion, theaflavins & epigallocatechin gallate.	in recent years, numerous reports have been published on the identification of novel, naturally occurring antioxidants from plants, animals, microbial sources and processed food products. most natural antioxidants are phenolic compounds, which have a modulatory role on physiological functions and biotransformation reactions involved in the detoxification process, thereby affording protection from cytotoxic, genotoxic and metabolic actions of environmental toxicants. as part of our program on eva ...	2002	12718579
inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis during azoxymethane induced colon carcinogenesis by black tea.	tea (camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular beverages, consumed worldwide. the health promoting properties of tea have been attributed to its antioxidative polyphenolic constituents and their oxidative products. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemopreventive efficacy of a black tea infusion on azoxymethane induced colonic preneoplastic lesions, the aberrant crypt foci in sprague-dawley rats. rats were injected with azoxymethane (15mg/kg.b.w.) and received oral administra ...	2002	12718607
inhibitory effects of tea and caffeine on uv-induced carcinogenesis: relationship to enhanced apoptosis and decreased tissue fat.	oral administration of green tea or caffeine to hairless skh-1 mice for 2 weeks stimulated uv-induced increases in apoptotic sunburn cells in the epidermis, and a similar effect was observed when caffeine was applied topically immediately after uv. in mice pretreated with uv for 22 weeks (high-risk mice without tumors), topical applications of caffeine 5 days a week for 18 weeks with no further uv treatment inhibited carcinogenesis and stimulated apoptosis in the tumors. oral administration of g ...	2002	12570332
a mechanism of the thearubigin fraction of black tea (camellia sinensis) extract protecting against the effect of tetanus toxin.	the aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of the protective effect of black tea extract's thearubigin fraction against the action of tetanus toxin. the effects of thearubigin fraction extracted from a black tea infusion were examined for neuromuscular blocking action on tetanus toxin in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations and on the binding of this toxin to the synaptosomal membrane preparations of rat cerebral cortices. the interaction between tetanus toxin and thearubi ...	2002	12533914
acute effects of ingestion of black tea on postprandial platelet aggregation in human subjects.	results of population studies suggest that black tea can reduce cardiovascular risk. effects of black-tea polyphenols to reduce platelet aggregability may help to explain any benefits. given that black tea is often consumed with and after meals, and man spends much of his life in the postprandial state, the objective of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of ingestion of black tea on postprandial platelet aggregation ex vivo. twenty healthy participants had platelet aggregatio ...	2002	11895166
evaluation of the antigenotoxic potential of monomeric and dimeric flavanols, and black tea polyphenols against heterocyclic amine-induced dna damage in human lymphocytes using the comet assay.	the polyphenolic dimers, epicatechin-4beta-8-catechin (b1), epicatechin-4beta-8-epicatechin (b2), catechin-4beta-8-catechin (b3), catechin-4beta-8-epicatechin (b4), and the gallate ester epicatechin-4beta-8-epicatechin gallate (b'2g) were isolated from grape seeds, and theaflavins and theafulvins from black tea brews. the ability of these naturally-occurring polyphenols to afford protection against the genotoxicity of the heterocyclic amine 3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (trp-p-2) was c ...	2002	11909753
effects of black tea extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in liver, kidneys, and testes of rats.	previous studies have shown that green tea and black tea have antioxidant effects and chemopreventive activity against chronic disease including some forms of cancer. we have, therefore, examined the effects of an aqueous extract of black tea against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation as determined by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in liver, kidneys and testes of rats. a 0.7% black tea extract was used which contained 2 mg of black tea extract solids per ml ...	2002	11933136
tea polyphenols inhibit the formation of mutagens during the cooking of meat.	powerful mutagens are formed during the broiling or frying of meat. these mutagens cause specific cancers in animal models, and epidemiological studies suggest that they increase the risk of breast and colon cancer. it is important, therefore, to inhibit the formation of these mutagens. application of tea polyphenols, polyphenon 60 from green tea, and polyphenon b from black tea, to both surfaces of ground beef before cooking inhibits the formation of the mutagens in a dose-related fashion. this ...	2002	11943606
aflatoxin in detannin coffee and tea and its destruction.	the aflatoxins produced byaspergillus parasiticus var. globosus imi 12090 in detannin-caffeinated coffee and black tea were five times more concentrated than in regular coffee and tea. the activity of caffeine and tannin on the fungus growth and aflatoxin production in liquid broth was tested at three levels: viz. 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6%. tannin and caffeine induced 95% inhibition in aflatoxins at 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively. the antiaflatoxigenic properties of regular coffee and tea appear to be due ...	2002	12009113
red wine and black tea polyphenols modulate the expression of cycloxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and glutathione-related enzymes in azoxymethane-induced f344 rat colon tumors.	polyphenolic compounds extracted from red wine (we) and black tea (bt), 50 mg/(kg. d), inhibit the promotion phase of the colon carcinogenesis process induced by azoxymethane (aom) in rodents. to investigate possible mechanisms of this protective activity, we evaluated by rt-pcr the gene expression of cycloxygenase-2 (cox-2), inducible no synthase (inos), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-gcs) and two isoforms of glutathione s-transferase (gst), gst-p and gst-m2, in 30 aom-induced tumors ...	2002	12042461
mechanisms of chronic disease causation by nutritional factors and tobacco products and their prevention by tea polyphenols.	the beverage tea, from the top leaves of the plant camellia sinensis is one of the most widely used beverages in the world, second only to water. black and green tea have mostly similar actions. the active components are polyphenols, mainly epigallocatechin gallate in green tea, and the tea leaf polyphenol oxidase mediated oxidation to oolong and black tea, yielding other polyphenols, theaflavin and thearubigins. there is 40-50 mg caffeine in a 160-ml cup of tea. the chemopreventive effects of t ...	2002	12067577
the mechanism underlying the protective effect of the thearubigin fraction of black tea (camellia sinensis) extract against the neuromuscular blocking action of botulinum neurotoxins.	the aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of the protective effect of black tea extract, the thearubigin fraction, against the neuromuscular blocking action of botulinum neurotoxin types a, b, and e. the effects of thearubigin fraction extracted from a black tea infusion were examined on the neuromuscular blocking action of botulinum neurotoxin types a, b, and e in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations and on the binding of these toxins to rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. ...	2002	12076314
effects of tea components on the response of gaba(a) receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes.	to study the effects of tea components on ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor response, ionotropic gaba receptors (gaba(a) receptors) were expressed in xenopus oocytes by injecting crnas synthesized from cloned cdnas of the alpha(1) and beta(1) subunits of the bovine receptors, and their electrical responses were measured by a voltage clamping method. extracts of green tea, black tea, and oolong tea in an aqueous solution induced the gaba-elicited response, which showed that these ...	2002	12083865
the effects of catechin on superoxide dismutase activity and its gene expression in pheochromocytoma cells.	overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (mnsod) cdna via plasmid transfection leads to growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo in various human cancers. polyphenolic compounds such as catechin isolated from tea bush camellia sinensis has been shown to have anticancer effect in vitro. this study evaluated the effect of catechin on the mnsod activity and mrna level of pheochromocytoma cells (pc-12).	2002	12135191
epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide in human chondrocytes: suppression of nuclear factor kappab activation by degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappab.	the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) induces the production of high levels of nitric oxide (no) in human chondrocytes. green tea (camellia sinensis) polyphenols are potent antiinflammatory agents and have been shown to inhibit no production in tumor cell lines. in the present study, we examined the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), a green tea polyphenol, on il-1beta-induced production of no in primary human osteoarthritis (oa) chondrocytes.	2002	12209512
comparative antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effects of green tea and black tea: a review.	tea is the most popular beverage next to water, consumed by over two-thirds of the world's population. it is processed in different ways in different parts of the world to give green, black or oolong tea. experimental studies have demonstrated the significant antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effects of both green and black tea and its polyphenols in multiple mutational assays. in the present review, we have attempted to evaluate and update the comparative antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effec ...	2002	12220589
green tea (camellia sinensis) protects against selenite-induced oxidative stress in experimental cataractogenesis.	cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. it is a multifactorial disease primarily associated with oxidative stress produced by free radicals. the protection offered by various antioxidants in cataract development is well established. polyphenolic compounds present in green tea (camellia sinensis) are reported to possess antioxidant property in various pathological conditions. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the anticataract potential of green tea leaf (gtl) extract in t ...	2002	12297700
antimutagenic effects of black tea (world blend) and its two active polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in salmonella assays.	almost two thirds of the world population consume tea everyday. tea is processed differently in different parts of the world to give green (20%), black (78%) or oolong tea (2%). the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities of green tea were extensively investigated compared with those of black tea. considering the potent antimutagenic effects of green tea we recognized the need to evaluate the antimutagenic effects of black tea (world blend tea, southern tea co., marietta, ga) in salmonella ...	2002	12410547
anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective effects of ligustrum robustum.	aqueous extract of processed leaves of ligustrum robustum could dose-dependently scavenge superoxide radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and prevent aaph-induced hemolysis of red blood cells. in comparison with green tea, oolong tea and black tea, processed leaves of l. robustum exhibited comparable antioxidant potency in scavenging superoxide radicals and in preventing red blood cell hemolysis. by activity-guided fractionation, a glycoside-rich fraction named fraction b2 was separated and dem ...	2002	12413708
inhibition of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammatory skin edema and ornithine decarboxylase activity by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate in mouse.	among black tea polyphenols, theaflavins were generally considered to be the most effective in cancer chemoprevention. in this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of black tea polyphenols, including theaflavin (tf-1), a mixture (tf-2) of theaflavin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3'-gallate, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf-3), and the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) on 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa)-induced edema and ornithine decarboxylase (odc) activity. top ...	2002	12416263
tea enhances insulin activity.	the most widely known health benefits of tea relate to the polyphenols as the principal active ingredients in protection against oxidative damage and in antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, and antimutagenic activities, but polyphenols in tea may also increase insulin activity. the objective of this study was to determine the insulin-enhancing properties of tea and its components. tea, as normally consumed, was shown to increase insulin activity >15-fold in vitro in an epididymal fat cell ...	2002	12428980
protection by beverages, fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flavonoids against genotoxicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (phip) in metabolically competent v79 cells.	chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, genetically engineered for the expression of rat cytochrome p450 dependent monooxygenase 1a2 and rat sulfotransferase 1c1 (v79-rcyp1a2-rsult1c1 cells), were utilized to check for possible protective effects of beverages of plant origin, fruits, vegetables, and spices against genotoxicity induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (aaf) or 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (phip). antigenotoxic activities of juices from spinach and red beets against aaf could ...	2002	12438004
accumulation of epigallocatechin quinone dimers during tea fermentation and formation of theasinensins.	production and accumulation of catechin dimer quinones during tea fermentation were chemically confirmed for the first time by trapping as phenazine derivatives. direct treatment of the fermented tea leaves with o-phenylenediamine yielded five phenazine derivatives (8-12) of o-quinones of an epigallocatechin dimer and its galloyl esters (13-16), in which two flavan units were linked at the b-rings through a c-c bond. atrop isomerism of the biphenyl bonds was shown to be the r configuration, sugg ...	2002	12444680
cloning of beta-primeverosidase from tea leaves, a key enzyme in tea aroma formation.	a beta-primeverosidase from tea (camellia sinensis) plants is a unique disaccharide-specific glycosidase, which hydrolyzes aroma precursors of beta-primeverosides (6-o-beta-d-xylopyranosyl-beta-d-glucopyranosides) to liberate various aroma compounds, and the enzyme is deeply concerned with the floral aroma formation in oolong tea and black tea during the manufacturing process. the beta-primeverosidase was purified from fresh leaves of a cultivar for green tea (c. sinensis var sinensis cv yabukit ...	2002	12481100
[isolation and determination of an antidote for botulinum neurotoxin from black tea extract].	the botulinum neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum exhibits the strongest neurotoxicity, and causes botulism in mammals. we have found an inactivator for clostridial neurotoxins in black tea extract (thearubigin fraction) as a natural foodstuff. in this study, we have isolated and identified the inactivators. the activity against the neuromuscular blocking action of botulinus neurotoxin type a was examined in mouse phrenic nerve diaphram preparation. the purification procedure of the ina ...	2002	12491801
gastrointestinal enhancement of mri with melanin derived from tea leaves (thea sinensis linn.).	melanin was extracted from tea leaves (thea sinensis linn.) for the first time. characterization of melanin proved similarity of the original compound to standard melanin. the langmuir adsorption isotherms for gadolinium (gd) binding were obtained using melanin. melanin-gd preparation demonstrated low acute toxicity. ld(50) for this preparation was in a range of 1250-1500 mg/kg in mice. magnetic resonance imaging (mri) properties of melanin itself and melanin-gd complexes have been estimated. gd ...	2002	11744298
black tea polyphenols, theaflavins, prevent cellular dna damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing cytochrome p450 1a1 in cell cultures.	tea polyphenols have been demonstrated as chemopreventive agents in a number of experimental models. however, less is known about the mechanism of chemoprevention by black tea compared with that of green tea. some beneficial properties of theaflavins, the black tea polyphenols, were investigated in the present study. theaflavins showed inhibitory effects on h(2)o(2)- and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tbuooh)-induced cytotoxicity (evaluated by tetrazolium bromide reduction), cellular oxidative stress ...	2002	11754570
attenuation of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda)-induced nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) activation and cell death by tea extracts in neuronal cultures.	antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy approaches have been in the focus of attention in the treatment of neurodegenerative parkinson's and alzheimer's diseases where oxidative stress has been implicated. tea extracts have been previously reported to possess radical scavenger, iron chelating and anti-inflammatory properties in a variety of tissues. the purpose of this study was to investigate potential neuroprotective effects of tea extracts and possible signal pathway involved in a neuronal ...	2002	11754870
black tea polyphenols inhibit igf-i-induced signaling through akt in normal prostate epithelial cells and du145 prostate carcinoma cells.	tea polyphenols have been proposed as potential chemopreventive agents against prostate cancer, primarily because of their high intake by populations with reduced cancer incidence and their reported ability to inhibit proliferation and increase apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in culture. insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer by epidemiological studies and has been shown to be causative in animal models. one of the prim ...	2002	11756245
anticarcinogenic effect of black tea on pulmonary tumors in swiss albino mice.	the widespread consumption of tea as beverage throughout the world has stimulated interest in the possibility of its use in chemoprevention of cancer. the present set of investigation was carried out to evaluate the anticarcinogenic activity of black tea using lung tumorigenesis model in swiss albino mice. diethylnitrosoamine (den), a known inducer of pulmonary tumors was given at the multiple (total eight) doses of 20mg/kg body weight through oral intubation to swiss albino mice. simultaneously ...	2002	11804740
diurnal variation of photosynthesis and photoinhibition in tea: effects of irradiance and nitrogen supply during growth in the field.	diurnal changes in the rate of photosynthesis (a) of mature tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze) bushes grown at high elevation in the field in sri lanka, were related to environmental conditions. bushes were either unshaded, receiving 100% of incident photosynthetically active radiation (par), moderately shaded, (65% par) or heavily shaded (30% par). these treatments were combined with nitrogen fertilizer applications of 0, 360 and 720 kg ha(-1) year(-1). when recently fully expanded leaves w ...	2002	11807135
inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea.	tea has received a great deal of attention because tea polyphenols are strong antioxidants, and tea preparations have inhibitory activity against tumorigenesis. the bioavailability and biotransformation of tea polyphenols, however, are key factors limiting these activities in vivo. the inhibition of tumorigenesis by green or black tea preparations has been demonstrated in animal models on different organ sites such as skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, forestomach, stomach, small intestine, col ...	2002	11807163
interactions between flavonoids and proteins: effect on the total antioxidant capacity.	flavonoids are potent antioxidants. it is also known that flavonoids bind to proteins. the effect of the interaction between tea flavonoids and proteins on the antioxidant capacity was examined. their separate and combined antioxidant capacities were measured with the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (teac) assay. it was observed that the antioxidant capacity of several components of green and black tea with alpha-, beta-, and kappa-casein or albumin is not additive; that is, a part of the ...	2002	11853501
catechins from green tea (camellia sinensis) inhibit bovine and human cartilage proteoglycan and type ii collagen degradation in vitro.	polyphenolic compounds from green tea have been shown to reduce inflammation in a murine model of inflammatory arthritis, but no studies have been undertaken to investigate whether these compounds are protective to joint tissues. we therefore investigated the effects of catechins found in green tea on cartilage extracellular matrix components using in vitro model systems. bovine nasal and metacarpophalangeal cartilage as well as human nondiseased, osteoarthritic and rheumatoid cartilage were cul ...	2002	11880552
heterologous nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite amplification and variation in tea, camellia sinensis.	the advantage of the cross transferability of heterologous chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite primers was taken to detect polymorphism among 24 tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze) genotypes, including both the assamica and the sinensis varieties. primer information was obtained from the closely related camellia japonica species for four nuclear microsatellites, and from nicotiana tabaccum for seven universal chloroplast microsatellites. all of the nuclear microsatellite loci tested genera ...	2002	12502248