Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| seroprevalence of h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 influenza viruses in pigs in seven european countries in 2002-2003. | avian-like h1n1 and human-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (siv) have been considered widespread among pigs in western europe since the 1980s, and a novel h1n2 reassortant with a human-like h1 emerged in the mid 1990s. this study, which was part of the ec-funded 'european surveillance network for influenza in pigs 1', aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the h1n2 virus in different european regions and to compare the relative prevalences of each siv between regions. | 2008 | 19453469 |
| genetic analysis of h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in 2006-2007 in nairobi, kenya. | minimal influenza surveillance has been carried out in sub-saharan africa to provide information on circulating influenza subtypes for the purpose of vaccine production and monitoring trends in virus spread and mutations. | 2008 | 19453470 |
| non-random reassortment in human influenza a viruses. | the influenza a virus has two basic modes of evolution. because of a high error rate in the process of replication by rna polymerase, the viral genome drifts via accumulated mutations. the second mode of evolution is termed a shift, which results from the reassortment of the eight segments of this virus. when two different influenza viruses co-infect the same host cell, new virions can be released that contain segments from both parental strains. this type of shift has been the source of at leas ... | 2008 | 19453489 |
| a plant-produced influenza subunit vaccine protects ferrets against virus challenge. | influenza a viruses are of major concern for public health, causing worldwide epidemics associated with high morbidity and mortality. vaccines are critical for protection against influenza, but given the recent emergence of new strains with pandemic potential, and some limitations of the current production systems, there is a need for new approaches for vaccine development. | 2008 | 19453491 |
| investigation of exposure to swine influenza viruses in ontario (canada) finisher herds in 2004 and 2005. | the epidemiology of influenza in the north american swine population has changed since the emergence of a triple-reassortant h3n2 influenza virus. although seen previously in north america, the ontario swine population had likely been free of viruses of the reassortant h3n2 lineage until 2005. the objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of exposure to h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in the ontario finisher pig population prior to and after the h3n2 outbreak that occurred ... | 2008 | 17604859 |
| the molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses: a lesson from a highly epidemic season. | to analyse the epidemiological and molecular features of a long-lasting epidemic (12 weeks) of influenza in north-eastern italy during the 2004-05 season. | 2008 | 17630401 |
| significant rising antibody titres to influenza a are associated with an acute reduction in milk yield in cattle. | sporadic cases of an acute fall in milk production, "milk drop", were investigated in a holstein friesian dairy herd in devon. the investigation was a case control study with two controls per case. paired blood samples demonstrated that rising antibody titres to human influenza a/england/333/80 (h1n1) and human influenza a/eng/427/88 (h3n2) were associated with an acute fall in milk production. rising titres to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvd), infect ... | 2008 | 17851097 |
| severe respiratory disease and its relationship with respiratory viruses in colombia. | there are important gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of respiratory virus infections in tropical countries. in september 2003, the colombian epidemiological surveillance system was notified of several deaths from an acute respiratory disease (ard). | 2008 | 17720600 |
| genetic analysis of influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses circulating in vietnam from 2001 to 2006. | influenza a virus has the ability to overcome immunity from previous infections through the acquisition of genetic changes. thus, understanding the evolution of the viruses in humans is important for the surveillance and the selection of vaccine strains. a total of 30 influenza a/h3n2 viruses and 35 influenza a/h1n1 viruses that were collected in vietnam from 2001 to 2006 were used to analyze the evolution of the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), and matrix protein (m) genes. phylogenetic ... | 2008 | 17942644 |
| evolutionary analyses of european h1n2 swine influenza a virus by placing timestamps on the multiple reassortment events. | a novel h1n2 swine influenza a virus emerged in europe since 1994. previous phylogenetic analyses revealed that its genome segments were derived from h1n1 human virus, h3n2 human virus and avian-like h1n1/h3n2 swine virus, indicating the possibility of multiple reassortments events. however, dates of these reassortment events have not been investigated systematically. in this study, we used both global and local molecular clock concepts in a maximum likelihood framework to extrapolate the times ... | 2008 | 17936394 |
| vaccination against influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of rituximab on the humoral response. | to assess the effect of rituximab on the efficacy and safety of influenza virus vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra). | 2008 | 17981914 |
| induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza virus by intranasal immunization. | recovery from live influenza virus infection is known to induce heterosubtypic immunity. in contrast, immunity induced by inactivated vaccines is predominantly subtype specific. in this study, we investigated the heterosubtypic protective immunity induced by inactivated influenza virus. intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated influenza virus a/pr8 (h1n1) provided complete protection against the homologous virus and a drift virus within the same subtype, a/wsn (h1n1), but not against the ... | 2008 | 18032492 |
| networks of genomic co-occurrence capture characteristics of human influenza a (h3n2) evolution. | the recent availability of full genomic sequence data for a large number of human influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates over many years provides us an opportunity to analyze human influenza virus evolution by considering all gene segments simultaneously. however, such analysis requires development of new computational models that can capture the complex evolutionary features over the entire genome. by analyzing nucleotide co-occurrence over the entire genome of human h3n2 viruses, we have developed ... | 2008 | 18032723 |
| a biological model for influenza transmission: pandemic planning implications of asymptomatic infection and immunity. | the clinical attack rate of influenza is influenced by prior immunity and mixing patterns in the host population, and also by the proportion of infections that are asymptomatic. this complexity makes it difficult to directly estimate r(0) from the attack rate, contributing to uncertainty in epidemiological models to guide pandemic planning. we have modelled multiple wave outbreaks of influenza from different populations to allow for changing immunity and asymptomatic infection and to make infere ... | 2007 | 18043733 |
| interspecies and intraspecies transmission of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza a viruses. | the triple reassortant h3n2 viruses were isolated for the first time from pigs in 1998 and are known to be endemic in swine and turkey populations in the united states. in 2004, we isolated two h3n2 triple reassortant viruses from two turkey breeder flocks in ohio and illinois. infected hens showed no clinical signs, but experienced a complete cessation of egg production. in this study, we evaluated three triple reassortant h3n2 isolates of turkey origin and one isolate of swine origin for their ... | 2007 | 18045494 |
| novel 3-sulphonamido-quinazolin-4(3h)-one derivatives: microwave-assisted synthesis and evaluation of antiviral activities against respiratory and biodefense viruses. | we designed and synthesized novel 2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3h)-ones by microwave technique and characterized them by spectral analysis. synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxicity and for antiviral activity against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1), severe acute respiratory syndrome corona, dengue, yellow fever, venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee), rift valley fever, and tacaribe viruses in cell culture. a neutral red uptake assay was used to determine 50% virus-inhibitory concen ... | 2007 | 18046963 |
| higher polymerase activity of a human influenza virus enhances activation of the hemagglutinin-induced raf/mek/erk signal cascade. | influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of infected cells. viral genomic rna, three polymerase subunits (pb2, pb1, and pa), and the nucleoprotein (np) form ribonucleoprotein complexes (rnps) that are exported from the nucleus late during the infectious cycle. the virus-induced raf/mek/erk (mapk) signal cascade is crucial for efficient virus replication. blockade of this pathway retards rnp export and reduces virus titers. hemagglutinin (ha) accumulation and its tight association with lipi ... | 2007 | 18053252 |
| [genome sequence analysis of an h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus isolated from guangdong province in china]. | an h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus, a/swine/ guangdong/01/2005 (h3n2), was isolated from pigs with influenza-like signs in guangdong province in 2005. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to amplify the gene segments for sequencing analysis. phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin(ha) gene of a/swine/ guangdong/01/2005 shared high degree of sequence identity with those of h3n2 viruses isolated from swine in guangdong province from 2003 to 2004 and h3n2 ... | 2007 | 18062253 |
| epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006. | influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006 started late january - early february 2006 and first occurred in the netherlands, france, greece and england. subsequently, countries were affected in a random pattern across europe and the period of influenza activity lasted till the end of april. in contrast to the winter seasons in the period 2001-2005, no west-east pattern was detected. in 12 out of 23 countries, the consultation rates for influenza-like illness or acute respiratory in ... | 2007 | 17991413 |
| phylogenetic analysis reveals the global migration of seasonal influenza a viruses. | the winter seasonality of influenza a virus in temperate climates is one of the most widely recognized, yet least understood, epidemiological patterns in infectious disease. central to understanding what drives the seasonal emergence of this important human pathogen is determining what becomes of the virus during the non-epidemic summer months. herein, we take a step towards elucidating the seasonal emergence of influenza virus by determining the evolutionary relationship between populations of ... | 2007 | 17941707 |
| [influenza in poland in 2005]. | a total number of 773,234 cases of influenza and influenza-like illness registered in poland in 2004 (incidence 1921.4 per 100,000 population). regionally the incidence ranged from 3391.8 per 100,000 population in mazowieckie to 364.0 in swietokrzyskie. children and adolescents under 15 years of age accounted for 34.5% of all cases (age specific incidence 4045.3 per 100,000). in this age group the incidence varied regionally from 6381.1 in mazowieckie to 797.6 in swietokrzyskie. 1469 patients (0 ... | 2007 | 17956033 |
| cloning of the canine rna polymerase i promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza a and b in mdck cells. | recent incidents where highly pathogenic influenza a h5n1 viruses have spread from avian species into humans have prompted the development of cell-based production of influenza vaccines as an alternative to or replacement of current egg-based production. madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells are the primary cell-substrate candidate for influenza virus production but an efficient system for the direct rescue of influenza virus from cloned influenza cdnas in mdck cells did not exist. the objectiv ... | 2007 | 17956624 |
| [the 2006/'07 influenza season in the netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2007/'08 season]. | the influenza epidemic of 2006/'07 began late in the season, like the two previous influenza epidemics. in week 8 a peak of modest height was reached. as usual, the causal strains were mainly a/h3n2 viruses and to a lesser extent a/h1n1 and b viruses. a new a/h1n1 virus variant has emerged, an event that on average takes place only every 10 years. however, almost all a/h1n1 virus isolates belonged to the old variant and were similar to the vaccine virus. the a/h3n2 virus isolates appeared to dev ... | 2007 | 17957994 |
| development and preclinical evaluation of an alphavirus replicon vaccine for influenza. | we used a propagation-defective, single-cycle, alphavirus replicon vector system to produce virus-like replicon particles (vrp) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) proteins from influenza a/wyoming/03/2003 (h3n2). efficient production methods were scaled to produce pilot lots of ha vrp and na vrp and clinical lots of ha vrp. ha vrp-induced high-titered antibody responses in mice, rabbits and rhesus macaques, as measured by elisa or hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays, an ... | 2007 | 17961878 |
| [characteristic analysis of na gene of human influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from 1996 to 2005 in china]. | the na genes of 395 strains of human h3n2 influenza virus isolated from 1996 to 2005 in china were sequenced, analyzed with bioinformatics tools. the na nucleotide sequence of phylogenetic tree showed a main evolution branch with multiple short side branches. the strains in the same year may be divided into several branches. there was an obvious lag between vaccine strains recommended by who and the chinese circulating strains in phylogenetic tree of the na nucleotide. the result also showed no ... | 2007 | 17969849 |
| [expression of influenza a3 virus (h3n2) m2 gene in vaccinia virus tiantan strain]. | to construct a recombinant vaccinia virus rvj1175m2 expressing influenza a3 virus (h3n2) m2 gene, full length gene encoding influenza virus (h3n2) m2 protein was amplified with pcr and cloned into plasmid pjsc1175 which was used for homologous recombination with vaccinia virus tiantan strain. along with this, a recombinant vaccinia virus rvj1175m2 containing the m2 gene was subsequently constructed. it was identified by pcr that the gene of m2 protein was inserted into the tk locus of vaccinia v ... | 2007 | 17969855 |
| [results of two-year surveillance of flu in abidjan, côte d'ivoire]. | influenza (flu) is a seasonal viral disease that may have a favorable outcome or be associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate during epidemics. in view of the lack of epidemiological and virological data about flu in côte d'ivoire, a surveillance network was set up in abidjan to monitor the spread of flu and characterize isolated viruses. over the 24-month period from january 2003 to december 2004, nasal secretions were collected in patients presenting with flu syndrome at various heat ... | 2007 | 17784678 |
| rapid multiplex nested pcr for detection of respiratory viruses. | respiratory tract infections can be caused by a heterogeneous group of viruses and bacteria that produce similar clinical presentations. specific diagnosis therefore relies on laboratory investigation. this study developed and evaluated five groups of multiplex nested pcr assays that could simultaneously detect 21 different respiratory pathogens: influenza a virus (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1); influenza b virus; parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3, 4a, and 4b; respiratory syncytial virus a and b; human ... | 2007 | 17804659 |
| [study on the detection of positive selected codons on ha1 sequence of human influenza a subtype h3n2]. | to elucidate the evolution pattern of human influenza virus a h3 subtype by detecting positive selected codons in hemagglutinin gene. | 2007 | 17850715 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses elicit an attenuated type i interferon response in polarized human bronchial epithelial cells. | the unparalleled spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) h5n1 viruses has resulted in devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry and sporadic human infections with a high fatality rate. to better understand the mechanism(s) of h5n1 virus pathogenesis and host responses in humans, we utilized a polarized human bronchial epithelial cell model that expresses both avian alpha-2,3- and human alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors on the apical surface and supports productive replication o ... | 2007 | 17855549 |
| [effectiveness of triennial anti-influenza vaccination in french military during the 2003-2004 influenza season]. | influenza may rapidly disseminate within populations living in confined settings, causing considerable morbidity and disrupting daily activities. the french military health-care system set up since 1994 a prevention strategy based on triennial anti-influenza vaccination. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy during the 2003-2004 influenza season. | 2007 | 17870268 |
| [tetravaccine--new fundamental approach to prevention of influenza pandemic]. | according to opinion of who's experts, development and use of tetravaccine, which contains both interdemic and pandemic (h5n1) serotypes of influenza viruses, is one of the most promising approaches to control possible influenza pandemic. results of recently obtained data from clinical trials allowed experts from who to make a conclusion that protective immunity against avian influenza virus can be achieved after 2-doses immunization, when the immune system will be primed to hemagglutinin after ... | 2007 | 17882832 |
| creating a model program for influenza surveillance in california: results from the 2005-2006 influenza season. | influenza surveillance is valuable for monitoring trends in influenza-related morbidity and mortality. using the 2005-2006 influenza season as an example, this paper describes a comprehensive influenza surveillance program used by the california department of public health (cdph). | 2007 | 17888862 |
| preclinical in vitro activity of qr-435 against influenza a virus as a virucide and in paper masks for prevention of viral transmission. | prophylaxis against influenza is difficult, and current approaches against pandemics may be ineffective because of shortages of the two proven classes of antivirals in the face of a large-scale infection. herbal/natural products may represent an effective alternative to conventional attempts to protect against infection by avian influenza virus. qr-435, an all-natural compound of green tea extract and other agents, has been developed to provide protection against a wide range of viral infections ... | 2007 | 17890935 |
| in vivo prophylactic activity of qr-435 against h3n2 influenza virus infection. | prophylaxis against influenza infection can take several forms, none of which is totally effective at preventing the spread of the disease. qr-435, an all-natural compound of green-tea extract and other agents, has been developed to protect against a range of viral infections, including the influenza subtype h3n2. | 2007 | 17890936 |
| comparative study of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of influenza a virus h3n2, h9n2, and h5n1 subtypes using bioinformatics techniques. | to investigate the genomic patterns of influenza a virus subtypes, such as h3n2, h9n2, and h5n1, we collected 1842 sequences of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from the ncbi database and parsed them into 7 categories: accession number, host species, sampling year, country, subtype, gene name, and sequence. the sequences that were isolated from the human, avian, and swine populations were extracted and stored in a mysql database for intensive analysis. the gc content and relative synony ... | 2007 | 17898838 |
| safety and immunogenicity profile of the concomitant administration of zostavax and inactivated influenza vaccine in adults aged 50 and older. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of zostavax administered concomitantly with inactivated influenza vaccine or sequentially in adults aged 50 and older. | 2007 | 17908055 |
| immediate and broad-spectrum protection against heterologous and heterotypic lethal challenge in mice by live influenza vaccine. | in this study, we evaluated a live attenuated influenza vaccine (x-31 ca, h3n2) as a fast-acting prophylaxis against both heterologous (a/new caledonia/99, h1n1) and heterotypic (b/shangdong/97, influenza b) infection. an immediate and broad-spectrum protection was achieved in the absence of specific antibody responses. vaccination immediately prior to challenge resulted in the generation of a significant pool of reassortant virus between the vaccine and virulent strains suggesting that the acqu ... | 2007 | 17919786 |
| cross-protection against h5n1 influenza virus infection is afforded by intranasal inoculation with seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. | avian h5n1 influenza a virus is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause substantial human morbidity and mortality. we evaluated the ability of currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccine to confer cross-protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus in mice. | 2007 | 17922395 |
| efficacy of intranasal administration of a truncated ns1 modified live influenza virus vaccine in swine. | in the u.s., despite available swine influenza virus (siv) vaccines, multiple influenza subtypes as well as antigenic and genetic variants within subtypes continue to circulate in the swine population. one of the challenges to control and eliminate siv is that the currently used inactivated influenza virus vaccines do not provide adequate cross-protection against multiple antigenic variants of siv in the field. we previously generated a recombinant h3n2 swine influenza virus (siv) based on the i ... | 2007 | 17933442 |
| undernutrition can affect the invading microorganism. | undernutrition or malnutrition adversely affects host defenses against many invading microorganisms, thereby increasing the severity of infection. studies of rna viruses (e.g., coxsackievirus b and influenzavirus) have shown that selenium or vitamin e deficiency in mice increases disease severity and results in stable genomic changes in the virus that increase virulence. changes in h3n2 influenzavirus were predominantly in the ordinarily stable m1 matrix protein. whether this represents selectio ... | 2007 | 17638196 |
| intranasal immunization with influenza virus and korean mistletoe lectin c (kml-c) induces heterosubtypic immunity in mice. | the mucosal adjuvanticity of korean mistletoe lectin c (kml-c) was investigated in mice intranasally immunized with inactivated influenza virus (h1n1). mucosal and systemic immune responses were compared to those induced with cholera toxin b subunit (ctb). kml-c increased influenza-specific antibodies with dominant igg1 subclass in serum, igg in genital secretions and iga in saliva, and significantly enhanced influenza-specific lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic activity in spleens and in me ... | 2007 | 17640781 |
| alterations in receptor binding properties of recent human influenza h3n2 viruses are associated with reduced natural killer cell lysis of infected cells. | natural killer (nk) cell recognition of influenza virus-infected cells involves hemagglutinin (ha) binding to sialic acid (sa) on activating nk receptors. sa also acts as a receptor for the binding of influenza virus to its target host cells. the sa binding properties of h3n2 influenza viruses have been observed to change during circulation in humans: recent isolates are unable to agglutinate chicken red blood cells and show reduced affinity for synthetic glycopolymers representing sa-alpha-2,3- ... | 2007 | 17670834 |
| monitoring the impact of influenza by age: emergency department fever and respiratory complaint surveillance in new york city. | the importance of understanding age when estimating the impact of influenza on hospitalizations and deaths has been well described, yet existing surveillance systems have not made adequate use of age-specific data. monitoring influenza-related morbidity using electronic health data may provide timely and detailed insight into the age-specific course, impact and epidemiology of seasonal drift and reassortment epidemic viruses. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of emergency departm ... | 2007 | 17683196 |
| co-infection of the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) with staphylococcus aureus and influenza a virus results in synergistic disease. | bacterial super-infection of influenza patients is the primary cause of excess mortality during influenza pandemics, with staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) having the highest fatality rate. the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) is an excellent model for both influenza and s. aureus pathogenesis, and therefore a potential tool to model co-infection. we compared physiologic and pathologic changes in cotton rats infected with both s. aureus and influenza a/wuhan/359/95 (h3n2), with animals infected wi ... | 2007 | 17689046 |
| serologic and genetic characterization of north american h3n2 swine influenza a viruses. | the h3n2 subtype of influenza a viruses isolated from pigs in the united states and canada has shown both genetic and antigenic diversity. the objective of this study was to determine the serologic and genetic characteristics of contemporary strains of these viruses. genetic analysis of 18 reference strains and 8 selected strains demonstrated differences in 1% to 9% of the nucleotides of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene. phylogenetic analysis of the ha gene revealed 3 genetic clusters, as well as div ... | 2007 | 17695595 |
| efficacy of swine influenza a virus vaccines against an h3n2 virus variant. | we compared the efficacy of 3 commercial vaccines against swine influenza a virus (siv) and an experimental homologous vaccine in young pigs that were subsequently challenged with a variant h3n2 siv, a/swine/colorado/00294/2004, selected from a repository of serologically and genetically characterized h3n2 siv isolates obtained from recent cases of swine respiratory disease. the experimental vaccine was prepared from the challenge virus. four groups of 8 pigs each were vaccinated intramuscularly ... | 2007 | 17695596 |
| [epidemic status of influenza virus between 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at kawasaki medical school hospital]. | of patients with influenza-like symptoms such as fever, myalgia and arthralgia 2399 visited kawasaki medical school hospital in 2004-2005 and 2171 in 2005-2006. among those patients over 16 years old, laboratory examinations using the rapid antigen test or the serum hi test were positive for 366 (a: 86, b : 280) in 2004-2005 and 372 (a :370, b:2) in 2005-2006. influenza b achieved epidemic status first in 2004-2005, followed by influenza a (h3n2) after april 2005. only influenza a was epidemic i ... | 2007 | 17695799 |
| trivalent live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine administered during the 2003-2004 influenza type a (h3n2) outbreak provided immediate, direct, and indirect protection in children. | live attenuated influenza vaccine may protect against wild-type influenza illness shortly after vaccine administration by innate immunity. the 2003-2004 influenza a (h3n2) outbreak arrived early, and the circulating strain was antigenically distinct from the vaccine strain. the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of influenza vaccines for healthy school-aged children when administered during the influenza outbreak. | 2007 | 17698577 |
| high prevalence of amantadine-resistance influenza a (h3n2) in six prefectures, japan, in the 2005-2006 season. | substantial increase in amantadine-resistant influenza a (h3n2) was reported in asia and north america in 2005. in this study the frequency and genetic characteristics of amantadine-resistant influenza a, circulated in japan in 2005-2006 season, were investigated. isolates were tested by amantadine susceptibility test (tcid(50)/0.2 ml method), and sequencing of the m2 gene to identify mutations that confer resistance. additionally, the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of the virus ... | 2007 | 17705168 |
| vaccination with polymerase chain reaction-generated linear expression cassettes protects mice against lethal influenza a challenge. | the feasibility of a linear expression cassette (lec)-based influenza a dna vaccine was demonstrated in mice, using a lethal dose (ld90) of a mouse-adapted a/hong kong/8/68 (h3n2) influenza strain. lecs expressing hemagglutinin (ha) from either the homotypic h3n2 or the heterotypic h1n1 (a/puerto rico/8/34) influenza virus were produced by polymerase chain reaction and either phosphodiester- or phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotide primers. survival subsequent to lethal viral challenge was u ... | 2007 | 17705698 |
| biological evaluation of anti-influenza viral activity of semi-synthetic catechin derivatives. | catechin derivatives with different alkyl chain length and aromatic ring substitutions at the 3-hydroxyl group were synthesized from epigallocatechin (egc) and (+)-catechin (c) and their anti-influenza viral activity were evaluated in vitro and in ovo. pronounced antiviral activity was observed for derivatives carrying moderate chain length (7-9 carbons) as compared to those with aromatic rings, whereas the 5'-hydroxyl group of the trihydroxy benzyl moiety did not significantly contribute to ant ... | 2007 | 17709148 |
| attachment of infectious influenza a viruses of various subtypes to live mammalian and avian cells as measured by flow cytometry. | at present there is much interest in the cell tropism and host range of influenza viruses, especially those of the h5n1 subtype. we wished to develop a method that would enable investigation of attachment of infectious virus through the interaction of the hemagglutinin molecule and live mammalian and avian cells and the subsequent infection of these cells. to this end, influenza viruses of various ha subtypes were constructed that either carry the green fluorescent protein (gfp) instead of the n ... | 2007 | 17714820 |
| human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals. | viral attachment to the host cell is critical for tissue and species specificity of virus infections. recently, pattern of viral attachment (pva) in human respiratory tract was determined for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype h5n1. however, pva of human influenza viruses and other avian influenza viruses in either humans or experimental animals is unknown. therefore, we compared pva of two human influenza viruses (h1n1 and h3n2) and two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (h5 ... | 2007 | 17717141 |
| influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children: relationship with attendance at a paediatric emergency unit and characteristics of the circulating strains. | a study was carried out on 2,696 italian children, aged 0-14 years. the goals were: (1) to define the age-related impact of acute respiratory infections (ari), measured as the risk of attendance at the paediatric emergency room, (2) to better define the importance and proportion of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and (3) to acquire deeper knowledge of the influenza strains circulating in infants and children. a standardised emergency unit attendance risk (euar) was cal ... | 2007 | 17610094 |
| abnormal humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in pediatric type-1 human immunodeficiency virus infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. | given that highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has been demonstrated useful to restore immune competence in type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1)-infected subjects, we evaluated the specific antibody response to influenza vaccine in a cohort of hiv-1-infected children on haart so as to analyze the quality of this immune response in patients under antiretroviral therapy. sixteen hiv-1-infected children and 10 hiv-1 seronegative controls were immunized with a commercially available ... | 2007 | 17612772 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip), 2007. | this report updates the 2006 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2006;55[no. rr-10]). the groups of persons for whom vaccination is recommended and the antiviral medications recommended for chemoprophylaxis or treatment (oseltamivir or zanamivir) have not changed. estimated ... | 2007 | 17625497 |
| assessment of the extent of variation in influenza a virus cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes by using virus-specific cd8+ t-cell clones. | the influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np) and matrix protein are major targets for human virus-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses. most of the ctl epitopes that have been identified so far are conserved. however, sequence variation in ctl epitopes of the np has recently been demonstrated to be associated with escape from virus-specific ctls. to assess the extent of variation in ctl epitopes during influenza a virus evolution, 304 ctl clones derived from six study subjects were obtain ... | 2007 | 17251571 |
| prevalence of pb1-f2 of influenza a viruses. | pb1-f2 is a pro-apoptotic polypeptide of many influenza a virus (fluav) isolates encoded by an alternative orf of segment 2. a comprehensive genbank search was conducted to analyse its prevalence. this search yielded 2226 entries of 80 fluav subtypes. of these sequences, 87 % encode a pb1-f2 polypeptide greater than 78 aa. however, classic swine influenza viruses and human h1n1 isolates collected since 1950 harbour a truncated pb1-f2 sequence. while pb1-f2 of human h1n1 viruses terminates after ... | 2007 | 17251572 |
| recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) expressing the influenza a virus hemagglutinin provides immunity in mice to influenza a virus challenge. | parainfluenza virus type 5 (piv5), formerly known as simian virus 5 (sv5), is a non-segmented negative strand rna virus that offers several advantages as a vaccine vector. piv5 infects many cell types causing little cytopathic effect, it replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, and does not have a dna phase in its life cycle thus avoiding the possibility of introducing foreign genes into the host dna genome. importantly, piv5 can infect humans but it is not associated with any known human ... | 2007 | 17254623 |
| humoral and cellular immune responses in children given annual immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. | there have been no prior reports of the frequency of circulating influenza-specific, interferon gamma-producing memory cd4+ and cd8+ t-cells in healthy children who have received multiple influenza immunizations. | 2007 | 17259871 |
| identification of a/h5n1 influenza viruses using a single gene diagnostic microarray. | in previous work, a simple diagnostic dna microarray that targeted only the matrix gene segment of influenza a (mchip) was developed and evaluated with patient samples. in this work, the analytical utility of the mchip for detection and subtyping of an emerging virus was evaluated with a diverse set of a/h5n1 influenza viruses. a total of 43 different highly pathogenic a/h5n1 viral isolates that were collected from diverse geographic locations, including vietnam, nigeria, indonesia, and kazakhst ... | 2007 | 17194164 |
| comparative analytical sensitivities of six rapid influenza a antigen detection test kits for detection of influenza a subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1. | rapid and simple methods for diagnosing human influenza a (h5n1) disease urgently needed. the limited data so far suggest that the currently available rapid antigen detection kits have poor clinical sensitivity for diagnosis of human h5n1 disease. | 2007 | 17194622 |
| avian-virus-like receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin impedes influenza virus replication in cultures of human airway epithelium. | a non-optimal receptor-binding specificity of avian influenza viruses is believed to hamper their replication in humans; however, the magnitude of this restriction remains undefined. here we generated recombinant viruses, r1 and r2, that differed solely by two amino acids in the receptor-binding site of their hemagglutinin (ha). r1 harbored the original ha of the pandemic human virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), whereas r2 was the l226q/s228g ha mutant with avian-virus-like receptor specificity. in ... | 2007 | 17207830 |
| a comparison of the humoral and cellular immune responses at different immunological sites after split influenza virus vaccination of mice. | the spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes are all known to be important organs for the initiation and maintenance of an immune response after vaccination. to investigate the differences and similarities in the humoral and cellular immune responses between these tissues, we vaccinated mice once or twice with the conventional human dose (15 microg ha) of influenza a (h3n2) split virus vaccine and analysed the sera and lymphocytes collected from the different sites. we found that the response of anti ... | 2007 | 17212762 |
| non-compact nucleocapsid protein multimers in influenza-virus-infected cells. | we have previously shown that protease-resistant and highly immunoreactive compact np oligomers, dissociating at +80 degrees c and possessing properties of folded proteins, are post-translationally formed in influenza-virus-infected cells. in this study we demonstrate that, in addition to compact np oligomers, incompletely folded np multimers are detected intracellularly by sds/page carried out under weak dissociating conditions. in cells infected with avian, human a(h2n2), and human a(h3n2) vir ... | 2007 | 17216139 |
| features discriminating sars from other severe viral respiratory tract infections. | this study investigated the discriminatory features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and severe non-sars community-acquired viral respiratory infection (requiring hospitalization) in an emergency department in hong kong. in a case-control study, clinical, laboratory and radiological data from 322 patients with laboratory-confirmed sars from the 2003 sars outbreak were compared with the data of 253 non-sars adult patients with confirmed viral respiratory tract infection from 2004 in or ... | 2007 | 17219094 |
| epidemiology of influenza in hanoi, vietnam, from 2001 to 2003. | the aim of this study was to clarify the epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed influenza in hanoi, vietnam. | 2007 | 17222912 |
| serologic surveillance of swine h1 and h3 and avian h5 and h9 influenza a virus infections in swine population in korea. | influenza a is a respiratory disease common in the swine industry. three subtypes, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses, are currently co-circulating in swine populations in korea. an outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus occurred in domestic bird farms in korea during the winter season of 2003. pigs can serve as hosts for avian influenza viruses, enabling passage of the virus to other mammals and recombination of mammalian and avian influenza viruses, which are more re ... | 2007 | 17223213 |
| amantadine-resistant influenza a (h3n2) virus in japan, 2005-2006. | 2007 | 17229966 | |
| antibody responses after dose-sparing intradermal influenza vaccination. | reduced-dose intradermal (id) influenza vaccination is an attractive approach to increase availability of vaccine supply in an event of vaccine shortage. we conducted a randomized open-label study, in which 500 subjects were randomly assigned to receive an id injection of 0.1 ml dose of inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine or an im injection of 0.5 ml dose. the subjects who had hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titer of at least 1:40 at day 28 post-vaccination in id and im groups w ... | 2007 | 17011678 |
| chemoenzymatic synthesis of artificial glycopolypeptides containing multivalent sialyloligosaccharides with a gamma-polyglutamic acid backbone and their effect on inhibition of infection by influenza viruses. | highly water-soluble, artificial glycopolypeptides with a gamma-polyglutamic acid (gamma-pga) backbone derived from bacillus subtilis sp. and multivalent sialyloligosaccharide units have been chemoenzymatically synthesized as potential polymeric inhibitors of infection by bird and human influenza viruses. 5-trifluoroacetamidopentyl beta-n-acetyllactosaminide and 5-trifluoroacetamidopentyl beta-lactoside were enzymatically synthesized from lacnac and lactose, respectively, by cellulase-mediated c ... | 2007 | 17129732 |
| natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children. | during the 2001-2002 epidemic of influenza virus a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b, the authors obtained detailed profiles of fever from 118 infected children. the only treatment given was acetaminophen for temperatures greater than 39.0 degrees c. fever was most prominent in a/h3n2 and young children. secondary fever was observed frequently at 72 to 132 hours in all types. the duration of fever was associated negatively with the age of the child and positively with the maximal temperature. the information ... | 2007 | 17164515 |
| lower clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza b contrasted with influenza a infection in children. | recently, many japanese physicians have claimed that oseltamivir is less effective in children with influenza b virus infection. this study assesses the effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b in children on the basis of the duration of febrile illness. | 2007 | 17173216 |
| changes in paracrine interleukin-2 requirement, ccr7 expression, frequency, and cytokine secretion of human immunodeficiency virus-specific cd4+ t cells are a consequence of antigen load. | virus-specific cd4+ t-cell responses are thought to be required for the induction and maintenance of many effective cd8+ t-cell and b-cell immune responses in experimental animals and humans. although the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific cd4+ t cells has been documented in patients at all stages of hiv infection, many fundamental questions regarding their frequency and function remain. a 10-color, 12-parameter flow cytometric panel was utilized to examine the frequency, me ... | 2007 | 17182676 |
| virus-epitope vaccine design: informatic matching the hla-i polymorphism to the virus genome. | attempts to develop peptide vaccines, based on a limited number of peptides face two problems: hla polymorphism and the high mutation rate of viral epitopes. we have developed a new genomic method that ensures maximal coverage and thus maximal applicability of the peptide vaccine. the same method also promises a large number of epitopes per hla to prevent escape via mutations. our design can be applied swiftly in order to face rapidly emerging viral diseases. we use a genomic scan of all candida ... | 2007 | 16930710 |
| a cell-based luminescence assay is effective for high-throughput screening of potential influenza antivirals. | the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza across geographical and species barriers underscores the increasing need for novel antivirals to compliment vaccination and existing antiviral therapies. identification of new antiviral lead compounds depends on robust primary assays for high-throughput screening (hts) of large compound libraries. we have developed a cell-based screen for potential influenza antivirals that measures the cytopathic effect (cpe) induced by influenza virus (a/udorn/72 ... | 2007 | 16904762 |
| impaired long-chain fatty acid metabolism in mitochondria causes brain vascular invasion by a non-neurotropic epidemic influenza a virus in the newborn/suckling period: implications for influenza-associated encephalopathy. | the neuropathogenesis of influenza-associated encephalopathy in children and reye's syndrome remains unclear. a surveillance effort conducted during 2000-2003 in south-west japan reveals that almost all fatal and handicapped influenza-associated encephalopathy patients exhibit a disorder of mitochondrial beta-oxidation with elevated serum acylcarnitine ratios (c(16:0)+c(18:1))/c(2). here we show invasion by a non-neurotropic epidemic influenza a h3n2 virus in cerebral capillaries with progressiv ... | 2007 | 16896540 |
| primary influenza a virus infection induces cross-protective immunity against a lethal infection with a heterosubtypic virus strain in mice. | in order to assess the level of protection against a lethal influenza virus infection provided by a primary infection with a virus strain of another subtype, c57bl/6 mice were infected with the sublethal influenza virus x-31 (h3n2) and subsequently challenged with the lethal strain a/pr/8/34 (h1n1). the outcome of the challenge infection was compared with that in mice that did not experience an infection with influenza virus x-31 prior to the challenge infection. the x-31 experienced mice cleare ... | 2007 | 17005299 |
| rapid sequencing of the non-coding regions of influenza a virus. | the non-coding regions (ncrs) of influenza a virus gene segments play a crucial role in the viral replication cycle. although the ncrs are considered to be conserved, some variation does exist, that affects viral replication. therefore, a rapid method to sequence the 5' and 3' ncrs was designed. this method is based on ligation of viral rna, rt reactions and subsequent pcr with primersets consisting of a gene segment specific primer and a primer designed across the junction of the 5' and 3' ends ... | 2007 | 17059848 |
| design, synthesis, inhibitory activity, and sar studies of pyrrolidine derivatives as neuraminidase inhibitors. | a series of pyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit neuraminidase (na) of influenza a virus (h3n2). all compounds were synthesized in good yields starting from commercially 4-hydroxy-l-proline using a suitable synthetic strategy. these compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against influenza a neuraminidase. within this series, five compounds, 6e, 9c, 9e, 9f, and 10e, have good potency (ic(50)=1.56-2.71 microm) which are compared to that the na in ... | 2007 | 17287121 |
| antigenic and genetic evolution of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses in europe. | in the early 1970s, a human influenza a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2)-like virus colonized the european swine population. analyses of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in the netherlands and belgium revealed that in the early 1990s, antigenic drift had occurred, away from a/port chalmers/1/73, the strain commonly used in influenza vaccines for pigs. here we show that italian swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses displayed antigenic and genetic changes similar to those observed in northern europea ... | 2007 | 17287258 |
| influenza surveillance in korea: establishment and first results of an epidemiological and virological surveillance scheme. | surveillance is an important component of influenza control. this report describes the establishment and first results of the korean influenza surveillance scheme (kiss), an integrated clinical and laboratory surveillance network involving 622 public health centres (phcs) and private clinics. sentinel physicians reported cases of influenza-like illness (ili) weekly and forwarded specimens for virus isolation and characterization. influenza activity during the opening 2000-2001 season was milder ... | 2007 | 17291376 |
| comparison of the mchip to viral culture, reverse transcription-pcr, and the quickvue influenza a+b test for rapid diagnosis of influenza. | the performance of a diagnostic microarray (the mchip assay) for influenza was compared in a blind study to that of viral culture, reverse transcription (rt)-pcr, and the quickvue influenza a+b test. the patient sample data set was composed of 102 respiratory secretion specimens collected between 29 december 2005 and 2 february 2006 at scott & white hospital and clinic in temple, texas. samples were collected from a wide range of age groups by using direct collection, nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs, ... | 2007 | 17301287 |
| hidden epitopes emerge in secondary influenza virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses. | influenza a virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses in h2(b) mice are characterized by reproducible hierarchies. compensation by the d(b)pb1-f2(62) epitope is apparent following infection with a variant h3n2 virus engineered to disrupt the prominent d(b)np(366) and d(b)pa(224) epitopes (a double knockout or dko). analysis with a "triple" knockout (tko) virus, which also compromises d(b)pb1-f2(62), did not reveal further compensation to the known residual, minor, and predicted epitopes. however, inf ... | 2007 | 17312156 |
| antibodies specific to the ha2 glycopolypeptide of influenza a virus haemagglutinin with fusion-inhibition activity contribute to the protection of mice against lethal infection. | four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) recognizing distinct antigenic sites on the ha2 glycopolypeptide of influenza virus a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) have been tested for in vivo protection. when applied intravenously before infection, three of them increased the survival of balb/c mice infected with 1 ld50 homologous virus. the protection resulted simultaneously in 2 days earlier clearance of virus from the lungs. these three antibodies inhibited the fusion activity of virus in previous in vitro experime ... | 2007 | 17325369 |
| preclinical evaluation of microneedle technology for intradermal delivery of influenza vaccines. | recent clinical studies have suggested that, for certain strains of influenza virus, intradermal (i.d.) delivery may enable protective immune responses using a lower dose of vaccine than required by intramuscular (i.m.) injection. here, we describe the first preclinical use of microneedle technology for i.d. administration of three different types of influenza vaccines: (i) a whole inactivated influenza virus, (ii) a trivalent split-virion human vaccine, and (iii) a plasmid dna encoding the infl ... | 2007 | 17329444 |
| [influenza virus in pediatrics. a reason for hospitalization]. | influenza infection in infants and children has been classically underestimated due to its non-specific symptoms, which sometimes overlap those of other respiratory viruses. infants under 24 months are a risk group and school-aged children are a major source of influenza infection. the aim of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children hospitalized for flu, including co-infections and the differences as compared to other respiratory viruses. the effect ... | 2007 | 17335696 |
| influenza virus-like particles elicit broader immune responses than whole virion inactivated influenza virus or recombinant hemagglutinin. | influenza virus is a highly infectious respiratory pathogen that results in severe morbidity and mortality. the current licensed trivalent vaccine formulations in the u.s. are made from virus grown in allantoic fluid from infected hen eggs that is then chemically inactivated and split into subunit components. these vaccines elicit antibodies, primarily to the viral hemagglutinin (ha), which are efficacious in healthy adults, but are limited in protecting high risk individuals, such as the elderl ... | 2007 | 17337102 |
| amino acid 226 in the hemagglutinin of h9n2 influenza viruses determines cell tropism and replication in human airway epithelial cells. | influenza a viruses of the h9n2 subtype are endemic in poultry in many eurasian countries and have occasionally caused clinical respiratory diseases in humans. while some avian h9n2 viruses have glutamine (q) at amino acid position 226 of the hemagglutinin (ha) receptor-binding site, an increasing number of isolates have leucine (l) at this position, which has been associated with the establishment of stable lineages of the h2 and h3 subtypes of viruses in humans. little is known about the impor ... | 2007 | 17344280 |
| isolation and genetic analysis of human origin h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses from pigs in china. | influenza a viruses of subtypes h1n1 and h3n2 have been reported widely in pigs, associated with clinical disease. these mainly include classical swine h1n1, avian-like h1n1, and human-like or avian-like h3n2 viruses. from 2005 to 2006, we carried out swine influenza virus surveillance in eight provinces of china. here we report, for the first time, the isolation and genetic analysis of a human-like influenza h1n1 virus from a pig in a farm of guangdong province of southern china, a host suspect ... | 2007 | 17346674 |
| nuclear and nucleolar targeting of influenza a virus ns1 protein: striking differences between different virus subtypes. | influenza a virus nonstructural protein 1 (ns1a protein) is a virulence factor which is targeted into the nucleus. it is a multifunctional protein that inhibits host cell pre-mrna processing and counteracts host cell antiviral responses. we show that the ns1a protein can interact with all six human importin alpha isoforms, indicating that the nuclear translocation of ns1a protein is mediated by the classical importin alpha/beta pathway. the ns1a protein of the h1n1 (wsn/33) virus has only one n- ... | 2007 | 17376915 |
| efficacy of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine against influenza a (fujian), a drift variant, during 2003-2004. | in the 2003-2004 influenza season, the predominant circulating influenza a (h3n2) virus in the united states was similar antigenically to a/fujian/411/2002 (h3n2), a drift variant of a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2), the vaccine strain. that year, a field study of trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv-t) was conducted in temple-belton, texas, as part of a larger community-based, non-randomized, open-label study in three communities that began in august 1998 [gaglani mj, piedra pa, herschler g ... | 2007 | 17395338 |
| a latex agglutination test for the rapid detection of avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 and its clinical application. | a rapid and simple latex agglutination test (lat) for the detection of avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h5n1 in chicken allantoic fluids, tracheal swabs, and tissues was developed. monoclonal antibodies against the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of h5n1 were covalently coupled onto the surface of carboxylated latex bead using a water-soluble carbodiimide to obtain sensitized latex particles (slp). these slps strongly agglutinated in the presence of allantoic fluid containing h5n1, but not fluids ... | 2007 | 17402609 |
| comparison of neutralising antibody assays for detection of antibody to influenza a/h3n2 viruses: an international collaborative study. | a study was performed to investigate the reproducibility of haemagglutinin-inhibition (hi) and virus neutralising (vn) assays for detection of anti-influenza antibody. participants in 11 laboratories from eight countries measured antibody to egg-grown a/japan/434/2003, cell-grown a/japan/434/2003 and a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) viruses in 18 human and two post-infection ferret sera. there was significant intra-laboratory assay variability for vn compared to hi. for replicate assays within laboratori ... | 2007 | 17412461 |
| an amino acid substitution in the influenza a virus hemagglutinin associated with escape from recognition by human virus-specific cd4+ t-cells. | influenza virus-specific cd4+ t-helper cells were cloned that recognized a virus strain isolated in 1981, but that failed to recognize more recent strains. the hla-dr*1601-restricted epitope recognized was located in the hemagglutinin (ha(99-113)) and the naturally occurring a-->v substitution at position 106 was responsible for abrogating the recognition by ha(99-113)-specific cd4+ t-cells. this amino acid substitution was found in influenza a/h3n2 viruses that circulated between 1999 and 2005 ... | 2007 | 17420064 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza vaccine: a randomized controlled trial. | a high priority in vaccine research is the development of influenza vaccines that do not use embryonated eggs as the substrate for vaccine production. | 2007 | 17426277 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility of porcine h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1982 and 1999. | as an intermediate host of avian and human influenza a viruses (fluav) pigs may play a potential role in interspecies virus transmission and reassortment of viral genes including those conferring antiviral drug resistance. porcine fluav isolated in germany between 1989 and 2001 contains mutations in the m2 gene inducing amantadine resistance. no data exist on neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) susceptibility of these porcine fluav. we studied the antiviral activity of nai against seven selected h3n2 ... | 2007 | 17445913 |
| influenza a virus elevates active cathepsin b in primary murine dc. | dendritic cells (dcs) act as a first-line recognition system for invading pathogens, such as influenza a. the interaction of dc with influenza a virus results in dc activation via endosomal toll-like receptors and also leads to presentation of viral peptides on mhc class ii molecules. prior work demonstrated that influenza a virus (a/hkx31; h3n2) infection of balb/c mice activates lung dcs for antigen presentation, and that the enhanced function of these cells persists long after viral clearance ... | 2007 | 17446210 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analysis of human influenza virus among iranian patients in shiraz, iran. | influenza is a viral respiratory pathogen responsible for frequent seasonal epidemics. there are currently three major human influenza viruses in global circulation namely a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b. the objective of this study was to determine the human influenza virus genotypes in shiraz, the capital of the fars province of iran. three hundred patients suspected with human influenza virus infection were enrolled in this survey (2004-2005). the throat samples were cultured and titrated by hemaggluti ... | 2007 | 17457914 |