Publications

clostridium perfringens type a & antibiotic associated diarrhoea.	clostridium perfringens type a (cpa) isolates produce lethal necrotizing antigens and the heat resistant forms of the organism are associated with pathogenic outcome in humans. cpa has also been implicated in antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aad). we therefore undertook this study to investigate the presence of cpa in stool samples of patients with aad in a tertiary care setting in north india.	2005	16106091
synergy in polymicrobial infections in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.	human diabetics frequently suffer delayed wound healing, increased susceptibility to localized and systemic infections, and limb amputations as a consequence of the disease. lower-limb infections in diabetic patients are most often polymicrobial, involving mixtures of aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and anaerobic bacteria. the purpose of this study is to determine if these organisms contribute to synergy in polymicrobial infections by using diabetic mice as an in vivo model. the model was the ob ...	2005	16113326
evaluation of synthetic dna probes for confirmation of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene pcr products.	a new diagnostic reagent was developed that is capable of detecting the presence of clostridium perfringens rapidly and accurately compared to the conventional methods. c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) gene is the gene of interest since it encodes the enterotoxin responsible for food poisoning. two new cpe-specific labeled dna probes were evaluated using southern and dot blot hybridization. bacterial dna was amplified by a duplex pcr procedure. the results showed that 40 enterotoxin producing c. ...	2005	16124435
genomics of clostridial pathogens: implication of extrachromosomal elements in pathogenicity.	the recently decoded genomes of the major clostridial toxin-producing pathogens clostridium perfringens, clostridium tetani, clostridium botulinum and clostridium difficile have provided a huge amount of new sequence data. recent studies have focused on the identification and investigation of pathogenic determinants and the regulatory events governing their expression. the sequence data revealed also the genomic background of virulence genes, as well as the contribution of extrachromosomal eleme ...	2005	16125440
evaluation of bact/alert plastic culture bottles for use in testing pooled whole blood-derived leukoreduced platelet-rich plasma platelets with a single contaminated unit.	in certain countries, whole blood-derived platelet (plt)-rich plasma plts can only be pooled within 4 hours of transfusion. one prerequisite for prestorage pooling is the ability to detect low levels of bacteria from a single unit (approx. 10 colony-forming units [cfus]/ml) once pooled (10/6 approx. 2 cfus/ml). this study evaluated the bact/alert (biomérieux) for detection of bacteria in 1 unit of a 6-unit pool.	2005	16131385
antibiotic-induced expression of a cryptic cpb2 gene in equine beta2-toxigenic clostridium perfringens.	the cpb2 gene of beta2-toxigenic clostridium perfringens isolated from horses, cattle, sheep, human and pigs was sequenced. the cpb2 gene of equine and other non-porcine isolates differed from porcine isolates by the absence of an adenine in a poly a tract immediately downstream of the start codon in all non-porcine c. perfringens strains. this deletion involved formation of a cryptic gene harbouring a premature stop codon after only nine amino acid codons, while the full beta2-toxin protein con ...	2005	16135225
identification and molecular cloning of a novel glycoside hydrolase family of core 1 type o-glycan-specific endo-alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase from bifidobacterium longum.	we found endo-alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase in most bifidobacterial strains, which are predominant bacteria in the human colon. this enzyme catalyzes the liberation of galactosyl beta1,3-n-acetyl-d-galactosamine (galbeta1,3galnac) alpha-linked to serine or threonine residues from mucin-type glycoproteins. the gene (engbf) encoding the enzyme has been cloned from bifidobacterium longum jcm 1217. the protein consisted of 1,966 amino acid residues, and the central domain (590-1381 amino acid resi ...	2005	16141207
one-bead-one-inhibitor-one-substrate screening of neuraminidase activity.	given the eminent threat of a 21st century flu pandemic, the search for novel antiviral compounds is an increasingly important area of research. recent developments in antiviral research have established the viability of targeting viral neuraminidase (na), an enzyme that cleaves sialic acid from the cell-surface-mediating passage of the virus in the respiratory tract. n-acetyl neuraminic acid (neuac) is the substrate for na, and analogues of this core structure have been commercialized as antivi ...	2005	16149103
1h nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based studies of the metabolism of food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline by human intestinal microbiota.	2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (iq) is a mutagenic/carcinogenic compound formed from meat and fish during cooking. following ingestion, iq is metabolized mainly by liver xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, but intestinal bacteria may also contribute to its biotransformation. the aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of iq by the human intestinal microbiota. following incubation of iq (200 microm) under anoxic conditions with 100-fold dilutions of stools freshly collected from ...	2005	16151094
myositis, lameness, and recumbency after use of water-in-oil adjuvanted vaccines in near-term beef cattle.	a producer administered 2 us department of agriculture-licensed adjuvanted veterinary vaccines (inactivated bovine rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine; clostridium perfringens type c-escherichia coli bacterin-toxoid) into muscles of the left and right hips of 469 pregnant beef cows. within 24 hours, 5 cattle were recumbent, and another 2 had non-weight bearing pelvic limb lameness (1.5% affected; 7/469). during the next 10 days, 50% of the herd developed firm swellings up to 24 cm in vaccination sites ...	2005	15690947
morphologic and physiologic changes induced by clostridium perfringens type a alpha toxin in the intestine of sheep.	to evaluate the morphologic and physiologic changes induced by clostridium perfringens type a (alpha toxin in the ileum and colon of sheep.	2005	15757123
liver metastasis presenting as pneumoperitoneum.	a 63-year-old man presented to the emergency department with sudden-onset abdominal pain. chest radiography demonstrated pneumoperitoneum. at surgery, the source was found to be a ruptured hepatic abscess. cultures grew clostridium perfringens, and biopsies confirmed metastasis of a previously resected pancreatic cancer. we document this rare cause of pneumoperitoneum and briefly review the literature on liver abscess as it relates to metastatic cancer.	2005	15759962
the influence of whole wheat feeding on salmonella infection and gut flora composition in broilers.	in an experiment with broilers infected with a rifampicin-resistant salmonella typhimurium strain at 15 days of age, it was demonstrated that whole wheat feeding influenced the course of infection. the ph in the contents of the gizzard decreased as the amount of whole wheat in the diet increased over time. following infection, lower numbers of salmonella typhimurium were found in the gizzard and ileum of birds receiving whole wheat compared to pellet-fed birds. however, there was no difference w ...	2005	15839406
fatal necrotizing colitis following a foodborne outbreak of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a infection.	enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a is the third leading cause of foodborne disease in the united states, resulting annually in an estimated 250,000 cases of a typically mild, self-limiting gastrointestinal illness.	2005	15844055
a national study on the residential impact of biological aerosols from the land application of biosolids.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the community risk of infection from bioaerosols to residents living near biosolids land application sites.	2005	16033462
clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin increases permeability of single perfused microvessels of rat mesentery.	epsilon-toxin, the primary virulence factor of clostridium perfringens type d, causes mortality in livestock, particularly sheep and goats, in which it induces an often-fatal enterotoxemia. it is believed to compromise the intestinal barrier and then enter the gut vasculature, from which it is carried systemically, causing widespread vascular endothelial damage and edema. here we used single perfused venular microvessels in rat mesentery, which enabled direct observation of permeability properti ...	2005	16041001
bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets.	twenty-five commercial raw diets for dogs and cats were evaluated bacteriologically. coliforms were present in all diets, ranging from 3.5 x 10(3) to 9.4 x 10(6) cfu/g (mean 8.9 x 10(5); standard deviation 1.9 x 10(6)). escherichia coli was identified in 15/25 (64%) diets; however, e. coli o157 was not detected. salmonella spp. were detected in 5/25 (20%) diets; 1 each of beef-, lamb-, quail-, chicken-, and ostrich-based diets. sporeforming bacteria were identified from 4/25 (16%) samples on dir ...	2005	16048011
acute painful vision loss and acute abdomen: a case of endogenous clostridium perfringens endophthalmitis.		2005	16049539
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae-binding gangliosides of human respiratory (hep-2) cells have a requisite lacto/neolacto core structure.	nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are a major cause of human infections. we previously demonstrated high affinity and high specificity binding of nthi to minor gangliosides of human respiratory (hep-2) cells and macrophages, but not to brain gangliosides. we further identified the nthi-binding ganglioside of human macrophages as alpha2,3-sialylosylparagloboside (iv3neuac-nlcose4cer, nlm1), which possesses a neolacto core structure that is absent in brain gangliosides. this supported a hy ...	2005	16051069
microbial quality of runoff following land application of cattle manure and swine slurry.	concentrations of human health-related microorganisms in runoff from agricultural plots (0.75 m x 2 m) treated with fresh and aged cattle manure, swine slurry and no manure (control) were determined. three consecutive simulated rainfall events, producing 35 mm rainfall and separated by 24 h, were carried out for each plot. fecal indicator (escherichia coli, enterococci, clostridium perfringens and coliphage) loads released in rainfall runoff from plots treated with fresh cattle manure, aged catt ...	2005	16075941
regulated expression of the beta2-toxin gene (cpb2) in clostridium perfringens type a isolates from horses with gastrointestinal diseases.	recent epidemiological studies suggested that cpb2-positive clostridium perfringens isolates are associated with gastrointestinal (gi) diseases in horses. these putative relationships, indicated by pcr genotyping, were tested in the present study by further genotyping and phenotyping of 23 cpb2-positive c. perfringens isolates from horses with gi disease (referred to hereafter as horse gi disease isolates). our beta2-toxin (cpb2) western blot analyses demonstrated that all of the tested isolates ...	2005	16081942
transcription activation of a uv-inducible clostridium perfringens bacteriocin gene by a novel sigma factor.	expression of the plasmid-encoded clostridium perfringens gene for bacteriocin bcn5 was shown to depend in vivo and in vitro on the activity of uvia protein. uvia, also plasmid-encoded, proved to be an rna polymerase sigma factor and was also partly autoregulatory. the uvia gene has two promoters; one provided a uvia-independent, basal level of gene expression while the stronger, uvia-dependent promoter was only utilized after the cell experienced dna damage. as a result, bcn5 synthesis is induc ...	2005	15686564
structural analysis of the laetiporus sulphureus hemolytic pore-forming lectin in complex with sugars.	lsl is a lectin produced by the parasitic mushroom laetiporus sulphureus, which exhibits hemolytic and hemagglutinating activities. here, we report the crystal structure of lsl refined to 2.6-a resolution determined by the single isomorphous replacement method with the anomalous scatter (siras) signal of a platinum derivative. the structure reveals that lsl is hexameric, which was also shown by analytical ultracentrifugation. the monomeric protein (35 kda) consists of two distinct modules: an n- ...	2005	15687495
three-dimensional structure of glcnacalpha1-4gal releasing endo-beta-galactosidase from clostridium perfringens.		2005	15688452
screening for bacillus isolates in the broiler gastrointestinal tract.	spores from a number of different bacillus species are currently being used as human and animal probiotics, although their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. here we describe the isolation of 237 presumptive gut-associated bacillus spp. isolates that were obtained by heat and ethanol treatment of fecal material from organically reared broilers followed by aerobic plating. thirty-one representative isolates were characterized according to their morphological, physiological, and bioche ...	2005	15691955
recovery of anaerobic bacteria from wounds after lawn-mower injuries.	accidental injury while using lawn mowers can cause serious infectious complications in the injured extremity. anaerobic bacteria were rarely recovered from this infection. two children who sustained injury in their foot by a lawn mower developed severe wound infection. culture of the wound from 1 patient had heavy growth of clostridium bifermentans and peptostreptococcus magnus, and the culture from the other child grew clostridium perfringens. antimicrobial therapy directed at the pathogens an ...	2005	15699821
selective growth-inhibiting effects of compounds identified in tabebuia impetiginosa inner bark on human intestinal bacteria.	the growth-inhibiting activity of anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid and lapachol identified in the inner bark of taheebo, tabebuia impetiginosa, toward 10 human intestinal bacteria was evaluated by using a paper disk diffusion bioassay and compared to those of seven lapachol congeners (1,4-naphthoquinone, naphthazarin, menadione, lawsone, plumbagin, juglone, and dichlone) as well as two commercially available antibiotics, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid exhibited ...	2005	15713033
levels and enterotoxigenicity of clostridium perfringens in pozole, tamales, and birria.	a quantitative survey of clostridium perfringens in typical foods served at local restaurants was conducted for 18 months in guadalajara, mexico. a total of 151 samples, including goat's birria (50), pozole (50), and beef tamales (51), were collected from small restaurants in guadalajara. samples were tested for c. perfringens by the most probable number (mpn) method and for mesophilic aerobic plate counts (mapcs) and coliform, yeast, and mold counts by plate count methods. isolates confirmed as ...	2005	15726977
development of a model to predict growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked beef during cooling.	the objective of this work was to develop a new model to predict the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked meat during cooling. all data were collected under changing temperature conditions. individual growth curves were fit using dmfit. germination outgrowth and lag (gol) time was modeled versus temperature at the end of gol using conservative assumptions. each growth curve was used to estimate a series of exponential growth rates at a series of temperatures. the squareroot model was used ...	2005	15726978
variation in the strength of selected codon usage bias among bacteria.	among bacteria, many species have synonymous codon usage patterns that have been influenced by natural selection for those codons that are translated more accurately and/or efficiently. however, in other species selection appears to have been ineffective. here, we introduce a population genetics-based model for quantifying the extent to which selection has been effective. the approach is applied to 80 phylogenetically diverse bacterial species for which whole genome sequences are available. the ...	2005	15728743
clostridium bacteraemia characterised by 16s ribosomal rna gene sequencing.	owing to problems in accurate species identification of the diverse genus clostridium, the epidemiology and pathogenicity of many species are not fully understood. moreover, previous studies on clostridium bacteraemia have been limited and relied only on phenotypic species identification.	2005	15735165
ligand binding properties of bacterial hemoglobins and flavohemoglobins.	bacterial hemoglobins and flavohemoglobins share a common globin fold but differ otherwise in structural and functional aspects. the bases of these differences were investigated through kinetic studies on oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide binding. the novel bacterial hemoglobins from clostridium perfringens and campylobacter jejuni and the flavohemoglobins from bacillus subtilis and salmonella enterica serovar typhi have been analyzed. examination of the biochemical and ligand binding pr ...	2005	15751990
antibacterial properties of essential oils from thai medicinal plants.	by using disc diffusion assay, the antimicrobial activity of 32 essential oil samples extracted from local plants or plants cultivated in thailand was evaluated against zoonotic enteropathogens including salmonella spp., escherichai coli o157, campylobacter jejunii and clostridium perferingens which are important for broiler export. out of the essential oil tested, only the essential oil of zingiber cassumuna, cinnamomum bejolghota, mentha arvensis var. piperacens, cymbopogon citratus and ocimum ...	2005	15752638
effect of fermented soy milk on the intestinal bacterial ecosystem.	to investigate the effect of fermented soy milk on human ecosystem in the intestinal tract by way of examining the population of different microorganisms isolated from fecal samples.	2005	15754410
one-year (2003) nationwide pork carcass microbiological baseline data survey in taiwan.	from january through december 2003, swab samples from 1,650 pork carcasses were collected from 39 slaughter plants in taiwan. these samples were analyzed for the prevalence of indicator microorganisms and specific pathogens. viable aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and escherichia coli were recovered from 100, 95.3, and 87.5% of these carcasses, respectively. of those carcasses that harbored bacteria, the mean aerobic plate, total coliform, and escherichia coli counts were 4.0, 0.6, and 0.1 log ...	2005	15771166
sandwich elisa detection of clostridium perfringens cells and alpha-toxin from field cases of necrotic enteritis of poultry.	sandwich elisas (selisas) for the detection of clostridium perfringens cells and alpha-toxin were developed and used to screen intestinal samples from normal broiler chickens and from clinical cases of necrotic enteritis. the assays clearly distinguished between the two sets of samples. the selisa absorbance values from samples obtained from the majority of healthy birds were low and those from the majority of necrotic enteritis cases were high. together, the assays provide a suitable test for t ...	2005	15778032
changes in ganglioside content affect the binding of clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin to detergent-resistant membranes of madin-darby canine kidney cells.	epsilon-toxin (et) of clostridium perfringens, which causes fatal enterotoxemia in ungulates, was previously shown to bind to and form a heptameric pore within the detergent-resistant membranes (drms) of mdck cells. depletion of cholesterol has also been shown to decrease the cytotoxicity of et and its heptamerization. in this study, we investigated the effects of changes in sphingolipids, other drm components of mdck cells, on the cells' susceptibility to et. treatment with fumonisin b1 and pdm ...	2005	15781998
gene expression fingerprint of uterine serous papillary carcinoma: identification of novel molecular markers for uterine serous cancer diagnosis and therapy.	uterine serous papillary cancer (uspc) represents a rare but highly aggressive variant of endometrial cancer, the most common gynecologic tumour in women. we used oligonucleotide microarrays that interrogate the expression of some 10 000 known genes to profile 10 highly purified primary uspc cultures and five normal endometrial cells (nec). we report that unsupervised analysis of mrna fingerprints readily distinguished uspc from normal endometrial epithelial cells and identified 139 and 390 gene ...	2005	15785748
modeling growth of clostridium perfringens in pea soup during cooling.	clostridium perfringens is a pathogen that mainly causes food poisoning outbreaks when large quantities of food are prepared. therefore, a model was developed to predict the effect of different cooling procedures on the growth of this pathogen during cooling of food: dutch pea soup. first, a growth rate model based on interpretable parameters was used to predict growth during linear cooling of pea soup. second, a temperature model for cooling pea soup was constructed by fitting the model to expe ...	2005	15787757
prepore to pore transition of a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin visualized by electron microscopy.	perfringolysin o (pfo), a soluble toxin secreted by the pathogenic clostridium perfringens, forms large homo-oligomeric pore complexes comprising up to 50 pfo molecules in cholesterol-containing membranes. in this study, electron microscopy (em) and single-particle image analysis were used to reconstruct two-dimensional (2d) projection maps from images of oligomeric pfo prepore and pore complexes formed on cholesterol-rich lipid layers. the projection maps are characterized by an outer and an in ...	2005	15797734
bacteria as potential tools in bioterrorism, with an emphasis on bacterial toxins.	the threat of bioterrorism remains a reality worldwide and, although of low probability, an attack would be a high-consequence event. microbes are available to individuals with appropriate contacts and even many low-grade bacterial pathogens can severely affect health. toxins provide bacteria with a system of defence that is often detrimental to humans and their versatility makes them potential tools of bioterrorism. it should be remembered that the aim of terrorism is not always to kill but rat ...	2005	15816214
identification of the gene encoding a 38-kilodalton immunogenic and protective antigen of streptococcus suis.	in our continued effort to search for a streptococcus suis protein(s) that can serve as a vaccine candidate or a diagnostic reagent, we constructed and screened a gene library with a polyclonal antibody raised against the whole-cell protein of s. suis type 2. a clone that reacted with the antibody was identified and characterized. analysis revealed that the gene encoding the protein is localized within a 2.0-kbp ecori dna fragment. the nucleotide sequence contained an open reading frame that enc ...	2005	15817754
association of beta2 toxin production with clostridium perfringens type a human gastrointestinal disease isolates carrying a plasmid enterotoxin gene.	clostridium perfringens type a isolates carrying an enterotoxin (cpe) gene are an important cause of human gastrointestinal diseases, including food poisoning, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) and sporadic diarrhoea (sd). using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), the current study determined that the cpb2 gene encoding the recently discovered beta2 toxin is present in <15% of food poisoning isolates, which typically carry a chromosomal cpe gene. however, >75% of aad/sd isolates, which usually ...	2005	15819629
tylosin-responsive chronic diarrhea in dogs.	fourteen dogs had shown chronic or intermittent diarrhea for more than 1 year. diarrhea had been successfully treated with tylosin for at least 6 months but recurred when treatment was withdrawn on at least 2 occasions. tylosin-responsive diarrhea (trd) affects typically middle-aged, large-breed dogs and clinical signs indicate that trd affects both the small and large intestine. treatment with tylosin eliminated diarrhea in all dogs within 3 days and in most dogs within 24 hours. tylosin admini ...	2005	15822561
quantitative profiling of the detergent-resistant membrane proteome of iota-b toxin induced vero cells.	enzyme-mediated 18o/16o differential labeling of proteome samples often suffers from incomplete exchange of the carboxy-terminus oxygen atoms, resulting in ambiguity in the measurable abundance differences. in this study, an 18o/16o labeling strategy was optimized for and applied to the solution-based comparative analysis of the detergent-resistant membrane proteome (drmp) of untreated and iota-b (ib)-induced vero cells. solubilization and tryptic digestion of the drmp was conducted in a buffer ...	2005	15822930
conjugated bile acid hydrolase is a tetrameric n-terminal thiol hydrolase with specific recognition of its cholyl but not of its tauryl product.	bacterial bile salt hydrolases catalyze the degradation of conjugated bile acids in the mammalian gut. the crystal structures of conjugated bile acid hydrolase (cbah) from clostridium perfringens as apoenzyme and in complex with taurodeoxycholate that was hydrolyzed to the reaction products taurine and deoxycholate are described here at 2.1 and 1.7 a resolution, respectively. the crystal structures reveal close relationship between cbah and penicillin v acylase from bacillus sphaericus. this sim ...	2005	15823032
rapid protocol for electroporation of clostridium perfringens.	a rapid and simple method has been developed for the electroporation of clostridium perfringens with plasmid dna. the new improvements, harvesting cells early in the logarithmic stage of growth, keeping the cells at room temperature and the absence of post-shock incubation on ice increased transformation efficiency by one order of magnitude.	2005	15823401
enterotoxemia associated with beta2 toxin-producing clostridium perfringens type a in two asiatic black bears (selenarctos thibetanus).	beta2 (beta2) toxin-producing clostridium perfringens type a strains were found to be associated with necrotic and hemorrhagic intestinal lesions in 2 asiatic black bears (selenarctos thibetanus) that died suddenly. ten isolates were obtained from the liver, lungs, heart, and small and large intestine of the animals and were examined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the genes encoding the 4 lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota) for classification into toxin types as well as fo ...	2005	15825503
development of an integrated model for heat transfer and dynamic growth of clostridium perfringens during the cooling of cooked boneless ham.	numerous small meat processors in the united states have difficulties complying with the stabilization performance standards for preventing growth of clostridium perfringens by 1 log10 cycle during cooling of ready-to-eat (rte) products. these standards were established by the food safety and inspection service (fsis) of the us department of agriculture in 1999. in recent years, several attempts have been made to develop predictive models for growth of c. perfringens within the range of cooling ...	2005	15862875
use of conformationally restricted pyridinium alpha-d-n-acetylneuraminides to probe specificity in bacterial and viral sialidases.	investigations into subtle changes in the catalytic activity of sialidases have been performed using enzymes from several different origins, and their results have been compared. this work highlights the potential pitfalls encountered when extending conclusions derived from mechanistic studies on a single enzyme even to those with high-sequence homology. specifically, a panel of 5 pyridinium n-acetylneuraminides were used as substrates in a study that revealed subtle differences in the catalytic ...	2005	15864320
role of n-terminal amino acids in the absorption-enhancing effects of the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.	we recently found that a polypeptide, the c-terminal of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe), was a novel type of drug absorption enhancer. the c-terminal of c-cpe is thought to play a role in the binding of c-cpe to its receptor, claudin-4; however, the function of the n-terminal of c-cpe is unclear. in the present study, we evaluated the role of the n-terminal domain of c-cpe in jejunal absorption and claudin-4 binding. the treatment of rat jejunum with c-cpe resulted in enhanced absorp ...	2005	15870390
microarray-based detection of 90 antibiotic resistance genes of gram-positive bacteria.	a disposable microarray was developed for detection of up to 90 antibiotic resistance genes in gram-positive bacteria by hybridization. each antibiotic resistance gene is represented by two specific oligonucleotides chosen from consensus sequences of gene families, except for nine genes for which only one specific oligonucleotide could be developed. a total of 137 oligonucleotides (26 to 33 nucleotides in length with similar physicochemical parameters) were spotted onto the microarray. the micro ...	2005	15872258
the domains of a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin undergo a major fret-detected rearrangement during pore formation.	fret measurements were used to determine the domain-specific topography of perfringolysin o, a pore-forming toxin, on a membrane surface at different stages of pore formation. the data reveal that the elongated toxin monomer binds stably to the membrane in an "end-on" orientation, with its long axis approximately perpendicular to the plane of the membrane bilayer. this orientation is largely retained even after monomer association to form an oligomeric prepore complex. the domain 3 (d3) polypept ...	2005	15878993
multiplex pcr assay for toxinotyping clostridium perfringens isolates obtained from finnish broiler chickens.	the aim of the study was to determine the presence of genes coding for alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), epsilon (etx), iota (ia) and enterotoxin (cpe) from clostridium perfringens broiler chicken isolates, using multiplex pcr assay established in the study.	2005	15892734
removal of micro-organisms in a small-scale hydroponics wastewater treatment system.	aims: to measure the microbial removal capacity of a small-scale hydroponics wastewater treatment plant. methods and results: paired samples were taken from untreated, partly-treated and treated wastewater and analysed for faecal microbial indicators, i.e. coliforms, escherichia coli, enterococci, clostridium perfringens spores and somatic coliphages, by culture based methods. escherichia coli was never detected in effluent water after >5.8-log removal. enterococci, coliforms, spores and colipha ...	2005	15892740
microbial partitioning to settleable particles in stormwater.	the degree to which microbes in the water column associate with settleable particles has important implications for microbial transport in receiving waters, as well as for microbial removal via sedimentation (i.e. detention basins). the partitioning behavior of several bacterial, protozoan and viral indicator organisms is explored in three urban streams under both storm and dry weather conditions. the fraction of organisms associated with settleable particles in stormwater is estimated through u ...	2005	15899275
overexpression of a hydrogenase gene in clostridium paraputrificum to enhance hydrogen gas production.	a [fe]-hydrogenase gene (hyda) was cloned from clostridium paraputrificum m-21 in escherichia coli using a conserved dna sequence of clostridial hydrogenase genes amplified by pcr as the probe. the hyda gene consisted of an open reading frame of 1749 bp encoding 582 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 64,560 da. it was ligated into a shuttle vector, pjir751, originally constructed for clostridium perfringens and e. coli, and expressed in c. paraputrificum. hydrogen gas productivity o ...	2005	15899410
treatment of chemotherapy-resistant human ovarian cancer xenografts in c.b-17/scid mice by intraperitoneal administration of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.	ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the united states. although many patients with advanced-stage disease initially respond to standard combinations of surgical and cytotoxic therapy, nearly 90% develop recurrence and inevitably die from the development of chemotherapy-resistant disease. the discovery of novel and effective therapy against chemotherapy-resistant/recurrent ovarian cancer remains a high priority. using expression profiling, we and others have recently ...	2005	15899825
clostridium perfringens foodborne outbreak due to braised chop suey supplied by chafing dish.	on february 13, 2002, a public health center in hiroshima prefecture, japan, was notified that many individuals living at the japan maritime self-defence force base had symptoms resembling those of food poisoning. self-administered questionnaires requesting information regarding meal consumption and symptoms were distributed to all 281 members at the base. a case of the illness was defined as a member who had had watery or mucousy stool, or loose stool with abdominal cramps, more than twice a da ...	2005	15902996
detection of viral, bacterial, and parasitological rna or dna of nine intestinal pathogens in fecal samples archived as part of the english infectious intestinal disease study: assessment of the stability of target nucleic acid.	fecal samples were collected from cases and controls as part of the infectious intestinal disease (iid) study in england and were stored as frozen suspensions for 8 to 12 years. the purpose of this study was to apply pcr-based procedures to assess the stability of pathogen-specific nucleic acid sequences present in this archive. samples from which cryptosporidium, giardia, salmonella, campylobacter, enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaggec), enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens, rotaviruses ...	2005	15905692
what is your diagnosis? spherical gas opacity indicating emphysematous cholecystitis.		2005	15906561
development of multiplex pcr for the detection of total coliform bacteria for escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens in drinking water.	multiplex pcr amplification of lacz, uida and plc genes was developed for the simultaneous detection of total coliform bacteria for escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens, in drinking water. detection by agarose gel electrophoresis yielded a band of 876 bp for the lacz gene of all coliform bacteria; a band of 147 bp for the uida gene and a band of 876 bp for the lacz gene of all strains of e. coli; a band of 280 bp for the p/c gene for all strains of c. perfringens; and a negative result f ...	2005	15906661
[relationship between the concentration of different bioaerosol components and the general hygienic condition in two pig fattening houses].	in the study presented here the relationship between the hygienic condition and the concentration of different air contaminants in two pig fattening houses was investigated. deficiencies in routine cleaning, which were characterized by an increased soiling of animals and stable surfaces with faeces, led to increased concentrations of airborne dust, airborne endotoxins as well as increased numbers of total airborne bacteria and airborne gram-negative bacteria. however these deficiencies were not ...	2005	15918487
potentiation of humoral immune responses to vaccine antigens by recombinant chicken il-18 (rchil-18).	mammalian interleukin-18 (il-18) is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in innate immune responses to microbial infection preceding the induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses. we assessed the potential of escherichia coli-expressed his-tag purified recombinant chicken il-18 (rhis-chil-18) as a potentiator of vaccine-induced immune responses in 3 week-old spf chickens and compared it with several commonly used traditional immunostimulating adjuvants. we found that rhis ...	2005	15919141
a cellular deficiency of gangliosides causes hypersensitivity to clostridium perfringens phospholipase c.	clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cp-plc), also called alpha-toxin, is the major virulence factor in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. previously, a cellular udp-glc deficiency was related with a hypersensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of cp-plc. because udp-glc is required in the synthesis of proteoglycans, n-linked glycoproteins, and glycosphingolipids, the role of these gly-coconjugates in the cellular sensitivity to cp-plc was studied. the cellular sensitivity to cp-plc was significa ...	2005	15919667
laminin binding protein, 34/67 laminin receptor, carries stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 epitope defined by monoclonal antibody raft.2.	we previously produced monoclonal antibodies against the detergent-insoluble microdomain, i.e., the raft microdomain, of the human renal cancer cell line achn. raft.2, one of these monoclonal antibodies, recognizes sialosyl globopentaosylceramide, which has the stage-specific embryonic antigen (ssea)-4 epitope. although the mouse embryonal carcinoma (ec) cell line f9 does not express ssea-4, some f9 cells stained with raft.2. western analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time ...	2005	15922307
an italian study on cryptosporidium and giardia in wastewater, fresh water and treated water.	cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts has been isolated from waters worldwide. in italy, studies on these parasites in the environment are still limited due to absence of epidemiological evidence and difficulty of adequate methodologies of sampling and analysis. the new drinking water directive 98/83/ce states that cryptosporidium has to be determined in water intended for human consumption if clostridium perfringens is detected. this investigation contributes to the knowledge of both crypto ...	2005	15932003
validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection.	the validity of using indicator organisms (total and fecal coliforms, enterococci, clostridium perfringens, and f-specific coliphages) to predict the presence or absence of pathogens (infectious enteric viruses, cryptosporidium, and giardia) was tested at six wastewater reclamation facilities. multiple samplings conducted at each facility over a 1-year period. larger sample volumes for indicators (0.2 to 0.4 liters) and pathogens (30 to 100 liters) resulted in more sensitive detection limits tha ...	2005	15933017
vaccines against the category b toxins: staphylococcal enterotoxin b, epsilon toxin and ricin.	the threat of bioterrorism worldwide has accelerated the demand for the development of therapies and vaccines against the category b toxins: staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), epsilon toxin (etx) produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, and ricin, a natural product of the castor bean. the diverse and unique nature of these toxins poses a challenge to vaccinologists. while formalin-inactivated toxins can successfully induce antibody-mediated protection in animals, their usefulness in h ...	2005	15935880
enterotoxaemia involving beta2-toxigenic clostridium perfringens in a white stork (ciconia ciconia).		2005	15937244
fulminant massive gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens (c.p) gas gangrene is one of the most fulminant infectious diseases. we encountered fulminant massive gas gangrene in a 56- year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. the patient died 14 hours after diagnosis of gas gangrene (54 hours after admission). dramatic changes in abdominal ct imaging revealed development of a massive volume of gas in the intra-portal vein, retroperitoneum and abdominal subcutaneous tissue within 24 hours. we also proved c.p infection by immunoh ...	2005	15942103
protonated structures of naturally occurring deoxyribonucleic acids and their interaction with berberine.	protonation-induced conformational changes in natural dnas of diverse base composition under the influence of low ph, low temperature, and low ionic strength have been studied using various spectroscopic techniques. at ph3.40, 10mm [na+], and at 5 degrees c, all natural dnas irrespective of base composition adopted an unusual and stable conformation remarkably different from the canonical b-form conformation. this protonated conformation has been characterized to have unique absorption and circu ...	2005	15946849
recombinant clostridium perfringens alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase blood group a2 degrading activity.		2005	15960079
susceptibility of clostridium perfringens to c-c fatty acids.	to determine susceptibility of clostridium perfringens strains ccm 4435(t) and cnctc 5459 to c(2)-c(18) fatty acids, and evaluate influence of ph in cultures grown on glucose. straw particles were added to cultures to simulate the presence of solid phase of the digestive tract milieu.	2005	15960756
necrotizing enterocolitis associated with clostridium perfringens type a in previously healthy north american adults.	necrotizing enteritis associated with clostridium perfringens type c ("pigbel") is a well-known syndrome in severely protein-deprived populations in the pacific. it is exceedingly rare in the developed world. c perfringens type a is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis and, in a handful of infections, has been reported in association with a syndrome resembling necrotizing enteritis.	2005	15978443
clostridium perfringens spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: report of a case and implications for management.		2005	15986867
[fusion of betal-toxin gene and beta2-toxin gene from clostridium perfringens type c].	betal-toxin and beta2-toxin genes from chromosomal dna of clostridium perfringens type c were amplified by pcr, pcr products were cleaved with restriction endonucleases and recovered. the recombinant plasmid petxb1-2 containing beta1-beta2 fusion genes was constructed by recombinant technique and then transformed into escherichia coli bl21 (de3). the beta1-beta2 fusion proteins were expressed in recombinant strain bl21 (de3) (petxb1-2), and the expression level of the beta1-beta2 fusion proteins ...	2005	15989261
genetic characterization of the beta-glucuronidase enzyme from a human intestinal bacterium, ruminococcus gnavus.	beta-glucuronidase activity (encoded by the gus gene) has been characterized for the first time from ruminococcus gnavus e1, an anaerobic bacterium belonging to the dominant human gut microbiota. beta-glucuronidase activity plays a major role in the generation of toxic and carcinogenic metabolites in the large intestine, as well as in the absorption and enterohepatic circulation of many aglycone residues with protective effects, such as lignans, flavonoids, ceramide and glycyrrhetinic acid, that ...	2005	16000722
quantitative detection of clostridium perfringens in the broiler fowl gastrointestinal tract by real-time pcr.	strains of clostridium perfringens are a frequent cause of food-borne disease and gas gangrene and are also associated with necrotic enteritis in chickens. to detect and quantify the levels of c. perfringens in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, a quantitative real-time pcr assay utilizing a fluorogenic, hydrolysis-type probe was developed and utilized to assay material retrieved from the broiler chicken cecum and ileum. primers and probe were selected following an alignment of 16s rdna sequenc ...	2005	16000804
effect of relative humidity on preharvest survival of bacterial and viral pathogens on the surface of cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peppers.	the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of humidity on the preharvest survival of microbial pathogens on cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peppers. an additional goal was to evaluate clostridium perfringens as an indicator of fecal contamination on produce. the microorganisms used in this study included escherichia coli, e. coli o157:h7, shigella sonnei, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, clostridium perfringens, hepatitis a virus (hav), feline calicivirus (fcv), and coliphage prd1. t ...	2005	16013370
comparison of the odds of isolation, genotypes, and in vivo production of major toxins by clostridium perfringens obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome or left-displaced abomasum.	to compare the frequency of isolation, genotypes, and in vivo production of major lethal toxins of clostridium perfringens in adult dairy cows affected with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (hbs) versus left-displaced abomasum (lda).	2005	16013549
massive intravascular hemolysis: a fatal complication of clostridium perfringens septicemia in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.		2005	16019522
[comparison of the detection of anaerobic bacteria in haemoculture systems bactec lytic/10 anaerobic/f, bact/alert fan anaerobic and bact/alert fn anaerobic].	the purpose of this study is to deal with the problem of anaerobic cultivation of clinical specimens and consider the possibility of using semi-automated blood culture instruments. the bactec lytic, bact/alert fan anaerobic and bact/alert fn anaerobic bottles were inoculated with bacteriodes fragilis, clostridium perfringens, peptostreptococcus anaerobius and feingoldia magna strains. the times to detection (ttd) for positive bottles were evaluated with reference to the number of inoculated bact ...	2005	16025428
identification of the structural and functional domains of the large serine recombinase tnpx from clostridium perfringens.	members of the large serine resolvase family of site-specific recombinases are responsible for the movement of several mobile genetic elements; however, little is known regarding the structure or function of these proteins. tnpx is a serine recombinase that is responsible for the movement of the chloramphenicol resistance elements of the tn4451/3 family. we have shown that tnpx binds differentially to its transposon and target sites, suggesting that resolvase-like excision and insertion were two ...	2005	15542858
corn hybrid affects in vitro and in vivo measures of nutrient digestibility in dogs.	corn is a commonly used ingredient in dry pet foods because there is a stable supply and it is a relatively inexpensive source of nutrients. corn hybrids are available that are higher in cp and amylose and lower in phytate concentration than conventional hybrids. approximately 500 mg of high-protein (hp), high-protein, low-phytate (hplp), and high-amylose (ha) corn were compared with conventional (conv) corn and amylomaize starch (am) in triplicate and exposed to pepsin/hydrochloric acid and pan ...	2005	15583056
the importance of calcium influx, calpain and calmodulin for the activation of caco-2 cell death pathways by clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.	caco-2 cells exhibit apoptosis when treated with low doses of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), but develop oncosis when treated with high cpe doses. this study reports that the presence of extracellular ca(2+) in treatment buffers is important for normal activation of both those cell death pathways in cpe-treated caco-2 cells. normal development of cpe-induced cell death pathway effects, such as morphologic damage, dna fragmentation, caspase activation, mitochondrial membrane depolariz ...	2005	15617529
atypical cpb2 genes, encoding beta2-toxin in clostridium perfringens isolates of nonporcine origin.	beta2-toxin, encoded by cpb2, is implicated in the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens enteritis. however, cpb2 genes from nonporcine c. perfringens isolates were not always expressed, at least in vitro. nucleotide sequencing identified atypical cpb2 genes with 70.2 to 70.7% dna identity to previously identified (consensus) cpb2. atypical beta2-toxin displayed 62.3% identity and 80.4% similarity to consensus beta2-toxin. no porcine type c isolates (n = 16) and only 3.3% of porcine type a iso ...	2005	15618211
identification and characterization of a cell-wall anchored dnase gene in clostridium perfringens.	completion of the whole genome sequence of clostridium perfringens strain 13 revealed the presence of an extracellular nuclease gene, cada. transcriptional analysis showed that the cada gene is negatively regulated by the two-component virr/virs system and its secondary regulator vr-rna. the cada protein possesses an n-terminal signal sequence and a gram-positive cell wall anchoring motif consisting of a sorting signal (lpxtg motif), a hydrophobic domain, and positively charged residues at the e ...	2005	15621449
discrimination efficacy of fecal pollution detection in different aquatic habitats of a high-altitude tropical country, using presumptive coliforms, escherichia coli, and clostridium perfringens spores.	the performance of rapid and practicable techniques that presumptively identify total coliforms (tc), fecal coliforms (fc), escherichia coli, and clostridium perfringens spores (cp) by testing them on a pollution gradient in differing aquatic habitats in a high-altitude tropical country was evaluated during a 12-month period. site selection was based on high and low anthropogenic influence criteria of paired sites including six spring, six stream, and four lakeshore sites spread over central and ...	2005	15640171
transfusion medicine illustrated. massive hemolysis secondary to alpha-toxin release.		2005	15660817
the impact of intestinal microflora on serum bilirubin levels.	intestinal microflora plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neonatal jaundice by inhibiting enterosystemic circulation of bilirubin. the present study aimed to investigate the influence of intestinal microflora on serum bilirubin levels in hyperbilirubinemic gunn rats.	2005	15664250
age-associated changes in glycosylation of cd43 and cd45 on mouse cd4 t cells.	we have recently shown that treatment of t cells from aged mice with an endopeptidase specific for o-linked glycoproteins can restore synapse formation and early activation markers to cd4 cells from aged mice. new data show that the sialidase from clostridium perfringens, but not from vibrio cholerae, can increase activation of cd4 cells from both old and young mice as measured by calcium signals, expression of cd25 and cd69, and secretion of il-2. lectin binding assays showed alterations with a ...	2005	15668924
quorum sensing in clostridium difficile: analysis of a luxs-type signalling system.	the increasing incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease, and the problems associated with its control, highlight the need for additional countermeasures. the attenuation of virulence through the blockade of bacterial cell-to-cell communication (quorum sensing) is one potential therapeutic target. preliminary studies have shown that c. difficile produces at least one potential signalling molecule. through the molecule's ability to induce bioluminescence in a vibrio harveyi luxs repor ...	2005	15673504
prevalence and characteristics of bacteria and host factors in an outbreak situation of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.	antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) represents a clinical entity leading to prolonged hospital stays and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and results in additional costs. the aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of different bacteria in stools of patients with aad. the reliability of diagnostic procedures under routine conditions was evaluated. host factors were also analysed. from june 2002 to april 2003 89 cases of diarrhoea were reported at a hospi ...	2005	15673508
clinical features of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains.	toxins a and b are known to be the primary virulence factors of clostridium difficile. other potential virulence factors have been identified such as binary toxin (actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase toxin, or cdt). a retrospective case-control study was performed in order to identify clinical features and risk factors of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin-producing strains. each case (a patient with diarrhoea due to binary toxin-producing strain) was compared with two contr ...	2005	15673514
alterations in dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv in resistant mutants of clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones.	to compare mutations in the dna gyrase (gyra and gyrb) and topoisomerase iv (parc and pare) genes of clostridium perfringens, which are associated with in vitro exposure to fluoroquinolones, resistant mutants were selected from eight strains by serial passage in the presence of increasing concentrations of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, or trovafloxacin. the nucleotide sequences of the entire gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare genes of 42 mutants were determined. dna gyrase was the primary ta ...	2005	15673722
strains and toxins of clostridium.		2005	15684103
in vitro activity of oritavancin (ly333328), vancomycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole against clostridium perfringens, propionibacterium acnes, and anaerobic gram-positive cocci.	using an agar dilution method, we determined the in vitro activity of oritavancin, vancomycin, clindamycin and metronidazole against 114 unique clinical isolates of gram-positive anaerobes. mic(90)s (microg/ml) for oritavancin were as follows: clostridium perfringens 1.0, propionibacterium acnes 0.25, peptostreptococcus anaerobius 0.25, peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus 0.5, finegoldia magna 0.25, micromonas. micros 0.25, and anaerococcus prevotii 0.25. on a weight basis, oritavancin is slightly mo ...	2005	16701537
effects of gyrase mutation on the growth kinetics of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of clostridium perfringens.	to investigate the effect of gyra mutation on resistance of clostridium perfringens to fluoroquinolones, a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant was developed. the mutant had a single substitution in gyra at position 87 (asp to tyr) and no additional mutations in gyrb, parc or pare. the mic values of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin for this strain were 16 and 32-fold higher than those for the wild type, which were 0.125 and 0.250 microg/ml, respectively. the resistant mutant grew equally well in the pre ...	2005	16701569
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis for strain typing of clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in the environment and causes diseases in man and animals, with syndromes ranging from enteritis, enterotoxemia, and sudden death to food poisoning and gas gangrene. understanding the epidemiology of these infections and of the evolution of virulence in c. perfringens necessitate an efficient, time and cost effective strain typing method. multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) has been applied to typing of other pathogens and we describ ...	2005	16701582