Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| genetic modulation of shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide o antigen modal chain length reveals that it has been optimized for virulence. | the lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecules of shigella flexneri 2a have o antigen (oag) polysaccharides with two modal chain length distributions. the chromosomal wzz(sf) gene results in short (s) type oag chains [11-17 oag repeat units (rus)], and the phs-2 plasmid-located wzz(phs2) gene results in very long (vl) type oag chains (>90 oag rus). s. flexneri wzz(sf) mutants are unable to form plaques on hela cell monolayers and f-actin comet tails, indicating that icsa/virg function in actin-based mot ... | 2003 | 12686635 |
| rotavirus type a and other enteric pathogens in stool samples from children with acute diarrhea on the colombian northern coast. | the present study, conducted from march 1998 to july 2000, determined the etiology of acute diarrhea in 253 young children and infants from cartagena and sincelejo, colombia. in 253 stool samples, the following enteric pathogens were recovered: rotavirus type a (36.6%) as the major agent, salmonella spp (9.0%), shigella spp (8.0%), enteric pathogenic escherichia coli (6.0%), enteric hemorragic esc. coli (2.8%), providencia alcalifaciens (2.8%), aeromonas hydrophila (2.0%), yersinia enterocolitic ... | 2003 | 12687410 |
| comparison of media for the selective culture of enteroinvasive escherichia coli. | macconkey, eosine-methylene blue, deoxycholate-citrate, salmonella-shigella, and xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agars were compared for their ability to support the growth and to facilitate the recovery of enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains from artificially contaminated as well as from clinical faecal samples. when grown as pure cultures, the 78 enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains, as a group, exhibited the same growth characteristics as did shigella isolates ( n=59), i.e. both organisms g ... | 2003 | 12687417 |
| attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi and shigella flexneri 2a strains mucosally deliver dna vaccines encoding measles virus hemagglutinin, inducing specific immune responses and protection in cotton rats. | measles remains a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries. residual maternal measles antibodies and immunologic immaturity dampen immunogenicity of the current vaccine in young infants. because cotton rat respiratory tract is susceptible to measles virus (mv) replication after intranasal (i.n.) challenge, this model can be used to assess the efficacy of mv vaccines. pursuing a new measles vaccine strategy that might be effective in young infants, we used attenuated salmonella en ... | 2003 | 12692223 |
| concurrent outbreaks of shigella sonnei and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infections associated with parsley: implications for surveillance and control of foodborne illness. | in recent years, the globalization of the food supply and the development of extensive food distribution networks have increased the risk of foodborne disease outbreaks involving multiple states or countries. in particular, outbreaks associated with fresh produce have emerged as an important public health concern. during july and august 1998, eight restaurant-associated outbreaks of shigellosis caused by a common strain of shigella sonnei occurred in the united states and canada. the outbreak st ... | 2003 | 12696674 |
| antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri. | of 17 spices and herbs tested at 1% (wt/vol) in mueller-hinton (mh) agar, only cloves, thyme, oregano, allspice, basil, rosemary, and marjoram showed antimicrobial effects on shigella. the mics of thyme, oregano, basil, and rosemary (as determined by the agar dilution method) ranged from 0.5 to 1% (wt/vol) depending on the shigella strain used. with the use of various combinations of temperatures (12, 22, and 37 degrees c), phs (5.0, 5.5, and 6.0), and nacl concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%, wt/vo ... | 2003 | 12696694 |
| microbial pathogenesis and cytoskeletal function. | pathogenic microbes subvert normal host-cell processes to create a specialized niche, which enhances their survival. a common and recurring target of pathogens is the host cell's cytoskeleton, which is utilized by these microbes for purposes that include attachment, entry into cells, movement within and between cells, vacuole formation and remodelling, and avoidance of phagocytosis. our increased understanding of these processes in recent years has not only contributed to a greater comprehension ... | 2003 | 12700772 |
| [nutrition and health--infections caused by food]. | the annual incidence of food-borne infections in the netherlands is estimated to be 250,000 or more; registration, however, is lacking. meat, poultry, milk and eggs are contaminated primarily by intestinal animal commensals (salmonella, campylobacter, e. coli o157:h7, yersinia enterocolitica) or secondarily by animals, humans and the environment during processing (typhoid fever, shigella, listeria, clostridium, hepatitis a virus, norwalk virus, parasites). the guidelines for the prevention of co ... | 2003 | 12701391 |
| persistence of mucosal mast cells and eosinophils in shigella-infected children. | cells of the innate immune system and their mediators were studied at the single-cell level in the rectums of pediatric and adult patients with shigella infection to better understand why children are at higher risk for severe infection. adult patients had increased infiltration of mucosal mast cells (mmc) at the acute stage (3 to 5 days after the onset of diarrhea) and eosinophils in early convalescence (14 to 16 days after onset). increased expression of stem cell factor and prostaglandin h sy ... | 2003 | 12704143 |
| complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457t. | we determined the complete genome sequence of shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457t (4,599,354 bp). shigella species cause >1 million deaths per year from dysentery and diarrhea and have a lifestyle that is markedly different from those of closely related bacteria, including escherichia coli. the genome exhibits the backbone and island mosaic structure of e. coli pathogens, albeit with much less horizontally transferred dna and lacking 357 genes present in e. coli. the strain is distinctive ... | 2003 | 12704152 |
| a 5-year study of the bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhoea on the island of crete, greece, and their resistance to antibiotics. | during a 5-year period (1995-1999) a total of 7090 stool samples obtained from patients with acute diarrhoea, mostly community-acquired, were examined for bacterial pathogens, in the greek island of crete. one or more enteric pathogens were isolated from 987 patients (14%). salmonella enterica were the most commonly isolated bacteria (6%), followed by campylobacter spp. (4.2%), and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) (1.8%). yersinia enterocolitica (0.6%), shigella spp. (0.3%), and aeromona ... | 2003 | 12705628 |
| morphology of temperate bacteriophage sfv and characterisation of the dna packaging and capsid genes: the structural genes evolved from two different phage families. | the entire genome of sfv, a temperate serotype-converting bacteriophage of shigella flexneri, has recently been sequenced (allison, g.e., angeles, d., tran-dinh, n., verma, n.k. 2002, j. bacteriol. 184, 1974-1987). based on the sequence analysis, we further characterised the sfv virion structure and morphogenesis. electron microscopy indicated that sfv belongs to the myoviridae morphology family. analysis of the proteins encoded by orf1, orf2, and orf3 revealed that they were homologous to small ... | 2003 | 12706095 |
| multiresistant shigella species isolated from childhood diarrhea cases in kolkata, india. | 2003 | 12711826 | |
| lipopolysaccharide o antigen chains mask icsa (virg) in shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t lipopolysaccharide (lps) has o antigen (oag) chains with two modal lengths (s-type and vl-type), and has icsa apparently located at one pole on its cell surface. treatment of y serotype derivatives of 2457t and rma696 (2457t wzz(sf)) with sf6 tailspike protein (tsp) resulted in hydrolysis of oag chains, and an increase in detection of icsa by indirect immunofluorescence staining on both the lateral and polar regions of the cell surface. newly synthesised icsa ex ... | 2003 | 12725923 |
| multicopy icsa is able to suppress the virulence defect caused by the wzz(sf) mutation in shigella flexneri. | the lipopolysaccharides (lps) of shigella flexneri are important for virulence and their o antigen (oag) polysaccharide chains affect icsa (virg)-mediated actin-based motility (abm) within mammalian cells. s. flexneri 2a 2457t has smooth lps whose oag chains have two modal lengths (short (s)-type and very long (vl)-type), and has icsa predominantly located at one pole on its cell surface. a s. flexneri 2457t wzz(sf) mutant (rma696) has vl-type oag but not s-type oag chains, less icsa detectable ... | 2003 | 12725929 |
| subunit interaction of monomeric alanine racemases from four shigella species in catalytic reaction. | bacterial alanine racemases are classified into two types of subunit structure (monomer and homodimer). to clarify the catalytic unit of monomeric alanine racemases, we examined the apparent molecular mass of the monomeric alanine racemases from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei by gel filtration in the presence of the substrate and inhibitor. the enzymes were eluted on gel filtration as a monomer of about 39,000 da at low protein concentration and in ... | 2003 | 12725937 |
| mobile genetic elements and bacterial toxinoses: the superantigen-encoding pathogenicity islands of staphylococcus aureus. | it is a remarkable observation that virtually all bacterial toxins associated with specific clinical conditions (toxinoses) are encoded by mobile (and therefore variable) genetic elements. remarkably, these rarely, if ever, carry determinants of antibiotic resistance. examples are the toxins responsible for diphtheria, anthrax, tetanus, botulism, cholera, toxic shock, scarlet fever, exfoliative dermatitis, food poisoning, travelers' diarrhea, shigella dysentery, necrotizing pneumonia, and others ... | 2003 | 12726763 |
| enteric pathogens and soil: a short review. | it is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. gastrointestinal inf ... | 2003 | 12730707 |
| sequential interaction of actin-related proteins 2 and 3 (arp2/3) complex with neural wiscott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) and cortactin during branched actin filament network formation. | the wasp and cortactin families constitute two distinct classes of arp2/3 modulators in mammalian cells. physical and functional interactions among the arp2/3 complex, vca (a functional domain of n-wasp), and cortactin were examined under conditions that were with or without actin polymerization. in the absence of actin, cortactin binds significantly weaker to the arp2/3 complex than vca. at concentrations of vca 20-fold lower than cortactin, the association of cortactin with the arp2/3 complex ... | 2003 | 12732638 |
| antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of shigella sonnei isolates from western ireland, an area of low incidence of infection. | shigella sonnei is a significant cause of gastroenteritis in both developing and industrialized countries. definition of the diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of s. sonnei isolates may be helpful in the management of individual cases and outbreaks. antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) were performed with 67 isolates of s. sonnei predominantly (n = 59) from three counties in the west of ireland. phage typing (n = 17), plasmid profiling (n = 28) ... | 2003 | 12734227 |
| helicobacter pylori: an invading microorganism? a review. | in this review we evaluate the pros and cons of helicobacter pylori invasion of epithelial cells as part of the natural history of h. pylori infection. h. pylori is generally considered an extracellular microorganism. however, a growing body of evidence supports the controversial hypothesis that at least a subset of h. pylori microorganisms has an intracellular (intraepithelial) location. most significant is the fact that h. pylori invades cultured epithelial cells with invasion frequencies simi ... | 2003 | 12738380 |
| antibacterial efficacy of rumex nepalensis spreng. roots. | the antibacterial property of rumex nepalensis spreng. was evaluated against some strains of bacteria. the methanol extract of the roots (tested at 200-1000 micro g/disc) showed significant concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. | 2003 | 12748999 |
| aetiology of shigellosis in northern pakistan. | people of northern pakistan face health hazards because of poor sanitation practices. bacterial gastrointestinal infections are very common, and sometimes outbreaks occur. the present study was aimed at evaluating and analyzing infestation of shigella spp. in patients with suspected gastroenteritis and ascertaining the status of antibiotic therapy. five hundred and eighty-five faecal samples of patients with suspected gastroenteritis, referred to the district headquarter hospital gilgit, were in ... | 2003 | 12751672 |
| emergence of multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 causing sporadic outbreak in and around kolkata, india. | 2003 | 12751679 | |
| icsb, secreted via the type iii secretion system, is chaperoned by ipga and required at the post-invasion stage of shigella pathogenicity. | shigella deliver a subset of effector proteins such as ipaa, ipab and ipac via the type iii secretion system (ttss) into host cells during the infection of colonic epithelial cells. many bacterial effectors including some from shigella require specific chaperones for protection from degradation and targeting to the ttss. in this study, we have investigated the role of the icsb gene located upstream of the ipabcda operon in shigella infection because the role of icsb as a virulence factor remains ... | 2003 | 12753186 |
| shigella flexneri bacteremia in a child. | we report an unusual and lethal case of shigella flexneri septicemia in an 8-year-old saudi handicapped child from a social home presenting with severe toxic megacolon and acute abdomen secondary to fulminant necrotizing enterocolitis. | 2003 | 12754544 |
| trend of antibiotic resistance in 1316 shigella strains isolated in bahrain. | 2003 | 12754554 | |
| shigella interaction with intestinal epithelial cells determines the innate immune response in shigellosis. | shigellae are gram-negative bacilli that cause bacillary dysentery in humans. this review summarizes current knowledge of shigella pathogenesis and pathogenicity factors, invasion of epithelial cells, intracellular motility and cell-to-cell spreading, as well as components of the host cell involved in innate immune responses. | 2003 | 12755366 |
| virtual screening for submicromolar leads of trna-guanine transglycosylase based on a new unexpected binding mode detected by crystal structure analysis. | eubacterial trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is involved in the hypermodification of cognate trnas, leading to the exchange of g34 by preq1 at the wobble position in the anticodon loop. mutation of the tgt gene in shigella flexneri results in a significant loss of pathogenicity of the bacterium due to inefficient translation of a virulence protein mrna. herein, we describe the discovery of a ligand with an unexpected binding mode. on the basis of this binding mode, three slightly deviating ph ... | 2003 | 12646024 |
| exploiting host microtubule dynamics: a new aspect of bacterial invasion. | during infection, many pathogenic bacteria modulate the actin cytoskeleton of eukaryotic host cells to facilitate various infectious processes such as the attachment to or invasion of epithelial cells. additionally, some pathogenic bacteria are capable of modulating the dynamics of host microtubule (mts). although the molecular basis for this is still poorly understood, a recent study of the shigella vira effector protein, which is delivered via a type iii secretion system, suggests that mt dest ... | 2003 | 12648946 |
| expression and purification of invasion plasmid antigen c of shigella flexneri. | to induce the expression of and purify invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac) of shigella flexneri for studying the pathogenesis of shigella flexneri. | 2003 | 12651237 |
| emergence of nalidixic acid-resistant shigella sonnei in acute-diarrhea patients on andaman and nicobar islands, india. | 2003 | 12654701 | |
| contribution of the shigella flexneri sit, iuc, and feo iron acquisition systems to iron acquisition in vitro and in cultured cells. | shigella flexneri possesses multiple iron acquisition systems, including proteins involved in the synthesis and uptake of siderophores and the feo system for ferrous iron utilization. we identified an additional s. flexneri putative iron transport gene, sita, in a screen for s. flexneri genes that are induced in the eukaryotic intracellular environment. sita was present in all shigella species and in most enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains but not in any other e. coli isolates tested. the s ... | 2003 | 12654809 |
| bidirectional concentration-dependent effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha in shigella dysenteriae-related seizures. | we have previously demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with shigella dysenteriae sonicate enhanced their susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and that tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) was proconvulsive in this respect. the present study shows that tnf-alpha, at high concentrations, may also exert a suppressive effect on shigella-mediated seizures. this implies that high levels of tnf-alpha may play a protective role in neurologic complications of s. dysenteriae infecti ... | 2003 | 12654859 |
| randomized comparison of azithromycin versus cefixime for treatment of shigellosis in children. | 2003 | 12712971 | |
| role of lipid-mediated signal transduction in bacterial internalization. | receptor-mediated phagocytosis normally represents an important first line of immune defence. invading microbes are internalized into phagosomes and are typically killed by exposure to a battery of microbicidal agents. to some intracellular pathogens, however, receptor-mediated phagocytosis represents an opportunity to access a protected niche within the host cell. another type of intracellular pathogen, including salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and shigella flexneri, invade host cells i ... | 2003 | 12713488 |
| acute gastroenteritis in children : what role for antibacterials? | the aim of this article is to define the currently accepted role of antibacterials in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. most cases of acute gastroenteritis in children are viral, self-limited, and need only supportive treatment. appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy, with close attention to nutrition, remain central to therapy.antibacterial therapy serves as an adjunct, to shorten the clinical course, eradicate causative organisms, reduce transmission, and prevent invasive ... | 2003 | 12716215 |
| identification of a cross-reactive epitope widely present in lipopolysaccharide from enterobacteria and recognized by the cross-protective monoclonal antibody wn1 222-5. | septic shock due to infections with gram-negative bacteria is a severe disease with a high mortality rate. we report the identification of the antigenic determinants of an epitope that is present in enterobacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) and recognized by a cross-reactive monoclonal antibody (mab wn1 222-5) regarded as a potential means of treatment. using whole lps and a panel of neoglycoconjugates containing purified lps oligosaccharides obtained from escherichia coli core types r1, r2, r3, ... | 2003 | 12716894 |
| a method for allelic replacement in francisella tularensis. | a vector for mutagenesis of francisella tularensis was constructed based on the puc19 plasmid. by inserting the sacb gene of bacillus subtilis, orit of plasmid rp4, and a chloramphenicol resistance gene of shigella flexneri, a vector, ppv, was obtained that allowed specific mutagenesis. a protocol was developed that allowed introduction of the vector into the live vaccine strain, lvs, of f. tularensis by conjugation. as a proof of principle, we aimed to develop a specific mutant defective in exp ... | 2003 | 12770718 |
| the is1 elements in shigella boydii: horizontal transfer, vertical inactivation and target duplication. | is1(sb) and its two variants were identified as the major and minor is1 elements in shigella boydii. the nucleotide sequences of is1(sb), is1(o157:h7) from escherichia coli o157:h7 and is1f from e. coli k12 suggest that these is1 elements had been horizontally transferred among s. boydii and e. coli o157:h7 and k12. the two is1(sb) variants and is1(o157:h7) have transposition activities 7- to 86-fold less than that of is1(sb), whereas is1f has little transposition activity. analysis of the flank ... | 2003 | 12770720 |
| seasonal variation in bacterial pathogens isolated from stool samples in karachi, pakistan. | to determine the seasonal variation of the commonly isolated bacterial pathogens in stool samples. | 2003 | 12779031 |
| effects of ocimum gratissimum l essential oil at subinhibitory concentrations on virulent and multidrug-resistant shigella strains from lagos, nigeria. | ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts have been extensively demonstrated to be effective against the various aetiologic agents of diarrhoea, including shigellae. however, the mechanism of the shigellocidal action of this plant remains to be understood. this study investigated the effects of o. gratissimum essential oil (eo) at subinhibitory concentrations of 0.75 and 1.0 microg/ml on virulence and multidrug-resistant strains of 22 shigella isolates from nigeria. compared with untreated shigella strai ... | 2003 | 12780522 |
| actin-based motility of burkholderia pseudomallei involves the arp 2/3 complex, but not n-wasp and ena/vasp proteins. | the facultative intracellular bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei induces actin rearrangement within infected host cells leading to formation of actin tails and membrane protrusions. to investigate the underlying mechanism we analysed the contribution of cytoskeletal proteins to b. pseudomallei-induced actin tail assembly. by using green fluorescent protein (gfp)-fusion constructs, the recruitment of the arp2/3 complex, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp), neural wiskott-aldrich syndrom ... | 2003 | 12780776 |
| [urinary tract infection caused by shigella sonnei]. | 2003 | 12781123 | |
| three-way interactions among the sfh, stpa and h-ns nucleoid-structuring proteins of shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t. | shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t has been found to express sfh, a new member of the h-ns-like family of nucleoid-structuring proteins. with h-ns and its paralogue, stpa, this brings to three the number of these proteins expressed in this bacterium. this raises the possibility that three-way interactions may occur in s. flexneri among these proteins and between the proteins and each other's genes. such three-way interactions among h-ns-like proteins have not been described previously. the expres ... | 2003 | 12787365 |
| arthritis associated with enteric infection. | reactive arthritis is classically seen following infection with enteric pathogens such as yersinia, salmonella, campylobacter and shigella. inflammatory arthritis has also been described following other enteric infection with organisms such as clostridium difficile, brucella and giardia. furthermore, arthritis is seen in whipple's disease, caused by the actinomycete tropheryma whippelii. this chapter reviews the current understanding of these conditions (with the exception of brucella, which is ... | 2003 | 12787523 |
| prevalence and molecular diversity of phs-2 plasmids, marker for arthritogenicity, among clinical escherichia coli shigella isolates. | reactive arthritis can occur after numerous bacterial infections, including bacillary dysentery caused by escherichia coli shigella. a major risk factor for the disease is the hla b27 phenotype in the human host. by comparison between plasmid profiles of arthritogenic vs. nonarthritogenic shigella strains, the phs-2 plasmid has been previously associated with the arthritogenic capacity of shigella isolates. however, the prevalence of this plasmid in the various shigella biotypes and serotypes is ... | 2003 | 12787734 |
| prevalence of enteroaggregative escherichia coli among children with and without diarrhea in switzerland. | in a prospective study between july 1999 and september 2000, stool specimens of children below the age of 16 years with (n = 187) and without (n = 137) diarrhea were tested for the presence of enterovirulent bacteria by standard culture methods and by pcr. targets for the pcr were the plasmid pcvd432 for enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec), the verotoxin 1 and verotoxin 2 genes for enterohemorrhagic e. coli, ipah for enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) and shigella spp., genes coding for heat-st ... | 2003 | 12791838 |
| canadian integrated surveillance report: salmonella, campylobacter, pathogenic e. coli and shigella, from 1996 to 1999. | 2003 | 12793118 | |
| sharing shigella: risk factors for a multicommunity outbreak of shigellosis. | 2003 | 12796243 | |
| protective efficacy of oral immunization with heat-killed shigella flexneri 2a in animal model: study of cross protection, immune response and antigenic recognition. | oral immunization of rabbits with four doses of 10(11) heat-killed shigella flexneri 2a showed 100% protection against challenge with virulent s. flexneri 2a. after orally immunizing guinea pigs with four doses of heat-killed s. flexneri 2a 100% protection could be shown against ocular challenge with the same virulent s. flexneri 2a strain but this conferred no protection against challenge with shigella dysenteriae type 1. in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblot experiments b ... | 2003 | 12798648 |
| identification of ranbmp interacting with shigella flexneri ipac invasin by two-hybrid system of yeast. | bacillary dysentery caused by shigella flexneri is still a threat to human health. of four invasion plasmid antigen proteins (ipaa,b,c and d), ipac plays an important role in the pathogenicity of this pathogen. the purpose of this study was to investigate the proteins interacting with ipac in the host cell during the pathogenic process of this disease. | 2003 | 12800254 |
| the escherichia fergusonii iucabcd iuta genes are located within a larger chromosomal region similar to pathogenicity islands. | three strains of escherichia fergusonii (ef873, ef1496, ef939) of 50 strains tested produced the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin. screening of a cosmid library of the strain ef873 chromosomal dna (in aerobactin nonproducing escherichia coli vcs257) for aerobactin production identified iucabcd and iuta gene orthologues. the predicted iucabcd and iuta proteins showed 59-65% identity to the corresponding proteins of shigella flexneri and e. coli. aerobactin molecules synthesized by e. fergusonii ... | 2003 | 12800494 |
| decontamination of seeds for seed sprout production by high hydrostatic pressure. | garden cress, sesame, radish, and mustard seeds immersed in water were treated with high pressure (250, 300, 350, and 400 mpa) for 15 min at 20 degrees c. after treatment, percentages of seeds germinating on water agar were recorded for up to 11 days. of the seeds tested, radish seeds were found to be the most pressure sensitive, with seeds treated at 250 mpa reaching 100% germination 9 days later than untreated control seeds did. garden cress seeds, on the other hand, were the most pressure res ... | 2003 | 12800989 |
| enteric illness in ontario, canada, from 1997 to 2001. | enteric illness is a common problem worldwide. in ontario (population of 11.4 million, 2001 census of canada), laboratory-confirmed cases of "reportable" enteric diseases are reported to local health units. public health staff members investigate these illnesses and subsequently report details to the ministry of health and long-term care through an electronic reporting system. from 1997 to 2001, 44,451 sporadic cases of illness attributable to eight enteric pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella, ... | 2003 | 12800994 |
| health status of a population of nutria (myocastor coypus) living in a protected area in italy. | ninety trapped nutria (myocastor coypus) from a protected area of piedmont (italy), including the po river, were examined for the prevalence for lesions in major viscera, selected serum antibodies and enteric bacteria. coccidial lesions in the liver included cholangitis, calcification and necrosis. renal lesions were nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis and a single case of renal adenocarcinoma. the lungs had a 41.1% prevalence of nonsuppurative interstitial pneumonia. ten of 87 sera (11.5%) ha ... | 2003 | 12801459 |
| antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three mentha species essential oils. | the present study describes the antimicrobial activity and free radical scavenging capacity (rsc) of essential oils from mentha aquatica l., mentha longifolia l., and mentha piperita l. the chemical profile of each essential oil was determined by gc-ms and tlc. all essential oils exhibited very strong antibacterial activity, in particularly against esherichia coli strains. the most powerful was m. piperita essential oil, especially towards multiresistant strain of shigella sonei and micrococcus ... | 2003 | 12802721 |
| in vitro dna-binding properties of virb, the shigella flexneri virulence regulatory protein. | the dna-binding activity of the shigella flexneri virb transcription factor was studied in vitro. the protein was found to bind non-specifically to dna, but showed preferential binding to virb-dependent promoter sequences. dna binding was contingent on the presence of an intact helix-turn-helix motif. while high molecular mass protein-dna complexes were formed in both specific and non-specific interactions with dna, mutant derivatives of virb lacking a leucine zipper domain or a carboxyl-termina ... | 2003 | 12804772 |
| a role for vasp in rhoa-diaphanous signalling to actin dynamics and srf activity. | vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp) is involved in multiple actin-mediated processes, including regulation of serum response factor (srf) activity. we used the srf transcriptional assay to define functional domains in vasp and to show that they coincide with those required for f-actin accumulation, as determined by a quantitative facs assay. we identified inactive vasp mutants that can interfere both with f-actin assembly and with srf activation by wild-type vasp. these vasp mutants als ... | 2003 | 12805219 |
| escherichia albertii sp. nov., a diarrhoeagenic species isolated from stool specimens of bangladeshi children. | the taxonomic position of a group of five d-sorbitol- and lactose-negative enterobacterial isolates recovered from diarrhoeal stools of children at the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b), was investigated by dna-dna hybridization, phenotypic characterization and 16s rdna sequencing. these strains were originally identified as 'hafnia alvei-like' with the api 20e system but, in fact, show more phenotypic and genotypic resemblance to members of the genus esc ... | 2003 | 12807204 |
| the invasive phenotype of shigella flexneri directs a distinct gene expression pattern in the human intestinal epithelial cell line caco-2. | invasion of the human colonic epithelium by shigella flexneri causes inflammation that disrupts the intestinal barrier. invaded intestinal epithelial cells are the major source of mediators recruiting the inflammatory infiltrate. to better characterize the global response of intestinal epithelial cells to shigella invasion, caco-2 cells were infected by an invasive isolate of s. flexneri 5a, and their transcriptome was analyzed by affymetrix (santa clara, ca) microarrays (12,000 genes) and compa ... | 2003 | 12813033 |
| a newborn mouse model for the study of intestinal pathogenesis of shigellosis. | shigella infection is characterized by the induction of acute inflammation, which is responsible for the massive tissue destruction of the intestinal mucosa. a murine model would be a valuable tool for gaining a better understanding of the physiopathology of shigellosis and the host immune response to shigella infection, but adult mice do not develop disease upon oral inoculation. we therefore attempted to develop a model of infection in newborn mice. four-day-old mice inoculated with 50 microl ... | 2003 | 12814438 |
| a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium translocated leucine-rich repeat effector protein inhibits nf-kappa b-dependent gene expression. | nontyphoidal salmonellae are enteric pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis and colonize the intestinal tract for prolonged periods. in the intestinal epithelia, these bacteria induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-8 (il-8), which leads to a profound inflammatory response through recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. production of il-8 induced by salmonella spp. is due to the activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappa b) and a ... | 2003 | 12819095 |
| infectious agent and immune response characteristics of chronic enterocolitis in captive rhesus macaques. | chronic enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity in colonies of captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). this study's aim was to identify the common enteric pathogens frequently associated with chronic enterocolitis in normal, immunocompetent rhesus monkeys and to elucidate the influence of this clinical syndrome on the host immune system. we analyzed the fecal specimens from 100 rhesus macaques with or without clinical symptoms of chronic diarrhea. retrospective analysis revealed an inc ... | 2003 | 12819098 |
| acute infectious diarrhea in children. | acute infectious diarrhea is a global health problem especially in infants and children, and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. the ethiology of acute infectious diarrhea and also biochemical, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children dying with infectious diarrhea are investigated in this study. | 2003 | 12822380 |
| laboratory surveillance of bacterial gastroenteric pathogens in the netherlands, 1991-2001. | results of the dutch laboratory surveillance of bacterial gastroenteritis between 1991 and 2001 are presented and compared with recent findings in general practices and in the community. between 1996 and 2000 the mean annual number of stools screened by sentinel laboratories was about 1000 samples/100,000 inhabitants, which is 4% of the estimated annual incidence of gastroenteritis in the dutch population. campylobacter (36/100,000 inhabitants) and salmonella (24/100,000 inhabitants) were the ma ... | 2003 | 12825727 |
| the purified shigella ipab and salmonella sipb translocators share biochemical properties and membrane topology. | an essential early event in shigella and salmonella pathogenesis is invasion of non-phagocytic intestinal epithelial cells. pathogen entry is triggered by the delivery of multiple bacterial effector proteins into target mammalian cells. the shigella invasion plasmid antigen b (ipab), which inserts into the host plasma membrane, is required for effector delivery and invasion. to investigate the biochemical properties and membrane topology of ipab, we purified the native full-length protein follow ... | 2003 | 12828640 |
| cluster of erythromycin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from 1999 to 2001 in men who have sex with men, québec, canada. | from december 1999 to november 2001, a cluster of multidrug-resistant campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni enterocolitis was suspected within the male population of montreal. nine men, aged 26-40 years, presented with an erythromycin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant, tetracycline-susceptible c. jejuni enterocolitis. in march 1998 and february 2000, 2 additional men, aged 23 and 27 years, were infected with an erythromycin-resistant, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline-susceptible c. jejuni. all isolates we ... | 2003 | 12830417 |
| progress toward the development of a bacterial vaccine vector that induces high-titer long-lived broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1. | conformationally constrained hiv-1 env and gp120 immunogens induce broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. thus, it is now feasible to rationally design an hiv-1 vaccine that affords protection through humoral mechanisms. this paper reviews our progress toward the development of an oral bacterial vaccine vector that is capable of delivering an hiv-1 dna vaccine to host lymphoid tissues and inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies to hiv-1 in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments. | 2003 | 12832116 |
| acute bacterial gastroenteritis: a study of adult patients with positive stool cultures treated in the emergency department. | to investigate the presenting clinical features of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in adult patients treated as outpatients in the emergency department (ed), and the pathogens responsible in this setting and population; and to identify the frequency with which positive stool culture result changes management. | 2003 | 12835343 |
| molecular epidemiology of shigella in a taiwan township during 1996 to 2000. | a previously identified shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain was responsible for an outbreak of shigellosis in a taiwan township in august 1996. in order to find the relationship between this outbreak strain and subsequent shigella infections in the area, 59, 47, 35, and 20 shigella isolates recovered in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively, were collected and typed by serological and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) techniques. of these 161 isolates, 139 isolates were s. flexneri ser ... | 2003 | 12843047 |
| connexin-dependent inter-cellular communication increases invasion and dissemination of shigella in epithelial cells. | shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillar dystentery, invades the colonic mucosa where it elicits an intense inflammatory reaction responsible for destruction of the epithelium. during cell invasion, contact with host cells activates the type-iii secretion of the shigella ipab and ipac proteins. ipab and ipac are inserted into host cell plasma membranes and trigger initial signals that result in actin polymerization, while allowing cytosolic access of other bacterial effectors that furt ... | 2003 | 12844145 |
| the glutamate-dependent acid resistance system of escherichia coli and shigella flexneri is inhibited in vitro by l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid. | strains of escherichia coli k-12, o157:h7, and shigella flexneri grown to stationary phase in complex unbuffered media can survive for several hours at ph 2.5. this stationary-phase acid resistance phenotype is dependent upon the alternate sigma factor sigmas and the supplementation of either glutamate or glutamine in the acidified media used for acid challenge. acid resistance under these defined conditions can be inhibited by the glutamate analog l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid which ... | 2003 | 12855178 |
| bacterial species in biofilm cultivated from the end of the seoul water distribution system. | to investigate changes in the bacterial population and the safety of the biofilm at the end of the drinking water distribution system in seoul (korea), selective media and bacterial community analyses were applied to a semi-pilot galvanized iron pipe (gip) model. | 2003 | 12859764 |
| the actin-based motility defect of a shigella flexneri rmld rough lps mutant is not due to loss of icsa polarity. | shigella flexneri requires the outer membrane protein icsa(virg) and lipopolysaccharide (lps) for efficient actin-based motility (abm) within mammalian cells which is essential for virulence. wild type strains of s. flexneri 2a such as 2457t have smooth lps whose o antigen (oag) chains have two modal lengths and icsa predominantly located at one pole on their cell surface. in contrast, rough lps mutants lack oag chains, have icsa on lateral and polar regions of the cell surface, and are defectiv ... | 2003 | 12860454 |
| rickettsial actin-based motility: behavior and involvement of cytoskeletal regulators. | actin-based motility (abm) is employed by spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae, such as rickettsia rickettsii, to promote cell-to-cell spread. time-lapse video microscopy revealed that abm is not strictly confined to sfg rickettsiae as typhus group r. typhi moved at approximately the same rate as r. rickettsii (approximately 4 micro m/min), but in a highly erratic fashion. a number of common behaviors were observed between abm of r. typhi and r. rickettsii, such as entrance into plasma membrane ... | 2003 | 12860687 |
| shigella bacteremia: a retrospective study. | the aims of this study were to determine the risk factors in, and the clinical and laboratory characterizations of, shigella bacteremia, as well as the subspecies of shigella, and the antibiotic susceptibility. a retrospective study of all patients younger than 18 years of age with documented shigella bacteremia from january 1989 through december 2001 was conducted. fifteen children with shigella bacteremia were treated at our center. the mean age (+/- sd) was 20.5 months (+/- 34.2), median 7 mo ... | 2003 | 12862343 |
| mxik and mxin interact with the spa47 atpase and are required for transit of the needle components mxih and mxii, but not of ipa proteins, through the type iii secretion apparatus of shigella flexneri. | the type iii secretion (tts) pathway is used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence factors into eukaryotic cells. the shigella flexneri tts apparatus (ttsa) spans the bacterial envelope and its assembly requires the products of approximately 20 mxi and spa genes. we present a functional analysis of the mxik, mxin and mxil genes. inactivation of mxik and mxin, but not mxil, resulted in the assembly of a non-functional ttsa that lacked the outer needle. the amounts of needle comp ... | 2003 | 12864857 |
| catecholamines and in vitro growth of pathogenic bacteria: enhancement of growth varies greatly among bacterial species. | the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of catecholamines on in vitro growth of a range of bacterial species, including anaerobes. bacteria tested included: porphyromonas gingivalis, bacteriodes fragilis, shigella boydii, shigella sonnie, enterobacter sp, and salmonella choleraesuis. the results of the current study indicated that supplementation of bacterial cultures in minimal medium with norepinephrine or epinephrine did not result in increased growth of bacteria. positive contro ... | 2003 | 12865092 |
| an evaluation of current shigellosis treatment. | shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, characterised by the passage of frequent loose stools mixed with blood and mucous, is caused by shigella spp. which can be subdivided into four serotypes, namely, s. sonnei, s. boydii, s. flexneri and s. dysenteriae. s. dysenteriae type 1 produces severe dysentery and may be associated with many complications like leukaemoid reaction and haemolytic-ureamic syndrome. it is known to produce protracted epidemics and pandemics and is usually multi-drug resistant. ... | 2003 | 12877639 |
| trna-guanine transglycosylase from e. coli: a ping-pong kinetic mechanism is consistent with nucleophilic catalysis. | trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is a key enzyme in the post-transcriptional modification of certain trnas with the pyrrolopyrimidine base queuine. tgt is required for pathogenicity in shigella flexneri, a human pathogen, and therefore is potentially a novel antibacterial target. previous work has indicated that the tgt reaction proceeds through a covalent enzyme-trna complex [biochemistry 40 (2001) 14123]. to further substantiate this mechanism, the determination of the kinetic mechanism for ... | 2003 | 12877882 |
| [alteration of phagocyte functional activity depending on the presence of pr50 plasmid in bacteria]. | the relationship between the presence, or the absence, of conjugative plasmid pr50 detected in klebsiella oxytoca 89, in the isogenic pairs of attenuated strains shigella flexneri 2a 516 near and salmonella typhimurium 129 rifr and the regeneration of the active forms of oxygen by mouse peritoneal phagocytizing cells was studied. as indicated by the data obtained in the course of the experiment, plasmids pr50 could influence the chemiluminescent response of phagocytes. the inhibition of the synt ... | 2003 | 12886622 |
| antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal patients in indonesia. | the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for 2,812 bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients admitted to hospitals in several provinces in the cities of jakarta, padang, medan, denpasar, pontianak, makassar, and batam, indonesia were analyzed from 1995 to 2001 to determine their changing trends in response to eight antibiotics: ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. vibrio cholerae o1 (37.1%) ... | 2003 | 12887025 |
| detection and identification of escherichia coli, shigella, and salmonella by microarrays using the gyrb gene. | commonly, 16s ribosome rna (16s rrna) sequence analysis has been used for identifying enteric bacteria. however, it may not always be applicable for distinguishing closely related bacteria. therefore, we selected gyrb genes that encode the subunit b protein of dna gyrase (a topoisomerase type ii protein) as target genes. the molecular evolution rate of gyrb genes is higher than that of 16s rrna, and gyrb genes are distributed universally among bacterial species. microarray technology includes th ... | 2003 | 12889036 |
| epidemiology of sporadic bloody diarrhea in rural western kenya. | we conducted laboratory-based surveillance and a case-control study to characterize the epidemiology of bloody diarrhea in rural western kenya. from may 1997 through april 2001, we collected stool from 451 persons with bloody diarrhea presenting to four rural clinics. cultures of 231 (51%) specimens yielded 247 bacterial pathogens: 198 shigella (97 s. flexneri, 41 s. dysenteriae type 1, 39 s. dysenteriae type non-1, 13 s. boydii, 8 s. sonnei), 33 campylobacter, 15 non-typhoidal salmonella, and 1 ... | 2003 | 12892051 |
| conversion of shigella flexneri serotype 2a to serotype y in a shigellosis patient due to a single amino acid substitution in the protein product of the bacterial glucosyltransferase gtrii gene. | conversion of serotype from 2a to y was demonstrated with five shigella flexneri isolates recovered from an infected patient. when introduced into the serotype y isolate, the glucosyltransferase (gtr) ii gene of the serotype 2a isolate is capable of inducing the conversion from serotype y to 2a. in contrast, the gtrii of the serotype y isolate lacks the capacity to change serotype, resulting from a cys-->tyr substitution in its predicted protein sequence. the protein product of the gtrii gene wa ... | 2003 | 12892893 |
| the phosphatidylinositol (pi)-5-phosphate 4-kinase type ii enzyme controls insulin signaling by regulating pi-3,4,5-trisphosphate degradation. | phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate (pi-5-p) is a newly identified phosphoinositide with characteristics of a signaling lipid but no known cellular function. pi-5-p levels are controlled by the type ii pi-5-p 4-kinases (pip4k iis), a family of kinases that converts pi-5-p into phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (pi-4,5-p2). the pi-5-p pathway is an alternative route for pi-4,5-p2 synthesis as the bulk of this lipid is generated by the canonical pathway in which phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate ( ... | 2003 | 12897244 |
| shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t expresses three members of the h-ns-like protein family: characterization of the sfh protein. | shigella flexneri 2a is known to express the h-ns nucleoid-structuring protein and the paralogous protein stpa. using bioinformatic analysis we have now discovered a third member of the h-ns protein family, sfh (shigella flexneri h-ns-like protein), in strain 2457t. this protein is encoded by the sfh gene, which is located on a high-molecular-mass plasmid that is closely related to the self-transmissible plasmid r27. when expressed in escherichia coli, the sfh protein can complement an hns null ... | 2003 | 12898223 |
| thermodynamic analysis of the structural stability of the shiga toxin b-subunit. | the conformational stability of shiga toxin b-subunit (stxb), a pentameric protein from shigella dysenteriae has been characterized by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy under different solvent conditions. it is shown that the thermal folding/unfolding of stxb is a reversible process involving a highly cooperative transition between folded pentamer and unfolded monomers. the conformational stability of stxb is ph dependent and because of its pe ... | 2003 | 12899637 |
| identification of the promoter regions and sigma(s)-dependent regulation of the gada and gadbc genes associated with glutamate-dependent acid resistance in shigella flexneri. | resistance to killing by low ph is a common feature of both escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. the most effective e. coli acid resistance system utilizes two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase encoded by gada and gadb, and a putative glutamate/gamma-amino butyric acid antiporter encoded by gadc. expression of the gad system is dependent upon the alternate sigma factor, sigma(s). we confirm that gada, gadb, and gadc are also all dependent upon sigma(s) for their expression in s. flexneri. - ... | 2003 | 12900035 |
| advances in the development of bacterial vector technology. | the demand for new and improved vaccines against human diseases has continued unabated over the past century. while the need continues for traditional vaccines in areas such as infectious diseases, there is an increasing demand for new therapies in nontraditional areas, such as cancer treatment, bioterrorism and food safety. prompted by these changes, there has been a renewed interest in the application and development of live, attenuated bacteria expressing foreign antigens as vaccines. the app ... | 2003 | 12901595 |
| safety and immunogenicity of shigella sonnei-crm9 and shigella flexneri type 2a-repasucc conjugate vaccines in one- to four-year-old children. | shigella conjugate vaccines have been shown to be safe, immunogenic and efficacious in adult volunteers. we have now investigated the safety and immunogenicity of investigational shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri 2a conjugate vaccines in 1- to 4-year-old children, the age group at greatest risk for shigellosis. | 2003 | 12913770 |
| duplication is more common among laterally transferred genes than among indigenous genes. | recent developments in the understanding of paralogous evolution have prompted a focus not only on obviously advantageous genes, but also on genes that can be considered to have a weak or sporadic impact on the survival of the organism. here we examine the duplicative behavior of a category of genes that can be considered to be mostly transient in the genome, namely laterally transferred genes. using both a compositional method and a gene-tree approach, we identify a number of proposed laterally ... | 2003 | 12914657 |
| the factor c3 conversion in human complement by smooth shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharides. | shigella flexneri rods play an important role in human intestinal infections. in the presented studies we have shown that o-acetyl and glucose residues, substituted in main galnac-rha chains of lipopolysaccharide (lps) are important for the bactericidal effect of human serum. by dot-blot, immunoblotting and elisa with immobilized lps we have shown correlation of c3 fragments deposition and serum resistance. lpss isolated from a serum-sensitive strain deposited more c3 fragments than lpss from se ... | 2003 | 12916727 |
| determination of the inve binding site required for expression of ipab of the shigella sonnei virulence plasmid: involvement of a parb boxa-like sequence. | the inve protein positively regulates the expression of virulence genes ipabcd in shigella sonnei. the inve has significant homology with parb of plasmid p1, which is known as a plasmid partitioning factor with dna binding ability. although the dna binding activity of inve has been predicted, it is not known whether the dna binding activity is necessary for type iii secretion system-associated gene expression. in this study, we determined the transcription start site of the icsb-ipabcd operon (i ... | 2003 | 12923088 |
| conformational studies of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella flexneri 5a and of four related synthetic pentasaccharide fragments using nmr and molecular modeling. | as part of a program for the development of synthetic vaccines against the pathogen shigella flexneri, we used a combination of nmr and molecular modeling methods to study the conformations of the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of s. flexneri 5a and of four related synthetic pentasaccharide fragments. the nmr study, based on the analysis of 1h and 13c chemical shifts, the evaluation of inter-residue distances, and the measurement of one- and three-bond heteronuclear coupling constants, showed ... | 2003 | 12925526 |
| [dysentery in poland in 2001]. | the notified number of dysentery cases is still very low, similar to the number reported in 2000. only 128 cases were notified in the year 2001 (incidence 0.33/100,000 population) while 121 cases were notified in 2000 (incidence 0.31/100,000). no death due to dysentery was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. only one outbreak of foodborne infection due to s. sonnei involving 28 patients was registered, less than in 2000 when 2 outbreaks, one due to s. flexneri and one due ... | 2003 | 12926313 |
| ipac of shigella binds to the c-terminal domain of beta-catenin. | ipac of shigella is essential for initial bacterial entry into epithelial cells. we report here that ipac interacts with beta-catenin and destabilizes the cadherin-mediated cell adhesion complex. using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified beta-catenin as a binding partner of ipac within the host cell after cell entry, but not in the initial entry. co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and gst pull-down experiments confirmed the intracellular and cell-free interactions between these tw ... | 2003 | 12927518 |
| survival, growth, and inactivation of acid-stressed shigella flexneri as affected by ph and temperature. | a study was done to determine the survival, growth, and inactivation characteristics of unadapted, acid-adapted, and acid-shocked shigella flexneri 2a cells as affected by ph and temperature. the pathogen was grown at 37 degrees c for 18 h in tryptic soy broth containing no glucose (tsbng) (unadapted cells) and tsbng supplemented with 1% glucose (tsbg) (acid-adapted cells). cells grown in tsbng were acid-shocked by adjusting 18-h cultures to ph 4.5+/-0.05 with lactic acid. all three cell types w ... | 2003 | 12927715 |
| a two-dimensional proteome map of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative facultatively intracellular pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. in this study, extracellular proteins from the culture medium and whole cell proteins in cellular extracts of s. flexneri 2a strain 2457t were examined by two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis using immobilized ph gradient (ipg) technology. proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (maldi-ms) in combination with mascot search ... | 2003 | 12929182 |