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seasonality of acute otitis media and the role of respiratory viral activity in children.acute otitis media (aom) occurs as a complication of viral upper respiratory tract infections in young children. aom and respiratory viruses both display seasonal variation. our objective was to examine the temporal association between circulating respiratory viruses and the occurrence of pediatric ambulatory care visits for aom.201323249910
[etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections morbidity in novosibirsk and novosibirsk region in epidemic season 2011-2012].ari occupying the first place in the structure of total human morbidity. the aim of the study was to investigate the species diversity of the viruses causing ar among residents of the novosibirsk region during epidemic season (october to april).201324340631
the non-structural ns1 protein unique to respiratory syncytial virus: a two-state folding monomer in quasi-equilibrium with a stable spherical oligomer.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major infectious agent that cause pediatric respiratory disease worldwide. considered one of the main virulence factors of hrsv, ns1 is known to suppress type i interferon response and signaling, thus favoring immune evasion. this, together with the fact that ns1 is unique to hrsv among paramyxoviruses, and that has no homology within databases, prompted us to investigate its conformational stability, equilibria and folding. temperature cooperatively ...201324058549
jiawei-yupingfeng-tang, a chinese herbal formula, inhibits respiratory viral infections in vitro and in vivo.jiawei-yupingfeng-tang (jyt) is a chinese herbal formula that is widely used to treat respiratory tract illness. however, the effect of jyt on respiratory viruses remains unknown. the influenza virus (ifv) and the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) cause millions of cases of severe illness per year, and many of these illnesses develop into lethal pneumonia. the aim of this study is to evaluate whether jyt can be used to treat these infections.201324051026
fine modulation of the respiratory syncytial virus m2-1 protein quaternary structure by reversible zinc removal from its cys(3)-his(1) motif.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a worldwide distributed pathogen that causes respiratory disease mostly in infants and the elderly. the m2-1 protein of hrsv functions as a transcription antiterminator and partakes in virus particle budding. it is present only in pneumovirinae, namely, pneumovirus (rsv) and metapneumovirus, making it an interesting target for specific antivirals. hrsv m2-1 is a tight tetramer bearing a cys3-his1 zinc-binding motif, present in ebola vp30 protein and so ...201323984912
infection-enhancing lipopeptides do not improve intranasal immunization of cotton rats with a delta-g candidate live-attenuated human respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.development of live-attenuated human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) vaccines has proven to be difficult. several vaccine candidates were found to be over-attenuated and displayed limited immunogenicity. recently, we identified three synthetic cationic lipopeptides that enhanced paramyxovirus infections in vitro. the infection enhancement proved to be mediated by enhanced virus binding to target cells. we hypothesized that these lipopeptides can be used as adjuvants to promote immune response ...201323955280
[detecting human respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory samples collected from children with acute respiratory infections by reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification].to establish a rapid, sensitive and specific reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detecting human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in respiratory samples collected from children with acute respiratory infections.201323927800
the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein targets to the perimeter of inclusion bodies and facilitates filament formation by a cytoplasmic tail-dependent mechanism.the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) fusion (f) protein cytoplasmic tail (ct) and matrix (m) protein are key mediators of viral assembly, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. a complementation assay was developed to systematically examine the role of the f protein ct in infectious virus production. the ability of f mutants with alanine substitutions in the ct to complement an f-null virus in generating infectious progeny was quantitated by flow cytometry. two ct regions w ...201323903836
human respiratory syncytial virus n, p and m protein interactions in hek-293t cells.characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) protein interactions with host cell components is crucial to devise antiviral strategies. viral nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and matrix protein genes were optimized for human codon usage and cloned into expression vectors. hek-293t cells were transfected with these vectors, viral proteins were immunoprecipitated, and co-immunoprecipitated cellular proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. cell proteins identified with higher ...201323892143
complete genome sequences of two human respiratory syncytial virus genotype a strains from india, rsv-a/niv1114046/11 and rsv-a/niv1114073/11.two complete genomes of human respiratory syncytial virus subtype a (hrsv-a), with and without a 72-nucleotide duplication in the c-terminal glycoprotein g gene, were sequenced and analyzed. characterization of these genomes will improve understanding of the diversity, emergence, virulence, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of a novel rsv-a genotype with a 72-nucleotide g gene duplication.201323887906
water extract of pueraria lobata ohwi has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infects all age groups and causes bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome with a significant mortality rate. to date, only ribavirin has been used to manage hrsv infection. however, ribavirin is expensive with an only modest effect. furthermore, ribavirin has several side effects, which means it has limited clinical benefit. pueraria lobata ohwi (p. lobata) is a common ingredient of ge-gen-tang (kakkon-to) and sheng-ma-ge-gen-tan ...201324296052
human respiratory syncytial virus memphis 37 grown in hep-2 cells causes more severe disease in lambs than virus grown in vero cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants and young children. a small percentage of these individuals develop severe and even fatal disease. to better understand the pathogenesis of severe disease and develop therapies unique to the less-developed infant immune system, a model of infant disease is needed. the neonatal lamb pulmonary development and physiology is similar to that of infants, and sheep are susceptible to ovine, bovine, or human strains o ...201324284879
cd8+ t-cell epitope mapping for pneumonia virus of mice in h-2b mice.the paramyxovirus pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is a rodent model of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) pathogenesis. here we characterized the pvm-specific cd8(+) t-cell repertoire in susceptible c57bl/6 mice. in total, 15 pvm-specific cd8(+) t-cell epitopes restricted by h-2d(b) and/or h-2k(b) were identified. these data open the door for using widely profiled, genetically manipulated c57bl/6 mice to study the contribution of epitope-specific cd8(+) t cells to pvm pathogenesis.201323824814
evaluation of antiviral efficacy against human respiratory syncytial virus using cotton rat and mouse models.infection with human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease in infants, young children, and elderly persons. no vaccine is available today and hrsv treatment options are limited. as a consequence, the treatment of hrsv infection remains largely supportive and new therapeutic options are needed to treat severe lower respiratory tract hrsv disease. several animal models have been developed to study hrsv disease and evaluate novel therapies or preventive me ...201323821282
molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus na1 and ga5 genotypes detected in assam in northeast india, 2009-2012.a significant number of children die each year from acute respiratory tract infections especially in developing countries. human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common virus identified in such cases. genetic characterization and the circulation pattern of rsv is important for future selection of appropriate vaccine strains. limited information is available on the circulation of rsv in developing countries including india. the present study aimed to provide baseline information on t ...201323780643
architecture of respiratory syncytial virus revealed by electron cryotomography.human respiratory syncytial virus is a human pathogen that causes severe infection of the respiratory tract. current information about the structure of the virus and its interaction with host cells is limited. we carried out an electron cryotomographic characterization of cell culture-grown human respiratory syncytial virus to determine the architecture of the virion. the particles ranged from 100 nm to 1,000 nm in diameter and were spherical, filamentous, or a combination of the two. the filame ...201323776214
genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus group a viruses isolated in germany 1996-2008.the genetic and antigenic variability of 18 human respiratory syncytial virus group a viruses isolated in germany from 1996 to 2008 was evaluated by nucleotide sequencing of the complete g and f genes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis with anti-g and anti-f monoclonal antibodies. phylogenetic analyses showed that the g-proteins clustered into the two genotypes ga2 and ga5. the antigenic analysis of g-gene was carried out with a panel of anti-g and anti-f monoclonal antibodies that r ...201323775758
a neutralization assay for respiratory syncytial virus using a quantitative pcr-based endpoint assessment.few studies have used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) as an approach to measure virus neutralization assay endpoints. its lack of use may not be surprising considering that sample nucleic acid extraction and purification can be expensive, labor-intensive, and rate-limiting.201323767960
genetic analysis of attachment glycoprotein (g) gene in new genotype on1 of human respiratory syncytial virus detected in japan.we studied the evolution of the g gene in the new genotype on1 of rsv detected from patients with acute respiratory infection in japan. phylogenetic analyses and the evolutionary timescale were obtained by the bayesian mcmc method. we also analyzed p-distance and positive selection sites. a new genotype on1 emerged around 2001. the evolution rate was rapid (3.57 × 10(-3) substitutions/site per year). the p-distance was short and no positive selection site was found in the present strains. these ...201323750702
intranasal immunization with a helper-dependent adenoviral vector expressing the codon-optimized fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus elicits protective immunity in balb/c mice.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a serious pediatric pathogen of the lower respiratory tract. currently, there is no clinically approved vaccine against rsv infection. recent studies have shown that helper-dependent adenoviral (hdad) vectors may represent effective and safe vaccine vectors. however, viral challenge has not been investigated following mucosal vaccination with hdad vector vaccines.201323742026
molecular epidemiology and phylodynamics of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in northern taiwan.the glycoprotein (g protein) and fusion protein (f protein) of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) both show genetic variability, but few studies have examined the f protein gene. this study aimed to characterize the molecular epidemiology and phylodynamics of the f protein gene in clinical rsv strains isolated in northern taiwan from 2000-2011.201323734183
anti-viral activity of water extract of paeonia lactiflora pallas against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.paeonia lactiflora pallas (p. lactiflora, ranunculaceae) is a common ingredient of sheng-ma-ge-gen-tang (smggt; shoma-kakkon-to) and ge-gen-tang (ggt; kakkon-to). smggt and ggt are different prescriptions of traditional chinese medicine with different ingredients designed for airway symptoms. both smggt and ggt have anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). therefore, p. lactiflora was hypothesized to be the effective ingredient of both smggt and ggt against hrsv. how ...201323711143
molecular evolution of attachment glycoprotein (g) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus detected in japan 2008-2011.we investigated the evolution of the c-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of g gene in the prevalent human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) subgroups a (rsv-a) and b (rsv-b) in japan in 2008-2011. phylogenetic analysis and the evolutionary timescale was obtained by the bayesian markov chain monte carlo method. all 38 rsv-a strains detected were classified into genotype na1 and the 17 rsv-b strains detected belonged to genotypes ba and gb2. na1 subdivided around 1998 in the present phylogenetic t ...201323707845
the comparative genomics of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroups a and b: genetic variability and molecular evolutionary dynamics.genomic variation and related evolutionary dynamics of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a common causative agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections, may affect its transmission behavior. rsv evolutionary patterns are likely to be influenced by a precarious interplay between selection favoring variants with higher replicative fitness and variants that evade host immune responses. studying rsv genetic variation can reveal both the genes and the individual codons within these gene ...201323698290
respiratory syncytial virus and asthma: speed-dating or long-term relationship?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. furthermore, epidemiological evidence has been accumulating that rsv lower respiratory tract infection in infants may be linked to subsequent development of recurrent wheezing and asthma in childhood. this article reviews the epidemiological evidence linking rsv and asthma and some new hypotheses of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of postviral airway inflammation and hyperreac ...201323657245
water extract of licorice had anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.licorice (glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch., leguminosae) has been used in herbal medicine and food supplement worldwide for centuries. licorice is a common ingredient of several prescriptions of traditional chinese medicine which have been proved to inhibit infection of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). there are two preparations of licorice, radix glycyrrhizae and radix glycyrrhizae preparata. however, it is unknown whether licorice or which preparation of licorice is effective against hrsv ...201323643542
circulation of human respiratory syncytial virus strains among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection in malaysia.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major viral pathogen associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis) among hospitalized children. in this study, the genetic diversity of the rsv strains was investigated among nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) taken from children less than 5 years of age hospitalized with alrtis in hospital serdang, malaysia. a total of 165 npa samples were tested for the presence of rsv and other respiratory viruses from june until december 2009. rsv ...201323641140
rage inhibits human respiratory syncytial virus syncytium formation by interfering with f-protein function.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection. infection is critically dependent on the rsv fusion (f) protein, which mediates fusion between the viral envelope and airway epithelial cells. the f protein is also expressed on infected cells and is responsible for fusion of infected cells with adjacent cells, resulting in the formation of multinucleate syncytia. the receptor for advanced glycation end products (rage) is a pattern-recognition r ...201323559480
ifnβ/tnfα synergism induces a non-canonical stat2/irf9-dependent pathway triggering a novel duox2 nadph oxidase-mediated airway antiviral response.airway epithelial cells are key initial innate immune responders in the fight against respiratory viruses, primarily via the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines that act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to trigger the establishment of an antiviral state. it is currently thought that the early antiviral state in airway epithelial cells primarily relies on ifnβ secretion and the subsequent activation of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (isgf3) transcription factor complex, ...201323545780
xiao-qing-long-tang (sho-seiryu-to) inhibited cytopathic effect of human respiratory syncytial virus in cell lines of human respiratory tract.xiao-qing-long-tang (xqlt, tj-19, sho-seiryu-to, so-cheong-ryong-tang) has been used against acute airway diseases for thousands of year in ancient china. most of the acute airway illnesses are caused by virus. however, without activity against influenza virus, xqlt has been questioned to manage respiratory tract viral infection. nevertheless, xqlt might be active against airway viruses other than influenza. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is one of the most common respiratory viral pat ...201323542148
emerging human respiratory syncytial virus genotype on1 found in infants with pneumonia in beijing, china. 201326038462
water extract of cinnamomum cassia blume inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus by preventing viral attachment, internalization, and syncytium formation.cinnamomum cassia blume is a popular traditional chinese herbal medicine that has been used to manage respiratory tract disease, including common cold and chronic bronchitis for thousand years. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is one of the leading causes of severe lower respiratory tract illness worldwide. no effective therapeutic modality against hrsv infection has been proved. it is unknown whether cinnamomum cassia is effective against hrsv.201323518419
respiratory syncytial virus epidemic periods in an equatorial city of brazil.characterization of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) season at the local level has important implications for appropriate decisions on the time period for administration of specific prophylaxis.201323517375
management of severe respiratory tract disease caused by human respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae in captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) are susceptible to many viral and bacterial pathogens of human origin. this case series reports an acute outbreak of respiratory disease due to human respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae in a single group of 30 captive chimpanzees. both pathogens are potentially zoonotic. the diagnosis was made antemortem and enabled a targeted response to the outbreak; but it more importantly, prompted improvements to the disease surveillance, biosecurity for ri ...201323505710
genetic variability of subgroup a and b respiratory syncytial virus strains circulating in southwestern china from 2009 to 2011.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is recognized as a leading pathogen responsible for severe respiratory infections in the pediatric population, particularly in infants and young children. a previous study by the same study group revealed that the rsv ba strain was prevalent in southwestern china in epidemic seasons from 2008 to 2009. the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of rsv in the following two years, the genetic variability of the g gene, and mutations at the 276t ...201323443930
a survey strategy for human respiratory syncytial virus detection among haematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: epidemiological and methodological analysis.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) causes severe infections among children and immunocompromised patients. we compared hrsv infections among haematopoietic stem cell transplant program (hsct) patients and children using direct immunofluorescence (dfa), point-of-care rsv bio easy® and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. overall, 102 samples from hsct patients and 128 from children obtained positivity rate of 18.6% and 14.1% respectively. pcr sensitivity was highest mainly on samples co ...201323440127
genetic characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus detected in hospitalized children in the philippines from 2008 to 2012.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. however, molecular characteristic of hrsv is still unknown in the philippines.201323357644
molecular epidemiology and disease severity of human respiratory syncytial virus in vietnam.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of acute respiratory infections (aris) in children worldwide and can cause high mortality, especially in developing countries. however, information on the clinical and molecular characteristics of rsv infection in developing countries is limited. from april 2010 to may 2011, 1,082 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children with ari admitted to the children's hospital 2, ho chi minh city, vietnam. samples were screened for rsv and genotype ...201323349659
respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitors targeting the f protein.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the main viral cause of respiratory tract infection in infants as well as some elderly and high-risk adults with chronic pulmonary disease and the severely immunocompromised. so far, no specific anti-rsv therapeutics or effective anti-rsv vaccines have been reported. only one humanized monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, has been approved for use in high-risk infants to prevent rsv infection. ribavirin is the only drug licensed for therapy of rsv infectio ...201323325327
a cell based high-throughput screening approach for the discovery of new inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a highly contagious pathogen and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia for infants and children under one year of age. worldwide, greater than 33 million children under five years of age are affected by hrsv resulting in three million hospitalizations and 200,000 deaths. however, severe lower respiratory tract disease may occur at any age, especially among the elderly or those with compromised cardiac, pulmonary, or immune systems. th ...201323302182
an in vitro model to study immune responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to human respiratory syncytial virus infection.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. an important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology. here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an hrsv infection. first, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of hrsv. subsequently, we descr ...201324379004
gene-based vaccine approaches for respiratory syncytial virus.a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine has remained elusive for decades, largely due to the failure of a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine in the 1960s that resulted in enhanced disease upon rsv exposure in the immunized individuals. vaccine development has also been hindered by the incomplete immunity conferred by natural infection allowing for re-infection at any time, and the immature immune system and circulating maternal antibodies present in the neonate, the primary target for a vaccin ...201324362696
respiratory syncytial virus: virology, reverse genetics, and pathogenesis of disease.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-strand rna virus of family paramyxoviridae. rsv is the most complex member of the family in terms of the number of genes and proteins. it is also relatively divergent and distinct from the prototype members of the family. in the past 30 years, we have seen a tremendous increase in our understanding of the molecular biology of rsv based on a succession of advances involving molecular cloning, reverse genetics, and deta ...201324362682
respiratory syncytial virus modified by deletions of the ns2 gene and amino acid s1313 of the l polymerase protein is a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated vaccine candidate that is phenotypically stable at physiological temperature.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children worldwide. in previous work to develop point mutations in rsv with improved genetic stability, we observed that an attenuating mutation at amino acid position 1321 in the l polymerase protein was subject to deattenuation by a spontaneous second-site compensatory mutation at position 1313 (c. luongo, c. c. winter, p. l. collins, and u. j. buchholz, j. virol. 86:10792-10804 ...201323236065
human respiratory syncytial virus viroporin sh: a viral recognition pathway used by the host to signal inflammasome activation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains the leading cause of serious viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children throughout the world. the burden of disease is significant, with 70% of all infants being infected with rsv within the first year of their life. 40% of those children discharged from hospital have recurrent, repeated respiratory symptoms and wheezing for at least 10 years. the infection is also an important illness in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals ...201323229815
p38 and ogt sequestration into viral inclusion bodies in cells infected with human respiratory syncytial virus suppresses mk2 activities and stress granule assembly.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) forms cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ibs) that are thought to be sites of nucleocapsid accumulation and viral rna synthesis. the present study found that ibs also were the sites of major sequestration of two proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways. these are phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) (p38-p), a key regulator of cellular inflammatory and stress responses, and o-linked n-acetylglucosamine (ogn) transferase (ogt), an enzyme ...201323152511
fresh ginger (zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.ginger, zingiber officinale roscoe, is a common spice and also a widely used medicinal plant in ancient china. ginger is an ingredient of ge-gen-tang (kakkon-to; ggt). ggt has been proved to have antiviral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). however, it is unknown whether ginger is effective against hrsv.201323123794
concurrent detection of other respiratory viruses in children shedding viable human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is an important cause of respiratory disease. the majority of studies addressing the importance of virus co-infections to the hrsv-disease have been based on the detection of hrsv by rt-pcr, which may not distinguish current replication from prolonged shedding of remnant rna from previous hrsv infections. to assess whether co-detections of other common respiratory viruses are associated with increased severity of hrsv illnesses from patients who were shed ...201323861138
[analysis the viral etiology of fever and respiratory tract infection syndrome in shaanxi province].analysis the viral pathogenic spectrum for patients with fever and respiratory tract infection syndrome in shaanxi province during 2010 and investigate the molecular epidemiology characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus.201323855118
meeting report: emerging respiratory viral infections and nonhuman primate case reports.a workshop on emerging respiratory viral infections and spontaneous diseases in nonhuman primates was sponsored by the concurrent annual meetings of the american college of veterinary pathologists and the american society for veterinary clinical pathology, held december 1-5, 2012, in seattle, washington. the session had platform presentations from drs karen terio, thijs kuiken, guy boivin, and robert palermo that focused on naturally occurring influenza, human respiratory syncytial virus, and me ...201323839235
pathogen recognition receptor crosstalk in respiratory syncytial virus sensing: a host and cell type perspective.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in young children, immunocompromised adults, and the elderly. the innate immune response plays a pivotal role in host defense against rsv, but whether severe outcomes following rsv infection result from excessive or poor innate immune recognition remains unclear. recent research suggests a situation in which crosstalk between families of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) occurs in a cell type-d ...201324119913
genetic variability of human respiratory syncytial virus in pune, western india.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory tract infections amongst children. based on genotyping of the attachment glycoprotein (g) gene, it is divided into two groups, rsv-a and rsv-b. infection with one group does not confer immunity against the other and children infected with one antigenic group are more likely to be reinfected with the heterologous group. we tested 854 samples of patients with influenza like illness (i ...201324113083
antiviral activity of carnosic acid against respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory infection and a major public health threat worldwide. to date, no vaccine or effective therapeutic agent has been developed. in a screen for potential therapeutic agents against hrsv, we discovered that an extract of rosmarinus officinalis exerted a strong inhibitory effect against hrsv infection. subsequent studies identified carnosic acid as a bioactive constituent responsible for anti-hrsv activity. carnos ...201324103432
respiratory syncytial virus g protein cx3c motif impairs human airway epithelial and immune cell responses.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and young children and causes disease in the elderly and persons with compromised cardiac, pulmonary, or immune systems. despite the high morbidity rates of rsv infection, no highly effective treatment or vaccine is yet available. the rsv g protein is an important contributor to the disease process. a conserved cx3c chemokine-like motif in g likely contributes to the pathogenesis of disease. throu ...201324089561
genetic variation in attachment glycoprotein genes of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroups a and b in children in recent five consecutive years.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) outranks other viral agents as the cause of respiratory tract diseases in children worldwide. molecular epidemiological study of the virus provides useful information for the development of globally effective vaccine. we investigated the circulating pattern and genetic variation in the attachment glycoprotein genes of hrsv in beijing during 5 consecutive seasons from 2007 to 2012. out of 19,942 tested specimens, 3,160 (15.8%) were hrsv antigen-positive. t ...201324069376
quantifying rna-protein interactions in situ using modified-mtrips and proximity ligation.the stabilization, translation and degradation of rna are regulated by interactions between trans-acting factors, such as microrna and rna-binding proteins (rbp). in order to investigate the relationships between these events and their significance, a method that detects the localization of these interactions within a single cell, as well as their variability across a cell population, is needed. to visualize and quantify rna-protein interactions in situ, we developed a proximity ligation assay ( ...201322952158
prevalence and clinical characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus in chinese adults with acute respiratory tract infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of respiratory tract illnesses worldwide. although the prevalence and clinical manifestations of the two subtypes, rsv-a and rsv-b, have been studied in some detail in infants and young children, they have not been determined in adults. to evaluate the prevalence of the rsv subtypes and disease severity between rsv-a and rsv-b infections in adults, nasal and throat swabs that were collected from patients ≥15 years old who sought medical care f ...201323192884
identification and functional characterization of trna-derived rna fragments (trfs) in respiratory syncytial virus infection.the discovery of small noncoding rnas (sncrnas) with regulatory functions is a recent breakthrough in biology. among sncrnas, microrna (mirna), derived from host or virus, has emerged as elements with high importance in control of viral replication and host responses. however, the expression pattern and functional aspects of other types of sncrnas, following viral infection, are unexplored. in order to define expression patterns of sncrnas, as well as to discover novel regulatory sncrnas in resp ...201323183536
nonstructural protein-1 of respiratory syncytial virus regulates hox gene expression through interacting with histone.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a major cause of severe respiratory diseases, constitutes an important risk factor for the development of subsequent asthma. in searching for its mechanism, the present study was designed to screen the interacting proteins of two important nonstructural (ns) proteins in human becs. the subcellular localization and the effects of ns on hox gene expression were also examined. the results showed that ns1 was distributed throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm, ...201323054021
protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a combinatory dna vaccine against influenza a virus and the respiratory syncytial virus.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a virus (iav) are both two major causative agents of severe respiratory tract infections in humans leading to hospitalization and thousands of deaths each year. in this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a combinatory dna vaccine in comparison to the single component vaccines against both diseases in a mouse model. intramuscular electroporation with plasmids expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) of iav and the f protein of rsv i ...201323967287
interferon induction and function at the mucosal surface.interferons (ifns) are produced in response to virus infection and induce an antiviral state in virtually all cell types. in addition to upregulating the transcription of genes that inhibit virus replication, type i (or -α/β) ifns also act to orchestrate the adaptive immune response to virus infection. recently a new family of antiviral cytokines, the type iii (or -λ) ifns, has been identified that activate the same antiviral pathways via a distinct receptor. although the identical transcription ...201323947345
dual myxovirus screen identifies a small-molecule agonist of the host antiviral response.as we are confronted with an increasing number of emerging and reemerging viral pathogens, the identification of novel pathogen-specific and broad-spectrum antivirals has become a major developmental objective. targeting of host factors required for virus replication presents a tangible approach toward obtaining novel hits with a broadened indication range. however, the identification of developable host-directed antiviral candidates remains challenging. we describe a novel screening protocol th ...201323926334
viral infection of the lung: host response and sequelae.because of its essential role in gas exchange and oxygen delivery, the lung has evolved a variety of strategies to control inflammation and maintain homeostasis. invasion of the lung by pathogens (and in some instances exposure to certain noninfectious particulates) disrupts this equilibrium and triggers a cascade of events aimed at preventing or limiting colonization (and more importantly infection) by pathogenic microorganisms. in this review we focus on viral infection of the lung and summari ...201323915713
a novel influenza virus hemagglutinin-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein subunit vaccine against influenza and rsv.influenza a virus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause substantial morbidity and mortality afflicting the ends of the age spectrum during the autumn through winter months in the united states. the benefit of vaccination against rsv and influenza using a subunit vaccine to enhance immunity and neutralizing antibody was investigated. influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) and rsv fusion (f) protein were tested as vaccine components alone and in combination to explore the adjuvant properties of ...201323903841
evaluation of the automated multianalyte point-of-care maripoc® test for the detection of influenza a virus and respiratory syncytial virus.the aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of the new maripoc(®) method against the direct fluorescent antibody assay (dfa) as the primary reference method for rapid virus detection from nasopharyngeal aspirates and swab samples. the study was an open prospective evaluation during the seasonal winter epidemics in the mikkeli central hospital, finland. altogether, 283 samples were analyzed; 124 (43.8%) were from young children (<5 years old). discrepant samples were resolved by pcr. wit ...201323852685
differential airway inflammatory responses in asthma exacerbations induced by respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus a.although respiratory viral infections cause acute exacerbations of asthma, the inflammatory responses vary depending on the causative virus. the purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory responses in the airways of acute exacerbations of asthma induced by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a virus.201323689185
sialylneolacto-n-tetraose c (lstc)-bearing liposomal decoys capture influenza a virus.influenza is a severe disease in humans and animals with few effective therapies available. all strains of influenza virus are prone to developing drug resistance due to the high mutation rate in the viral genome. a therapeutic agent that targets a highly conserved region of the virus could bypass resistance and also be effective against multiple strains of influenza. influenza uses many individually weak ligand binding interactions for a high avidity multivalent attachment to sialic acid-bearin ...201323362274
recombinant influenza virus carrying the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f85-93 ctl epitope reduces rsv replication in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide. despite decades of research, there is still no registered vaccine available for this major pathogen. we investigated the protective efficacy of a recombinant influenza virus, pr8/na-f(85-93), that carries the rsv cd8(+) t cell epitope f(85-93) in its neuraminidase stalk. f(85-93)-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) were induced in mice after a single intranasal immunization with ...201323302879
comparative evaluation of the nanosphere verigene rv+ assay and the simplexa flu a/b & rsv kit for detection of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses.using retrospective (n = 200) and prospective (n = 150) nasopharyngeal specimens, we evaluated the nanosphere verigene rv+ and the focus diagnostics simplexa flu a/b & rsv tests. overall, rv+ demonstrated sensitivities and specificities of 96.6% and 100% for influenza a virus, 100% and 99.7% for influenza b virus, and 100% and 100% for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), while the simplexa test sensitivities and specificities were 82.8 and 99.7%, 76.2 and 100%, and 94.6 and 100%, respectively.201323152547
spectrum of respiratory viruses circulating in eastern india: prospective surveillance among patients with influenza-like illness during 2010-2011.in developing countries, viruses causing respiratory disease are a major concern of public health. during january 2010-december 2011, 2,737 patients with acute respiratory infection from the outpatient departments as well as patients admitted to hospitals were screened for different respiratory viruses. nasal and or throat swabs were collected and transported to the laboratory where initial screening of influenza a and influenza b viruses was performed. the samples were tested further for influe ...201323765782
innate and adaptive immune response to pneumonia virus of mice in a resistant and a susceptible mouse strain.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of infant bronchiolitis. the closely related pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) causes a similar immune-mediated disease in mice, which allows an analysis of host factors that lead to severe illness. this project was designed to compare the immune responses to lethal and sublethal doses of pvm strain 15 in balb/c and c57bl/6 mice. balb/c mice responded to pvm infection with an earlier and stronger innate response that failed to control viral repl ...201323337382
nasally administered lactobacillus rhamnosus strains differentially modulate respiratory antiviral immune responses and induce protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection.some studies have shown that nasally administered immunobiotics had the potential to improve the outcome of influenza virus infection. however, the capacity of immunobiotics to improve protection against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was not investigated before.201323947615
immunobiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus improves resistance of infant mice against respiratory syncytial virus infection.previously we showed that orally administered lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1505 beneficially regulated the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in the lungs of poly(i:c)-challenged mice, allowing an effective inflammatory response against the tlr3/rig-i agonist but at the same time reducing tissue damage. the aim of the present study was to investigate whether oral administration of the crl1505 strain was able to improve resistance against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infectio ...201323838113
bacterium-like particles for efficient immune stimulation of existing vaccines and new subunit vaccines in mucosal applications.the successful development of a mucosal vaccine depends critically on the use of a safe and effective immunostimulant and/or carrier system. this review describes the effectiveness and mode of action of an immunostimulating particle, derived from bacteria, used in mucosal subunit vaccines. the non-living particles, designated bacterium-like particles are based on the food-grade bacterium lactococcus lactis. the focus of the overview is on the development of intranasal blp-based vaccines to preve ...201324062748
a protective and safe intranasal rsv vaccine based on a recombinant prefusion-like form of the f protein bound to bacterium-like particles.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. currently, no licensed vaccine against rsv is available. here we describe the development of a safe and effective intranasal subunit vaccine that is based on recombinant fusion (f) protein bound to the surface of immunostimulatory bacterium-like particles (blps) derived from the food-grade bacterium lactococcus lactis. different variants of f were analyzed with respect to their confor ...201323951084
respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized children older than 2 years with community-acquired pneumonia.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the main causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. the aims of the present study were to evaluate the role of rsv in children >2 years old hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and to type the circulating rsv strains.201324376320
[comparison of clinical features and co-infection between pneumonia caused by influenza virus a and pneumonia caused by influenza virus b among children].to compare the clinical features and co-infection between pneumonia caused by influenza virus a (iva) and pneumonia caused by influenza virus b (ivb) among children.201324229596
prescription surveillance and polymerase chain reaction testing to identify pathogens during outbreaks of infection.syndromic surveillance, including prescription surveillance, offers a rapid method for the early detection of agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases. however, it has the disadvantage of not considering definitive diagnoses. here, we attempted to definitively diagnose pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) immediately after the prescription surveillance system detected an outbreak. specimens were collected from 50 patients with respiratory infections. pcr was used to ide ...201323509772
[epidemiological characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children].to study the epidemiological characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (mpp) in children, and to provide a basis for diagnosis and treatment.201323336165
fourth european conference on infections in leukaemia (ecil-4): guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of human respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus.community-acquired respiratory virus (carv) infections have been recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with leukemia and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). progression to lower respiratory tract infection with clinical and radiological signs of pneumonia and respiratory failure appears to depend on the intrinsic virulence of the specific carv as well as factors specific to the patient, the underlying disease, and its treatment. to ...201323024295
the potential for pneumococcal vaccination in hajj pilgrims: expert opinion.hajj is the annual pilgrimage to mecca in the kingdom of saudi arabia, and is one of the largest mass gathering events in the world. acute respiratory tract infections are very common during hajj, primarily as a result of close contact among pilgrims, intense congestion, shared accommodation and air pollution. a number of vaccines are (or have been) recommended for hajj pilgrims in recent years. several additional vaccines could significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality at hajj and should ...201323810307
influence of pneumococcal vaccines and respiratory syncytial virus on alveolar pneumonia, israel.postlicensure surveillance of pneumonia incidence can be used to estimate whether pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (pcvs) affect incidence. we used poisson regression models that control for baseline seasonality to determine the impact of pcvs and the possible effects of variations in virus activity in israel on these surveillance estimates. pcv was associated with significant declines in radiologically confirmed alveolar pneumonia (rcap) among patients <6 months, 6-17 months, and 18-35 months of ...201323763864
successful systemic high-dose ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial virus-induced infections occurring pre-engraftment in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a frequent cause of respiratory tract infectious disease (rtid) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients associated with a high mortality once infection has progressed from upper rtid (urtid) to lower rtid (urtid). aerosolized ribavirin (rbv) is considered a cornerstone of treatment, but is expensive and has toxic side effects on patients and staff. in this study, rsv infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from rou ...201323692664
development of a new resequencing pathogen microarray based assay for detection of broad-spectrum respiratory tract viruses in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.a resequencing pathogen microarray (rpm) is a single, highly multiplexed assay for detecting and differentiating similarly related pathogens by using closely overlapping probe sets to determine a target organism's nucleotide sequence. in this study, a new rpm (rpm-ivdc1) that consisted of 224-bp detector tiles corresponding to 9 influenza a subtypes, 11 rhinoviruses, 28 enteroviruses and 38 other respiratory viruses was developed and optimized to provide individual and simultaneous detection sen ...201324086618
[late onset streptococcus agalactiae disease associated with respiratory syncytial virus infections in very premature newborn]. 201323582195
comparison of initial feasibility of host cell lines for viral vaccine production.in order to reduce the time required for the development and production of viral vaccines, host cell lines should be available as expression systems for production of viral vaccines against groups of viral pathogens. a selection of cell lines was compared for their initial feasibility as expression system for the replication of polioviruses, influenza a viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (wild type strain a2). six adherent cell lines (vero, hek-293, mrc-5, cho-k1, bhk-21 c13, mdck) and six ...201323684847
highly immunostimulatory rna derived from a sendai virus defective viral genome.defective viral genomes (dvgs) are generated during virus replication. dvgs bearing complementary ends are strong inducers of dendritic cell (dc) maturation and of the expression of antiviral and pro-inflammatory cytokines by triggering signaling of the rig-i family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors. our data show that dcs stimulated with virus containing dvgs have an enhanced ability to activate human t cells and can induce adaptive immunity in mice. in addition, we describe the ge ...201324099876
pneumococcal bacterial load colonization as a marker of mixed infection in children with alveolar community-acquired pneumonia and respiratory syncytial virus or rhinovirus infection.the main aim of this study was to evaluate whether nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in children with alveolar community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) or rhinovirus (rv) infection indicates a mixed lung infection.201323743541
rt-pcr detection of respiratory pathogens in newborn children admitted to a neonatal medium care unit.this study aimed to determine the prevalence of respiratory pathogens among newborns admitted to a neonatal medium care unit (nmcu) and to identify clinical predictors.201323202720
viral and bacterial causes of severe acute respiratory illness among children aged less than 5 years in a high malaria prevalence area of western kenya, 2007-2010.few comprehensive data exist on the etiology of severe acute respiratory illness (sari) among african children.201322914561
non-propagating, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors encoding respiratory syncytial virus proteins generate potent humoral and cellular immunity against rsv and are protective in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants, the elderly, and other high-risk individuals. despite years of research in this field, there is no effective licensed vaccine to prevent rsv infection. we have generated candidate rsv vaccines using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rvsv) replicon in which the attachment and fusion domains of the vsv glycoprotein (g) have been deleted (rvsv-gstem), rendering the virus propagation-defe ...201323261719
development of a simple, rapid, sensitive, high-throughput luciferase reporter based microneutralization test for measurement of virus neutralizing antibodies following respiratory syncytial virus vaccination and infection.we have established a new reporter gene-based rsv neutralization test using renilla luciferase. the rsv-luciferase neutralization test (rsv-luc-neut) is a simple, rapid, high throughput, and less labor intensive functional serological assay than the traditional rsv-prnt, capable of measuring a broad range of anti-rsv neutralizing antibodies targeting both rsv-f and rsv-g proteins. specificity and sensitivity of the rsv-luc-neut are comparable to the rsv-prnt. panels of pre-vaccination and post-v ...201323742994
in vivo evaluation of antiviral compounds on respiratory syncytial virus using a juvenile vervet monkey (chlorocebus pygerythrus) infection model.several animal models with varying susceptibilities to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection have been developed to study the specific aspects of rsv disease. many of these models are used for testing antiviral compounds or in vaccine efficacy studies during preclinical evaluation. in this chapter, we describe the study design of an efficacy study of an rsv inhibitor, performed in a juvenile vervet monkey model for rsv.201323821283
lack of effect of bovine lactoferrin in respiratory syncytial virus replication and clinical disease severity in the mouse model.lactoferrin (lf) is a glycoprotein present in human milk with known antimicrobial effects. in vitro, lf has demonstrated antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). we sought to assess the effect of bovine (b)lf in rsv replication, lung inflammation and function, cytokine profiles and clinical disease in an in vivo murine model.201323735300
respiratory syncytial virus--a comprehensive review.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. although there have been extensive studies of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models and the immunobiology of infection, there is not yet a convincing and safe vaccine available. the major histopathologic characteristics of rsv infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal and submucosal edema, and luminal ...201323575961
epidemiological and genetic characteristics associated with the severity of acute viral bronchiolitis by respiratory syncytial virus.to assess the epidemiological and genetic factors associated with severity of acute viral bronchiolitis (avb) by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).201324035870
genetic replacement of surfactant protein-c reduces respiratory syncytial virus induced lung injury.individuals with deficiencies of pulmonary surfactant protein c (sp-c) develop interstitial lung disease (ild) that is exacerbated by viral infections including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). sp-c gene targeted mice (sftpc -/-) lack sp-c, develop an ild-like disease and are susceptible to infection with rsv.201323399055
[application of filmarray assay for detection of respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised persons].a variety of viruses and bacteria are responsible for acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. severe and even fatal disease can occur especially in group ofimmunocompromised individuals. accurate pathogen identification allows clinicians to determine the need for ancillary diagnostic testing, antibacterial and/or antiviral therapy and can motivate decisions regarding hospitalization and infection control measures.201324432557
challenges and opportunities for respiratory syncytial virus vaccines.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes a significant proportion of the global burden of respiratory disease. here we summarize the conclusions of a series of chapters written by investigators describing and interpreting what is known about the virology, clinical manifestations, immunity, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of rsv relevant to vaccine development. several technological and conceptual advances have recently occurred that make rsv vaccine development more feasible, and this collected k ...201324362701
human airway epithelial cell cultures for modeling respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important human respiratory pathogen with narrow species tropism. limited availability of human pathologic specimens during early rsv-induced lung disease and ethical restrictions for rsv challenge studies in the lower airways of human volunteers has slowed our understanding of how rsv causes airway disease and greatly limited the development of therapeutic strategies for reducing rsv disease burden. our current knowledge of rsv infection and pathology is ...201324362700
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