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identification of potential drug targets in salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium using metabolic modelling and experimental validation.salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium is an established model organism for gram-negative, intracellular pathogens. owing to the rapid spread of resistance to antibiotics among this group of pathogens, new approaches to identify suitable target proteins are required. based on the genome sequence of s. typhimurium and associated databases, a genome-scale metabolic model was constructed. output was based on an experimental determination of the biomass of salmonella when growing in glucose minimal med ...201424777662
salmonella enterica prevalence in finishing pigs at slaughter plants in northern italy.finishing pigs carrying salmonella enterica are believed to be the main source of carcass contamination at the beginning of slaughtering. the aim of this study was to assess the s. enterica carrier status of finishing pigs at herd level by sampling pooled faeces on farm and mesenteric lymph nodes at slaughter in the north east of italy. environmental faecal samples belonging to 30 batches of pigs were collected on farm. at slaughter, mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from five randomly selec ...201427800330
the early innate response of chickens to salmonella enterica is dependent on the presence of o-antigen but not on serovar classification.salmonella vaccines used in poultry in the eu are based on attenuated strains of either salmonella serovar enteritidis or typhimurium which results in a decrease in s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium but may allow other salmonella serovars to fill an empty ecological niche. in this study we were therefore interested in the early interactions of chicken immune system with s. infantis compared to s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium, and a role of o-antigen in these interactions. to reach this aim, we ...201424763249
genome sequences of eight salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars isolated from a single dairy farm.here, we report draft genome sequences of 26 isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, representing eight serotypes, which were isolated from cows in a pennsylvania dairy herd, the farm on which they were reared, and the associated off-site heifer-raising facility over an 8-year sampling period.201424762931
effects of tylosin administration on c-reactive protein concentration and carriage of salmonella enterica in pigs.to evaluate the effects of tylosin on c-reactive protein concentration, carriage of salmonella enterica, and antimicrobial resistance genes in commercial pigs.201424762018
molecular epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar kottbus isolated in germany from humans, food and animals.salmonella enterica serovar kottbus has been continuously isolated from poultry and poultry meat, especially from turkey. we investigated by comparative molecular typing 95 s. kottbus isolates obtained in germany between 2000 and 2011 from poultry/poultry meat, pig/pork, cattle, reptiles, the environment as well as from human cases to identify potential infection sources for humans, especially the role of poultry and poultry products as vehicle in transmission of s. kottbus isolates to humans. m ...201424559660
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain sth2370.we report the draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain sth2370, isolated from a typhoid fever patient in santiago, chile. this clinical isolate has been used as the reference wild-type strain in numerous studies conducted in our laboratories during the last 15 years.201424558245
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum strain fcav198, a brazilian chicken pathogen.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum is a bird-restricted pathogen which causes pullorum disease. the strain fcav198 was isolated from a pool of chicken ovaries in brazil, and its genome may be helpful for studies involving molecular mechanisms related to pathogenesis and other related applications.201424558231
response of medicago truncatula seedlings to colonization by salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7.disease outbreaks due to the consumption of legume seedlings contaminated with human enteric bacterial pathogens like escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica are reported every year. besides contaminations occurring during food processing, pathogens present on the surface or interior of plant tissues are also responsible for such outbreaks. in the present study, surface and internal colonization of medicago truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa, by salmonella enterica and escherichia ...201424551073
outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype infantis infection in humans linked to dry dog food in the united states and canada, 2012.case description--in april 2012, salmonella enterica serotype infantis was detected in an unopened bag of dry dog food collected during routine retail surveillance. pulsenet, a national bacterial subtyping network, identified humans with salmonella infantis infection with the same genetic fingerprint as the dog food sample. clinical findings--an outbreak investigation identified 53 ill humans infected with the outbreak strain during january 1 to july 5, 2012, in 21 states and 2 provinces in cana ...201424548229
isolation and characterization of salmonella enterica in day-old ducklings in egypt.importing day-old ducklings (dod) unknowingly infected with non-typhoid salmonella (nts) may be associated with disease risk. domestic and international trade may enhance this risk. salmonella enterica serovars, their virulence genes combinations and antibiotic resistance, garner attention for their potentiality to contribute to the adverse health effects on populations throughout the world. the aim of this study was to estimate the risk of imported versus domestic dod as potential carriers of n ...201424548159
repression of flagella is a common trait in field isolates of salmonella enterica serovar dublin and is associated with invasive human infections.the nontyphoidal salmonella enterica serovar dublin is adapted to cattle but infrequently infects humans, very often resulting in invasive infections with high levels of morbidity and mortality. a salmonella-induced intestinal acute inflammatory response is postulated as a mechanism to prevent bacterial dissemination to systemic sites. in s. enterica serovar typhimurium, flagella contribute to this response by providing motility and flic-mediated activation of pattern recognition receptors. in t ...201424421045
an immunoproteomic approach for characterization of the outer membrane proteins of salmonella gallinarum.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is an important pathogen that causes fowl typhoid in chickens. in order to investigate sg outer membrane proteins (omps) as potential vaccine candidate proteins, we established a proteomic map and database of antigenic sg-omps. a total of 174 spots were detected by 2de. twenty-two antigen-reactive spots were identified as nine specific proteins using pmf. ompa was the most abundant protein among all of the identified omps, and it exhibited seven protei ...201424420792
application of molecular biological techniques to analyze salmonella seasonal distribution in stream water.salmonella is a leading cause of waterborne diseases. salmonella can survive for a long time in aquatic environments, and its persistence in the environment is of great concern to public health. nonetheless, the presence and diversity of salmonella in the aquatic environments in most areas remain relatively unknown. in this study, we examined three analytical processes for an optimum salmonella detection method, and the optimized method was used to evaluate seasonal variations of salmonella in a ...201424417320
properties of cassava starch-based edible coating containing essential oils.edible coatings were produced using cassava starch (2% and 3% w/v) containing cinnamon bark (0.05% to 0.30% v/v) or fennel (0.05% to 0.30% v/v) essential oils. edible cassava starch coating at 2% and 3% (w/v) containing or not containing 0.30% (v/v) of each essential oils conferred increased in water vapor resistance and decreased in the respiration rates of coated apple slices when compared with uncoated fruit. cassava starch coatings (2% w/v) added 0.10% or 0.30% (v/v) fennel or cinnamon bark ...201424410449
antibiotic resistance and diversity of salmonella enterica serovars associated with broiler chickens.the objective of this study was to analyze the antibiotic resistance phenotype and genotype of salmonella isolated from broiler production facilities. a total of 193 salmonella isolates recovered from commercial farms in british columbia, canada, were evaluated. susceptibility to antibiotics was determined with the sensititre system. virulence and antibiotic resistance genes were detected by pcr assay. genetic diversity was determined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing. seventeen s ...201424405997
only one of the two type vi secretion systems encoded in the salmonella enterica serotype dublin genome is involved in colonization of the avian and murine hosts.the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a virulence factor for many gram-negative bacteria. salmonella genus harbors five phylogenetically distinct t6ss loci encoded in salmonella pathogenicity islands (spis) spi-6, spi-19, spi-20, spi-21 and spi-22, which are differentially distributed among serotypes. the t6sss encoded in spi-6 and spi-19 contribute to pathogenesis of serotypes typhimurium and gallinarum in mice and chickens, respectively. salmonella dublin is a pathogen restricted to cattle wh ...201424405577
design of a comprehensive biochemistry and molecular biology experiment: phase variation caused by recombinational regulation of bacterial gene expression.scientific experiments are indispensable parts of biochemistry and molecular biology. in this study, a comprehensive biochemistry and molecular biology experiment about salmonella enterica serovar typhi flagellar phase variation has been designed. it consisted of three parts, namely, inducement of bacterial flagellar phase variation, antibody agglutination test, and pcr analysis. phase variation was observed by baterial motility assay and identified by antibody agglutination test and pcr analysi ...201424535961
the consequences of a sudden demographic change on the seroprevalence pattern, virulence genes, identification and characterisation of integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in the salmonella enterica isolated from clinically diarrhoeic humans in egypt.the present study was undertaken to identify and characterise integrons and integrated resistance gene cassettes among eight multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella serovars isolated from humans in egypt. virulotyping by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for the detection of the presence of virulence genes. integron pcr was used to detect the presence of class 1 in the mdr strains. the associated individual resistance gene cassettes were identified using specific pcrs. the isolated serovars ...201424535570
jcti-i: a novel trypsin inhibitor from jatropha curcas seed cake with potential for bacterial infection treatment.jatropha curcas seed cake is a low-value by-product resulting from biodiesel production. the seed cake is highly toxic, but it has great potential for biotechnology applications as it is a repository of biomolecules that could be important in agriculture, medicine, and industry. to explore this potential, a novel trypsin inhibitor called jcti-i was purified by fractionation of the crude extract with trichloroacetic acid (2.5%, v/v) followed by affinity chromatography (trypsin-sepharose 4b) and m ...201424523715
investigation of a food-borne salmonella oranienburg outbreak in a mexican prison.gastroenteritis outbreaks in prisons represent a public health risk worldwide. identifying and characterizing the etiological agents of gastroenteritis outbreaks in prisons is important for implementing effective prevention and infection control measures. we present the first studied case of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a mexican prison.201424518623
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin.salmonella serovar dublin causes disease in cattle and leads to considerable production losses. in humans, severe invasive disease and high mortality rates are reported. the presently available typing methods provide insufficient discrimination within salm. dublin for epidemiological investigations. in this study, we developed a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) scheme for high discriminatory typing of salm. dublin.201424517207
presence of salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, yersinia pseudotuberculosis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in wild boars.the european wild boar populations are growing and spreading to new areas, which might constitute a threat to public health, since wild boar can harbour pathogens with the potential to cause serious illness in humans. tonsils, ileocaecal lymph nodes and faecal samples were collected from 88 swedish wild boars and analysed for the presence of the zoonotic pathogens salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, y. pseudotuberculosis and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 (ehec). a combination ...201424512817
risk factors for the development of severe typhoid fever in vietnam.typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhi. age, sex, prolonged duration of illness, and infection with an antimicrobial resistant organism have been proposed risk factors for the development of severe disease or fatality in typhoid fever.201424512443
bacteriophage-induced reduction in salmonella enteritidis counts in the crop of broiler chickens undergoing preslaughter feed withdrawal.salmonella food poisoning is a public health problem. feed withdrawal from broiler chickens before slaughter can favor the multiplication of salmonella in the cecum and crop of contaminated animals and subsequently lead to contamination of carcasses in the processing plant. in the present study, a cocktail of lytic bacteriophages isolated from sewage water was orally administered to 45-d-old broiler chickens 1 h after they received an oral dose of 10(7) cfu/ml salmonella enterica subspecies ente ...201424570442
investigation of the use of pooled faecal and environmental samples following an enrichment step for the detection of salmonella enterica by real-time pcr. 201424570410
inhibition of macrophage autophagy induced by salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid.pr(st98), a chimeric plasmid isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), is involved in bacterial multidrug-resistance and virulence, however, its exact contributions to bacterial pathogenesis are still not fully understood. to investigate whether pr(st98) exhibits potential to mediate macrophage autophagy and apoptosis, murine macrophage-like cell line (j774a.1) was infected with wild type strain (s. typhi-wt), mutant strain (s. typhi-deltapr(st98)) and complement of s. typhi-de ...201424389197
effect of the motb(d33n) mutation on stator assembly and rotation of the proton-driven bacterial flagellar motor.the bacterial flagellar motor generates torque by converting the energy of proton translocation through the transmembrane proton channel of the stator complex formed by mota and motb. the mota/b complex is thought to be anchored to the peptidoglycan (pg) layer through the pg-binding domain of motb to act as the stator. the stator units dynamically associate with and dissociate from the motor during flagellar motor rotation, and an electrostatic interaction between mota and a rotor protein flig i ...201427493496
salmonella virchow infection of the chicken elicits cellular and humoral systemic and mucosal responses, but limited protection to homologous or heterologous re-challenge.salmonella enterica serovar virchow usually causes mild gastroenteritis in humans; however, it is frequently invasive and many isolates are resistant to a broad-range of therapeutic antimicrobials. poultry meat is considered a major source of human infection. in this study, we characterize the infection biology and immune response to s. virchow in chickens and determine protection against homologous and heterologous re-challenge, with s. virchow or s. typhimurium. following oral infection of 7-d ...201426664914
immunoproteomic analysis of antibody in lymphocyte supernatant in patients with typhoid fever in bangladesh.we have previously shown that an assay based on detection of anti-salmonella enterica serotype typhi antibodies in supernatant of lymphocytes harvested from patients presenting with typhoid fever (antibody in lymphocyte supernatant [als] assay) can identify 100% of patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in bangladesh. in order to define immunodominant proteins within the s. typhi membrane preparation used as antigen in these prior studies and to identify potential biomarkers unique ...201424371257
intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates in lima, peru.thirty-three salmonella enterica serovar typhi blood isolates from lima, peru (2008 to 2012), were fully susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, and tetracycline; 8/33 (24.2%) showed intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin carrying mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyra gene (ser83-phe and asp87-asn) and in the gyrb gene (ser464-phe).201424371234
sensitive detection and serovar differentiation of typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella enterica species using 16s rrna gene pcr coupled with high-resolution melt analysis.salmonella enterica species infections are a significant public health problem causing high morbidity rates worldwide and high mortality rates in the developing world. these infections are not always rapidly diagnosed as a cause of bloodstream infections because of the limitations of blood culture, which greatly affects clinical care as a result of treatment delays. a molecular diagnostic assay that could rapidly detect and identify s. enterica species infections as a cause of sepsis is needed. ...201424365382
commonly used disinfectants fail to eradicate salmonella enterica biofilms from food contact surface materials.salmonellosis is the second most common cause of food-borne illness worldwide. contamination of surfaces in food processing environments may result in biofilm formation with a risk of food contamination. effective decontamination of biofilm-contaminated surfaces is challenging. using the cdc biofilm reactor, the activities of sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, and benzalkonium chloride were examined against an early (48-h) and relatively mature (168-h) salmonella biofilm. all 3 agents result ...201424362427
hemorrhagic colitis associated with salmonella enterica serotype infantis infection in a captive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in brazil.enteric diseases are among the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in gorillas, and it is often caused by bacteria.201424359673
poultry as a possible source of non-typhoidal salmonella enterica serovars in humans in bangladesh.we investigated salmonella enterica isolates from human clinical cases of gastroenteritis to determine the distribution of non-typhoidal salmonella serovars in the human population, and compared them to isolates originating from poultry by serotyping, phage typing, plasmid profiling, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) to evaluate the potential role of poultry in human non-typhoidal salmonellosis in bangladesh. nine different serovars were identified am ...201424355536
identification of an amyloidogenic peptide from the bap protein of staphylococcus epidermidis.biofilm associated proteins (bap) are involved in the biofilm formation process of several bacterial species. the sequence stvtvt is present in bap proteins expressed by many staphylococcus species, acinetobacter baumanii and salmonella enterica. the peptide stvtvtf derived from the c-repeat of the bap protein from staphylococcus epidermidis was selected through the aggrescan, pasta, and tango software prediction of protein aggregation and formation of amyloid fibers. we characterized the self-a ...201424354773
contribution of phenotypic heterogeneity to adaptive antibiotic resistance.antibiotic-resistant isolates of salmonella enterica were selected on plates containing lethal concentrations of rifampicin, kanamycin, and nalidixic acid. the stability of the resistance phenotype was scored after nonselective growth. rifampicin-resistant (rif(r)) isolates were stable, suggesting that they had arisen by mutation. mutations in the rpob gene were detected indeed in rif(r) mutants. in contrast, a fraction of kanamycin-resistant (km(r)) and nalidixic acid-resistant (nal(r)) isolate ...201424351930
the salmonella enterica giant adhesin siie binds to polarized epithelial cells in a lectin-like manner.the invasion of polarized epithelial cells by salmonella enterica requires the cooperative activity of the salmonella pathogenicity island (spi) 1-encoded type iii secretion system (t3ss) and the spi4-encoded giant non-fimbrial adhesin siie. siie is a highly repetitive protein composed of 53 bacterial ig (big) domains and mediates binding to the apical side of polarized epithelial cells. we analysed the binding properties of siie and observed lectin-like activity. siie-dependent cell invasion ca ...201424345213
the eutt enzyme of salmonella enterica is a unique atp:cob(i)alamin adenosyltransferase metalloprotein that requires ferrous ions for maximal activity.atp:co(i)rrinoid adenosyltransferase (acat) enzymes convert vitamin b12 to coenzyme b12. eutt is the least understood acat. we report the purification of eutt to homogeneity and show that, in vitro, free dihydroflavins drive the adenosylation of cob(ii)alamin bound to eutt. results of chromatography analyses indicate that eutt is dimeric in solution, and unlike other acats, eutt catalyzes the reaction with sigmoidal kinetics indicative of positive cooperativity for cob(ii)alamin. maximal eutt ac ...201424336938
extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and ampc β-lactamase-producing d-tartrate-positive salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b from broilers and human patients in belgium, 2008-10.to characterize the genetic determinants responsible for extended-spectrum cephalosporin (esc) resistance of d-tartrate-positive salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b (serovar paratyphi b dt+) strains that have emerged in poultry and humans in belgium during 2008-10.201424379303
salmonellosis and meat purchased at live-bird and animal-slaughter markets, united states, 2007-2012. 201424377875
pork meat as a potential source of salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae infection in humans.salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae was isolated from 13 of 123 slaughtered pigs in central greece. the samples cultured were feces, ileum tissue, mesenteric lymph nodes, and gallbladder swabs. a total of 74 isolates from 492 samples were identified as salmonella spp. by use of standard laboratory culture media and two commercial micromethods and by use of a polyvalent slide agglutination test for the detection of o and h antigens. among them were 19 (25.68%) suspected to be s. enterica subsp. a ...201424335956
aminopurine derivatives as putative sope inhibitors.abstract salmonella outer protein e, sope, is a virulence factor that is secreted from gram-negative salmonella enterica, which is pathogenic to humans and is responsible for gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. sope targets the rho gtpase family proteins of the host cell and manipulates them by mimicking gtpase regulatory protein guanine nucleotide exchange factor. the aim of this work is the investigation of novel inhibitors against sope. structure-based pharmacophore modeling was used to identi ...201423360503
antimicrobial resistance patterns and genotypes of salmonella enterica serovar hadar strains associated with human infections in switzerland, 2005-2010.salmonella hadar ranks in the top ten serovars reported from humans in switzerland. in this study, all 64 s. hadar strains isolated from different patients from 2005 to 2010 in switzerland were characterized by (i) assessing phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles using the disk diffusion method and (ii) by genotyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) in order to evaluate the relationship of the strains. the annual incidences varied between 0.32/100,000 in 2005 (highest incidenc ...201423591052
lack of evidence of spill-over of salmonella enterica between cattle and sympatric iberian ibex (capra pyrenaica) from a protected area in catalonia, ne spain.salmonella enterica is a zoonotic agent of worldwide importance found in a wide range of wild hosts. however, its prevalence in many popular game species has never been assessed. iberian ibex (capra pyrenaica) is the main game caprinae of the iberian peninsula and around two thousand individuals are hunted every year for trophy or for home consumption. in this work, 313 iberian ibexes from the ports de tortosa i beseit national game reserve (ne spain) were tested for salmonella enterica in faece ...201423217161
the effect of environmental pollutants and food processing on the development of antibiotic resistance.the purpose of this study was to determine how various compounds known to be positive mutagens, contribute to the development of mutations leading to ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium. the molecular mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in treated strains was investigated.201423128813
purification of o-specific polysaccharide from lipopolysaccharide produced by salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a.the o specific polysaccharide (osp) of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a is a protective antigen and the target for vaccine development. lps is the major constituent of the outer membrane of s. paratyphi a with the osp exposed on the surface, in addition to the cell associated lps a large amount of free lps was present in the fermentation broth. a purification method was developed to take advantage of both sources of lps and to maximize recovery of osp. afte ...201424631090
re-examination of immune response and estimation of anti-vi igg protective threshold against typhoid fever-based on the efficacy trial of vi conjugate in young children.the capsular polysaccharide of salmonella enterica serovar typhi, vi antigen, is an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen. similar to other polysaccharide vaccines, the protective action of vi, both to the polysaccharide alone or when presented as a conjugate, is mediated by serum igg vi antibodies. the evaluation of vi capsular polysaccharide based vaccines to prevent typhoid fever would be significantly facilitated by the identification of a "protective level" of serum antibodies ...201424630869
persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar kentucky from poultry and poultry sources in nigeria.this study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and clonality of salmonella enterica serotype kentucky in poultry and poultry sources in nigeria, and compared the isolates with the clone of s. kentucky sti98-x1 cipr using (pfge) and (mic).201424619272
cellular and cytokine responses to salmonella enterica serotype typhi proteins in patients with typhoid fever in bangladesh.we assessed interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) responses via enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (elispot) to a number of s. typhi antigens in samples from humans with s. typhi bacteremia and typhoid fever in bangladesh. compared with responses in healthy endemic zone controls, there were significantly increased ifn-γ responses at the time of clinical presentation (acute phase) and at convalescence 14-28 days later. the majority (80-90%) of ifn-γ expressing t cells were cd4+. we observed a significant increa ...201424615129
detection of salmonella enterica serovar dublin by polymerase chain reaction in multiplex format.s. dublin has caused widespread concerns in cattle produce. using a comparative genomic method, two specific targets like sed_a1118 and sed_a2283 for s. dublin identification were firstly obtained. an efficient multiplex pcr for s. dublin detection based on the two novel specific genes and inva was therefore developed.201424607499
contamination of eggs by salmonella enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages.both epidemiologic analyses and active disease surveillance confirm an ongoing strong association between human salmonellosis and the prevalence of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis in commercial egg flocks. the majority of human illnesses caused by this pathogen are attributed to the consumption of contaminated eggs. animal welfare concerns have increasingly influenced commercial poultry production practices in recent years, but the food safety implications of differen ...201424604868
draft genome sequences of nine salmonella enterica serovar bovismorbificans isolates from various sources.the sequences of nine genomes of salmonella enterica serovar bovismorbificans were compared to study the diversity and distribution of this emerging virulent serovar. these whole-genome sequences fill some gaps in knowledge of the diversity of the isolates used in this investigation.201424604660
salmonella infections including typhoid disease.it is estimated that more than 20 million cases of salmonella enterica serotype typhi and 6 million cases of paratyphoid disease occur worldwide annually, with typhoid disease alone causing more than 200,000 deaths. the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination guidelines are discussed.201424604446
shifts in geographic distribution and antimicrobial resistance during a prolonged typhoid fever outbreak--bundibugyo and kasese districts, uganda, 2009-2011.salmonella enterica serovar typhi is transmitted by fecally contaminated food and water and causes approximately 22 million typhoid fever infections worldwide each year. most cases occur in developing countries, where approximately 4% of patients develop intestinal perforation (ip). in kasese district, uganda, a typhoid fever outbreak notable for a high ip rate began in 2008. we report that this outbreak continued through 2011, when it spread to the neighboring district of bundibugyo.201424603860
synthesis and immunogenicity evaluation of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a o-specific polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid.salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a (s. paratyphi a) is a human restricted pathogen that can cause systemic infection (paratyphoid fever) with recently increased incidence particularly in developing countries. currently there is no licensed vaccine for prevention of infection from s. paratyphi a. in this study the o-specific polysaccharide (osp) of s. paratyphi a was conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (dt) with and without adipic acid dihydrazide (adh) as a linker. binding of the osp to a carri ...201424603090
polyamines are essential for virulence in salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum despite evolutionary decay of polyamine biosynthesis genes.serovars of salmonella enterica exhibit different host-specificities where some have broad host-ranges and others, like s. gallinarum and s. typhi, are host-specific for poultry and humans, respectively. with the recent availability of whole genome sequences it has been reported that host-specificity coincides with accumulation of pseudogenes, indicating adaptation of host-restricted serovars to their narrow niches. polyamines are small cationic amines and in salmonella they can be synthesized t ...201424602405
salmonella typhi liver abscess overlying a metastatic melanoma.pyogenic liver abscesses caused by salmonella enterica serotype typhi, although rare, can occur especially in patients with pre-existing hepatobiliary disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and metastatic liver tumors. we present a case of salmonella liver abscesses complicating metastatic melanoma in a 24-year-old alcoholic male.201424591434
serotype-associated polymorphisms in a partial rpob gene sequence of salmonella enterica.salmonella enterica is a zoonotic bacterium with more than 2500 serotypes, which affect a wide range of hosts and produce diverse clinical outcomes. strain identification usually involves costly and time-demanding procedures. this paper describes the sequencing of a rpob hypervariable gene segment (847 bp) that allows identification of serotypes in s. enterica strains isolated from several hosts. the nucleotide similarity values among s. enterica serotypes ranged from 98.23% to 99.88%, with pote ...201424588392
epidemiological evidence that garden birds are a source of human salmonellosis in england and wales.the importance of wild bird populations as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens is well established. salmonellosis is a frequently diagnosed infectious cause of mortality of garden birds in england and wales, predominantly caused by salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage types 40, 56(v) and 160. in britain, these phage types are considered highly host-adapted with a high degree of genetic similarity amongst isolates, and in some instances are clonal. pulsed fie ...201424586464
prevalence of quinolone resistance determinants in non-typhoidal salmonella isolates from human origin in extremadura, spain.resistance to the quinolones nalidixic acid (nal) and ciprofloxacin (cip) and the occurrence of quinolone resistance determinants have been investigated in 300 non-typhoidal salmonella from human origin, isolated in the years between 2004 and 2008, in 6 hospitals within extremadura (spain). salmonella enteritidis was the major serotype found among quinolone-resistant isolates, most of which were clustered by clonal analysis to a single clone, which presented d87 or s83 substitutions in gyra. ele ...201424581744
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp. in small indian mongooses (herpestes auropunctatus) in grenada, west indies.intestinal samples from 156 small indian mongooses (herpestes auropunctatus) collected island-wide in grenada from april 2011 to march 2013 were examined for the presence of salmonella enterica spp. nineteen (12%) mongooses were culture-positive for s. enterica spp. of which five serotypes were identified. salmonella javiana and s. montevideo were the most commonly isolated serotypes. the other serotypes isolated were s. rubislaw, s. panama and s. arechavaleta. all isolates were susceptible to a ...201424906835
paratyphoid fever: splicing the global analyses.the incidence of enteric fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a (s. paratyphi a) is increasing in many parts of the world. although there is no major outbreak of paratyphoid fever in recent years, s. paratyphi a infection still remains a public health problem in many tropical countries. therefore, surveillance studies play an important role in monitoring infections and the emergence of multidrug resistance, especially in endemic countries such as india, nepal, pakistan and china ...201424904229
complete genome sequences of salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg strains associated with a multistate food-borne illness investigation.next-generation sequencing is being evaluated for use with food-borne illness investigations, especially when the outbreak strains produce patterns that cannot be discriminated from non-outbreak strains using conventional procedures. here we report complete genome assemblies of two salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg strains with a common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern isolated during an outbreak investigation.201424903882
salmonella enterica serovar oranienburg outbreak in a veterinary medical teaching hospital with evidence of nosocomial and on-farm transmission.nosocomial salmonellosis continues to pose an important threat to veterinary medical teaching hospitals. the objectives of this study were to describe an outbreak of salmonellosis caused by salmonella enterica serovar oranienburg within our hospital and to highlight its unique features, which can be used to help mitigate or prevent nosocomial outbreaks in the future. we retrospectively analyzed data from patients that were fecal culture-positive for salmonella oranienburg between january 1, 2006 ...201424902121
estimating the burden of paratyphoid a in asia and africa.despite the increasing availability of typhoid vaccine in many regions, global estimates of mortality attributable to enteric fever appear stable. while both salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) and serovar paratyphi (s. paratyphi) cause enteric fever, limited data exist estimating the burden of s. paratyphi, particularly in asia and africa. we performed a systematic review of both english and chinese-language databases to estimate the regional burden of paratyphoid within africa and asi ...201424901439
new clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat locus spacer pair typing method based on the newly incorporated spacer for salmonella enterica.a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) typing method has recently been developed and used for typing and subtyping of salmonella spp., but it is complicated and labor intensive because it has to analyze all spacers in two crispr loci. here, we developed a more convenient and efficient method, namely, crispr locus spacer pair typing (clspt), which only needs to analyze the two newly incorporated spacers adjoining the leader array in the two crispr loci. we analyzed a ...201424899040
detection and functionality of the cdtb, plta, and pltb from salmonella enterica serovar javiana.salmonella infection is one of the major foodborne illnesses in the united states. several gram-negative bacterial pathogens, including salmonella typhi, produce cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), which arrests growth, induces apoptosis of infected host cells and extends persistence of pathogenic bacteria in the host. the aim of this study was to characterize the functionality of cdt (cdtb, plta and pltb) from nontyphoidal salmonella isolates. fifty salmonella enterica serovar javiana isolates f ...201424891290
rpos integrates crp, fis, and phop signaling pathways to control salmonella typhi hlye expression.spi-18 is a pathogenicity island found in some salmonella enterica serovars, including s. typhi. spi-18 harbors two orfs organized into an operon, hlye and taia genes, both implicated in virulence. regarding the hlye regulation in s. typhi, it has been reported that rpos participates as transcriptional up-regulator under low ph and high osmolarity. in addition, crp down-regulates hlye expression during exponential growth. previously, it has been suggested that there is another factor related to ...201424885225
genome analysis and crispr typing of salmonella enterica serovar virchow.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar virchow has been recognized as a significant health burden in asia, australia and europe. in addition to its global distribution, s. virchow is clinically significant due to the frequency at which it causes invasive infections and its association with outbreaks arising from food-borne transmission. here, we examine the genome of an invasive isolate of s. virchow svq1 (phage type 8) from an outbreak in southeast queensland, australia. in addition to ide ...201424885207
antimicrobial drug resistance among clinically relevant bacterial isolates in sub-saharan africa: a systematic review.little is known about the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (amr) amongst bacterial pathogens in sub-saharan africa (ssa), despite calls for continent-wide surveillance to inform empirical treatment guidelines.201424879668
multistate outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infection associated with pet guinea pigs.salmonella causes about one million illnesses annually in the united states. although most infections result from foodborne exposures, animal contact is an important mode of transmission. we investigated a case of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (se) sternal osteomyelitis in a previously healthy child who cared for two recently deceased guinea pigs (gps). a case was defined as se pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) xbai pattern jegx01.0021, blni pattern jega26.0002 (outbreak strain) ...201424866204
serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of human nontyphoidal isolates of salmonella enterica from crete, greece.we report on the serotype distribution and the antimicrobial resistance patterns to 20 different antimicrobials of 150 salmonella enterica strains isolated from stools of diarrhoeal patients on the island of crete over the period january 2011-december 2012. among the s. enterica serotypes recovered, enteritidis was the most prevalent (37.3%), followed by typhimurium (28.7%) and newport (8.7%). no resistance was detected to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems. rates of resistance to ...201424860606
identification and characterization of a cis antisense rna of the parc gene encoding dna topoisomerase iv of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.bacterial cis-encoded antisense rnas are transcribed from the opposite strand of protein coding genes, and their regulatory roles adapt cells to changing environmental conditions. by deep sequencing of the transcriptome of salmonella enterica serovar typhi, an antisense rna that is encoded in cis to the parc gene was found. parc encodes the subunit a component of topoisomerase iv, a class of enzymes that relax both positively and negatively supercoiled dna and are also required for segregation o ...201424859144
global impact of salmonella type iii secretion effector stea on host cells.salmonella enterica is a gram-negative bacterium that causes gastroenteritis, bacteremia and typhoid fever in several animal species including humans. its virulence is greatly dependent on two type iii secretion systems, encoded in pathogenicity islands 1 and 2. these systems translocate proteins called effectors into eukaryotic host cell. effectors interfere with host signal transduction pathways to allow the internalization of pathogens and their survival and proliferation inside vacuoles. ste ...201424858684
a salmonella enterica conjugative plasmid impairs autophagic flux in infected macrophages.pr(st98) was originally isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhi and could be transferred among enteric bacilli by conjugation. our previous studies indicated that it could intervene in autophagy of host cells, while the mechanism remained undefined. here, we explored how pr(st98) influenced the autophagic flux of murine macrophage-like cell line (j774a.1). s. enterica serovar typhimurium wild type strain (χ3306), harboring a 100 kb virulence plasmid, was used as a positive control. pr(st ...201424857879
changes in thermal resistance of three salmonella serovars in response to osmotic shock and adaptation at water activities reduced by different humectants.the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of osmotic shock and adaptation at low water activity (aw) and the type of humectant used to lower the aw, on heat resistance of three salmonella enterica serovars (saintpaul 02-109, tennessee 2053h, and elmsbuettel 1236h). the serovars were grown (adapted) or transferred (osmotic shocked) in low-aw broths and subjected to heat treatment at 55°c for up to 45 min; samples were removed at 5-min intervals and immediately placed in an ice-water ...201424853512
multidisciplinary investigation of a multicountry outbreak of salmonella stanley infections associated with turkey meat in the european union, august 2011 to january 2013.between august 2011 and january 2013, an outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar stanley (s. stanley) infections affected 10 european union (eu) countries, with a total of 710 cases recorded. following an urgent inquiry in the epidemic intelligence information system for food- and waterborne diseases (epis-fwd) on 29 june 2012, an international investigation was initiated including eu and national agencies for public health, veterinary health and food safety. two of three local outbreak investig ...201424852954
plasmid profile and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of salmonella enterica isolates from humans in turkey.this study was conducted for typing salmonella enterica subspecies enterica strains in turkey using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and plasmid dna profile analysis. fourty-two strains were isolated from clinical samples obtained from unrelated patients with acute diarrhea. the samples were collected from state hospitals and public health laboratories located at seven provinces in different regions of turkey at different times between 2004 and 2010. the strains were determined to belong ...201424852084
identification and characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar derby isolates carrying a new aada26 gene cassette in a class 1 integron obtained at pig slaughterhouses.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (s.) serovar derby is one of the most prevalent serovars in pigs. twenty-seven multiresistant s. derby isolates, obtained at two pig slaughterhouses in southern brazil, were investigated for their molecular relationships, genotypic resistance and presence of class 1 and 2 integrons. all isolates shared the same xbai-macrorestriction pattern and showed a common resistance genotype with resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin (aada variant), sulphonamides (sul1 ...201424839926
evaluation of the thermo scientific suretect salmonella species assay. aoac performance tested method 051303.the thermo scientific suretect salmonella species assay is a new real-time pcr assay for the detection of salmonellae in food and environmental samples. this validation study was conducted using the aoac research institute (ri) performance tested methods program to validate the suretect salmonella species assay in comparison to the reference method detailed in international organization for standardization 6579:2002 in a variety of food matrixes, namely, raw ground beef, raw chicken breast, raw ...201424830166
emergence and prevalence of non-h2s-producing salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg isolates belonging to novel sequence type 1751 in china.salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg is a common nontyphoidal salmonella serotype which causes human salmonella infections worldwide. in this study, 182 s. senftenberg isolates, including 17 atypical non-hydrogen sulfide (h2s)-producing isolates, were detected in china from 2005 to 2011. the microbiological and genetic characteristics of the non-h2s-producing and selected h2s-producing isolates were determined by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), multilocus sequence typing (mlst) ...201424829240
clonal distribution of monophasic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- in the czech republic.abstract salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has become the third most common serotype in europe, including the czech republic. in this study, phenotypic and genotypic methods for a more detailed description of this serotype were used. analysis of a limited number of isolates revealed that 76% of them belonged to phage type dt193. also, rare phage types dt208 and u311 were identified. in total, 88.6% of the isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents. in this study, 24 multilocus variable- ...201424823892
fate of salmonella senftenberg in broiler chickens evaluated by challenge experiments.experimental and epidemiological evidence has indicated the respiratory route to be a potential portal of entry for salmonellas in poultry. the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the infectivity of salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg following oral gavage, intratracheal or intravenous challenge in chickens. seven-day-old chicks were challenged with either 10(4) or 10(6) colony-forming units of s. senftenberg per chick by oral gavage, intratracheal or intravenous challenge, res ...201424820534
[molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi b clinical isolates].although salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi b is the less frequently isolated serotype worldwide and in turkey, it is the most common serotype in our hospital, with a marked increase in 2007. the purpose of this study was to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility and the extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) profile, and molecular epidemiology of s. paratyphi b isolates detected in our hospital microbiology laboratory. seventy isolates identified as s. paratyphi b from 109 salmonella is ...201424819257
a study of antibiogram of salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates from pondicherry, india.enteric fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is an important public health problem in developing countries like india.1 the emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones has reduced the therapeutic options available. currently, the uniform laboratory interpretation of ciprofloxacin and azithromycin susceptibility remains unclear.201424817913
genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain durban.we report the genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain durban, isolated from a patient with salmonellosis and typhoid fever. the strain is closely related to s. enterica subsp. enterica strain p125109 but differs in loss of the se20 prophage and acquisition of a prophage similar to elphis.201424812224
an association of genotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns among salmonella isolates from pigs and humans in taiwan.we collected 110 salmonella enterica isolates from sick pigs and determined their serotypes, genotypes using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and antimicrobial susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials and compared the data with a collection of 18,280 isolates obtained from humans. the pig isolates fell into 12 common serovars for human salmonellosis in taiwan; s. typhimurium, s. choleraesuis, s. derby, s. livingstone, and s. schwarzengrund were the 5 most common serovars and accounted for a t ...201424760078
presence of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum in commercial laying hens diagnosed with fowl typhoid disease in colombia.a severe outbreak of salmonellosis in commercial brown table egg layers first occurred in colombia in 2006. from 2008 to 2012, 35 samples collected from commercial layers farms in the states of cundinamarca, santander, bolivar, and san andres, were positive for salmonella enterica. salmonella was isolated from liver and spleen (71.42%), pools of organs (liver, spleen, and ovarian follicles; 25.71%), and drag swabs (2.85%). serotype was assigned using single nucleotide polymorphisms or dna microa ...201424758131
serotype and antimicrobial resistance patterns of salmonella isolates from commercial birds and poultry environment in mississippi.to obtain information about salmonella from commercial birds and poultry environments within mississippi, 50 salmonella enterica isolates were collected and characterized by intergenic sequence ribotyping (isr) serotyping and by determining antimicrobial resistance. isr assigned serotype to all 50 salmonella enterica isolates whereas the kauffman-white-leminor antibody-based scheme assigned serotype to 48. agreement between both methods was k = 89.58. within the set, 12 serotypes were detected. ...201424758115
peptidases from latex of carica candamarcensis upregulate cox-2 and il-1 mrna transcripts against salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium-mediated inflammation.the immunomodulatory properties of a mixture of cysteine peptidases (p1g10) obtained from the fruit lattice of carica candamarcensis were investigated. p1g10 was obtained from fresh latex samples by chromatography in a sephadex column and initially administered to swiss mice (n = 5; 1 or 10 mg/kg) via i.p. after 30 min, the mice were injected with carrageenan (0.5 mg/mouse) or heat-killed s. typhimurium (10(7) cfu/ml; 100°c/30 min) into the peritoneal cavity. afterwards, two animal groups were i ...201424757289
ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serotype kentucky sequence type 198. 201424751334
septic arthritis of the hip in a cambodian child caused by multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi with intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin treated with ceftriaxone and azithromycin.septic arthritis is a rare complication of typhoid fever. a 12-year-old boy without pre-existing disease attended a paediatric hospital in cambodia with fever and left hip pain. a hip synovial fluid aspirate grew multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica ser. typhi with intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. arthrotomy, 2 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone and 4 weeks of oral azithromycin led to resolution of symptoms. the optimum management of septic arthritis in drug-resistant typhoid is un ...201424749773
distributions of salmonella subtypes differ between two u.s. produce-growing regions.salmonella accounts for approximately 50% of produce-associated outbreaks in the united states, several of which have been traced back to contamination in the produce production environment. to quantify salmonella diversity and aid in identification of salmonella contamination sources, we characterized salmonella isolates from two geographically diverse produce-growing regions in the united states. initially, we characterized the salmonella serotype and subtype diversity associated with 1,677 sa ...201424747908
quinolone resistance mechanisms in salmonella enterica serovars hadar, kentucky, virchow, schwarzengrund, and 4,5,12:i:-, isolated from humans in switzerland, and identification of a novel qnrd variant, qnrd2, in s. hadar.human isolates of salmonella enterica serovars hadar, kentucky, virchow, schwarzengrund, and the monophasic variant of s. typhimurium, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- were examined for mutations within the quinolone resistance target genes gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare and for plasmid-mediated resistance genes. differences were observed among the serovars. a novel variant of qnrd, qnrd2, was detected in an s. hadar isolate.201424733466
comparative genomic analysis and virulence differences in closely related salmonella enterica serotype heidelberg isolates from humans, retail meats, and animals.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar heidelberg (s. heidelberg) is one of the top serovars causing human salmonellosis. recently, an antibiotic-resistant strain of this serovar was implicated in a large 2011 multistate outbreak resulting from consumption of contaminated ground turkey that involved 136 confirmed cases, with one death. in this study, we assessed the evolutionary diversity of 44 s. heidelberg isolates using whole-genome sequencing (wgs) generated by the 454 gs flx (roche) pl ...201424732280
antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica isolates from tonsil and jejunum with lymph node tissues of slaughtered swine in metro manila, philippines.due to frequent antibiotic exposure, swine is now recognized as potential risk in disseminating drug-resistant salmonella enterica strains. this study thus subjected 20 randomly selected s. enterica isolates from tonsil and jejunum with lymph node (jln) tissues of swine slaughtered in metro manila, philippines, to vitek 2 antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast). the test revealed all 20 isolates had resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent, in which highest occurrence of resistance was ...201424724034
genome sequence of the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar namur strain 05-2929, lacking the salmonella atypical fimbrial operon.this paper announces the genome sequence and annotation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar namur strain 05-2929. s. namur is a new serovar (39:z4,z23:-) that was isolated from a patient with salmonellosis in 2005 in namur, belgium, and has been identified as lacking the salmonella atypical fimbrial (saf) operon.201424723724
transcriptional expression of six genes located on pbssb1 of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in different growth phases and environmental stresses.a linear plasmid pbssb1 of z66-positive salmonella enterica serovar typhi was previously identified to be involved in unidirectional flagellar phase variation due to the expression and regulation of fljb(z66) and flja located on it. however, the expression of the remaining genes and other possible functions of pbssb1 have not been reported yet. here, we investigated the transcriptional expression characteristics of six genes (002, 008, 012, 017, 021, and 026) located on the linear plasmid pbssb1 ...201424723031
genome sequencing, annotation and analysis of salmonella enterica sub species salamae strain dma-1.the genus salmonella is gram-negative which belongs to the family enterobacteriaceae. in this study, we have sequenced the whole genome of the strain dma-1, which was isolated from mouse stool sample and identified as salmonella enterica subspecies salamae.201424721679
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