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duplex sonography of the venous system. 20113078970
[pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the elderly]. 20113067421
relation of silent myocardial ischemia to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death.silent myocardial ischemia is common in the clinical spectrum of coronary disease. ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring has provided the most objective evidence of silent ischemia, but the phenomenon has also been detected in patients with coronary artery disease through analysis of exercise-induced ischemic st-segment alterations, scintigraphic myocardial perfusion defects and left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. silent myocardial ischemia frequently occurs in patients with stable ...20113055916
dexamethasone suppression test.a connection between a high level of plasma cortisol and psychopathology has long been observed. in depressive patients increased plasma cortisol and non-suppression to the dexamethasone suppression test (dst) has often been described. in this study it was found that endogenously depressed patients more often than non-endogenously depressed patients showed abnormal results to the dst. no difference was found in delta max tsh between suppressors and non-suppressors to the dst.20113067539
investigation of adrenomedullary function in atopic dermatitis.adrenomedullary function in patients with atopic dermatitis was assessed by measurement of plasma levels of catecholamines (adrenalin and noradrenalin) and cyclic amp in response to the stimuli of standing after lying supine, and a 5-min infusion of histamine in the standing position (i.e. histamine plus standing). plasma clearance of adrenalin was examined by measurement of plasma catecholamine and cyclic amp levels following a 15-min intravenous infusion of adrenalin in the supine position. re ...20113040069
does measurement of urinary rare proteins provide diagnostic significance in glomerular diseases? 20113069315
[histamine liberation inhibitors]. 20113131688
radiation of hiroshima and nagasaki builds foundation for risk estimates. 20113897479
alcohol-related symptoms in heterogeneous families of hospitalized alcoholics.heterogeneity in the clinical symptoms of alcohol abuse was examined in 243 men and 305 women from families of hospitalized alcoholics, who had demonstrated different patterns of inheritance of susceptibility to alcoholism. discriminant analysis was utilized to identify nine alcoholic symptoms that distinguished male relatives of alcoholic men from those of alcoholic women. inability to abstain from alcohol, fighting and reckless driving while intoxicated, and alcohol treatment other than alcoho ...20113067614
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 inhibits the clonogenic growth of transformed cells via its receptor.anchorage-independent growth in soft agar is a unique property of transformed cells which is known to be correlated with tumorigenicity. we report here that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 suppresses colony formation by a number of cultured cancer cell lines in soft agar in a dose dependent manner with an id50 of 5-7 x 10(-10) m. this effect is also achieved with analogues of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 in accordance with their binding affinity for the hormone's receptor. only cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvit ...20113021122
[on the anniversary. 50 years of the journal of rheumatology. its first editor: public health officer professor dr. med. paul köhler, bad elster]. 20113071033
is hysteroscopy of value in the investigation of female infertility?a prospective multicentre study was designed to ascertain the value of hysteroscopy in the evaluation of female infertility. the study comprises 619 co2 hysteroscopies in women complaining of infertility. four hundred and ninety nine examinations (80%) were performed without anaesthesia or cervical dilatation. twenty eight cases of malformation were diagnosed. adhesions were found in 68 patients (11%), polypi in 56 (9.1%) and submucous fibroids in 51 (8.2%). endometrial hyperplasia was diagnosed ...20113067483
microcystic adenoma of the pancreas: report of a case and review of the literature. 20113064760
[measurement of arterial pressure]. 20113217679
age and context effects in lexical decision: an age by context interaction.the present experiment demonstrates greater priming effects in a lexical decision task for older adults than for younger adults. thirty-six older adults and thirty-six younger adults participated in a lexical decision experiment in which primes were category names and related targets were category exemplars that varied in category dominance. this manipulation of category dominance was intended to limit the predictability of target words based on prime words. results showed that older adults had ...20113251766
[the method for collection of data on dental health among adults in skien]. 20113270026
estimation of gestational age. 20113242514
significance and use of threshold limit values with reference to "corporate influence on threshold limit values" by castleman and ziem. 20113207108
[persistent pruritus ani]. 20113187273
[preservation of the form of cutaneous wounds for museum purposes]. 20115036777
[fibrinogen glue in ophthalmology. its use in corneal ulcers]. 20113214902
[50th anniversary of the department of neuropathology and neurosurgery of vitebsk medical school]. 20113159172
[dynamic characteristics of seizures with psychopathologic manifestations in patients with true epilepsy]. 20113145644
the unique nutritional needs of the elderly patient with cancer. 20113136525
[hepatic angiosarcoma caused by vinyl chloride: a new italian case]. 20113173219
alcohol-related birth defects: an update.historically, mankind has at least suspected that alcohol was somehow connected with undesirable effects on progeny. in the 18th century, physicians became aware that maternal alcohol consumption resulted in excess fetal and neonatal mortality, low birth weight, and many other deleterious effects. perhaps as a response to the temperance and prohibition periods, scientists lost sight of or interest in the effects of alcohol in pregnancy. in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the issue surfaced again ...20113141958
the need to compare the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs: in which patient populations? 20113167485
pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in phenylketonuria.the pathogenesis of brain dysfunction in phenylketonuria (pku) is still under investigation. hyperphenylalaninaemia results in increased turnover of myelin. in order to demonstrate the derangement of myelinization in pku we studied the visual evoked potentials (vep) in 14 pku patients and in 20 normal subjects. vep findings were correlated with the metabolic control of the disease and with the electroencephalographic findings. vep were more sensitive than the eeg in detecting a neurological dysf ...20113149700
coagulation, inflammation, and responses to injury.several mechanisms contributing to the development of post-traumatic alterations in organ function are reviewed. the importance of interactions between clotting and inflammatory mediators is detailed. a discussion of management strategies emphasizes the role of early recognition and aggressive treatment of organ dysfunction.20113146417
problems assessed but far from resolved in 1988. 20113143657
vitamin d metabolite profiles in moderate renal insufficiency of childhood.in a prior study, we reported vitamin d metabolite profiles in the plasma of healthy children. in view of these findings, we investigated these same profiles in children with moderate renal insufficiency. specimens were obtained in both summer and winter in untreated patients, and before and after treatment for up to 1 year, with either 25(oh)d3 or 1,25(oh)2d3. mean pretreatment 1,25(oh)2d levels were normal. levels of 25(oh)d3 were also normal and continued to vary with season. mean pretreatmen ...20113153059
doppler studies in the growth retarded fetus and prediction of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis, haemorrhage, and neonatal morbidity.in 82 consecutive cases of intrauterine growth retardation managed by established criteria fetal doppler studies identified 29 fetuses with absence of end diastolic frequencies in the fetal aorta. these same fetuses were significantly more growth retarded (p less than 0.001) and had an earlier gestational age at delivery (p less than 0.001) than those with end diastolic frequencies present. a subgroup of these cases was analysed in more detail to examine the prognostic value of this phenomenon f ...20113101778
complications of renal transplantation. 20114281487
skeletal remodelling in the temporomandibular joint after oblique sliding osteotomy of the mandibular rami.skeletal remodelling of the temporomandibular joints took place in 80% of cases after oblique sliding osteotomies of the rami. the new bone formation was found in both the condylar and temporal parts of the joint. it was mostly located on the posterior surface of the condyle and in the roof of the temporal part of the joint. no differences in skeletal remodelling were found between wiring and nonwiring cases.20113088149
induction of indoleamine dioxygenase by interferon in mice: a study with different recombinant interferons and various cytokines.since it is important the availability of a specific marker for interferon induction in vivo, we investigated the effect of different recombinant interferons and various cytokines on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. although with different magnitude, recombinant interferon-alpha a/d (bgl ii) hybrid, interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor, all increase the activity of this enzyme, whereas interleukin-1, recombinant interferon-alpha a and interferon-alpha d do not induce this activity in ...20113128977
factors influencing the accumulation of sediment-sorbed hexachlorobiphenyl by midge larvae. 20113125867
[substantiation of permissible migration quantities of beryllium in sanitary-chemical studies of materials designated for contact with food products]. 20113060413
measurement of l-[1-14c]leucine kinetics in splanchnic and leg tissues in humans. effect of amino acid infusion.although whole-body leucine flux is widely measured to study body protein turnover in humans, the contribution of specific tissues to the total-body measurement remains unknown. by combining the organ-balance technique with the systemic infusion of l-[1-14c]leucine, we quantitated leucine production and disposal by splanchnic and leg tissues and by the whole body, simultaneously, in six normal men before and during amino acid infusion. at steady state, disposal of arterial leucine by splanchnic ...20113046968
vagal innervation techniques in the treatment of panic disorder. 20113056393
[this is how parents can feel--donna is coming home with us! wait, you can't just do that!]. 20113131909
[phase ii study of carboplatin in cervical carcinoma].a phase ii multi-center study of carboplatin for cervical carcinoma was carried out in 22 institutes throughout japan. the patients registered consisted of 40 women with 39 cervical carcinomas and an endometrial carcinoma, of whom 31 were evaluable. carboplatin was administered intravenously every 4 weeks at a dose of 400 mg/m2, in cases with no prior therapies and/or p.s. 0-1, and 300 mg/m2 in cases with prior therapies and/or p.s. 2-3. the overall response rate of 31 evaluable cases was 19.4% ...20113056277
clinical adoptive chemoimmunotherapy with allogeneic alloactivated hla-haploidentical lymphocytes: controlled induction of graft-versus-host-reactions.a total of 13 cancer patients were treated with adoptive chemoimmunotherapy (acit) using alloactivated hla haploidentical lymphocytes. donor lymphocytes were activated in vitro using a pool of irradiated allogeneic lymphocytes (mlc-cells) and some further expanded by culturing in t-cell growth factor (tcgf-cells). the first 6 patients received i.v. cyclophosphamide (cpm) followed 24 h later by escalating doses of mlc-cells, then 7 days later they received an infusion of tcgf-cells. minimal toxic ...20113257904
how patients know that nurses care about them. 20113216234
the endocrine responses to general anesthesia. 20113049390
arterialisation of transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide.we compared previously calculated global correction factors for oxygen and carbon dioxide arterial/transcutaneous ratios with individual in vivo calibrations from the first arterial sample. in infants beyond the neonatal period and older children in vivo calibration confers little benefit over the use of a global calibration correction factor for transcutaneous carbon dioxide, and may reduce the precision with which arterial oxygen can be estimated from transcutaneous oxygen.20113144247
altered images. 20113143092
cervical cord extradural haematoma with familial cutaneous haemangiomas.this case report confirms the link between familial cutaneous haemangiomas and haemangiomas of the spinal extradural space. haemorrhage from a cervical extradural haemangioma may cause a haematoma resulting in an anterior cord syndrome. recovery is possible with early diagnosis and surgical decompression at the involved level. if the diagnosis is not made the patient may die from this extradural cervical compression. diagnosis involves myelography with spinal angiography to confirm the site and ...20113267309
[molecular mass of tetanus toxoid protein]. 20114655751
synthesis of some novel bis[1, 2, 4]triazolo[3, 4-b][1, 3, 4]thiadiazine derivatives for antimicrobial evaluation.a new series of novel bis[1, 2, 4]triazolo[3, 4-b][1, 3, 4]thiadiazines 7a-j has been synthesized by the reaction of [5, 5'-methylenebis(3-methylbenzofuran-7, 5-diyl)]bis[(4-amino-5-thioxo-4, 5-dihydro-1h-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl)methanone] (6) with a variety of phenacyl bromides in ethanol under reflux for 6 h. all the newly synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro activity against certain strains of bacteria such as escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae and shigella f ...201124062120
a contribution of mdfa to resistance to fluoroquinolones in shigella flexneri.in this study, we measured the drug resistance conferred by mdfa mutations in two shigella flexneri strains. a mutant in mdfa genes was constructed by polymerase chain reaction-based, one-step inactivation of chromosomal genes. the antimicrobial susceptibility of parent and mutant strains to fluoroquinolones was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (mics). the △mdfa mutants were somewhat more susceptible to fluoroquinolones than the parent strains. the low level changes in mics of the ...201124159476
shigellosis outbreak at addis ababa university: march-april 2010.between 2006 and 2008, there have been various reports of diarrhea with blood in ethiopia and also reports of shigelloses outbreaks in some parts of the country. in march 2010, addis ababa university (aau) technology campus reported occurrence of an outbreak of diarrheal illness among students.201123409399
antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of mikania cordata (burm.f.) b.l. robinson leaves.the purpose of the present study to examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of ethanol extract of leaves of mikania cordata (burm.f.) b.l. robinson. to determine antibacterial activities, the extract was tested against four gram positive and six gram negative bacteria at three concentrations (500, 800, 1000 μg disc(-1)) through disc diffusion method. the extract showed moderate antibacterial actions and that was increased by increasing the concentration of the sample. the maximum anti ...201124826008
the proteome of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t grown at 30 and 37 degrees c.to upgrade the proteome reference map of shigella flexneri 2a 2457t, the protein expression profiles of log phase and stationary phase cells grown at 30 and 37 degrees c were thoroughly analyzed using multiple overlapping narrow ph range (between ph 4.0 and 11.0) two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. a total of 723 spots representing 574 protein entries were identified by maldi-tof/tof ms, including the majority of known key virulence factors. 64 hypothetical proteins and six misannotated protein ...201020164057
prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance determinants in shigella flexneri isolates from anhui province, china.quinolones are used extensively to treat shigella flexneri infection, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) determinants were recently reported. a total of 26 s. flexneri isolates collected from anhui province, china, in 2005 were screened for pmqr determinants, bla gene, gyra and parc genes, by pcr and sequencing. pmqr determinants were present in 53.8% (14 of 26) of isolates and qnra(1), qnrs(1), qnrs(2), aac(6')-ib-cr and qepa were present in 30.8, 11.5, 3.8, 19.2 and 11.5% of thos ...201020203702
[rectal prolapse in a neonate with shigella diarrhea].a case of neonatal rectal prolapse during shigella diarrhea is described. a 10 days neonate exclusively breast fed, whose 2 years old brother has had the same process 2 weeks ago. medical treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone resolved rectal prolapse in 48 hours. stool cultures showed the presence of shigella flexneri ii resistant to amoxicillin; blood and cerebrospinal fluid, cultures were negative. conclusion: rectal prolapse is an uncommon complication seen in infants with shigella diarrhea. ...201020204227
shigella mediated depletion of macrophages in a murine breast cancer model is associated with tumor regression.a tumor promoting role of macrophages has been described for a transgenic murine breast cancer model. in this model tumor-associated macrophages (tams) represent a major component of the leukocytic infiltrate and are associated with tumor progression. shigella flexneri is a bacterial pathogen known to specificly induce apotosis in macrophages. to evaluate whether shigella-induced removal of macrophages may be sufficient for achieving tumor regression we have developed an attenuated strain of s. ...201020221397
high-throughput screening of the virulence regulator virf: a novel antibacterial target for shigellosis.shigella flexneri is a human enteropathogen that infects about 165 million people and claims more than 1 million lives per year worldwide. although shigellosis has been considered a disease of the "third world," like many other contagious diseases, it does occur in developed countries. the emergence of drug and multidrug-resistant strains of shigella emphasizes the need for novel antibiotic development. virf, an arac-type transcriptional regulator, is responsible for the expression of all downst ...201020237205
microarray analysis of shigella flexneri-infected epithelial cells identifies host factors important for apoptosis inhibition.shigella flexneri inhibits apoptosis in infected epithelial cells. in order to understand the pro-survival effects induced by the bacteria, we utilized apoptosis-specific microarrays to analyze the changes in eukaryotic gene expression in both infected and uninfected cells in the presence and absence of staurosporine, a chemical inducer of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. the goal of this research was to identify host factors that contribute to apoptosis inhibition in infected cells.201020429941
modulation of shigella virulence in response to available oxygen in vivo.bacteria coordinate expression of virulence determinants in response to localized microenvironments in their hosts. here we show that shigella flexneri, which causes dysentery, encounters varying oxygen concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract, which govern activity of its type three secretion system (t3ss). the t3ss is essential for cell invasion and virulence. in anaerobic environments (for example, the gastrointestinal tract lumen), shigella is primed for invasion and expresses extended t ...201020436458
phenotypic characterization and genomic analysis of the shigella sonnei bacteriophage sp18.a novel bacteriophage that infects shigella sonnei was isolated from the gap river in korea, and its phenotypic and genomic characteristics were investigated. the virus, called sp18, showed morphology characteristic of the family myoviridae, and phylogenetic analysis of major capsid gene (gp23) sequences classified it as a t4-like phage. based on host spectrum analysis, it is lytic to s. sonnei, but not to shigella flexneri, shigella boydii or members of the genera escherichia and salmonella. py ...201020437154
antimicrobial resistance trends of shigella serotypes in new york city, 2006-2009.shigellosis is the third most common enteric bacterial infection in the united states. although infection is typically self-limiting, empiric treatment is often prescribed. because of increasing antimicrobial resistance to shigella, empiric treatment options are decreasing. identifying resistance patterns can inform empiric treatment recommendations. the goals of our study were to examine risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance of shigella and examine issues related to empiric trea ...201020438349
genome-wide analysis of the h-ns and sfh regulatory networks in salmonella typhimurium identifies a plasmid-encoded transcription silencing mechanism.the conjugative inchi1 plasmid psfr27 from shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t encodes the sfh protein, a paralogue of the global transcriptional repressor h-ns. sfh allows psfr27 to be transmitted to new bacterial hosts with minimal impact on host fitness, providing a 'stealth' function whose molecular mechanism has yet to be determined. the impact of the sfh protein on the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium transcriptome was assessed and binding sites for sfh in the salmonella typhimurium g ...201020444106
neutrophil antimicrobial proteins enhance shigella flexneri adhesion and invasion.shigella flexneri is an enteric pathogen that causes massive inflammation and destruction of the human intestinal epithelium. neutrophils are the first cells of the innate immune system recruited to the site of infection. these cells can attack microbes by phagocytosis, neutrophil extracellular trap (net) formation and degranulation. here, we investigated how neutrophil degranulation affects virulence and show that exposure of shigella to granular proteins enhances infection of epithelial cells. ...201020331641
mutagenesis and chemical cross-linking suggest that wzz dimer stability and oligomerization affect lipopolysaccharide o-antigen modal chain length control.in shigella flexneri, the polysaccharide copolymerase (pcp) protein wzz(sf) confers a modal length of 10 to 17 repeat units (rus) to the o-antigen (oag) component of lipopolysaccharide (lps). pcps form oligomeric structures believed to be related to their function. to identify functionally important regions within wzz(sf), random in-frame linker mutagenesis was used to create mutants with 5-amino-acid insertions (termed wzz(i) proteins), and dna sequencing was used to locate the insertions. anal ...201020453100
carbon metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens and possible links to virulence.new technologies such as high-throughput methods and 13c-isotopologue-profiling analysis are beginning to provide us with insight into the in vivo metabolism of microorganisms, especially in the host cell compartments that are colonized by intracellular bacterial pathogens. in this review, we discuss the recent progress made in determining the major carbon sources and metabolic pathways used by model intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate either in the cytosol or in vacuoles of infecte ...201020453875
acid stress response in enteropathogenic gammaproteobacteria: an aptitude for survival.enteric bacteria such as escherichia coli have acquired a wide array of acid stress response systems to counteract the extreme acidity encountered when invading the host's digestive or urinary tracts. these acid stress response systems are both enzyme and chaperone based. the 3 main enzyme-based acid resistance pathways are glutamate-, arginine-, and lysine-decarboxylase pathways. they are under a complex regulatory network allowing the bacteria to fine tune its response to the external environm ...201020453931
effects of backbone substitutions on the conformational behavior of shigella flexneri o-antigens: implications for vaccine strategy.the o-antigen (o-ag), the polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide, is the major target of the serotype-specific protective humoral response elicited upon host infection by shigella flexneri, the main causal agent of the endemic form of bacillary dysentery. the o-ag repeat units (rus) of 12 s. flexneri serotypes share the tetrasaccharide backbone →2)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-β-d-glcpnac-(1→, with site-selective glucosylation(s) and/or o-acetylation defining the ser ...201021030536
genetic characterization of atypical shigella flexneri isolated in korea.three types of serotypically atypical shigella flexneri strains were isolated from 2007 to 2008 in patients at the korea national institute of health (nih). these strains were characterized and compared with serologically typical s.flexneri. one type of strain either displayed nonreacting typing or grouping sera, reacting strongly only with polyb antisera, which indicates this strain is s. flexneri (polyb:un). the second type displayed reactions with one of the typing sera (iv) and did not bind ...201021030833
counting bacteria on a microfluidic chip.this paper reports a lab-on-a-chip device that counts the number of bacteria flowing through a microchannel. the bacteria number counting is realized by a microfluidic differential resistive pulse sensor (rps). by using a single microfluidic channel with two detecting arm channels placed at the two ends of the sensing section, the microfluidic differential rps can achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio. this method is applied to detect and count bacteria in aqueous solution. the detected rps signa ...201021035606
laboratory based surveillance of travel-related shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri in alberta from 2002 to 2007.abstract: between 2002 and 2007, travel related cases of shigella sonnei and s. flexneri in alberta, canada were acquired from central america, the indian subcontinent and north america. of this group, resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was identified in isolates from patients who had travelled to the indian subcontinent. this study provides a canadian perspective to a growing body of literature linking ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance to travel to the indian subcontinent. ...201021040566
safety, dose, immunogenicity, and transmissibility of an oral live attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate (sc602) among healthy adults and school children in matlab, bangladesh.in double-blind trials in bangladesh, 88 adults, and 79 children (8-10 years) were randomized to receive either a single oral dose of 1 × 10(4), 1 × 10(5) or 1 × 10(6)cfu of sc602 (a live, attenuated shigella flexneri 2a strain vaccine) or placebo. in the adult outpatient 1 × 10(6) cfu group, severe joint pain and body aches were reported by one and two vaccinees respectively. in the adult inpatient trial, sc602 was isolated from 3 volunteers, pre-vaccination antibody titers were high, and fourf ...201021040694
evidence of cellular immune response to outer membrane protein of salmonella typhimurium in patients with enthesitis-related arthritis subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.enthesitis-related arthritis subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia-era) clinically resembles reactive arthritis (rea). in patients with rea the immune response is targeted at the outer membrane protein (omp) of salmonella typhimurium. we studied the immune response in jia-era to s. typhimurium omp.201021041273
prevalence of shigellosis diarrhoea in a paediatrics population: hospital based survey in bangui, central african republic.shigellosis is still a major public health problem in sub-saharan countries, especially among children.201021045359
research progress in shigella in the postgenomic era.gram-negative, facultative intracellular anaerobes of the genus shigella, the principal etiologic agents of shigellosis, continue to pose a threat to public health. shigellosis causes 1.1 million deaths with over 164 million annual cases. the shigella spp. can be divided into four serogroups: shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei. the completion of seven shigella genome sequences of representative strains from each of the shigella species has introduced an ...201021046319
[antibacterial antibodies in human immunoglobulins and sera: past and present].to measure levels of several types of antibacterial antibodies in preparations of normal human immunoglobulin as well as in samples of donor sera obtained in 1965 and 2009.201021061576
prevalence and characterization of human shigella infections in henan province, china, in 2006.in 2006, 3,531 fecal samples were collected from patients with diarrhea in henan province, china. a total of 467 (13.2%) shigella strains were isolated and serotyped. seventy-one shigella flexneri strains were characterized by mic determination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and detection of genes encoding cephalosporin resistance. most infections were caused by s. flexneri variant x [iv:(7),8] (27.6%), s. sonnei (24.2%), and s. flexneri 2a (20.8%). however, large regional differences ...201021068291
the host outer membrane proteins ompa and ompc are associated with the shigella phage sf6 virion.assembly of dsdna bacteriophage is a precisely programmed process. potential roles of host cell components in phage assembly haven't been well understood. it was previously reported that two unidentified proteins were present in bacteriophage sf6 virion (casjens et al, 2004, j.mol.biol. 339, 379-394, fig. 2a). using tandem mass spectrometry, we have identified the two proteins as outer membrane proteins (omps) ompa and ompc from its host shigella flexneri. the transmission electron cryo-microsco ...201021071053
anaerobic environment of the intestine primes pathogenic shigella for infection.marteyn et al. have investigated the role of oxygen and the regulator fnr in infection by the intracellular enteric pathogen shigella flexneri. fnr is active under anaerobic conditions like those present in the lumen of the distal intestine. fnr causes elongation of a secretion apparatus required for bacterial entry into cells and represses secretion of proteins that trigger entry. higher oxygen levels present at the intestinal cell surface are sufficient to inactivate fnr, thereby derepressing ...201021073287
shigella flexneri spa15 crystal structure verified in solution by double electron electron resonance.shigella flexneri spa15 is a chaperone of the type 3 secretion system, which binds a number of effectors to ensure their stabilization prior to secretion. one of these effectors is ipgb1, a mimic of the human ras-like rho guanosine triphosphatase rhog. in this study, spa15 alone and in complex with ipgb1 has been studied by double electron electron resonance, an experiment that gives distance information showing the spacial separation of attached spin labels. this distance is explained by determ ...201021075116
entrapment of intracytosolic bacteria by septin cage-like structures.actin-based motility is used by various pathogens for dissemination within and between cells. yet host factors restricting this process have not been identified. septins are gtp-binding proteins that assemble as filaments and are essential for cell division. however, their role during interphase has remained elusive. here, we report that septin assemblies are recruited to different bacteria that polymerize actin. we observed that intracytosolic shigella either become compartmentalized in septin ...201021075354
extended-spectrum ß-lactamase production in shigella flexneri.emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of shigella is a growing concern across the globe. third-generation cephalosporins are used for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant shigellae. however, resistance to these cephalosporin antibiotics due to extended-spectrum ß-lactamases, has emerged as a new problem. so far extended-spectrum ß-lactamases producing shigella has not been reported from pakistan. we report such a case in shigella flexneri from an 8-year old girl with acute dysent ...201021078255
enteropathogenic e. coli non-lee encoded effectors nleh1 and nleh2 attenuate nf-κb activation.enteric bacterial pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to evade host immune defences. some pathogens deliver anti-inflammatory effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm via a type iii secretion system (t3ss). enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) inhibits inflammation by an undefined, t3ss-dependent mechanism. two proteins encoded outside of the epec locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island, non-lee-encoded effector h1 (nleh1) and h2 (nleh2), display sequence ...201021091507
cell-cell propagation of nf-κb transcription factor and map kinase activation amplifies innate immunity against bacterial infection.the enteroinvasive bacterium shigella flexneri uses multiple secreted effector proteins to downregulate interleukin-8 (il-8) expression in infected epithelial cells. yet, massive il-8 secretion is observed in shigellosis. here we report a host mechanism of cell-cell communication that circumvents the effector proteins and strongly amplifies il-8 expression during bacterial infection. by monitoring proinflammatory signals at the single-cell level, we found that the activation of the transcription ...201021093316
isolation and characterization of shigella flexneri g3, capable of effective cellulosic saccharification under mesophilic conditions.a novel shigella strain (shigella flexneri g3) showing high cellulolytic activity under mesophilic, anaerobic conditions was isolated and characterized. the bacterium is gram negative, short rod shaped, and nonmotile and displays effective production of glucose, cellobiose, and other oligosaccharides from cellulose (avicel ph-101) under optimal conditions (40°c and ph 6.5). approximately 75% of the cellulose was hydrolyzed in modified atcc 1191 medium containing 0.3% cellulose, and the oligosacc ...201021097577
conformational changes in ipad from shigella flexneri upon binding bile salts provide insight into the second step of type iii secretion.shigella flexneri uses its type iii secretion apparatus (ttsa) to inject host-altering proteins into targeted eukaryotic cells. the ttsa is composed of a basal body and an exposed needle with invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) forming a tip complex that controls secretion. the bile salt deoxycholate (doc) stimulates recruitment of the translocator protein ipab into the maturing ttsa needle tip complex. this process appears to be triggered by a direct interaction between doc and ipad. fluorescence ...201021126091
lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid down-regulated shigella flexneri peptidoglycan-induced inflammation.bacterial peptidoglycans (pgns) are recognized by the host's innate immune system. this process is mediated by the nod/card family of proteins, which induces inflammation by activating nuclear factor (nf)-κb. excessive activation of monocytes by shigella flexneri pgn (flexpgn) leads to serious inflammatory diseases such as intestinal bowel diseases (ibd) and crohn's disease. in this study, we examined whether lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (plta) could attenuate the pro-inflammatory s ...201021129777
enteric glia protect against shigella flexneri invasion in intestinal epithelial cells: a role for s-nitrosoglutathione.enteric glial cells (egcs) are important regulators of intestinal epithelial barrier (ieb) functions. egc-derived s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno) has been shown to regulate ieb permeability. whether egcs and gsno protect the ieb during infectious insult by pathogens such as shigella flexneri is not known.201021139062
the shigella t3ss needle transmits a signal for mxic release, which controls secretion of effectors.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are key determinants of virulence in many gram-negative bacteria, including animal and plant pathogens. they inject 'effector' proteins through a 'needle' protruding from the bacterial surface directly into eukaryotic cells after assembly of a 'translocator' pore in the host plasma membrane. secretion is a tightly regulated process, which is blocked until physical contact with a host cell takes place. host cell sensing occurs through a distal needle 'tip comple ...201021143311
antimicrobial resistance patterns and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei isolated in uzbekistan.abstract:201021143880
molecular mechanisms of necroptosis: an ordered cellular explosion.for a long time, apoptosis was considered the sole form of programmed cell death during development, homeostasis and disease, whereas necrosis was regarded as an unregulated and uncontrollable process. evidence now reveals that necrosis can also occur in a regulated manner. the initiation of programmed necrosis, 'necroptosis', by death receptors (such as tumour necrosis factor receptor 1) requires the kinase activity of receptor-interacting protein 1 (rip1; also known as ripk1) and rip3 (also kn ...201020823910
a disulfide driven domain swap switches off the activity of shigella ipah9.8 e3 ligase.we show that the monomeric form of shigella ipah9.8 e3 ligase catalyses the ubiquitination of human u2af35 in vitro, providing a molecular mechanism for the observed in vivo effect. we further discover that under non-reducing conditions ipah9.8 undergoes a domain swap driven by the formation of a disulfide bridge involving the catalytic cysteine and that this dimer is unable to catalyse the ubiquitination of u2af35. the crystal structure of the domain-swapped dimer is presented. the redox inacti ...201020831869
the effects of x-ray radiation on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri inoculated on whole roma tomatoes.in the last two decades several foodborne disease outbreaks associated with produce were reported. tomatoes, in particular, have been associated with several multi-state salmonella outbreaks. inactivation of inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on whole roma tomato surfaces by x-ray at 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 kgy was studied. the main purpose of this study was to achieve a 5 log reduction in consistent with the recommendation ...201020832685
formulation and immunogenicity studies of type iii secretion system needle antigens as vaccine candidates.bacterial infections caused by shigella flexneri, salmonella typhimurium, and burkholderia pseudomallei are currently difficult to prevent due to the lack of a licensed vaccine. here we present formulation and immunogenicity studies for the three type iii secretion system (ttss) needle proteins mxih(δ5), prgi(δ5), and bsal(δ5) (each truncated by five residues at its c terminus) as potential candidates for vaccine development. these antigens are found to be thermally stabilized by the presence of ...201020845448
formulation and immunogenicity of a potential multivalent type iii secretion system-based protein vaccine.the virulence of many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria is dependent upon their type iii secretion (tts) systems. here, we discuss initial formulation studies of five tts needle tip proteins ipad (shigella flexneri), bipd (burkholderia pseudomallei), sipd (salmonella spp.), lcrv (yersinia spp.), and pcrv (pseudomonas aeruginosa) as targets for subunit vaccines. excipient screening and subsequent assays lead to the selection of 10% sucrose and 5% dextrose as an optimal stabilizer combination for ...201020845449
dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in crohn's disease patients as revealed by a custom phylogenetic microarray.a custom phylogenetic microarray composed of small subunit ribosomal rna probes, representing ≈500 bacterial species from the human and animal gut, was developed and evaluated for analysis of gut microbial diversity using fecal samples from healthy subjects and crohn's disease (cd) patients.201020848492
defensins play a crucial role in protecting mice against oral shigella flexneri infection.an earlier study revealed that 4-day-old mice, but not older mice, were infected with invasive shigella strains. here we attempted to determine the underlying mechanism that induces inflammation in the intestines of neonate mice after oral shigella infection. wild-type balb/c mice of different ages (7, 14, and 35 days old) were orally administered gfp-expressing shigella flexneri 5a m90t strain (5 x 10⁹ cfu) and analyzed for colonization 6h following infection. we found that shigella localized i ...201020888321
viable but nonculturable state of foodborne pathogens in grapefruit juice: a study of laboratory.several foodborne human pathogens, when exposed to harsh conditions, enter viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state; however, still open is the question whether vbnc pathogens could be a risk for public health, because, potentially, they can resuscitate. moreover, cultural methods for food safety control were not able to detect vbnc forms of foodborne bacteria. particularly, it has not been established whether food chemophysical characteristics can induce vbnc state in contaminating pathogen bacter ...201020932087
domains of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system ipab protein involved in secretion regulation.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are key determinants of virulence in many gram-negative bacterial pathogens. upon cell contact, they inject effector proteins directly into eukaryotic cells through a needle protruding from the bacterial surface. host cell sensing occurs through a distal needle "tip complex," but how this occurs is not understood. the tip complex of quiescent needles is composed of ipad, which is topped by ipab. physical contact with host cells initiates secretion and leads to ...201020937761
combination of two separate binding domains defines stoichiometry between type iii secretion system chaperone ipgc and translocator protein ipab.type iii secretion systems (ttsss) utilized by enteropathogenic bacteria require the presence of small, acidic virulence-associated chaperones for effective host cell infection. we adopted a combination of biochemical and cellular techniques to define the chaperone binding domains (cbds) in the translocators ipab and ipac associated with the chaperone ipgc from shigella flexneri. we identified a novel cbd in ipab and furthermore precisely mapped the boundaries of the cbds in both translocator pr ...201020937829
expression of bacterial virulence factors and cytokines during in vitro macrophage infection by enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella flexneri: a comparative study.enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigella spp cause bacillary dysentery in humans by invading and multiplying within epithelial cells of the colonic mucosa. although eiec and shigella share many genetic and biochemical similarities, the illness caused by shigella is more severe. thus, genomic and structure-function molecular studies on the biological interactions of these invasive enterobacteria with eukaryotic cells have focused on shigella rather than eiec. here we comparatively stud ...201020944993
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