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antiplasmodial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of erythrina senegalensis.the in vivo antiplasmodial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of erythrina senegalensis, an ornamental plant commonly used in northern nigeria for the treatment of fevers, was evaluated. aqueous extracts of the stem bark of the plant was used for the study. the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous extract against plasmodium berghei was assessed using the suppressive and curative test procedures. analgesic activity was assessed using the acetic acid (0.75%v/v) induced abdominal ...200010904174
effects of interruption of apicoplast function on malaria infection, development, and transmission.a chloroplast-like organelle is present in many species of the apicomplexa phylum. we have previously demonstrated that the plastid organelle of plasmodium faciparum is essential to the survival of the blood-stage malaria parasite in culture. one known function of the plastid organelle in another apicomplexan, toxoplasma gondii, involves the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole. the effects of interruption of plastid function on sporozoites and sexual-stage parasites have not been investigat ...200010924753
essential role of cd8 palmitoylation in cd8 coreceptor function.to investigate the molecular basis that makes heterodimeric cd8alphabeta a more efficient coreceptor than homodimeric cd8alphaalpha, we used various cd8 transfectants of t1.4 t cell hybridomas, which are specific for h-2kd, and a photoreactive derivative of the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide pbcs 252-260 (syipsaeki). we demonstrate that cd8 is palmitoylated at the cytoplasmic tail of cd8beta and that this allows partitioning of cd8alphabeta, but not of cd8alphaalpha, in lipid rafts. ...200010925291
import of host delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase into the malarial parasite: identification of a new drug target.the parasite plasmodium berghei imports the enzyme delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (alad), and perhaps the subsequent enzymes of the pathway from the host red blood cell to sustain heme synthesis. here we have studied the mechanism of this import. a 65-kda protein on the p. berghei membrane specifically bound to mouse red blood cell alad, and a 93-amino-acid fragment (alad-deltanc) of the host erythrocyte alad was able to compete with the full-length enzyme for binding to the p. berghei membra ...200010932227
tissue distribution of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in normal and malaria-infected tissue.an immunohistochemical method was developed, using a polyclonal antibody, to detect the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) in normal and malaria-infected tissue. plasmodium berghei anka, a cerebral malaria (cm) model, and p. berghei k173, a non-cerebral malaria (ncm) model, were used. it was found that vascular endothelial cells were the primary site of ido expression in both models of malaria infection and that this response was systemic, with the vascular endothelium of brain, heart, lun ...200010939286
dichloroacetate (dca) reduces brain lactate but increases brain glutamine in experimental cerebral malaria: a 1h-nmr study.recent findings that levels of brain lactate and alanine were elevated in murine cerebral malaria led us to investigate the effect of dichloroacetate (dca; 60 mg/kg), an activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase, on the levels of brain metabolites, and on the survival of mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka which normally causes lethal cerebral malaria. dca significantly reduced brain lactate and alanine levels when administered to infected mice, had no effect on the tca cycle-related metabolite ...200010939296
immunopathology of cerebral malaria: morphological evidence of parasite sequestration in murine brain microvasculature.a murine model that closely resembles human cerebral malaria is presented, in which characteristic features of parasite sequestration and inflammation in the brain are clearly demonstrable. "young" (balb/c x c57bl/6)f(1) mice infected with plasmodium berghei (anka) developed typical neurological symptoms 7 to 8 days later and then died, although their parasitemias were below 20%. older animals were less susceptible. immunohistopathology and ultrastructure demonstrated that neurological symptoms ...200010948166
morphine modulation of plasmodial-antigens-induced colony-stimulating factors production by macrophages.morphine abuse is known to cause immunosuppression and enhanced host susceptibility to malaria. we studied the effect of morphine on the plasmodium berghei total-parasite-antigens soluble in culture medium (p.b.sa)-induced production of colony-stimulating factors (csfs) by mouse peritoneal macrophages, in vitro. morphine exerted a concentration-dependent biphasic modulatory effect; at 1 x 10(-4)-1 x 10 x 10(-6) m it slightly inhibited, whereas at 1 x 10(-8)-1 x 10(-10) m it augmented the product ...200010954037
differential interleukin-10 expression in interferon regulatory factor-1 deficient mice during plasmodium berghei blood-stage infection.mice deficient of functional interferon regulatory factor-1 (irf-1-/-) by targeted gene disruption infected with a lethal murine malaria strain, plasmodium berghei anka survived longer than its wild-type littermates despite the inability to induce appreciable amounts of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and nitric oxide. in addition, infected irf-1-/- mice displayed less organ injury with reduced necrosis and inflammation. both wild-type and irf-1-/- mice treated with exogenous interleukin-12 (il-12) ...200010972849
inhibition of the mosquito transmission of plasmodium berghei by malarone (atovaquone-proguanil).sera from patients treated with atovaquone-proguanil (malarone) have previously been shown to inhibit the mosquito transmission of plasmodium falciparum, though the inhibition was not complete and the effect declined 2 weeks after treatment. in marked contrast, the inhibition of transmission of p. berghei by human sera (fed to mosquitoes, with p. berghei gametocytes, via membrane feeders) from volunteers treated with atovaquone-proguanil was total up to day 28 post-treatment and still very signi ...200010983555
distinct roles for pbs21 and pbs25 in the in vitro ookinete to oocyst transformation of plasmodium berghei.we have developed an in vitro culture system for early sporogonic stages of plasmodium berghei, which can be used to study developmental events normally taking place in the midgut of an infected mosquito. these include penetration of insect cells by the mature ookinete, transformation into oocysts and the early development of the latter, sustained through several rounds of nuclear division. the system, based upon co-culture of enriched ookinetes with several established insect cell lines, was us ...200010984433
targeted terminal deletions as a tool for functional genomics studies in plasmodium.we describe a transfection system that induces terminal deletions at specific chromosome ends in malaria parasites using a linear construct containing telomeric repeats at one end and plasmodial sequences able to drive homologous recombination at the other. a site-specific deletion was generated at one extremity of chromosome 5 of plasmodium berghei, which was stably maintained in the parasite population selected after transfection. the telomeric repeat array introduced with the construct reache ...200010984459
characterisation and expression of pbs25, a sexual and sporogonic stage specific protein of plasmodium berghei.following gametogenesis and fertilisation in the bloodmeal within the mosquito midgut, the newly formed zygotes of the malaria parasite develop into motile invasive ookinetes. during this development, surface molecules are synthesised de novo including molecules of 21-28 kda from the zygote-ookinete stages. an antiserum recognising a 26 kda protein of plasmodium berghei was used to clone the corresponding gene from a cdna library, which was shown to be identical to the reported pbs25 gene sequen ...200010989152
hematin polymerization assay as a high-throughput screen for identification of new antimalarial pharmacophores.hematin polymerization is a parasite-specific process that enables the detoxification of heme following its release in the lysosomal digestive vacuole during hemoglobin degradation, and represents both an essential and a unique pharmacological drug target. we have developed a high-throughput in vitro microassay of hematin polymerization based on the detection of (14)c-labeled hematin incorporated into polymeric hemozoin (malaria pigment). the assay uses 96-well filtration microplates and require ...200010991837
genetic vaccination against malaria infection by intradermal and epidermal injections of a plasmid containing the gene encoding the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein.the circumsporozoite protein (csp) from the surface of sporozoite stage plasmodium sp. malaria parasites is among the most important of the malaria vaccine candidates. gene gun injection of genetic vaccines encoding plasmodium berghei csp induces a significant protective effect against sporozoite challenge; however, intramuscular injection does not. in the present study we compared the immune responses and protective effects induced by p. berghei csp genetic vaccines delivered intradermally with ...200010992502
the selectable marker human dihydrofolate reductase enables sequential genetic manipulation of the plasmodium berghei genome.genetic transformation of malaria parasites has been limited by the number of selectable markers available. for the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, only a single selection marker has been at hand, utilising the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene from either p. berghei or toxoplasma gondii to confer resistance to the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine. here we report the use of the human dihydrofolate reductase (hdhfr) gene as a new selectable marker, which confers resis ...200010699250
reactive changes of retinal microglia during fatal murine cerebral malaria: effects of dexamethasone and experimental permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier.microglial activation and redistribution toward blood vessels are some of the earliest observable events occurring within the central nervous system (cns) during fatal murine cerebral malaria (fmcm). to investigate stimuli that might modulate microglial reactivity during fmcm we have performed two experimental manipulations and observed microglial responses in retinal whole mounts. first, to determine whether increased blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability in the absence of the malaria parasite ...200010702421
analysis of a malaria sporozoite protein family required for gliding motility and cell invasion. 200010707054
the synthetic, oxidized c-terminal fragment of the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein elicits a high protective response.a polypeptide of 69 amino acids (pbcs 242-310) encompassing the c-terminal region of the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium berghei (pbcs) was generated using solid-phase peptide synthesis. the immunological and protective properties of peptide pbcs 242-310 were studied in balb/c mice (h-2d). two subcutaneous injections, in the presence of ifa at the base of the tail, generated (i) high titers of anti-peptide antibodies which also recognized the native p. berghei cs protein, (ii) cytolytic t ...200011009102
oxygenated chalcones and bischalcones as potential antimalarial agents.oxygenated chalcones (3a,b) and bischalcones (4a-j) have been synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial activity against chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of plasmodium berghei in mice. some of the screened compounds, 3a, 4c, 4e, 4f and 4i, have shown significant activity at 100 mg/kg dose against sensitive strain.200011012019
the roles of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor on the production and immunogenicity of recombinant ookinete surface antigen pbs21 of plasmodium berghei when prepared in a baculovirus expression system.malarial ookinetes express an immunodominant surface protein (p28) that is a priority candidate for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines. the full length p28 gene from plasmodium berghei [pbs21(1-213)] and a deletion construct [pbs21(1-188)] encoding a protein that lacks the 25 c-terminal amino acids, including the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor signal, were expressed in insect cells using baculovirus vectors. pbs21(1-213) protein is strongly hydrophobic, found in the cyt ...200011012975
a search for natural bioactive compounds in bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. part iv. is a new haem polymerisation inhibition test pertinent for the detection of antimalarial natural products?the search for new antimalarial agents in plant crude extracts using traditional screening tests is time-consuming and expensive. new in vitro alternative techniques, based on specific metabolic or enzymatic process, have recently been developed to circumvent testing of antimalarial activity in parasite culture. the haem polymerisation inhibition test (hpia) was proposed as a possible routine in vitro assay for the detection of antimalarial activity in natural products. a total of 178 plant extr ...200011025165
some in vitro invasion inhibition of red cells by in vivo nonprotective anti-ldh antibodies of plasmodium berghei.in plasmodium berghei, sephadex g-200 purified lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) fraction immunized mice did not exhibit protection when challenged with 1 x 10(6) p. berghei-parasitized erythrocytes. however, ldh immunized mice seroconverted and showed an antibody titre of 1:2048 by indirect haemagglutination (iha) and 1:160 by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assays. fluorescence was distributed evenly on p. berghei-parasitized red cells showing no specific location of parasite ldh. anti-ldh antib ...200011048428
anti-malarial activity of leaf-extract of hydrangea macrophylla, a common japanese plant.to find a new anti-malarial medicine derived from natural resources, we examined the leaves of 13 common japanese plants in vitro. among them, a leaf-extract of hydrangea macrophylla, a common japanese flower, inhibited the parasitic growth of plasmodium falciparum. the ic50 of hydrangea macrophylla leaf extract to plasmodium falciparum was 0.18 microg/ml. the ic50 to nih 3t3-3 cells, from a normal mouse cell line, was 7.2 microg/ml. thus, selective toxicity was 40. for the in vivo test, we inoc ...200011061572
molecular interactions between anopheles stephensi midgut cells and plasmodium berghei: the time bomb theory of ookinete invasion of mosquitoes.we present a detailed analysis of the interactions between anopheles stephensi midgut epithelial cells and plasmodium berghei ookinetes during invasion of the mosquito by the parasite. in this mosquito, p. berghei ookinetes invade polarized columnar epithelial cells with microvilli, which do not express high levels of vesicular atpase. the invaded cells are damaged, protrude towards the midgut lumen and suffer other characteristic changes, including induction of nitric oxide synthase (nos) expre ...200011080150
toxoplasma gondii homologue of plasmodium apical membrane antigen 1 is involved in invasion of host cells.proteins with constitutive or transient localization on the surface of apicomplexa parasites are of particular interest for their potential role in the invasion of host cells. we describe the identification and characterization of tgama1, the toxoplasma gondii homolog of the plasmodium apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1), which has been shown to elicit a protective immune response against merozoites dependent on the correct pairing of its numerous disulfide bonds. tgama1 shows between 19% (plasmodi ...200011083833
pfsbp1, a maurer's cleft plasmodium falciparum protein, is associated with the erythrocyte skeleton.antibodies from hyperimmune monkey sera, selected by absorption to plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, and elution at acidic ph, allowed us to characterize a novel parasite protein, pfsbp1 (p. falciparum skeleton binding protein 1). pfsbp1 is an integral membrane protein of parasite-induced membranous structures associated with the erythrocyte plasma membrane and referred to as maurer's clefts. the carboxy-terminal domain of pfsbp1, exposed within the cytoplasm of the host cell, interac ...200011087921
a role for linoleic acid in erythrocytes infected with plasmodium berghei.unesterified fatty acids were measured in mouse erythrocytes infected either with chloroquine-susceptible (cs) or with chloroquine-resistant (cr) lines of plasmodium berghei. this work was undertaken to identify candidates for the lipid involved in ferriprotoporphyrin ix (fp) polymerization. linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. in total, they increased 4-fold with cs infections and 6-fold with cr infections. treating infected mice ...200011113630
16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone, a dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) analogue, inhibits plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei growth.dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) and its analogue, 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (alpha-epi-br), may have activity against viral and parasitic infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and cryptosporidium parvum. therefore, we evaluated its antimalarial effects on plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei. in vitro, chloroquine (cq)-sensitive and resistant strains of p. falciparum parasitized red blood cells were incubated with escalating doses of alpha-epi-br or cq. in vivo, 62 ra ...200011421378
short report: failure to select for chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei through drug pressure in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.we investigated whether chloroquine- or mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei could be selected through drug pressure applied during continuous cyclical transmission in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. mosquitoes were infected by feeding them on mice previously inoculated with a drug-sensitive clone of p. berghei anka. mosquitoes ingested mefloquine or chloroquine with the infectious blood-meal, or by feeding on a drug-treated (uninfected) mouse 4 or 10 days after the infectious blood-meal. twe ...200011388501
characterization of the merozoite surface protein 4/5 gene of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii.the genes encoding merozoite surface protein 4/5 (msp4/5) from plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii have been cloned and completely sequenced. comparisons of the predicted protein sequences with those of plasmodium chabaudi msp4/5 and plasmodium falciparum msp4 and msp5 show general structural similarities. all predicted proteins contain hydrophobic signal sequences, potential gpi attachment sequences and a single epidermal growth factor (egf)-like domain at the c-terminus. the amino acid se ...200010613706
the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei does not contain a typical o-type small subunit ribosomal rna gene. 200010613710
molecular characterization of five serine protease genes cloned from anopheles gambiae hemolymph.we identified five new serine protease cdnas from the hemolymph of the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae. all five show sequence similarity to genes thought to be involved in vertebrate or invertebrate defense responses. sp14a, sp14d2 and sp22d demonstrate changes in transcript abundance in response to bacteria injections. sp14a and sp14d2, as well as the previously characterized sp14d1, are induced by infection with the malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei. these three proteases, along with sp1 ...200010646969
malaria-infected erythrocytes serve as biological standards to ensure reliable and consistent scoring of micronucleated erythrocytes by flow cytometry.a procedure for optimizing the configuration of flow cytometers for enumerating micronucleated erythrocytes is described. the method is based on the use of a biological model for micronucleated erythrocytes, the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. p. berghei endows target cells of interest (erythrocytes) with a micronucleus-like dna content. unlike micronuclei, parasitized red blood cells have a homogenous dna content, and can be very prevalent in circulation. these characteristics make malaria ...200010648906
the effect of nitric oxide on the growth of plasmodium falciparum, p. chabaudi and p. berghei in vitro.protective immune mechanisms to the asexual erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi as strain include antibody-independent mechanisms. nitric oxide (no) is produced during the infection and indirect evidence suggests that it can contribute to the antiparasitic mechanisms. we examined the effect of an no producer, s-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (snap), on the growth and survival in vitro of p. chabaudi as, p. berghei and p. falciparum. growth of the parasites was monitored ...200010652122
analysis of immune responses against t- and b-cell epitopes from plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 in rodent malaria models and malaria-exposed human subjects in india.liver-stage antigen 1 (lsa-1) is a potential vaccine candidate against preerythrocytic stages of malaria. we report here the immunogenicity of linear synthetic constructs delineated as t(h)-cell determinants from the nonrepeat regions of plasmodium falciparum lsa-1 in murine models and human subjects from areas where malaria is endemic in rajasthan state, india. seven peptide constructs (ls1.1 to ls1.7) corresponding to predicted t-cell sites from both the n- and c-terminal regions and peptide l ...200010603380
covalent binding of polyethylene glycol to the surface of red blood cells as detected and followed up by cell electrophoresis and rheological methods.cyanuric chloride activated polyethylene glycol (peg)-5000 was covalently coupled to murine and human red blood cells (pegylated rbc). our purpose was to camouflage rbc receptors, which is necessary for parasite invasion, a process essential to sustain parasitemia. cell electrophoretic mobility analysis (cem) of pegylated rbc distinguished a new population of cells bearing characteristic cem. pegylation of rbc also modified their rheological properties, which were documented by evaluation of cel ...200010675005
a search for natural bioactive compounds in bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. part i. evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the chacobo indians.thirty extracts of plants traditionally used by the chacobos, a native community living in the amazonian part of bolivia, were screened in vitro and/or in vivo for antimalarial activity. two of the four species designated as antimalarial, geissospermum laeve and maquira coriacea, displayed rather good activity, corroborating their traditional uses. however, they did show a rather high toxicity in vivo. among twelve species used to cure symptoms relevant to malaria, five showed good activity: apu ...200010687869
phenyl beta-methoxyacrylates: a new antimalarial pharmacophore.phenyl beta-methoxyacrylates, linked to an aromatic ring via an olefinic bridge, have been identified as novel, potentially inexpensive, antimalarial agents. the compounds are believed to exert their activity by inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport at the cytochrome bc(1) complex. a series of compounds have been synthesized to define structure-activity relationships affecting antimalarial activity. it was found that the beta-methoxyacrylate was required ortho to the linker and the opti ...200010691682
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. lviii. drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part. 2: the new generation--artemisinin or artesunate with long-acting blood schizontocides.the search for combinations of antimalarial drugs that will impede the selection of drug resistance, especially in plasmodium falciparum, is currently focused on the use of a member of the artemisinin family, with a short half-life, in association with a relatively long-acting blood schizontocide. experiments with such 'third-generation' combinations, in mice infected either with chloroquine-sensitive p. berghei or p. chabaudi, or chloroquine-resistant p. yoelii ssp. ns, have produced interestin ...200010723521
acidocalcisomes and a vacuolar h+-pyrophosphatase in malaria parasites.plasmodium berghei trophozoites were loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator, fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester, to measure their intracellular ca(2+) concentration ([ca(2+)](i)). [ca(2+)](i) was increased in the presence of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum ca(2+)-atpase inhibitor, thapsigargin. trophozoites also possess a significant amount of ca(2+) stored in an acidic compartment. this was indicated by: (1) the increase in [ca(2+)](i) induced by bafilomycin a(1), nigericin, monensin, or ...200010727425
oxidative phosphorylation, ca(2+) transport, and fatty acid-induced uncoupling in malaria parasites mitochondria.respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, calcium uptake, and the mitochondrial membrane potential of trophozoites of the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei were assayed in situ after permeabilization with digitonin. adp promoted an oligomycin-sensitive transition from resting to phosphorylating respiration. respiration was sensitive to antimycin a and cyanide. the capacity of trophozoites to sustain oxidative phosphorylation was additionally supported by the detection of an oligomycin-sensitive ...200010734123
the mosquito transmission of malaria: the effects of atovaquone-proguanil (malarone) and chloroquine.despite its recognized importance, the prevention of patients with malaria from continuing to infect mosquitoes after treatment is not always achieved in practice. an inevitable consequence of the prolonged life-span and relative metabolic stasis of the mature gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum is that they are not cleared by most antimalarials, and few antimalarials block infection in the mosquito vector. previous research on the constituents of malarone, a new 'combined antimalarial', sugges ...200010748906
neutrophils play a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria.the role of neutrophils in experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) is not well understood. in this study we used a moab, rb6-8c5, to deplete the peripheral neutrophils of ecm-susceptible cba/nslc mice 24 h before plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection. we found that early neutrophil depletion prevented the development of ecm and dramatically decreased the sequestration of monocytes and microhaemorrhage in the brain. the depletion of neutrophils also down-regulated tumour necrosis factor-alpha, inte ...200010759773
molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase cdna from the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi.some refractory anopheline mosquitoes are capable of killing plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, by melanotic encapsulation of invading ookinetes. phenoloxidase (po) appears to be involved in the formation of melanin and toxic metabolites in the surrounding capsule. a cdna encoding anopheles stephensi prophenoloxidase (ans-propo) was isolated from a cdna library screened with an amplimer produced by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with degenerate primers designed ...200010762420
scorpine, an anti-malaria and anti-bacterial agent purified from scorpion venom.a novel peptide, scorpine, was isolated from the venom of the scorpion pandinus imperator, with anti-bacterial activity and a potent inhibitory effect on the ookinete (ed(50) 0.7 microm) and gamete (ed(50) 10 microm) stages of plasmodium berghei development. it has 75 amino acids, three disulfide bridges with a molecular mass of 8350 da. scorpine has a unique amino acid sequence, similar only to some cecropins in its n-terminal segment and to some defensins in its c-terminal region. its gene was ...200010767415
direct immunization of malaria dna vaccine into the liver by gene gun protects against lethal challenge of plasmodium berghei sporozoite.the liver is the first target organ for malaria parasites immediately after the bite of an infected mosquito. we studied local immunization of malaria dna vaccines at the site of the liver using a gene gun as a useful tool for in vivo transfection of foreign genes. a malaria dna vaccine consisting of the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (pbcsp) gene plus the mouse il-12 gene was bombarded directly by a gene gun into mouse liver once or into the skin twice. a marked protective effect w ...200010777689
isolation of antigen from the circulating immune complex in mice infected with plasmodium berghei.circulating immune complex (cic) is known to play a role in pathological glomerular alterations in malaria. however, the nature of the antigens comprising the cic is still not fully understood. we report here the isolation of the antigen in cic and its localisation in mice infected with plasmodium berghei nk65. the antigen was successfully isolated from cic extracted from the blood of mice infected with p. berghei, by using c1q-coated microplates. the molecular mass of the antigen separated from ...200010779574
optimisation of flow cytometric measurement of parasitaemia in plasmodium-infected mice.mouse malaria is often used as a model for drug testing. the results of drug trials are monitored by tedious (and consequently, sometimes inaccurate) microscopic counting of blood smears, or by flow cytometry. we suggest an improved, accurate and time-saving flow cytometric method for determination of parasitaemias in mice infected with plasmodium vinckei petteri or plasmodium berghei. the method involves collection of drops of blood from the tail vein, fixation, storage, permeabilisation, stain ...200010779580
synthesis and antimalarial activity of artemisinin derivatives containing an amino group.in search of water-soluble artemisinin derivatives that are more stable than sodium artesunate, over 30 derivatives containing an amino group (compounds 3-5) were synthesized and tested in mice. all products tested (except 5a and 5b) are the beta isomers. these basic compounds combined with organic acids (oxalic acid, maleic acid, etc. ) to yield the corresponding salts. generally, the maleates have better solubility in water than the corresponding oxalates. the aqueous solutions of these salts ...200010780920
cutting edge: the igg response to the circumsporozoite protein is mhc class ii-dependent and cd1d-independent: exploring the role of gpis in nk t cell activation and antimalarial responses.biochemical analysis has suggested that self gpi anchors are the main natural ligand associated with mouse cd1d molecules. a recent study reported that valpha14+ nk t cells responded to self as well as foreign (parasite-derived) gpis in a cd1d-dependent manner. it further reported that the igg response to the plasmodium berghei malarial circumsporozoite (cs) protein was severely impaired in cd1d-deficient mice, leading to a model whereby nk t cells, upon recognition of cd1d molecules presenting ...200010799852
the role of intrahepatic lymphocytes in mediating protective immunity induced by attenuated plasmodium berghei sporozoites.exposure to irradiated plasmodium sporozoites (gamma-spz) results in protection against malaria. like infectious spz, gamma-spz colonize hepatocytes to undergo maturation. disruption of liver stage development prevents the generation of protection, which appears, therefore, to depend on liver stage antigens. although some mechanisms of protection have been identified, they do not include a role for intrahepatic mononuclear cells (ihmc). we demonstrated that p. berghei gamma-spz-immune murine ihm ...200010807512
[time course of serum nuclease activity in mice infected with plasmodium berghei].the present paper shows that murine serum nuclease activity increases following p.berghei infection. dna activity begins increasing just 48 hours after infection. following 78 hours, it achieves the maximum, by exceeding the baseline level by 6 times. then dna activity starts decreasing and following 94 hours after infection it is just thrice higher than the baseline. serum rna activity shows only 30% increases 72 hours after infection and returns to the baseline following 94 hours. microscopic ...200010808713
immune responses to chloroquine--sensitive and resistant populations of plasmodium berghei in mice.in order to elucidate the role of the host as a factor in the spread of chloroquine resistance, a study of the host's immune responses in chloroquine resistant (cqr) and chloroquine sensitive (cqs) plasmodial infections is essential. course of the infection and the nature of immune responses in mice infected with chloroquine resistant (r) and chloroquine sensitive (s) strains of plasmodium berghei were compared. crude parasite antigen activated t cells from both the groups of mice (r and s) and ...199910810580
role of macrophages in experimental malaria: vi--effect of freund's complete adjuvant in plasmodium berghei infected mice.freund's complete adjuvant (fca) treated group of mice when challenged with lethal plasmodium berghei showed increased survival value; survival period (sp) and median survival day (msd) compared to their respective control groups. k values were affected and mean parasitaemia during infection period was lower than that of control. in general survival rate after 35 days of infection was 10.5% in fca recipients. the survival rate in a particular group of animals which received 0.2 ml fca 3 days bef ...199910810600
genome plasticity and sexual differentiation in plasmodium.spontaneous subtelomeric deletions of plasmodium chromosomes have been observed both in natural infections and in laboratory maintained parasites. in the latter case, functions dispensable for asexual parasite multiplication and encoded at the extremities of the chromosomes are easily lost. in particular, spontaneous subtelomeric deletions have been characterised which affect gametocytogenesis both in plasmodium berghei maintained in laboratory animals and in plasmodium falciparum propagated in ...199910697847
plasmodium falciparum cs c-terminal fragment: preclinical evaluation and phase i clinical studies.preclinical evaluation of synthetic peptides corresponding to the c-terminal regions of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein in various plasmodia showed that these preparations were immunogenic and safe upon injection in various animal models. additionally, the corresponding peptide from plasmodium falciparum was widely recognized by sera and pbl obtained from semi-immune adults living in malaria endemic areas. moreover, the cs c-terminal peptide derived from p. berghei conferred protection upon ch ...199910697896
schizontocidal effects of oral artesunate on plasmodium berghei in mice and p knowlesi in monkeys.to study the blood schizontocidal effect of oral artesunate on p berghei in mice and p knowlesi in monkey.199910678113
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. lvi. studies on the development of resistance to natural and synthetic endoperoxides.chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium berghei n and chloroquine-resistant p. yoelii ssp. ns were exposed to selection pressure, in the '2% relapse technique', from artemisinin, artesunate, a bicyclic, synthetic endoperoxide ro 41-3823 (an analogue of arteflene) or fenozan b07, a synthetic 1,2,4-trioxane endoperoxide. whereas resistance against artemisinin did develop to a moderate level in both parasites, only a low level of resistance or none developed to the other compounds, and resistant parasites ...199910656034
plasmodium berghei in the white rat: severe malaria of pregnancy does not occur in the progeny of mothers infected during gestation. 199910656044
in vivo antimalarial activities of quassia amara and quassia undulata plant extracts in mice.extracts obtained from two nigerian simaroubaceae plants, quassia amara l. and quassia undulata (giull and perr) d. dietr were screened for antimalarial properties using a total of six extracts. the plant extracts showed significant antimalarial activities in the 4 day suppressive in vivo antimalarial assay in mice inoculated with red blood cells parasitized with plasmodium berghei berghei. plant extracts were studied at 100 mg and 200 mg per kg body weight mouse per day, respectively. at a conc ...199910617067
role of icam-1 (cd54) in the development of murine cerebral malaria.in susceptible mouse strains, infection of mice with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) results in a lethal complication, cerebral malaria. cerebral malaria is due to the immune response induced by the parasite, which results in an increased production of tnf, known to increase the expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelia. to investigate the role of the adhesion molecule icam-1 (cd54), we infected wild-type (+/+) and icam-1-deficient (-/-) mice with pba. while +/+ mice died 6-8 days after i ...199910617927
novel, potent, semisynthetic antimalarial carba analogues of the first-generation 1,2,4-trioxane artemether.ten novel, second-generation, fluorinated ether and ester analogues of the potent first-generation analogues artemether (4a) and arteether (4b) have been designed and synthesized. all of the compounds demonstrate high antimalarial potency in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive hb3 and -resistant k1 strains of plasmodium falciparum. the most potent derivative 8 was 15 times more potent than artemisinin (2) against the hb3 strain of p. falciparum. in vivo, versus plasmodium berghei in the mous ...199910639291
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of betulinic acid as an antimalarial.the lupane-type triterpene betulinic acid was isolated from an ethanol extract of the root bark of the tanzanian tree uapaca nitida müll-arg. (euphorbiaceae). the in vitro antiplasmodial ic50 values of betulinic acid against chloroquine resistant (k1) and sensitive (t9-96) plasmodium falciparum were found to be 19.6 micrograms/ml and 25.9 micrograms/ml, respectively. the in vitro activities of several related triterpenes were also evaluated. betulin was found to be inactive at 500 micrograms/ml ...199910190183
antimalarial activity of 3-hydroxyalkyl-2-methylene-propionic acid derivatives.several baylis-hillman adducts and their derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as targeted potential anti-malarials. the compounds 4, 7 and 9 were found to have highest potency against p. falciparum in vitro. the in vivo test result of compound 4 and 9 against p. berghei demonstrated activity at 80 mg/kg dose level.199910201838
irradiated sporozoites prime mice to produce high antibody titres upon viable plasmodium berghei sporozoite challenge, which act upon liver-stage development.c57bl6 mice were protected against plasmodium berghei sporozoite challenge by immunization with live 12 krad dose-irradiated sporozoites, but not by 20 krad dose-irradiated sporozoites. immunization with 12 krad irradiated sporozoites generated low levels of antibody reactive to liver-stage parasites (titres of 1/100). inoculation of as few as 100 live p. berghei sporozoites induced complete host protection accompanied by a very quick and high boost of antibody titres up to 1/4000. this sporozoi ...199910205797
synthesis and antimalarial activity of 11 dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxane analogues of wr 148999. 7,8,15,16-tetraoxadispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadecanes substituted at the 1 and 10 positions with unsaturated and polar functional groups.eleven novel dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes 3 bearing unsaturated and polar functional groups were designed to enhance the oral antimalarial activity of the prototype tetraoxane 2 (wr 148999). with the exception of 3g and 3h, tetraoxanes 3 were available via the peroxidation of corresponding cyclohexanone derivatives in h2so4/ch3cn. tetraoxanes 3g and 3h were prepared by hydrolysis of ester tetraoxanes 3e and 3i, respectively. five of the 11 tetraoxanes were inactive, but six tetraoxanes had ic50 v ...199910212135
the putative gene for the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis in plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum.the putative gene for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, has been characterized both in plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum. protein sequence comparison between these two species reveals large conserved regions sharing more than 80% similarity, separated by less conserved portions. when the comparison is extended to known gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetases from other eukaryotes, a number of high similarity blocks are observed which m ...199910215022
ty virus-like particles, dna vaccines and modified vaccinia virus ankara; comparisons and combinations.three types of vaccine, all expressing the same antigen from plasmodium berghei, or a cd8+ t cell epitope from that antigen, were compared for their ability to induce cd8+ t cell responses in mice. higher levels of lysis and numbers of ifn-gamma secreting t cells were primed with ty virus-like particles and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) than with dna vaccines, but none of the vaccines were able to protect immunised mice from infectious challenge even after repeated doses. however, when th ...199910223332
thiolated recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha protects against plasmodium berghei k173-induced experimental cerebral malaria in mice.the introduction of reactive thiol groups in recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (tnf) alpha (rhtnf-alpha) by the reagent succinimidyl-s-acetylthioacetate resulted in the formation of a chemically stabilized rhtnf-alpha trimer (rhtnfalpha-at; as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis). rhtnfalpha-at showed a substantially enhanced protective efficacy against the development of experimental murine cerebral malaria (ecm) after intravenous injection com ...199910223910
altered immune response of interferon regulatory factor 1-deficient mice against plasmodium berghei blood-stage malaria infection.nitric oxide (no) is a short-lived biological mediator which can be induced in various cell types and is able to cause many metabolic changes in target cells. inhibition of tumor cell growth and antimicrobial activity has been attributed to the stimulation of no production by transcriptional upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. in the present study, we used mice devoid of functional interferon regulatory factor 1 by targeted gene disruption (irf-1(-/-)) to investigate the role of no ...199910225884
gamma interferon production is critical for protective immunity to infection with blood-stage plasmodium berghei xat but neither no production nor nk cell activation is critical.we have examined the roles of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), nitric oxide (no), and natural killer (nk) cells in the host resistance to infection with the blood-stage malarial parasite plasmodium berghei xat, an irradiation-induced attenuated variant of the lethal strain p. berghei nk65. although the infection with p. berghei xat enhanced nk cell lytic activity of splenocytes, depletion of nk1.1(+) cells caused by the treatment of mice with anti-nk1.1 antibody affected neither parasitemia nor ifn ...199910225894
green fluorescent protein as a marker in plasmodium berghei transformation.we present a new marker that confers both resistance to pyrimethamine and green fluorescent protein-based fluorescence on the malarial parasite plasmodium berghei. a single copy of the cassette integrated into the genome is sufficient to direct fluorescence in parasites throughout the life cycle, in both its mosquito and vertebrate hosts. erythrocyte stages of the parasite that express the marker can be sorted from control parasites by flow cytometry. pyrimethamine pressure is not necessary for ...199910225926
glutathione-s-transferase activity in malarial parasites.glutathione-s-transferase (gst) activity has been detected in rodent (plasmodium berghei, p. yoelii), simian (p. knowlesi) and human (p. falciparum) malarial parasites, and in different intraerythrocytic stages of p. knowlesi (schizont > ring > trophozoite). in chloroquine-resistant strains of rodent and human malarial parasites gst activity significantly increases compared to sensitive strains. further, the increase in enzyme activity is directly related to drug pressure of resistant p. berghei ...199910320651
plasmodium berghei development in irradiated sporozoite-immunized c57bl6 mice.the c57bl6 strain of mice is highly susceptible to plasmodium berghei sporozoite infections and consequently requires repeated immunizations with irradiated sporozoites to obtain protective immunity. after a live sporozoite challenge in the immunized hosts, hepatic-stage parasites found in the liver after 48 h are of different sizes--small schizonts corresponding to blocked forms (derived from irradiated sporozoites), and schizonts of intermediate size (derived from live sporozoites). large schi ...199910340322
identification of the transcription initiation site of the asexually expressed rrna genes of the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei.the start site of the a-type ribosomal rna transcription units of the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, has been identified. the two a-type units cannot be distinguished within the transcription unit, yet exist as single copies on different chromosomes. gene transcription initiates 820 bp upstream of the a-type small subunit (ssu) ribosomal gene and two major processing sites were mapped 610 and 611 nucleotides upstream of the ssu in the external transcribed spacer region. surprisingl ...199910340484
role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria.because microvascular damage is a common feature of cerebral malaria, we have examined the role eicosanoid metabolites (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) in experimental cerebral malaria. eighty icr mice were infected with plasmodium berghei anka, with 40 uninfected mice as controls. half of the infected mice were treated on days 4 and 5 with aspirin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. infected mice started to die of cerebral malaria on day 6, and by day 17, all infected mice died. in contrast, ...199910348246
malaria parasite-specific th1-like t cells simultaneously reduce parasitemia and promote disease.cd4+ t cells have been implicated in immunity to the blood stages of malaria and cytokines associated with both monocyte and t cell activation have been implicated in disease. to determine whether specific t cells capable of inhibiting parasite growth can also mediate pathology we have transfused populations of plasmodium berghei-specific t cells into normal and immunodeficient naive mice. we observed that they could inhibit parasite growth but were unable to save the animals which exhibited sig ...199910354354
involvement of lipids in ferriprotoporphyrin ix polymerization in malaria.approximately 70% of the initial ferriprotoporphyrin ix polymerizing activity in cell-free preparations of erythrocytes infected with plasmodium berghei was recovered in a chloroform extract. no polymerizing activity remained in the residue. in studies to identify substances that promote fp polymerization, arachidonic, linoleic, oleic, and palmitoleic acids, 1-mono- and di-oleoylglycerol, and the detergents, sds, tween 80, and n-octyl-glucopyranoside, were active. tri-oleoylglycerol, cholesterol ...199910354512
antimalarial activity of extracts of malaysian medicinal plants.in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that malaysian medicinal plants, piper sarmentosum, andrographis paniculata and tinospora crispa produced considerable antimalarial effects. chloroform extract in vitro did show better effect than the methanol extract. the chloroform extract showed complete parasite growth inhibition as low as 0.05 mg/ml drug dose within 24 h incubation period (andrographis paniculata) as compared to methanol extract of drug dose of 2.5 mg/ml but under incubation time of 48 ...199910363840
analysis of stage specificity of promoters in plasmodium berghei using luciferase as a reporter. 199910377003
structure and expression of an adhesive protein-like molecule of mosquito invasive-stage malarial parasite.invasion of the malarial parasite into a vector mosquito begins when the motile ookinete transverses the gut epithelium. adhesive proteins that may mediate this invasive process have not been identified to date. we found that a molecule with an adhesive protein-like structure was expressed in the ookinete of plasmodium berghei. this protein is structurally homologous to circumsporozoite protein and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (trap)-related protein, ctrp, of plasmodium falciparum. we ...199910377190
extracellular processing and presentation of a 69-mer synthetic polypetide to mhc class i-restricted t cells.the classical pathway for mhc class-i-restricted ag presentation processes cytosolic ag synthesized in or delivered into the cytosol for binding to mhc class i molecules in the er. alternatively, ag may be processed and bind class i molecules in endocytic compartments or at the cell surface after regurgitation of processed peptides. we show that a 69-mer synthetic polypeptide that carries the optimal 9-mer kd-restricted epitope from the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein, pbcs 245-253, ...199910378682
gene organization of rab6, a marker for the novel golgi of plasmodium. 199910391383
dipeptide derivatives of primaquine as transmission-blocking antimalarials: effect of aliphatic side-chain acylation on the gametocytocidal activity and on the formation of carboxyprimaquine in rat liver homogenates.dipeptide derivatives of primaquine (pq) with reduced oxidative deamination to the inactive metabolite carboxyprimaquine were synthesized and evaluated as a novel class of transmission-blocking antimalarials. methods; antimalarial activity was studied using a model consisting of mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei anka 25r/10, balb c mice, and anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. metabolic studies were performed with rat liver homogenates, and the incubates were analyzed by hplc.199910397619
cloning and characterization of the merozoite surface antigen 1 gene of plasmodium berghei.merozoite surface antigen 1 (msa1) is a promising candidate for vaccine development against malaria parasites. here, we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the precursor to this major surface antigen of plasmodium berghei strain anka using cdna library screening and polymerase chain reaction techniques. a single open reading frame of 5,376 basepairs encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 197 kd was defined. the protein contains a putative signal peptide o ...199910403333
synthesis and antimalarial activity of cyclic peroxides, 1,2,4,5, 7-pentoxocanes and 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes.a variety of 1,2,4,5,7-pentoxocane and 1,2,4,5-tetroxane derivatives were prepared as potential peroxide antimalarial agents. in both series of cyclic peroxides, the steric and electronic effects of the substituents attached to the peroxide ring exert a remarkable influence on the antimalarial activity. for some cyclic peroxides, which were found to be highly effective in vitro, the study in vivo has been also conducted.199910411480
infectivity of plasmodium berghei sporozoites delivered by intravenous inoculation versus mosquito bite: implications for sporozoite vaccine trials.plasmodium berghei sporozoites delivered by mosquito bite were more infectious to outbred cd-1 mice than were sporozoites delivered by intravenous inoculation. the route of challenge also affected vaccine efficacy. in view of these findings and the fact that mosquito bites are the natural mode of sporozoite delivery, infectious mosquito bites should be considered the challenge protocol of choice for sporozoite vaccine efficacy trials.199910417207
antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of (-)-roemrefidine isolated from the stem bark of sparattanthelium amazonum.(-)-roemrefidine, an aporphine alkaloid isolated from sparattanthelium amazonum martius (hernandiaceae) a vine from bolivia, has been found to be active against both resistant and sensitive strains of plasmodium falciparum in vitro and against p. berghei in mice. the compound demonstrated no cytotoxic activity against three cell lines (kb, hep-2 and hela).199910418333
an alternate pathway for type 1 t cell differentiation.ifn-regulatory factor-1 (irf-1) gene-disrupted mice are defective in il-12 and il-18 gene expression at the transcriptional and post-translational level respectively. the mutant mouse mounts a type 2 t cell response upon bacterial infection because of the impaired induction of the il-12 p40 gene and ifn-gamma-producing type 1 t cells are not induced. we showed here, however, that different pathogens activate a novel pathway for inducing ifn-gamma-producing type 1 t cells even in an irf-1-deficie ...199910421776
new 4-aminoquinoline mannich base antimalarials. 1. effect of an alkyl substituent in the 5'-position of the 4'-hydroxyanilino side chain.a new series of 4-aminoquinoline mannich base derivatives have been synthesized, in which the 3'-diethylamino function of amodiaquine (aq) is replaced by a 3'-tert-butylamino group and an aliphatic hydrocarbon entity is incorporated into the 5'-position of the 4'-hydroxyanilino side chain. seven alkyl mannich base derivatives were screened and found to be active against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum in vitro. the propyl and isopropyl alkyl derivatives ...199910425085
morphological analysis of isolated rhoptries from plasmodium yoelii, p. berghei, and p. chabaudi merozoites. 199910425155
new type of febrifugine analogues, bearing a quinolizidine moiety, show potent antimalarial activity against plasmodium malaria parasite.febrifugine (1) and isofebrifugine (2), isolated from the roots of dichroa febrifuga lour. (chinese name: cháng shan), are active principles against malaria. adducts of 1 and 2 with acetone, df-1 (3) and df-2 (4), respectively, were obtained using silica gel and acetone. they showed high activity against p. falciparum malaria in vitro. compound 3 was found to be equally effective against p. berghei in vivo as the clinically used drug chloroquine, whereas 4 showed only 1/24 of the activity of 3. ...199910447961
red cell selectivity in malaria: a study of multiple-infected erythrocytes.to characterize red cell susceptibility to invasion in malaria, a selectivity index (si) was calculated as the ratio of observed number of multiple-infected red cells to that expected from a random process (poisson distribution). in patients with falciparum malaria (n = 100) si decreased with increasing parasitaemia (p < 0.001), and correlated inversely with plasma lactate concentrations, chosen prospectively as a measure of disease severity (r = -0.36, p < 0.001). for parasitaemias < 5%, the si ...199910450440
t cell response in malaria pathogenesis: selective increase in t cells carrying the tcr v(beta)8 during experimental cerebral malaria.to characterize the t cells involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (cm) induced by infection with plasmodium berghei anka clone 1.49l (pba 1.49l), the occurrence of the disease was assessed in mice lacking t cells of either the alphabeta or gammadelta lineage (tcralphabeta(-/-) or tcrgammadelta(-/-)). tcrgammadelta(-/-) mice were susceptible to cm, whereas all tcralphabeta(-/-) mice were resistant, suggesting that t cells of the alphabeta lineage are important in the genesis of cm. the ...199910464176
up-regulation of cytokines in glomerulonephritis associated with murine malaria infection.malaria infections often cause glomerulonephritis (gn), and multiple factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glomerular injury. the role of cytokines in malaria associated glomerulonephritis has not been clearly defined. to study the importance of cytokines in malarial nephritis, we investigated the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-1alpha (il-1alpha), il-6, il-10 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (gm-csf) in kidneys acutely infect ...199910469263
metal chelators/antioxidants: approaches to protect erythrocytic oxidative stress injury during plasmodium berghei infection in mastomys coucha.desferal, n-acetyl penicillamine (metal chelators) and propylgallate, catechin, and reduced glutathione (antioxidants) suppressed the erythrocytic oxidative damage generated during plasmodium berghei infection in mastomys coucha. superoxide anion and lipid peroxide levels were increased and on the contrary, superoxide dismutase activity was noticeably decreased in the infected erythrocytes. metal chelators/antioxidant treatment to infected animals resulted in restoration of o(2)(-), lpo and sod ...199910479467
comparative evaluation of methods of malaria parasite density determination in blood samples from patients & experimental animals.three methods for the quantitation of parasitaemia in malaria were compared with the standard method for ascertaining the accuracy in patients, plasmodium berghei infected mice and p. knowlesi infected rhesus monkeys. technique i, where parasitaemia was calculated from the number of prbcs in 10,000 rbcs in thin blood film and the total rbc count of the host, was used as the standard. technique ii, where parasitaemia was calculated based on the number of prbcs per wbc and average total wbc count ...199910489738
plasmodium berghei: a new rat model for assessment of blood schizonticidal activity. 199910502471
plasmodium berghei: induction of aminopeptidase in malaria-resistant strain of anopheles gambiae. 199910502473
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